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Street Address: H No 725 Sector 16

City: Faridabad
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Telephone: 91-9899116725
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Street Address: L. B. S Marg Majiwada

City: Thane
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Company Name: Ashish Technical Services Pvt. Ltd.

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S S A Engineers in Baranagar
Mr S Srimanai
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83, Neogi Para RD, Baranagar, Kolkata
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Mr Goutam
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+(91)-9433005594, 9231694285

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Jaya Industries in Dum Dum

Evaporated and Condensed Milk

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Background

Evaporated and condensed milk are two types of concentrated milk from which the water has
been removed. Evaporated milk is milk concentrated to one-half or less its original bulk by
evaporation under high pressures and temperatures, without the addition of sugar, and usually
contains a specified amount of milk fat and solids. This gives regular evaporated milk—the shelf
life differs with the fat content—up to 15 months of shelf life. Condensed milk is essentially
evaporated milk with sugar added. The milk is then canned for consumer consumption and
commercial use in baking, ice cream processing, and candy manufacture. This product has a
shelf life of two years. When concentrated milk was first developed in the mid-1800s before the
advent of refrigeration, many used it as a beverage. However, with the exception of some tropic
regions, this is rarely the case today.

History

In 1852, a young dairy farmer named Gail Borden was on a ship headed home to the United
States from the Great Exhibition in London. When rough seas made the cows on board so
seasick that they could not be milked, infant passengers began to go hungry. Borden wondered
how milk could be processed and packaged so that it would not go bad. This was a problem not
only on long ocean voyages but on land, as well, because at the time, milk was shipped in
unsanitary oak barrels and spoiled quickly.

When Borden returned home, he began to experiment with raw milk, determining that it was
87% water. By boiling the water off the top of the milk in an airtight pan, Borden eventually
obtained a condensed milk that resisted spoilage. On another trip, this time by train to
Washington, DC, to apply for a patent for his new product, Borden met Jeremiah Milbank, a
wealthy grocery whole-saler. Milbank was impressed with Borden's ideas and agreed to finance a
condensed milk operation. In 1864, the first Eagle Brand Consolidated Milk production plant
opened on the east branch of the Croton River in southeastern New York.

Borden's new product was not an unqualified success. In 1856, condensed milk was blamed for
an outbreak of rickets in working-class children because it was made with skim milk, and
therefore lacked fats and other nutrients. Others complained about its appearance and taste
because they were accustomed to milk with a high water content and that had been whitened
with the addition of chalk. In spite of this criticism, the idea of condensed milk caught on to the
degree that Borden began to license other factories to produce it under his name.

The outbreak of the Civil War proved to be good for business when the Union Army ordered the
condensed milk for its field rations. At the height of the war, Borden's Elgin, Illinois plant was
annually producing 300,000 gallons of condensed milk.

To differentiate his own product from that of the licensed plants, Borden changed the name of
his condensed milk to Eagle Brand. About this time, two American brothers, Charles A. and
George H. Page, founded the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company in Switzerland. One of
their employees, John Baptist Meyenberg, suggested that the company use a similar process but
eliminate the addition of sugar to produce evaporated milk. Meyenberg's idea was rejected.
Convinced that his idea held merit, Meyenberg quit the company and emigrated to the United
States. By 1885, Meyenberg was producing the first commercial brand of evaporated milk at his
Highland Park, Illinois plant, the Helvetica Milk Condensing Company.
In the late 1880s, Eldridge Amos Stuart, an Indiana grocer in El Paso, Texas, noted that milk was
spoiling in the heat and causing illness in children. Stuart developed a method for processing
canned, sterilized evaporated milk. In 1899, Stuart partnered with Meyenberg to supply Klondike
gold miners with evaporated milk in 16-ounce cans.

An article on homogenization in the April 16,1904 issue of Scientific American had an impact on
the concentrated milk industry, which employed the process long before fresh milk plants.
Further improvements followed. In 1934, Meyenberg's company, now headquartered in St.
Louis, Missouri, and renamed the Pet Milk Company, became the first to fortify its evaporated
milk with Vitamin D. This was accomplished by the process of irradiation, developed in 1923 by
Harry Steenbock, a chemist at the University of Wisconsin. In this process, the milk is exposed
to ultraviolet light, which causes reactions to produce Vitamin D, enriching the milk.

Raw Materials

The primary ingredient is raw cow's milk. Evaporated and condensed milk processors purchase
the milk from nearby dairy farms.

A salt, such as potassium phosphate, is used as a stabilizing agent, which keeps the milk from
breaking down during processing. Carrageenan, a food additive made from red algae (Irish moss)
is used as a suspending agent. The milk is also fortified with Vitamin D through exposure to
ultraviolet light. Powdered lactose crystals are added to concentrated milk to stimulate the
production of lactose, a type of sugar that increases the milk's shelf life.

The Manufacturing Process

Evaporated milk

1. The raw milk is transported from the dairy farm to the plant in refrigerated tank trucks. At the
plant, the milk is tested for odor, taste, bacteria, sediment, and the composition of milk protein
and milk fat. The composition of protein and fat is measured by passing the milk under highly
sensitive infrared lights.

2. The milk is piped through filters and into the pasteurizers. Here, the milk is quickly
heated in one of two ways. The High Temperature Short Time method (HTST) subjects
the milk to temperatures of 161 °F (71.6°C) for 15 seconds. The Ultra High Temperature
(UHT) method heats the milk to 280°F (138°C) for two seconds.

Both methods increase the milk's stability, decrease the chance of coagulation during
storage, and decrease the bacteria level.

3. The warm milk is piped to an evaporator. Through the process of vacuum evaporation,
(exposing a liquid to a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure) the boiling point of the
milk is lowered to 104-113°F (40-45°C). As a result, the milk is concentrated to 30-40%
solids. Also, the milk has little or no cooked flavor.
 4. The milk is then homogenized by forcing it under high pressure through tiny holes. This breaks
down the fat globules into minute particles, improving its color and stability.
5. Pre-measured amounts of a stabilizing salt, such as potassium phosphate, are added to the milk
to make it smooth and creamy. This stabilization causes the milk to turn a pale tan.
6. The milk is passed under a series of ultraviolet lights to fortify it with Vitamin D.
7. The milk is piped into pre-sterilized cans that are vacuum-sealed.

Condensed milk

1. The milk is flash-heated to about 185°F (85°C) for several seconds. It is then piped to the
evaporator where the water removed.
2. The milk is then concentrated under vacuum pressure until it measures between 30-40% solid. It
now has a syrupy consistency.
3. The milk is cooled and then inoculated with approximately 40% powdered lactose crystals. The
milk is then agitated to stimulate crystallization. It is this sugar that preserves the condensed
milk.
4. The milk is piped into sterilized cans that are then vacuum-sealed.

Quality Control

The milk industry is subject to stringent regional and federal regulations regarding the prevention
of bacteria and the composition of solids and fats. According to the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), sweetened condensed milk must contain at least 28% by weight of total
milk solids and at least 8% by weight of milk fat. Evaporated milk must contain at least 6.5% by
weight of milk fat, at least 16.5% by weight of milk solids that are not fat, and at least 23% by
weight of total milk solids. The evaporated milk must also contain 25 International Units (IUs) of
vitamin D.

The milk is taste-tested for freshness before it leaves the dairy farm and again when it arrives at
the processing plants. Once the milk arrives at the plant, it is not touched by the workers, making
its journey from raw milk to evaporated or condensed strictly through pipes, vats, and other
machinery. At least one-third of the labor time in the milk industry is devoted to cleaning and
sterilizing utensils and machinery. Milk inspectors make frequent inspections.

Where to Learn More

Books

Trager, James. The Food Chronolgy. New York: Henry Holts, 1995.

Other

"Borden's Milk." http://www.southeastmuseum.org/html/borden_s_milk.html (March 6, 2000).

"What guidance does FDA have for manufacturers of Sweetened Condensed Milk Products?"
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qa-ind5n.html (November 19, 1999).
—Mary McNulty