Lecture I

21st Century Literatures From

The Philippines And The World
Table of Contents I II
Introduction Philippine
Literature

III IV
Assignment World Literature
 I
Introduction
Problems surrounding the
attempts to define the
subject 21st Century
Literature
 Introduction
“all literary works written and published at the
latter part of the 21st century (from 2001
onwards). These works are often characterized
as gender-sensitive, technologically alluding,
culturally pluralistic, operates on the extreme
reality or extreme fiction, and questions
conventions and supposedly absolute norms.”
 Defining 21st Century Literature
from the Philippines and the World
21st Century the Philippines
What is the limit of 21st How can we know if a
Century? Can we attain literary work is a
a singular and fixed Philippine Literature?
definition of the 21st What really is this
Century? source of nationalism?

Literature the World

What is Literature? What grounds the
presence of World
Literature?
What is
Literature?
• “Literature” comes from the
latin root word ‘littera’ which
means ‘letters.”
• Its first appearance in the
English language in the 14th
century as ‘literature’ initially
means “a polite way of
learning through reading.”
• A hundred years later, the
adjective “literate” was used
in writings and language.
Types of Literature
Non-
Poetry fiction

Prose Fictions
Prose
writings without a metrical
structure and said to exhibit
“Nalaman kong hindi pala exam na may
“natural flow of speech” and passing rate ang buhay. Hindi ito multiple
grammatical structure. choice, identification, true or false,
enumeration, o fill-in-the-blanks na
sinasagutan, kundi essay na isinusulat
araw-araw. Huhusgahan ito hindi base sa
kung tama o mali ang sagot, kundi base
sa kung may kabuluhan ang mga naisulat
o wala. Allowed ang erasures.”
― Bob Ong, ABNKKBSNPLAKo?!
Poetry
writings with metric, phonetic
and phonaesthetic structures.
“Silence overwhelms
But we must keep on inventing the word
That will smash
The thick glass of air between us.
The task is heroic.
Poetry is a minor matter.”
- Edel Garcellano, Vanishing History &
Other Poems
 Fiction
kinds of writings which are mainly “products of
imagination.” They should not be ideally factual. While
some kinds of fiction incorporate realistic elements, what
sets fiction apart is the very construction of a limited
world that one follows within.

Non-fiction
kinds of writings which are based on factual events or people
or expresses ideas which are not necessarily within the
world of fiction. Non-fiction can range from historical texts,
diaries, textbooks to theory, philosophy, speeches etc.
Types of Fiction
1. DRAMA

a. stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where

conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action.

2. FANTASY

a. the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters.
It invites suspension of reality.

3. FABLE

a. a story about supernatural or extraordinary people usually in the form of narration

that demonstrates a useful truth.
Types of Fiction
3. SCIENCE FICTION

a. is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined.

4. HORROR

a. an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully

shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which evokes a feeling of dread in both
the characters and the reader.

5. HISTORICAL FICTION

a. is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Types of Fiction
7. FOLKLORES

a. are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of ―folk‖ that was handed
down by word of mouth.

8. LEGEND

a. is the story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. It is based on fact but also
includes imaginative material.

9. MYTHOLOGY

a. is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Types of Non-Fiction
1. NARRATIVE NON-FICTION
- is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story.

2. ESSAYS
- are short literary composition that reflects the author‘s outlook or point. A short literary
composition on a particular them or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative or
interpretative.

3. BIOGRAPHY
- is a written account of another person‘s life.

4. SPEECH
- is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one‘s
thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an
address or discourse.
Introduction to
the Philippine
Literature
Katrina Melissa Cruz
1 What are the
different
early stages
of Philippine
Literature?
Stages of Philippine Literature

A
Pre-Spanish
B
Spanish Period
C
Propaganda and
Revolutionary
Period
II What are the
different
characteristics
of each period?
Pre-Spanish
Period
- literature was in oral form
- Works such as epics, legends, folklore,
salawikain, bugtong, sawikain, songs
such as the Oyayi or Hele are passed on
from generations to generations
Spanish
Period
- centered on Christian faith.
- there was a gradual shift of interest from
nature and natural phenomena to the
lives of the saints, hymns, miracles and
invocations based on the teachings of the
Catholic Church.
- corrido, awit, dalit, cenaculo, moro-moro,
duplo and karagatan, and zarzuela.
Propaganda and
Revolutionary - The Propaganda movement was
reformatory in objective and its members
Period are college students mostly based in
Spain.
- The primary propagandists were Jose
Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano
Lopez-Jaena.
- Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo; Del Pilar’s essays and
editorials in Diariong Tagalog; Lopez-
Jaena’s articles in La Solidaridad.
Propaganda and
Revolutionary - The Revolutionary movement took over
as the propagandists failed to get much
Period reforms.
- The articles written in tagalog (which was
a form of revolution) was published in the
Kalayaan, the newspaper of the society.
- The literature at that time was more
propagandistic than literary as the
situation and events at that time needed
such purpose for liberation.
III Why does
history have an
important role
in literature as
literature?
Creative
nonfiction
It’s a rich mix of flavors, ideas,
and techniques, some of
which are newly invented
and others as old as writing
itself. Creative nonfiction
can be an essay, a journal
article, a research paper, a
memoir, or a poem; it can be
personal or not, or it can be
all of these.
“The Cardinal’s Sins, the
General’s Cross, the
Martyr’s Testimony, and
Other Affirmations” by
Gregorio C. Brillantes
“Manananggal Terrorizes
Manila and Other Stories”
by Jessica Zafra
“Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn
Cruz
Hyper poetry

Hypertext poetry and hypertext

fiction are new genres of
literature that use the computer
screen as medium, rather than the
printed page. The literary works
rely on the qualities unique to a
digital environment, such as
linked World Wide Web pages or
effects such as sound and
movement.
Mobile phone
text tula
A cell phone novel, or mobile phone
novel is a literary work originally
written on a cellular phone via
text messaging. This type of
literature originated in Japan,
where it has become a popular
literary genre.
Chick lit
This is genre fiction, which
“consists of heroin-centered
narratives that focus on the Spotlight New Adult by Mina V.
trials and tribulations of their Esguerra
individual protagonists”. The Tall Story by Candy Gourlay
genre often addresses issues of All’s Fair in Blog and War by
modern womanhood – from Chrissie Peria
romantic relationships to
female friendships to matters in
the workplace – in humorous
and lighthearted ways.
Speculative
fiction
“a type of story that deals with Smaller and Smaller Circles by
observations of the human FH Batacan
condition but offers the Sink by Isabel Yap
experience through a different The Secret Origin of Spin-Man
lens…and challenges us to see by Andrew Drilon
what tomorrow could be like or
what the mythic past of our
imagination actually is.”
Graphic
novels
The ‘graphic novel’ has existed as an The Mythology Class (Nautilus
art form arguably from the time comics) by Arnold Arre
our species learned how to paint. Light (Anino comics) by Rob
However, the term has only been Cham
in use since the 1960’s, and Sixty Six (Anino comics) by
though it’s often a hotly debated Russell Molina
issue, it’s generally accepted that Maktan 1521 by Tepai Pascual
a graphic novel is a longer work or
collection of works presented in
‘comics’ style.
 Taglish
Hanggang
Saan?
by Bienvenido Lumbera
 Adios
Postscript Amerika
w/ all

ni Rolando S. your star-spangled ideas

Ginago mo kaming

Tinio Walang kalaban-laban

CRAZY MAN
CRAZY CRAZY
I get so furious
everytimeIthink
kaming me pinag-aralan
ang lumalabas ngayong hangal
Because we’re out of touch (chua chua)
Because we’re out of touch (chua chua)
It’s all a matter of pointofview
& ar poinuview’s sulipat
MATANG—
MANOK
 Think lang of all the
Postscript finals and seminars na pinagsusunugan
ng highbrow

ni Rolando S. jusso we won’t be

nakakahiya naman sa aming mga

Tinio KANONG classmates na andami

namang ay Dios ko tanga yata
D’ya know I wrote a heaven-knows-how-
many-pages-paper-on
have y’eva he’d of some’ing entitled
Ver-gi-di-ma-rium by Marston ba or Hall?
& for 8125
na-eyestrain sa kasisilip
sa Regla ni San Beda sa microfilm
para maevalyuweyt kung Madame
Ovaltine was landi o saint?
And what kind of iskolarsip daw na
putangna?
Buti pang magkamot ng bayag / Bakâ
nilabasan pa
 I mean it’s absoluuuutely ridiculous
Postscript endeavuh so precieuse to stuff
yu’head w/ headnotes footnotes

ni Rolando S. marginalnotes
until your soul’s one big fat variorum

Tinio edition
of pure unmitigated pedantic nonsense

S* A* P* A* G* K* A* T*

walang walang
kinalaman
sa sarili mong

UHAW ANTOK TAKOT LIBOG UTOT

 & then you godda nerve to think

Postscript
you’re shuperiah to the restadapipol
juz becuz you speak English w/the twang of angels

ni Rolando S.
from Talahasee, Salinas, or Catona
Abá’y talagang anak ng garapata ng áso ni San
Roque!
Tinio May talino ‘yung di marunong mag-englis akala n’yo
ba
May sariling estruktura ang pangangatwirang
hango sa hinuha’t higher form of algebra
ang ma’no bang patancha-tancha’t pakarku-karkula
I mean to say
St James
St Eliot
St Warren & Wellek
St Shakespeare & Johnson
St Donne & Miltonberle
St Thomasite
St Peace Corps.

Pagbalikwas ninyo sa kani-kanilang libingan

ladya kami sa istetsayd na dunong-dunungan.
 Ang
kapangyarihan
ng Wika,
At Wika ng
kapangyarihan
ni Conrado de Quiros
 PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE:
PERPETUALLY
INCHOATE
by Miguel Bernad
THANK
YOU!