Introdution: General

To Study the Generation of MSW and Disposal Mechanism in selected wards of Davanagere City 2022-23
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUTION
General
Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is one of the major environmental
problems of Indian cities. Improper management of municipal solid waste causes hazards to
inhabitants. Various studies reveal that about 90% of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is
disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and landfills, creating problems to public health
and the environment.
The present system of SWM in most of the urban areas is highly unsatisfactory due to
limited finances, inadequate services and coupled with public opinion towards the same. The
solid waste management is one of the essential services and it is an obligatory duty of
municipal bodies to arrange for daily street cleaning, collection, transportation, and disposal
of waste. Improper handling and disposal practices of solid wastes continue to be a serious
problem. Indian cities generate on an average of 300-400 gm/capita/day of solid waste and of
which only 60-80% of the waste is collected on daily basis and rest of the waste is left to
decay on the streets, roads, drains etc, which attracts vectors and thereby transmitting the
diseases.
The components of waste management include the entire life cycle starting with the
generation of solid waste, collection and sorting, reuse and recycling, pre-treatment and
ultimate disposal. Although waste collection and disposal are essential steps in this process,
waste reduction and recycling/reuse are the key elements in the improvement of waste
management strategies.
Now a day's solid waste process is a major problem or burning issue on public health
and environment constraints with advent of Urbanization and Industrialization. Its
importance is also increasing due to rapid growth of population, standard of living,
industrialization and urbanization, etc. The solid waste produced in a community is
processing and is a major problem, if it is not handled properly. Otherwise it causes nuisance
and health hazards. As the population increases the problem of solid waste has been
Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 1
increasing proportionally. The generation of solid waste depends on food habits, culture,
tradition and socio-economic aspects.
Solid Waste
Solid Waste is all the waste arising from human and animal activities that are
normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. It is generated from residential,
commercial, industrial, mining and agricultural activities. That cause environmental
problems may be termed as solid waste. Also it can be broadly defined as those waste which
have been rejected for further use and which can be neither be transported by water in to
streams nor can readily escape in to the atmosphere. They include all the discarded solid
materials from municipal, agricultural and industrial activities.
Classification of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be broadly classified into the following important categories.
i. Municipal Solid Waste.
ii. Industrial Solid Waste.
iii. Agricultural Solid Waste.
iv. Special Waste.
Municipal Solid Waste
These includes garbage (organic) and rubbish (inorganic) from residential,

commercial, institutional, construction and demolition activities. Also it includes street refuse
such as street sweeping, dirt (drainage silt), leaves, tree branches etc. From commercial
activities like stores, restaurants, markets, office building hotels, service stations,
automobiles, etc. From construction and demolition activities, includes buildings/road repairs
or renovation, rising of building, broken pavements, land scalping, etc.
The term garbage is generally used to identify the organic waste which is bio-
degradable food waste, resulting from growing, handling, preparation, cooking and

consumption of food products. These are putrescible in nature and considered as most
important component of refuse.
The term rubbish means non putrescible over all non-biodegradable solid waste (in
organic) which includes combustible materials like paper, cloth, plastic, rubber, tyre, etc. also
the glass masonry waste, used metal cons and containers, etc. Apart from this municipal solid
waste includes ashes, cylinder, dead animals, abandoned vehicles, septic tank plastic and
sewage treatment plant sludge’s, plastic and cement pipes , wires, insulation materials, etc.
Industrial Solid Waste
Industrial wastes are those arising from industrial activities from man manufacturing
processes and typically include rubbish, if not properly handled, will produce obnoxious
odours and in case of putrescible waste health hazards will be created. Most municipalities
requires that industrial concerns maintain their own waste collection and disposal facilities
including those for ashes and cinders all though many producers of Industrial waste arrange
for the use of Municipal disposal facilities.
Agricultural Waste
These waste are residues resulting from various agricultural activities such as planting
and harvesting of row, field and tree and vine crops, the production of milk, the production of
animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots are collectively called as Agricultural
Wastes. At present the disposal of these wastes is not the responsibility of must municipal
and solid waste management agencies. However in many areas the disposal of animal manure
has become a critical problem, especially from feed lots and dairies.
Special Waste
Solid waste such as street sweeping, road side litter, catch basin debris, dead animals
and scrap metals of vehicle will come under this category.

Municipal Solid Waste Management
Solid waste management basically involves management of activities which are

mainly engineering functions such as collection, transportation, operation of processing and
disposal facility. Hence it is desirable that necessary professional leadership is provided for
good organization. The principal objectives of solid waste management are to control,
collect, treat, utilize and dispose of solid waste in an economical manner consistent with the
protection of public health. The major considerations of concern with solid waste
management apart from the economical are public health, waste separation for recycling,
composting of organic waste and energy recovery. In most of the Indian towns, the health
officer has been assigned to manage this activity. The recent trend is entrusting this work, to
a qualified engineer, example in the cities of Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi. In might have an
independent position in metropolitan areas, where as it may be under a chief engineer in
smaller municipal agencies. The solid waste group has to seek help from other specialized
agencies for doing relevant tasks. The line type of organization provides good results when
each one has to perform similar work and degree of responsibility varies with the position
held in hierarchy. The internal organization of a solid waste management unit can be divided
into four sections such as collection, transportation, processing and disposal. It is desirable
that sectional authority is provided for each of these activities in smaller towns, the
processing and disposal functions can be assigned to the same section.

Study Area Davanagere City
Davanagere, an administrative district in Karnataka, occupies an area of

approximately 68.63sq.km. It is situated on the National Highway 4 and is located to the
Central part of Karnataka. It consists primarily of elevated land intersected by river valleys.
A range of hills rising to nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) crosses it from north to south,
forming the watershed river Tunga Bhadra.
The Davanagere City Municipal Corporation (DCMC) was constituted in 1975. The
CMC had 45 wards with equal number of councillors. The district headquarters is located at
Davanagere city. The Government of Karnataka has upgraded the Davanagere Town
Municipal Council to a City Corporation in August 2010 after considering the growth of
population increasing to over 3 lacks and the resource mobilization capacity is crossing Rs. 6
crore annually.

Figure 1.1 Map of Davanagere City (Courtesy: Google Maps)


Municipal Solid Waste Management in Davanagere City
By considering all above said problems we have decided to take up a project work on
Solid Waste generation and its management scenario, existing in Davanagere city. It receives
annual rainfall of 540.7 mm. The population of the town is about 3.05 lacks in the year 2011
and floating population of about 20,000. It is having good connectivity by road and rail. It is
also an important educational, administrative and trade centre in and around Davanagere
region. It is housing a no. of various industries within municipal limit. The City Municipal
Corporation extends over an area of 68.63 sq km. The entire area is divided into 45 wards for
effective management of Municipal Solid Waste. The generation of waste in Davanagere
City Municipality Corporation is ranging from 120-140 tons/day.
Objectives
The main objective of this Project is to study, the efficiency and effectiveness of
existing Municipal Solid Waste Management activities. Also to evaluate the present
methodologies used in Collection, Transportation and Safe Disposal techniques adopted in
Tumakuru city.
Specific Objectives
To achieve the main objectives of this project work, we have drawn some of the
specific objectives.
 Collection of information through various literatures regarding latest

technologies available on municipal solid waste management system.
 To study the efficiency and effectiveness of existing Municipal Solid Waste

Management activities.
 To evaluate the present methodologies used in Collection, Transport and Safe

disposal techniques adopted in Davanagere City.
 To Design and propose a Sanitary land fill method for disposal of Municipal

Solid Waste.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Solid waste generation has become a major problem due to increase in population,
urbanization and industrialization, Various investigators have studied on proper and modern
methodologies using different with economical consideration in handling MSW effectively
on generation, collection, transfer & transportation, reuse & recycling and safe disposal. The
following are the some of the literatures have been reviewed in this study, to start up our
project thereby we can full fill our objectives.
Ajantha Perera, (Sept. 2007), Studied regarding responsibility to Manage Garbage

into Landfill Site. The main purpose of the program is to promote separation of waste at
household level, strengthening of the Recycling industries, by influencing the Government to
provide assistance to the recycling industries. The huge dump site which exists in urban areas
has become unbearable to the public. In order to solve this problem many awareness
programs are held on waste separation, home composting, bio gas production, recycling of
paper, glass, plastics, tins, tyres to the public. Through these mechanisms the hope is to
reduce the amount of garbage entering the landfill site. Today even the hospital waste is
dumped at the disposal site of the commercial and household waste. Even the construction
waste end up in the dump sites. Many local Authorities are setting up systems to collect the
waste separated at household level.
Generally the household separate the waste as paper, plastics, glass, tins and coconut
shells. Almost every household is willing to contribute to recycling, yet it is taking a long
time to set up proper systems in all Local Authorities. If Efficient Systems are set up in place
to reduce, reuse and recycle garbage, the garbage is managed long before it reaches a landfill
site.
H Lakshmikantha, et al, (Sept. 2007), were studied on Household Hazardous Waste

Generation-Management in Raichur City in which the present work aims at identifying and
quantifying household hazardous waste generated and also to record the present method of
handling and disposal of House Hold Waste (HHW) in the state of Karnataka. By this study

one can realize the potential threat and hazard of unscientific handling and disposal of require
the waste for both community and the environment. These types of special and harmful
wastes specific attention from public and civil authority, since their separate collection,
proper handling and disposal is urgently needed. Household hazardous waste management
requires big efforts on; Awareness rising and information campaigns among the consumers,
general public and the industries, including segregation activities at source. The waste
generated from the households is mostly organic in nature with some of recyclable material
like paper, plastics, glass, leather, cloth and HHW. Presently, the household waste is either
put into the community collection bins or is dumped along the road side or is disposed of by
burning. The following observations were made from the present study. Most of the people
are not aware of the fact that they are contributing hazardous waste into the environment.
Though the quantity of HHW generated by each individual is very small because of large
population the resultant quantity will be of considerable amount. There is a strong need for
public awareness towards safe handling and disposal of HHW and impact on man and
environment due to unscientific handling of HHW. Public have to be informed and educated
through mass media's about safer substitutes or alternate material or procedures in place of
HHW generating products There is need for segregation and storage of HHW at source.
Measures have to be taken to stop illegal dumping of all industrial and domestic waste
through out of the state.
Santosh G. Thampil, et al, (Sept. 2007), Approaches for Sustainable Municipal

Solid Waste Management a Case Study with Specific Reference to the State of Kerala
Republic of India having very high urbanization rates and very low public awareness. Any
management strategy in this sector will be sustainable only if it is cost effective, and
implemented with the active and continuous involvement and participation of the public. To
start with, it was decided to segregate solid wastes into two, viz. the biodegradable and the
non-biodegradable fraction. In order to ensure and promote segregated storage of wastes at
the source, Corporation distributed two bins to each household, one white and the other
green. A debris service-was introduced for removing construction waste and debris on
payment. A system for collecting waste from gardens once a week was also launched.
Dumper containers are provided only in the markets and slums and post box type bins at bus

stops and busy junctions to prevent littering. Regular sweeping of streets, on daily basis, is
carried out only on the main roads and certain parts of city centre. Some streets are swept
alternate days and others once a week. Some measures for modernizing and rehabilitating the
plant was taken up and construction of a platform over 8000sq.m. area with roof was
completed in November 2006. This made more space available for windrows composting.
With this, it has become possible to process all the biodegradable waste collected from by the
City Corporation more effectively. Over the years, leachate from the wastes in the plant has
contaminated water in wells in the vicinity. Now drains for leachate collection and a leachate
treatment unit has to be installed so that further contamination of groundwater can be
arrested. The municipality has plans to recycle plastic waste. It is estimated that about 1tonne
of plastic waste is generated daily in the municipal limits. At present, plastic waste is
segregated from the solid waste. This is further segregated into 8 different categories based
on its characteristic& A small group of people has been trained in performing this job.
Lokeshappa B, et al, (Sept. 2007), were studied on Municipal Solid Waste

Management, were Raichur city is divided into three sanitary zones for effective
management of MSW covering all 35 wards. The samples were collected from all the three
zones for characterization. The Raichur urban local body operates to collect waste by door-
to door collection and containerized storage system. At present about 73 tonnes of waste is
generated per day. The per capita solid waste generation rate between 250 to 300 bins per
day is observed during normal day. The solid waste management of all 35 wards is handled
through public participation by including self help groups and private contractors. However
the segregation of waste at the source is not practiced. Un-segregated waste is collected by
tricycles from the sources and carried to the secondary storage containers of 3 and 4cum
capacity. Depending upon the waste generated and command area, containers are placed in
different wards. At present there are 60 containers and 5 dumper placers supported by 15
push carts, 80 tricycles and 7 auto tippers for primary collection. The windrows are designed
on the basis of 50 tonnes per day, the starting year. The windrow platforms are sized to
accommodate the dumping area 4m wide, windrow width of 6m and 4m for MIMI week and
IV, V, VI week respectively. Clearance width of 3m for turning of windrows and passage of
4m wide for shifting the garbage from one windrow to next windrow for the transport of

digested garbage. Finally they concluded as; in this work a detailed study of collection,
storage, transport and disposal practices
was conducted for Raichur city. An improvement to existing system has been proposed to
meet the MSW (H&M) rules 2000. The site has been planned as an integrated facility for
compost plant and sanitary landfill for a design period of 20 years.

CHAPTER -3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
General
The most pressing problem faced by any urban centre in India today is MSWM.
Rapid urbanization and changing life style have led to the generation of huge amount of
garbage and wastes in urban areas. Also a major task of the local government or Urban Local
Bodies (ULB), typically accounting for a portion of municipal budget about 20-50 %. So that
it is very difficult task to provide effective services with this budget. Hence our project team
has taken up this project work as a case study, to study in detail on the efficiency and
effectiveness of the MSWM service in Davanagere city.
Methodology Carried Out
The main objective of this project is to study the efficiency and effectiveness of
existing MSWM activities and design of sanitary landfill for waste management. Also to
evaluate the present methodologies used in collection, transport and safe disposal techniques
adopted in Davanagere city. To achieve this objective, first of all we have collected the
information through various literature regarding latest technologies available on MSWM.
There after we have made the following procedures one by one to achieve the main
objectives.
At first we have made reconnaissance survey to collect the overall information on the
existing condition of the Solid Waste Management in Davanagere city.
Day to Day Solid Waste Management Scenario
Solid Waste Management is of great importance and provides perspective view on the
waste problem. In general, the fact remains that the day to day management of the municipal
solid waste is a complex and costly task. It is mainly depends on the direct activities that
must be considered on a daily basis which include waste generation rates, on site storage,
collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of waste. These activities are

associated directly with the management of solid waste. Indirect activities that are also an
important part of a solid waste program include: financing, operations, equipments, personal,
cost accounting and budgeting, contract administration, ordinances and guide lines and
public communication. Here we have considered the direct activities included in municipal
solid waste management.
By considering all these factors, after necessary reconnaissance survey and

information through literature survey, we have collected the technical data connected to
Davanagere city regarding existing population, number of dwellings (houses), type of living
standards; occupation of the total community is collected. A typical flow chart showing
important Functional elements included in a Municipal Solid Waste Management is shown in
Fig. 3.1
Waste generation
Stora
Collection and Transport

Collection Processing and Recovery
Disposal
Fig.3.1 Typical flow chart showing the Functional elements of Municipal Solid
Waste Management in a Society.

Also the overall objective of Municipal Solid Waste Management is to minimize the
adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste especially
of hazardous waste. To access the management possibilities it is an important aspect to
consider the materials flow and generation of solid waste in a technological society is very
much necessary to study in detail.
Raw materials Residual debris

Manufacturing Residual waste material
Secondary manufacturing
Processing and recovery
Consumer
Final disposal
Fig 3.2 Shows a Generalized flow of materials and generation of Municipal Solid
Waste in a technological society

Brief Details on Study Area- Davanagere city

The total Davanagere city is divided into 45 wards which are comes under city
Municipality Corporation, there by the city municipality
corporation can effectively manage the entire Municipal
solid Waste Management of the city. The map (Fig. 3.4)
showing the details of the Davanagere city covering all
wards in different locality. With the disposal site which is
located near Avaragolla village. Following are the some
of the detail information on study area (Refer Table 3.1).
Table 3.1 Details of Study Areas- Davanagere city
Sl. No. Particulars Information

1. Place Davanagere
2. District District head quarters
3. Location of Study Area Located to the Central Part of
Karnataka state
4. Area 68.63 sq.km

5. Population(2011 census) 4.37 lakhs
6. Population (2023) 5.40 lakhs
7. No. of wards 45
8. Number of Houses 1,61,900
9. Activities of Community Business, Health centre and
Educational institutions.
The details of the population of the city comes under DMC is also given in the
form of table and Bar chart (Ref. Table 3.2& Fig. 3.3).

The population of the city and the pattern of its increase over the years are set out in
the table below. It can be observed that while the population increase was approximately
27% during the decade of 1981-91, the next decade (1991-2001) witnessed a huge decadal
growth rate from 27% to approximately78%. However, during the last five years, as a result
of the influx of several service industries in the city and neighboring areas, the population has
increased by approximately 10%.
Table 3.2 Population trends in Davanagere city
Census Year Population Decadal growth

(%)
1951 56644 -
1961 79267 34.18
1971 122597 44.56
1981 199128 49.72
1991 289530 38.11
2001 366382 23.89
2011 437547 17.81
2021 520856 17.56
2023 540755 3.79

Table 3.3 The details of Population, households, shops, choultry, hotels, hostels and
institutions, meat shops/slaughter house and road length in individual Wards of
Davanagere.
Number of
Ward Households S Choult Hotel Hostels Meat Road
Numb Populat h ry s and shops/Sla Length (m)
Slum/ Non-
er ion o Instituti ughter
BPL Slum
p ons house
Househo Househol s
lds ds
1 10211 298 956 174 - 6 2 7 29413
2 7981 974 700 316 2 4 5 13 31540
3 7421 486 873 156 3 3 8 13 8839
4 7540 679 999 378 1 2 7 10 16402
5 7161 698 950 451 - 3 6 4 28871
6 12999 1978 1102 365 - 2 8 - 12387
7 7340 707 1002 356 4 1 12 12 6299
8 8225 166 987 154 - 6 4 13 8587
9 12456 452 1502 224 - 5 13 15 8028
10 13987 333 1242 324 3 2 2 5 15257
11 11452 680 1678 245 - 3 11 9 7605
12 11523 892 950 312 4 6 9 40 10491
13 9987 1172 1326 356 1 2 8 2 6389
14 8453 567 859 178 1 4 6 4 8580
15 7456 348 1178 258 - 3 7 4 17636
16 10289 1249 1287 385 1 5 4 6 7281
17 8792 738 1445 18 2 6 9 1 7923
18 6894 1002 1444 332 2 3 5 4 6468
19 7188 533 1321 256 1 2 10 8 12221
20 9956 711 897 256 3 1 11 14 6372
21 10358 745 2000 154 2 7 14 4 28204
22 11945 526 835 157 2 6 16 - 8241
23 7942 388 1000 245 - 2 18 12 18673
24 12346 1278 900 86 2 8 19 - 19421
25 7855 1212 866 62 2 3 11 3 8743
26 7999 1004 1108 82 2 5 9 10 37825
27 7845 456 878 73 1 8 12 6 11209
28 7030 991 1324 94 3 5 8 4 23876
29 8265 455 997 64 2 4 9 7 47472
30 9745 256 2020 76 3 3 7 - 41213
31 8084 987 1223 521 2 3 6 5 54013
32 12005 298 888 251 1 2 1 8 28167
33 8492 469 1731 562 2 3 5 5 8345
34 11798 579 1600 134 2 4 7 3 36703
35 8831 125 900 141 1 3 3 9 37477
Total 327851 24432 40968 8055 55 135 292 260 666171

16000
14000
12000
10000
populati
8000
wards
6000
4000
2000
0
w
w
1
w-
w-
w-
w-
w-
w-
10
11
12
13
14
-
-9
ward numbers
Fig 3.3 Graphical representation showing the population in various wards in Tumakuru city
Dept. of Civil Engineering,BIET, Davanagere Page 18

Fig.3.4 Map showing details of Tumakuru city covering 37 wards
Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET,Davanagere Page 19

General Components of a Typical Municipal Solid Waste

To study the details of Municipal Solid Waste Management effectively and to
minimize the adverse effects, it is very much essential to know the individual components of
the Solid waste generated in the society. It gives an idea to evaluate the management
programs alternatively equipments needs, systems, plans etc with respect to the
implementation of safe disposal and resource and energy recovery options. The Table 3.4
shows a typical composition of a municipal solid waste and is useful for our studies.
Table 3.4 Components in Solid Waste in their typical values.
Sl. No Component Moisture content

Range Typical
1. Food waste 50-80 70
2. Paper 4-10 6
3. Card board 4-8 5
4. Plastic 1-4 2
5. Textiles 6-15 10
6. Rubber 1-4 2
7. Leather 8-12 10
8. Garden trimming 30-80 60
9. Wood 15-40 20
10. Misc organics 10-60 25
11. Glass 1-4 2
12. Tin cans 2-4 3
13. Non-ferrous metals 2-4 2
14. Ferrous metals 2-6 3
15. Dirt, ashes, brick, 6-12 8
etc.,
16 MSW 15-40 20

Also further to discuss the individual components generating from municipal solid
waste is classified into different categories. Details of the same in Table 3.5 below.
Table 3.5 Individual components generating from Municipal Solid Waste.
Sl.no. Components Description

1. The animal, fruit or vegetable residues resulting from
Food Waste Handling, Processing, Preparation, Cooking and
(Garbage/Organic) Eating of foods. These are decomposed rapidly in
different climatic condition.
2. Combustible and Non-combustible solid waste
Rubbish excluding food waste. Typical combustible material:
(Inorganic) Paper, Cardboard, Textile, Rubber, Leather, Wood,
Furniture and Garden Trimmings, Typical non-
combustible glass, Tins, Cans, Construction (Tiles)
waste etc.
3. Materials remaining after burning of Wood,
Ashes and Residues Coal, Charcoal also Cinders, Clinkers and partially
burnt materials.
4. Demolition and Industrial and Similar structures. These waste include
Constructional waste Dirt, Stones, Concrete, Bricks, Plaster and Plumbing,
Heating and Electrical parts.
5. Special Waste Waste from street sweepings, road side litter, catch
Basin debris, dead animals and abandoned vehicles.
6. Treatment Plant Waste It includes solid and semi solid waste from water and
waste water and industrial waste treatment facilities
(sludge).

Collection System and Transport Methodologies

The collection system or services is mainly based on the quantity of municipal waste
generated. The factors influencing the generation rate are geographic location, season of the
year, collection frequency, characteristics of organic and inorganic waste and public attitudes
and legislation. In the city mixed solid waste without separation of organic and inorganic
solid waste components, by the community, generated from individual dwellings are stored
in a open top steel containers kept separately in a specific location of the individual wards
(Container size 1.0x0.7x1.0m) of the steel containers is ranging from 0.5-0.6 m3 and is
equivalent to 150-200 kg in weight. The details and number of collection containers used and
placed in different wards of the town is mentioned in Table 3.6.
The current practices of collection and transportation of MSW from various
generators in Davanagere city is as set out below,
Door to Door Collection System
DCMC has introduced door-to-door collection of MSW

from domestic households by deploying pushcarts in some of
the wards. However, the common practice is dumping of MSW
into RCC bins / masonry bins and on the road sides (open
collection points).
Street Sweeping
The street sweeping activity in the city is carried out

by the PKs. The street sweeping activities are classified
into three categories depending upon the frequency of
collection namely; A type roads (daily collection), B type
roads (collection twice a week) and C type roads (once a
week). The detail of the bins in each of the wards is set out in
table 3.6.
The street sweepings and the silt collected from the road side drains are temporarily
stored is small heaps on the road sides or are collected in the bins. The estimated road
length in Davanagere is 666 kilometers, which has been classified into three categories
depending upon the frequency of sweeping, namely, A type (133.23 km cleaned on a daily

basis), B type (233.1 km cleaned twice a week) and C type (299.74 km cleaned once a
week).
Transportation
In order to facilitate collection of MSW from the

bulk generators, secondary storage bins (dumper bins)
have been placed at commercial areas and bulk waste
generation points. The MSW stored in the dumper bins is
transferred to the compost facility using dumper placers.
Table 3.6 Showing the details and number of
collection dumper bins used and placed in different wards
of the town is mentioned.
Ward Total Number of Ward no. Total Number of
No. containers present in dumper bins present in
each ward each ward
W-1. 11 W-19. 22
W-2. 53 W-20. 19
W-3. 20 W-21. 23
W-4. 26 W-22. 47
W-5. 30 W-23. 34
W-6. 15 W-24. 36
W-7. 12 W-25. 33
W-8. 16 W-26. 32
W-9. 33 W-27. 35
W-1 0. 21 W-28. 22
W-11. 7 W-29. 8
W-12. 35 W-30. 30
W-13. 45 W-31. 38
W-14. 28 W- 32. 24
W-15. 25 W-33. 36
W-16. 19 W-34. 20
W-17. 34 W- 35 21
W-18. 19

Fig.3.5 Buckets issued by TCMC
Fig.3.6 Container placed road side

Based on the collection services and systems employed in the city, the mode of
operation is stationary container system methodology is adopted. In this method collection
vehicle collects the solid waste from the source of generation and as the vehicle gets filled to
its capacity, it proceeds directly to the site of disposal. After emptying, it comes back and
collects the solid waste from the remaining area. This method of collection is called direct
method of transportation of solid waste. This method is suitable for the following reasons. It
is economical when the area being served is small.
 When the disposal site is nearer to the town.

 When the collection capacity of a fixed number of collection vehicles
effectively
increases as vehicles free from indirect transportation.
The details of the collection vehicles involved in the Municipal Solid Waste Management in
the collection services are shown in Table 3.7 and Fig. 3.7.
Table 3.7 Table Showing the Availability of Various Vehicles used in Tumakuru CMC.
Sl. Type of local body Dumper placer Twin Load Tractors

No dumper placers
1 Municipal city 5 4 8
corporation

Fig.3.7 Collection vehicles picture

General Types of Solid Waste Disposal Methodologies
Most commonly used Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and disposal methods include:
 Land filling or sanitary land filling.
 Composting.
 Thermal processes (Incineration & Pyrolysis).
 Recycling & Reuse.
Land Filling or Sanitary Land Filling Process
Land filling is the most common and economical process of solid waste disposal
among the various methods available. The improved form of open dumping is termed as
sanitary land filling. Here complex organic wastes are slowly decomposed by soil micro
organisms. In this method the disposal of refuse on land without creating nuisance or
hazardous to public health or safety by utilizing the principles of engineering by covering
with a layer of earth or soil at the end of each day operation or at frequent intervals may be
necessary. Some of the factors to be considered in the implementation of sanitary land filling
includes: Site selection, Land filling methods or techniques operations, occurrence of gases
and its control and lechate and its movements.
In the study area Tumakuru city, the open dumping method had been followed from
past years but recently Municipal Corporation owned an area of 40 acres of land is
presently owned for the purpose of sanitary land fill process, but not yet initiated due to
disputes raised by neighbouring village residents. Currently the municipal solid waste is
disposing through composting process in the place called Ajjagondanahalli near Tumakuru
City.
It is observed that in case of land filling process the Area method is followed. In this
area method collected refuse is dumped in an undisturbed existing ground. Sometimes small
excavation is made in the earth is made in front of the proposal face on an existing slope The
refuse is then spread over the ground in a uniform layer and then compacted to high density.
be compacted layers if refuse is covered with soil at the end of the day or when the
deposition area is filled. This process is continues by filling with a layers of refuse and
compacted soil arming a series of adjoining cells. The height of cell varies from place to
place with maximum tight of lm — 1.5m so that it should not cause severe settlement
problem in future. This lethal of disposal involves no further requirement of subsequent re-
handling of waste and nearby reducing the disposal cost. One of the main objective this
project is design and propose a new sanitary land fill for Tumakuru city for next 20years.
Further in details of the same is discussed in chapter 4.
Ideal site for Sanitary Land Fill
The following points are to be considered in the selection of an ideal site for sanitary
land fill in the disposal of Municipal Solid Waste.
 Site should be cheap, accessible and at a reasonable distance.

 It should be capable of fulfilling the demand at least minimum of 3 years.
 The site should be clear and well drained and reasonable levelled.
 The soil which is to be used as covering material should have low permeability.
 The site should be above the ground water table to avoid contamination.
Preparation of land fill site involves fencing, grading, stock piling of the cover
material, 0collection system and monitoring system. The Fig.3.7 showing a typical cross
sectional views of an ideal sanitary land fill

Fig.3.8 Typical c/s of ideal sanitary land fill

Design Procedure for the Sanitary Landfill`
Demographic Aspects
i) Population
The project designer needs to know the number of inhabitants and the rate of
population growth in order to determine the amounts of MSW to be disposed of. It should be
noted that there is a difference between rural and urban production of waste. Rural MSW will
make fewer demands since it is not plentiful, although it is more difficult to collect. On the
other hand, urban production is more problematic for reasons of concentration, increase in
population, and technological and urban development. Urban waste production thus merits
special attention.
ii) Population projection
It is of the utmost importance to estimate the future population of the community, at

least for the following five to ten years, in order to calculate the quantity of MSW to be
disposed of daily and annually during the useful life of the sanitary landfill. Table 5.1
supplies basic information in this respect. The population growth can be estimated by
mathematical methods, or by entering census data in a graph and making an extrapolation of
the resulting curve.
The following is an example of the mathematical method relating to geometric

growth, that is, to biological populations in expansion, for which a growth rate is assumed to
be constant. The equation is:
P f = P o (1 + r) n
where:
Pf = Future population
Po = Present population
r = Rate of population growth
n = (t final – t initial) interval in years

t = time variable (in years)

However, it is recommended that the results obtained be compared with thoseof other
methods of projection.
Production of MSW in small towns
With reference to the generation and composition of the wastes to be managed in

small communities, the residential sector is predominantly used for the calculation of waste
production, all other activities being so incipient that they do not appreciably affect the total
quantity of MSW, except for the waste from markets, and also from visitors in places where
there are tourist attractions. In any case, when a system of collection, treatment and final
disposal of waste is required, the amounts of waste produced by the population need to be
estimated. With a view to saving funds, we suggest using indirect methods for these analyses,
as described below.
Per capita production
The per capita production of MSW can be estimated globally thus:
ppc = DSr
Pop x 7 x Cov
where :
ppc = Production per capita per day (kg/cap/day)
DSr = Quantity of MSW collected in one week (kg/wk)
Pop = Total population (inhab)
7 = Days of the week
Cov = Coverage of the urban cleaning service (%)
The coverage of the service is the product of dividing the population served by the
total population:
Population served (inhab)
Coverage of the service (%)
= Total population (inhab)

The amount of MSW produced can also be linked with the number of homes, that is,
kg/home/day, since the garbage is produced per home. This method has the additional
advantage of facilitating the counting of households. MSW sampling in some small towns
and rural and marginal areas in LAC countries, for the characteristics analyzed in this
publication, has revealed that the ppc ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 kg/cap/day. These figures are
typical of such communities, and they are worth noting or keeping in mind, because in most
cases exhaustive sampling is not warranted. In tourist resorts or destinations, the production
of MSW can increase significantly during vacation periods, making its management and
disposal somewhat more complicated. In some rural communities, for example in the
Amazon jungle or in agricultural areas, the production per capita of MSW can reach values
ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 kg/cap/day.
Total production
Once the total production of MSW is known, decisions can be made regarding the
most suitable collection equipment, the number of workers, routes, frequency of collection,
the area needed for treatment and final disposal, costs, and the tariff to be paid for the
service.
The detailed Volume and area required for the sanitary landfill is calculated in result
and discussion chapter.
Parameters Consider for Design of Sanitary Landfill
i) Physical and chemical composition
Typical of the physical composition of MSW in India is its high percentage of organic
matter (50 to 70% of the total waste), which translates into a greater moisture content with
values between 35 and 55%; the rest is paper, cardboard, glass, metals, plastics and inert
material, among others.
The physical composition of the MSW of these small towns is important for
evaluating the feasibility of setting up recycling and treatment programs, since the chemical
composition needs little attention and the final disposal method is the sanitary landfill
technique, which seeks to minimize the production of leachate.

ii) Density
The density or weight per volume of the MSW is another important parameter for the
design of the final waste disposal system. In the LAC Region there are values of between 200
and 300 kg/m3 for loose waste, that is, garbage in the trashcan; these values are higher than
those in industrialized countries. In order to calculate the dimensions of the daily cell and the
volume of the landfill, the following densities can be estimated.
Table 3.8 Density of daily cell design and manual sanitary landfill
Design Density (kg/m )

Daily cell 400 – 500
(waste recently compacted manually)
Volume of the fill 500 – 600
(waste stabilized in the manual landfill)
The spatial requirements for the sanitary landfill are governed by:
 The total production of MSW

 The coverage of collection (The critical design condition is to receive 100% of the
waste produced.)
 The density of the stabilized MSW in the manual sanitary landfill
 The amount of cover material (20-25%) in the compacted volume of MSW
Volume of Solid Waste (Column 4 to 8 in Table 4.8)
With the first two parameters we have the daily and annual volume of compacted and
stabilized MSW that must be disposed of namely:
V daily =DS p÷ D MSW...................................[a]
V compacted annually = V daily x 365.........[b]

Where:
V daily = Volume of MSW to be disposed of in one day (m3/day)
V annual = Volume of MSW in one year (m3/year)
D Sp = Quantity of MSW produced (kg/day)
365 = Equivalent to one year (days)

D MSW = Density of the recently compacted MSW (400-500 kg/m3) and of the
Stabilize Landfill (500-600 kg/m3)
Volume of the Cover Material (Column 9 in Table 4.8)
c.m = V compacted annually x (0.20 or 0.25)...............................(C)
where:
c.m = cover material equivalent to 20 or 25% of the volume of the recently

Compacted wastes
Volume of the Sanitary Landfill (Column 11 in Table 4.8)
With the results obtained from the equations [b] and [c] the volume of the
sanitary landfill for the first year can be calculated thus:
VSL = V stabilized annually + c.m...................[d]
Where:
VSL = Volume of the sanitary landfill (m3/year)
c.m = cover material (20 to 25 % of the recently compacted volume of MSW)
The data obtained are entered in Table 4.8, column 11. To find the total volume occupied
during the useful life of the site, the following equation is applied

V sl ul = ∑ VSL.........................................[e]
i=1
where :
V sl ul = Volume of the sanitary landfill during its useful life (m3)
n = Number of years
Which would be the data that appear in Table 4.8, column 11, that is, the amounts
accumulated annually.
Calculation of the required area
Once the volume is obtained, the area required for the construction of the sanitary
landfill can be estimated with the depth or height the landfill would have. This can be found
only if one has a good general idea of the topography.
The manual sanitary landfill should be projected for a minimum of five years and a
maximum of ten. However, sometimes it is necessary to design it for less than five years in
view of the difficulty of finding available land. The duration of the landfill is called the
useful life or design period.
The area required for the construction of a manual sanitary landfill depends mainly on
factors such as:
 Quantity of MSW to be disposed of

 Quantity of cover material
 Compaction density of the MSW
 Depth or height of the sanitary landfill
 Additional areas for support facilities

From equation [d] we can estimate the area requirements thus: (Table 4.8, column 13)
ASL = V SL÷ h LS............................[f]

Where:
V SL = Volume of the sanitary landfill (m3/year)
A SL = Area to be filled successively (m2)
h SL = Mean height or depth of the sanitary landfill (m) and
the total area required (Table 4.8, column 14) will be:
AT = F x ASL..................................... [g]
where :
A T = Total area required (m2)
F = Factor of increase in the additional area required for penetration roads,
border setback areas, control building and sanitary facilities, manoeuvring
yard, etc. This is between 20 and 40% of the area to be filled.
The parameters mentioned for the calculation of the volume of the sanitary landfill are
included in Table 4.8.
Design of slopes
Earthworks
Sanitary landfills for urban wastes are engineering works built in the ground, and
many of their structures —or parts of them— are earthen. Among the principal works of a
landfill are: the construction of embankments or containment dikes, the construction of
berms, the excavation of trenches, the excavation of drainage canals, the construction of dirt
roads, and of layers of compacted soil for waterproofing or protection.
In the construction and operation stages, one of the most important aspects to be
taken into acc0ount for manual sanitary landfills is the stability of the earth slope sand of the
fill banks.

Designation of slopes
The surface that defines the grading laterally is called the slope. In cuts, the slope is
included between the chamfer and the bottom of the channel. In embankments, the slope is
included between the chamfer (foot of the embankment) and the edge of the berm.
The convention used to designate the slope is in the form of “S” units horizontally by
one unit vertically.
Design of slopes
Slopes in cut
Taking into account that for the construction of a manual sanitary landfill it is
recommended that the terrain be of a relatively impermeable material (fine sand mixed with
silt, clay) and that the heights of the cut (H) be less than 5 m, it can be established as a
standard that stability studies are not required in order to define the most appropriate slope
For a low cut a single slope can be recommended; for greater heights two different slopes
could be necessary; in some cases the construction of intermediate berms or banquettes will
be suggested.
The following guide, based on the experience of several countries, will be useful for
the definition of cut slopes (Table 3.9).

Table 3.9 Slopes recommended in cut Recommendable
Recommendable
slope S height of the
Type of material Observations
Observations
cut H (m) up to 5 m
1. Silty sands and k = 10-7 cm/s. Level 1:1 the more

compact silts ½
weathered upper part. In the case of easily
eroded materials, the slope should be 1:1
2. Silty sands and 1/4 k = 10-7 cm/s impermeable
non-compact silts ¼
counterdrain (intercepting ditch at the top
of a slope). Level to 1.5:1in the most
weathered part.
3. Silty sands and very k = 10-7 cm/s. Level the loose upper part.
compact silts ¼
4. Not very sandy k = 10-8 cm/s. Level 1:1 the weathered

clays, firm and ½
part. If there is a flow of water, build sub
homogeneous
drainage.
5. Bland, expansive k = 10-8 cm/s

Clays 1
Slopes of embankments
In embankments, because of the control over the extraction, selection and placing of
the material that forms the landfill (fill in soil), the value commonly used in slopes is
1.5:1.With regard to the slopes of waste for forming embankments in the manual sanitary
landfill, 2:1 or 3:1 is recommended. Stability is guaranteed by good manual compaction of
the wastes and the construction of compound slopes with an intermediate berm.

Fig 3.9 View showing disposal site (Avaragolla village)
Fig. 3.10 Google map showing disposal site present near Avaragolla village.

Leachate and its Control measures used in Landfilling process at

Disposal Site
The details on generation of leachate and its control Methodologies in land filling
process are explained below,
Leachate
Leachate is a liquid waste generated from solid waste land fill area. This is also
known as garbage juice (Lechate).During land filling operation in the disposal of municipal
solid waste, aerobic degradation occurs initially in few weeks (In wet areas) to a few month
(In dry areas). After all the oxygen is exhausted anaerobic degradation of organic waste takes
place. During these process liquids from waste and through ground water seepage, rain water
and surface runoff percolates through the refuse. This produces a contaminated liquid so
called Leachate.
Control Methods used on Leachate
To control the contamination of ground water by the leachate, certain regulations are
prescribed for sanitary land fill. This include mandatory minimum distance of the location of
landfill above the ground water table, minimum distance from the nearest point of water use,
use of soil of low permeability, preventing the build up of the leachate within the landfill,
extensive hydro geological investigation of the actual land fill site including topography,
drainage and ground water characteristics are to be considered. Supplementary measures are
to be taken such as inclusion of clay, over all membrane covers, over all liners for the land
fill. Removal and treatment facility, installation of monitory system are also suggested to
ensure that the buried refuse remains as dry as possible so that leachate does not reach the
ground water. lnspite of all these precautions, if some leakage of leachate still occurs the soil
beneath serve as a additional barrier to control the contaminants before reaching the ground
water by the natural mechanisms such as filtration, absorption, precipitation and so on.
Further methane and carbon dioxide are generated during the anaerobic
decomposition of organic matter in the land fill. Methane constitutes about 60% of the gas

generated in the sanitary land fill. Methane is heavier than air, odourless and explosive when
its concentration in the air reaches more than 5%.
Carbon dioxide combines with water giving carbonic acid. The resultant acidic
environment may cause in the dissolution of mineral and salts of calcium, magnesium, iron,
cadmium, lead etc present in the refuse. If the dissolved salts move to the ground water,
thereby increasing the hardness.
The gases produced in the sanitary land fill by anaerobic digestion of organic waste
are vented to the atmosphere through gravel packed wells. In some Land Fills escaping gases
are burnt off with the help of burners installed at the top of the vents. These measures are to
prevent the accumulation; lateral movement and migration of gases under the land fill to
nearby residential areas which may cause fires and explosion. Details on general composition
of leachate, of Municipal Solid Waste land filling area given in a tabular form (Ref. Table
3.10).
Table 3.10 A Typical composition of Leachate from Solid Waste Filling areas.
Sl no. Parameters Range Typical Value

(mg/l) (mg/l)
1. pH 5.3-8.5 6
2. Alkalinity as CaCO3 1000-10,000 3,000
3. Total Suspended Solids 200-1,000 500
4. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 300-10,000 3,500
5. Calcium (as Ca) 200-30,000 1,000
6. Magnesium (as Mg) 50-1,500 250
7. Chloride 100-3,000 500
8. Sulphate (as SO4) 100-1,500 300
9. Total Iron (as Fe) 50-600 60
10. Sodium (as Na) 200-2,000 500
11. Potassium (as K) 200-2,000 300
12. BOD5 @ 20` C 2000-70,000 5,000
13. Nitrate (as NO3) 5-4 25
Source: Tchobanoglous et al.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results / Outcome of the Study area
The analysis of the activities associated with the management of the municipal solid
waste from the point of waste generation to final disposal is the subject of this Chapter.
Following a brief overview of the activities involved in generation, collection, transfer &
transport and proper disposal of solid waste, by sanitary land filling process by the
management of City Municipality Corporation, Davanagere is studied individually.
In this project to achieve the main objective we have followed the specific objectives
in order wise. The total Davanagere City area is divided into 45 wards by the City
Municipality Corporation to manage the solid waste management effectively (Fig.3.4). Also
the disposal site for the solid waste generated in the city is located near Davanagere, the place
called Ajjagondanahalli is shown in Fig. 3.11.
Quantitative calculation of Solid Waste generated in Tumakuru city
House hold municipal waste management
The waste generated in domestic households forms the major component of the total
MSW generated in ULBs. For calculating the amount of non-slum household municipal
waste generating within Tumakuru corporation city limits, we prepared some survey
questionnaires to collect the information like quantity of wet and dry waste, type of waste,
family size disposal methods etc.,
After preparing questionnaires, our project team visited the houses of 10 wards, from
each ward at least 10 houses. Thus we collected quantity of waste generated in each houses
and thus calculated the waste per capita for each person by dividing family size. The average
waste generated in each ward is given in table no. 4.1.
During our survey we observed that very few wards issued two waste collection bins
by Municipality Corporation for dry waste and wet waste collection. However most of wards
yet to be issue these waste collecting bins. Those houses that are not given, they are

collecting waste without segregation in their own boxes. Municipality waste collecting crews
are come every alternative day for receiving waste that collected in the houses.
Table 4.1 Average waste generated in houses of each ward
Unit Qty. Total

Sl.no Ward Ward name of Waste Population waste
no. Generated generated
(kg) (TPD)
1. W-1. Maralena halli 0.19 10211 1940
2. W-14. Vinayaka nagar 0.15 8453 1268
3. W-12. Shadhashiva nagar 0.22 11523 2535
4. W-34. Kyathsandra 0.20 7942 1588
5. W-3. Kasaba (shira gate) 0.22 7421 1633
6. W-6. Dibbur 0.23 12999 2990
7. W-7. Agrahara 0.18 7340 1321
8. W-8. K.H.B colony 0.16 8225 1316
9. W-9. Gubbi gate 0.21 12456 2615
10. W-30. Sapthagiri extension 0.21 9745 2046
Average production per capita = 0.19 kg/person/day.

Average total waste generated in 35 wards =66.5TPD
Calculation:
Waste Generated (kg/person) = Waste

Family size
Total Waste Generated = (Per Capita * Population)

Table 4.2 The Quantity of Waste Generated in each Ward
Quantity Of Waste
Sl.No Ward No Ward Name Generated In
Tumkur Town
(Kg/Day)
1 W-1 Maralena halli 1940
2 W-2 Anthrasana halli 1516
3 W-3 Kasaba 1409
4 W-4 Chikkepete 1432
5 W-5 Sri ranga nagar 1360
6 W-6 Dibbur 2469
7 W-7 Agrahara 1394
8 W-8 K.H.B colony 1562
9 W-9 Gubbi gate 2366
10 W-10 Hegade colony 2657
11 W-11 Melekote 2175
12 W-12 Sadhashiva nagar 2189
13 W-13 Veerasagar 1897
14 W-14 Vinayaka nagar 1606
15 W-15 Gandhi nagar 1416
16 W-16 M.G road 1954
17 W-17 Banashankri 1670
18 W-18 Shanthi nagar 1309
19 W-19 Sharadha devi 1365

nagar
20 W-20 Hanumatha pura 1891

21 W-21 Kuvempu nagar 1968
W-22 Vidya nagar 2269

22
W-23 Satya managala 1423
23
24 W-24 Upparhalli 2345
25 W-25 Someshwara pura 1492
26 W-26 Ashoka nagar 1519
27 W-27 Batawadi 1490
28 W-28 Saraswathi puram 1335
29 W-29 Marlur 1570
30 W-30 Sapthgiri extension 1851
31 W-31 Jayanagar 1535
32 W-32 Baddi halli 2280
33 W-33 Giri nagar 1613
34 W-34 Kyathsandra 2241
35 W-35 Devarayana patna 1677
Total Quantity of waste 66.5 TPD

Hotel Waste Management
For calculating amount of waste generating in hotels and restaurants, we selected

some ten major hotels within Tumakuru corporation city limits. For this also we prepared
some survey questionnaires to collect the information like quantity of wet and dry waste,
type of waste, disposal methods adopted etc,.
During our survey we observed that most of hotels are not segregate waste and they
are mixing all type of waste together.
We calculated average waste generated in each hotel per day by taking average value of ten
major hotels. Table 4.3 gives the details about quantity of waste generated.
Table 4.3 The Details of Quantity of Waste Generated in major 10 hotels
Total Quantity Of
Sl.No Hotel Name Type Of Hotel Waste Generated
(Kg/Day)
1 Hoysala Hotel Veg 35
2 Hotel Sunitha Veg 30
3 Hotel Nanjundeshwara Veg 40
4 Hotel Ashoka Veg 35
5 Hotel Hut Veg 25
6 Hotel Bluemoon Non Veg 25
7 Hotel Spicy Affairs Non Veg 20
8 Hotel Meredian Non Veg 25
9 Hotel Jamuna Non Veg 30
10 Hotel Matsya Darshini Non Veg 25
Average waste generated = 29 kg/hotel/day.

Total waste generated =Average waste generated * No. Hotels

Other Waste Sources
Quantity of waste that generated by other waste sources are given in below table 4.4.
Table 4.4 Waste Generated by Other Waste Sources
Sl. No. Type of Waste Total Unit Qty. of Total Waste

Generator No. Waste Generated
Generated (TPD)
(kg/day)
1. Slum (BPL) Households 24432 0.75 18.3
2. Commercial shops 8055 1 8.1
3. Small Hotels 95 10 0.9
4. Markets 2 130 0.3
5. Choultries 55 - 4.5
6. Hostels 92 40 3.7
7. Institutions 200 2 0.4
8. Boarding and lodging 95 50 4.8
centers
9. Vegetable shops 90 10 0.9
10. Meat shops/ slaughter 260 10 2.6
houses
11. Wet waste from medical 81 5 0.4
centers
Total 44.9
Construction waste 120 - 11.4
Waste from floating population 5500 - 2.0
Street sweeping waste 130 100 13
Grand total 71.3TPD
`The final total per capita per person waste as calculated is 0.4 kg/person/day.

Total waste production in Davanagere city
Table 4.5 Total Waste Generated in Davanagere city
Sl. Type of Waste Total Unit Qty. of Total

No. Generator No. Waste Waste
Generated Generated
(kg/day) (TPD)
1 Residential waste 24432 2.72 66.5
2 Hotel waste 40 0.005 1.16
3 Other waste - - 71.3
Total waste 138.96 TPD

Analysis of Individual Components of SW
To analyze the individual components of the Municipal Solid Waste in detail, we

have fabricated a cubical box of size Im3 capacity (1m x 1m x 1m) using card board material.
This box is carried out to the waste filled container where mixed Solid Waste is filled with
normal compaction (Ref. Fig. 4.1, Fig. 4.2 ) and analyzed for Moisture content , Dry weight
and Density of each component and is presented in a tabular form (Ref. Table 4.6).
Table 4.6 Results of constituents and properties of MSW analyzed
Sl Component Percentage Percentage Moisture Dry Volume Typical

no. in range by mass content in mass, M3 density
typical percentage Kg Kg/m3
1. Food waste 40-60 49.26 21.76 117.60 1.60 290
2. Plastic waste 20-30 23.47 20.05 54.60 3.60 65
3. Paper 8-20 9.35 27.2 19.80 1.10 85
4. Textile 0.3-0.8 0.48 42.80 0.80 0.07 65
5. Card board 0.6-1.5 0.72 19.04 1.70 0.14 50
6. Glass 5-15 7.32 7.57 19.80 0.38 195
7. Garden 0.5-2 0.75 27.2 1.60 0.071 105
trimming
8. Rubber 1-3 1.44 14.28 3.60 0.11 130
9. Leather 1.5-4 2.05 23.33 4.60 0.128 160
10. Tin cans 1-3 1.37 20.00 3.20 0.152 90
11. Wood 0.5-1 0.57 26.67 1.10 0.06 500
12. Other mixed 2-5 3.22 26.31 7.00 0.12 250
waste

Calculation Details:
Moisture content can be calculated using the following general method
Moisture content (%) = (a -b) x 100

a
a = Initial Mass of Sample as delivered at disposal site

b = Mass of the sample after drying 24 hours in the open atmosphere
Density = Mass (kg/m3)

Density
Volume = mass (m3)

Density
Total density = 1000 (kg/m3)

∑V

Fig 4.1 cubical box in the disposal site
Fig 4.2 view of solid waste filled to the cubical box

Discussions on the Results obtained
The average moisture content and density was found to be 19% and 135 kg/m3
respectively obtained from the analysis. These values are obtained by field drying methods
on 24 hours basis. This result indicating that bulk volume of the Solid Waste is observed then
its total mass. It is observed that Food and Vegetable waste are occupying the highest
percentage in quantity i.e., 49.26% by mass among all the components of Municipal Solid
Waste. It is because of the study was carried out during winter and summer season, where
festivals and functional activities are more in these season (Jan-May).
It is suggested that separation of the Food and Vegetable waste from the Solid Waste
is used for making compost and can be done effectively with proper Leachate controlling
techniques. The composted manure is of high economic value in this region, like Tumakuru
city and can be effectively used for the agricultural activities. The climatic condition is also
very much favourable for the rapid decomposition of organic waste is observed. Further, it is
observed that, use of plastics in different forms like bags, cups, plates, foot ware, packing
materials.
Detailed Study on Collection and Transportation
The collection and transport of solid waste is mainly based on quantity of waste
generated in the society. The entire city Davanagere is divided into 45 wards to make the
collection and transport system effectively. The details same like collection containers,
collection bins used in Davanagere CMC is presented in the form of Table 4.7 (Addition to
Table 3.6).
Table 4.7 Statistical information showing details of wards and required number of
containers
Sl. Ward No. Ward Name No. Of dumper bins of No. Of 4.5m3
Containers Required
No. 0.5m3 required in each
ward
1. W-1. Maralena halli 29 4
2. W-2. Anthrasana halli 23 3
3. W-3. Kasaba 21 3

4. W-4. Chikkepete 22 3
5. W-5. Sri ranga nagar 21 3
6. W-6. Dibbur 37 5
7. W-7. Agrahara 21 3
8. W-8. K.H.B colony 24 3
9. W-9. Gubbi gate 36 4
10. W-10. Hegade colony 40 5
11. W-11. Melekote 33 4
12. W-12. Sadhashiva nagar 33 4
13. W-13. Veerasagar 29 3
14. W-14. Vinayaka nagar 24 3
15. W-15. Gandhi nagar 21 3
16. W-16. M.G road 29 3
17. W-17. Banashankri 25 3
18. W-18. Shanthi nagar 20 2
19. W-19. Sharadha devi nagar 21 2
20. W-20. Hanumatha pura 29 3
21. W-21. Kuvempu nagar 30 3
22. W-22. Vidya nagar 24 4
23. W-23. Satya managala 22 2
24. W-24. Upparhalli 35 4
25. W-25. Someshwara pura 23 2
26. W-26. Ashoka nagar 23 2
27. W-27. Batawadi 23 2
28. W-28. Saraswathi puram 20 2
29. W-29. Marlur 24 2
30. W-30. Sapthgiri extension 28 3
31. W-31. Jayanagar 23 2
32. W- 32. Baddi halli 34 3
33. W-33. Giri nagar 24 2
34. W-34. Kyathsandra 34 3
35. W- 35 Devarayana patna 25 2
Details of table 3.6 and table 4.7 are presented in the form of Bar chart (ref. fig.4.3)

Fig. 4.3 Bar chart showing statistical information of existing dumper bins and
required no. of dumper bins
60
50
40
No. of dust
30
present bins
required bins
20
10
0
w-1 w-3 w-5 w-7 w-9 w-11 w-13 w-15 w-17 w-19 w-21 w-23 w-25 w-27 w-29 w-31 w-33 w-35
ward no..

Lechate and its Control in Land filling Process
Lechate is a Liquid Waste Generated from the solid Waste land fill area. This is also
known as garbage juice (Lechate). It should be prevented to seep through the bottom of land
fill and this can be achieved by laying on impermeable bottom and side liner using HDPE
synthetic plastic sheet or compacted clay lining to be given to the bottom as well as sides of
the land filling area for the collection of Leachate from the land fill a separate pipe networks
are to be provided during the construction of the site along the bed of the land fill. Proper
drainage system should be provided around the land fill to prevent seepage of rain water.
The quality of Leachate comprises; high organic content, soluble salts, and other
constituents of the refuse can contaminates the ground water its HOD is usually varies from
6000-7000 ppm and is about 20-30 times more concentrated than domestic sewage. Hence
extreme care is to be taken in the collection, treatment and disposal of leachate. In our study
area of solid waste disposal site there is a lack of precautions taken for the collection,
treatment and safe disposal of leachate. Control of leachate can be achieved by providing of
an impermeable layer in the bottom and sides of entire land filling area using HDPE
Synthetic Plastic Sheet laid over a compacted clay lining in the bed level. Further proper
drainage system and separate pipe network with proper slope for the collection of Leachate
from the existing land filling area is provided. The generated Leachate from the land filling
area is collected separately in a interconnected primary and secondary settling tanks
(Rectangular in shape). Proper side and bed slope is also provided for easy flow Leachate by
gravity. Sellable solids and HOD is removed partially and the clear water from the surface of
the tank is disposed in to agricultural land on downstream of the area. Details of the general
quality - Characteristic of Leachate of Municipal Solid Waste land fill area present in a
tabular form, Table 3.9and the location of municipal solid waste disposal site at Tumakuru
city is shown in Fig. 3.9.

Sanitary Landfill Design for Davanagere City
Data considered while designing sanitary landfill areas below,
Population (2015) 341,009 inhabitants
Population growth rate (rp) 7% per year
Pro capita generation rate 0.40 kg/inh/d
Daily waste production 136,404 kg/day
Coverage of the service 57% current
Daily waste collection 77,750 kg/day
Density of SW not compacted 300 kg/m3 (200-300)
Density of SW compacted at manual sanitary landfill 400 kg/m3 (400-500)
Density of SW stabilized at manual sanitary landfill 500 kg/m3 (500-600)
Pro capita production growth rate 1% per year
Embankment height 2.50 M
Dumpsite area (2015) 161,874 m2
Availability area (2015) 97,125

m2
Data Assumed
Coverage 100%
Height 3.3m
Cover soil 20%
FS 30%

Design of Sanitary landfill for one year i.e., One Cell
Life time 1 year
Waste height 3m
Waste daily production (calculation) 136.4 t/d
Waste daily production 78 t/d
Waste production 28,379 t/y
Buried waste density 400 kg/m3
Volume (for waste only) 70,947 m3
Required area 23,649

m2
Number of cells 1
Area of 1 cell 23,649

m2
Length of 1 cell 120 m
Width of 1 cell 197 m
Excavation
Excavation depth 2.2 m
Landfill cell area excavation 52,028 m3
Embankment
Base 1 4.5 m
Base 2 1.5 m
Height 1.0 m
Area 3 sq.m.
Extra length per side 5.0 m
Total volume for embankment 1,962 m3

Final capping- clay layer
Thickness 0.3 m
Volume 7,095 m3
Ramps
2 ramps are 40-50 far
Required ramps 10
Base 1 7.0 m
Base 2 4.0 m
Height 1.0 m
Area considering a rectangle 7x1m 7 m2
Length 6.5 m
Required volume for 1 ramp 23
Total volume embankment 228 m3
Gas management system
To install perforated pipes at the corners of 40-50m mesh
Required ventilation points 12
Necessary length per 1 ventilation point 6 m
Standard length of 6”Ø 6 m
Pipes required 12

Calculation Details
Daily waste production= Population x per capita generation rate
Coverage of the service= Present population

Designed population
Daily waste collection= population x per capita x coverage of service
Required Area of Landfill for One Year (2015)
Daily waste collection = population x production per capita x coverage service
Tonne annual = Daily waste collection x 365

10000
Accumulated solid waste quantity= (Documented quantity of previous year + Tonne

annual of present year)
Compacted Solid Waste = Tonne annual

Density of solid waste compacted at manual sanitary landfill
Stabilized Solid Waste = Tonne annual

Density of solid waste stabilized at manual sanitary landfill
Cover soil = 20 x stabilized solid waste

100
Total quantity = Stabilized + cover soli

Total accumulated = Total accumulated of previous year + Total quantity of present
year
Landfill area = Total accumulated quantity
Height of landfill

Calculation for One Cell
Calculation daily productivity MSW = PPC x Daily waste produced
Waste production per year = Daily collection x 365
Volume of waste = waste/year

Density
Required area = Volume

Waste Weight
Area of one cell = Required area
No. Of cell
Length of cell = Constant, i.e, 120 m
Width = Area of 1 cell

Length of 1 cell
Landfill area excavation = required area x excavation area depth
Total volume of Embankment = [Area x (2 x length of one cell) + (2 x width of one

cell) + ( Extra side per side)]

Final capping- clay layer

Volume = Required area
Cell x thickness of capping
Design of Ramps
Area of Ramps = Base x Height
Required volume/ ramp= Area of Ramp x length of Ramp

2
Total volume of Embankment = Required ramps x required volume

1 Ramp

CONCLUSIONS
Based on detailed Project work carried out, we have drawn some of the conclusions
to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the existing MSWM system of Davanagere
city.
 The urban local bodies are unable to provide effective services. Because of
limited portion of municipal budget is the major task since, it is about 20 to 50%.
It should be increased by 60 to 70% and requires adequate infrastructure back up.
The improper method of disposal of waste becomes leads to animal menace,
clogged drains and spread of diseases.
 Because of hot and humid climate condition leads to rapid decomposition of

Uncollected waste at site and is leads to health hazard, and severity reaches to
unmanageable conditions. The results of these are foul smell, breeding of flies and
other pests and generation of lechate, which pose a serious Environmental
Problems.
 The existing strength of the staff involved in MSWM system is. in-adequate to
manage.
 The activities effectively and requires additional recruitment of sufficient staff

members.
 The machinery and equipments used by the staff are not in sufficient numbers to
meet the new demands of the Modem society.
 Proper awareness and communication programs are to be required in time to time

among the public to involve effectively to improve the local MSWM is very
important to provide good services.

Suggestions to Improve and Upgrade the Solid Waste

Management System of the Town
Following suggestions are made to improve the present SW

management system of the town.
 To improve the efficiency of the solid waste management in the

existing system primary and secondary collection system should be
adopted.
 Solid Waste generated in the selected wards should be collected

daily without postponing to the next days.
 It is suggested that the capacity of Solid Waste storage containers in the

selected wards of the city and market places is to be increased to reduce
the space occupying by more number of containers.
 Plastic waste is the main component present in municipal solid waste

generated in town and is suggested to recycled and reuse.
 Proper safety measures is to be taken to protect the health of the

workers involved in collection, transport and disposal (loading and
unloading) of solid waste,
 It is suggested that a separate composting methodologies is to be adopted

for the town,since the decomposable organic waste is ranging from 50 —
60% observed.
 Proper drainage system should be provided around the land filling area
to prevent the seepage of rain water through the landfill.

 It is suggested that to provide a separate pipe network for the collection

of lechate in the bed of the landfill.
 It is suggested that to establish a Municipal Incinerator is very much

essential to bum the combustible materials like paper, wood,
cardboards, rags, cotton waste, baggase, etc.
Recommendations for Future Study
Following are the same of the recommendation made by us to study in detail on this
Project work.
 Proper Primary and Secondary collection system is very much necessary for the
town
and is to be studied.
 Identification of suitable disposal yard for sanitary landfill site.
 Proper route Optimization technique is to be made for vehicles involved in

Collection
and Transport services.
 Detailed analysis on lechate collecting from the land fill is necessary.
 Proper treatment methodologies required to treat the out coming Lechate, from the
land fill area is to be studied.
 Bio medical waste management and hazardous waste management is necessary in

Tumakuru city.
Dept. of Civil Engineering,BIET,Davanagere Page 64

REFERENCES
1. Baljeet S. Kapoor, “Solid Waste, Environmental Sanitation”, 1" Edition pp,
I00-139, 2001.
2. Dara S.S, “Treatment and Disposal Environmental Chemistry and Pollution

Control”, Solid Waste Pollution, pp.110-122, Edition, 1993.
3. Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe, George Tchobanoglous, “Engineered

System for Solid Waste Treatment and Disposed”, Environmental Engineering,
1st Edition, pp. 573- 648, 1986.
4. APHA, “Standard Methods for the examination of Water and Soil”, American
Public Health Association, New York, 1991, 18th Edition.
5. Ajantha Perera, “Our Responsibility to Manage Garbage must Come Long

before the Landfill Site”, Proceedings of the International Conference on
Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Sept. 2007,' pp. 112-117.
6. Charles E.Clerk, “Hog Waste Disposal by Logooning”, ASCE, Journal of

Environment Engineering, Vol,No-91, No.sa6, 1965, pp. 27-39.
7. Jimme E.Quon, Abraham Charnes Stepen J. Werson, “Simulation and

Analysis of Refus collection Systems”, Journal of Environmental Engineering
Division, ASCE, Vo1.No-91, No.SA5, 1965, pp. 17-35.
8. Kurian Joseph, R.Nagendran and K.Thanasekaran, “Interventions for

Sustainabl Management of Municipal Solid Wastes”, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Sept. 2007,
pp. 59-66.
9. Lakshmikantha H and Lakshminarasimaiah, N, “Household Hazardous

Waste Generation-Management in Raichur City”. Proceedings of the
International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Sept.
2007, pp. 163-168.

10. Lee Peyton R. and Paul R.Schroeder, (1990), “Evaluation of Landfill-Liner

Designs”, Journal of Environment Engineering Division, ASCE, No.SA6, Sept.
2007, pp. 27-39.
11. Santosh a Thampil and Narayanan Namboodiri T.V., “Approaches for Sustainable
Municipal Solid Waste Management —A Case Study with Specific Reference to the State of
Kerala Republic of India”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid
Waste Management, Sept. 2007, pp. 42-49.
12. Shivayogimath C.B, Lokeshappa B and Doddamani S.S, “Municipal Solid Waste
Management in Raichur City”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable
Solid Waste Management, Sept. 2007, pp. 50-53.
13. Sumedha Chakma and Shashi Mathur, “Settlement of MSW Landfills Due to
Biodegradation”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste
Management, Sept. 2007, pp. 234-238.
14. Todd J.Bookter, and Robert K. Ham, ‘Stabilization Solid Waste in landfills”, Journal of
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol.No.108, Sept. 2007, pp. 1089-1099,.
15. Velumani and P. Meenakshi, “Lift Cycle Inventory Analysis of Emissions from Existing
Municipal Solid Wastes Management Scenarios in Coimbatore City”, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Sept. 2007, pp. 75-82.
16. Willium H. Hassett and E.T. Cornad, “Journal of Environmental Engineering Division”,
ASCE, Vol.No.107, 1981, pp. 1317-1324.
17. Jorge jaramillo, University of Colombia, “Guidelines for the design, construction and
operation of manual sanitary landfills”, a solution for final disposal of MSW in small
communities.
***

Introdution: General

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introdution: General

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

To Study the Generation of MSW and Disposal Mechanism in selected wards of Davanagere City 2022-23

Classification of Solid Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

These includes garbage (organic) and rubbish (inorganic) from residential,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 2

Industrial Solid Waste

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 3

Municipal Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management basically involves management of activities which are

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 4

Study Area Davanagere City

Davanagere, an administrative district in Karnataka, occupies an area of

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 5

Figure 1.1 Map of Davanagere City (Courtesy: Google Maps)

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 6

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 7

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Davanagere City

 Collection of information through various literatures regarding latest

 To study the efficiency and effectiveness of existing Municipal Solid Waste

 To evaluate the present methodologies used in Collection, Transport and Safe

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 8

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 9

Ajantha Perera, (Sept. 2007), Studied regarding responsibility to Manage Garbage

H Lakshmikantha, et al, (Sept. 2007), were studied on Household Hazardous Waste

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 10

Santosh G. Thampil, et al, (Sept. 2007), Approaches for Sustainable Municipal

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 11

Lokeshappa B, et al, (Sept. 2007), were studied on Municipal Solid Waste

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 12

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 13

Methodology Carried Out

Day to Day Solid Waste Management Scenario

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 14

By considering all these factors, after necessary reconnaissance survey and

Collection and Transport

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 15

Raw materials Residual debris

Processing and recovery

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 16

Brief Details on Study Area- Davanagere city

Table 3.1 Details of Study Areas- Davanagere city

Sl. No. Particulars Information

4. Area 68.63 sq.km

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 17

Table 3.2 Population trends in Davanagere city

Census Year Population Decadal growth

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 18

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET, Davanagere Page 19

Dept. of Civil Engineering,BIET, Davanagere Page 18

Fig.3.4 Map showing details of Tumakuru city covering 37 wards

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET,Davanagere Page 19

General Components of a Typical Municipal Solid Waste

Table 3.4 Components in Solid Waste in their typical values.

Sl. No Component Moisture content

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET,Davanagere Page 20

Table 3.5 Individual components generating from Municipal Solid Waste.

Sl.no. Components Description

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET,Davanagere Page 21

Collection System and Transport Methodologies

Door to Door Collection System

DCMC has introduced door-to-door collection of MSW

The street sweeping activity in the city is carried out

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BIET,Davanagere Page 22