Basics of Medical Physics

and Biophysics

for electronic education

of health professionals

Kukurová Elena et al.

ASKLEPIOS 2013

ISBN 978–80–7167–177–0
Digital study text "Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic
education of health professionals" has been supported by the grant project KEGA
052UK-4/2013 offered by The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport
of the Slovak Republic.

© Authors: Prof. MUDr. Elena Kukurová, CSc.

Co-authors: RNDr. Eva Kráľová, PhD.,

PhDr. Michal Trnka, PhD.

Rewievers: Prof. MUDr. Jozef Rosina, PhD., CR,

Prof. MUDr. Leoš Navrátil, CSc., CR

Professional cooperation and auxiliary materials provided by:

Ing. Peter Černay, CSc.,
RNDr. Zuzana Herdová, CSc.,
RNDr. Jana Hochmanová,
Ing. Miroslav Hrubý, CSc.,
RNDr. Ján Jakubík, CSc.,
MUDr. Dušan Malatin,
† Doc. MUDr. Vladimír Martinko, CSc.,
RNDr. Jana Miklovičová,
Doc. Ing. Miroslav Mikuláš, CSc.,
Prof. MUDr. Albert Stránsky, CSc.

Cooperation with educational institutions: FMCU in Bratislava, JFMCU in Martin,

Slovak Academy of Sciences, SUT in Bratislava, FMCU in Prague CR

Illustrations: Archive of the Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics

and Telemedicine, FMCU in Bratislava

Language review: PhDr. Rastislav Vartík

Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

The digital study text has been supported by the GP MŠSR KEGA 052UK-4/2013.
No part of this text may be reproduced, saved, copied or replaced electronically,
mechanically, photografically or by other means without written agreement of
authors and publisher.

ISBN 978–80–7167–177–0
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

CONTENTS Page
Introduction 7
1. Cell biophysics I. 14
1. 1. The properties of biological fluids
and transport features through cell membrane (Herdová) 14
1.1.1. Surface tension 15
1.1.2. Viscosity 16
1.1.3. Other important properties of fluids 19
1.1.4. pH-metry 19
1.1.5. Diffusion 21
1.1.5.1. Biophysical basis of pharmacokinetics (Miklovičová) 22
1.1.5.2. Experimental methods to study diffusion 26
1.1.6. Osmosis and osmotic pressure 27
1.1.7. Transport processes on biomembranes 31
1.1.7.1. Structure of biological membranes 31
1.1.7.2. Transport processes through the biological membrane.. 32
1.1.8. Dialysis therapeutic methods (Herdová) 33
1.1.8.1. Hemodialysis (Kukurová) 34
1.1.8.2. Peritoneal dialysis 34
1.1.8.3. Hemofiltration 35
1.1.8.4. Hemoperfusion 35
1.1.9. Optical methods of measuring solute concentra¬tions (Kukurová) 36
1.2. Cell biophysics II. 40
Electrical properties of cells and organs (Herdová) 40
1.2.1. The resting potential. Its origin and properties 40
1.2.2. Origin and propagation of the action potential (AP)
on the membrane (Hochmannová) 41
1.2.3.Methods of measuring electrical properties of cells
and tissues (Hochmannová) 44
1.2.3.1. Measurement of AP using the internal microelectrode method 44
1.2.3.2. Double sucrose gap and vaseline gap methods 45
1.2.3.3. The patch clamp method 47
1.2.3.4. Measurement of action potentials in peripheral nerves 48
1.2.4. Modeling of the electrical properties of cells (Herdová) 49
1.2.4.1. Model of AP generation on the surface membrane of a muscle cell 49
1.2.4.2.Model of summation of excitations on the neuron input 50
1.2.5. Recording and processing heart action potentials 51
1.2.5.1. Electrocardiography (Kráľová) 51
1.2.5.2. Computer methods of processing biosignals (Kukurová) 56
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

1.2.5.3. Long-term ECG monitoring of mobile patients (Mikuláš) 58

1.3. Biophysics of the analyzer I. (Kukurová) 61
1.3.1. Optic analyzer 61
1.3.2. Optical defects of the eye 64
1.3.3. Objective diagnostic methods 65
1.3.4. Ophtalmological examination methods 66
1.3.4.1. Examination of central vision 66
1.3.4.2. Methods of examining refraction 68
1.3.4.3. Methods of examination of eye function 69
1.3.4.4. Method of visual-angle examination 70
1.3.5. Measurement of illumination 71
1.4. Biophysics of the analyzer II. (Malatin) 73
1.4.1. Biophysics of the acoustic analyzer 73
Basic information
1.4.1.1. Quantities of physical acoustics - onometric 73
1.4.1.2. Quantities of physiological acoustics - honometric 74
1.4.2. Basic notions related to the biophysical model of the ear 75
1.4.3. Acoustical diagnostic methods 77
1.4.4. Methods of hearing examination 78
1.4.5. Measurement of environmental noise - sound-level metry 84
1.5. Biophysics of the respiratory system (Stránsky) 89
1.5.1. Biophysics of external and internal respiration 89
1.5.1.1. Mechanics of respiration 90
1.5.1.2. Gaseous exchange 97
1.5.2. Artificial lung ventilation 102
1.5.3. Spirometric methods (Jakubik) 104
1.6. Effects of physical factors on the human organism I. (Kukurová) 110
Medical applications of biophysical interactions of physical factors
with human organism
1.6.1. Effect of gravitation on blood pressure 110
1.6.1.1. Blood pressure measurement in human subjects 112
1.6.1.1.1. A direct (invasive) method of blood pressure measurement 112
1.6.1.1.2. Indirect methods of blood pressure measurement 112
1.6.1.1.3. An indirect method of blood ressure measurement based
on Doppler effect 113
1.6.1.2. Method of measurement of the influence of gravity
on blood pressure 114
1.6.2. Methods using passive electrical properties of tissues and organs 115
1.6.2.1. Method of the transient with imposed current 115
1.6.2.2. Methods for measurement of impedance in biological systems 116
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

1.6.2.3. Method of evaluating the skin barrier effect 117

1.6.2.4. Rheography 118
1.6.3. Ultrasound diagnostic methods (Kukurová) 120
1.6.3.1. Imaging systems 123
1.6.3.2. Noninvasive ultrasound diagnostics 123
1.6.3.3. Invasive ultrasound methods 124
1.6.4. Thermometry and thermography with parallel monitoring
and registration of microclimatic conditions (Kukurová) 124
1.6.4.1. Thermometry 124
1.6.4.2. Thermography 126
1.6.4.3. Apparatus and methods for microclimatic measurement. 127
1.6.4.3.1. Barometer 127
1.6.4.3.2. Hygrometers 128
1.6.4.4. Katathermometry 128
1.6.4.5. Surface temperature as a biosignal 130
1.6.5. The use of interaction of the organism with X-ray, magnetic
and electromagnetic fields for tomography (Černay) 131
1.6.5.1. X-ray computerized tomography 131
1.6.5.2. Nuclear magnetic resonance 135
1.6.6. Electrical excitability (Mikuláš) 140
1.6.6.1. Defibrillators 140
1.6.6.2. Pacemaking 142
1.6.7. Biological rhythms (oscillations) (Kukurová) 142
1.6.8. Protection of the patient against electrical shock (Hrubý) 145
1.6.8.1. Physiological effects of electrical current on human body 145
1.6.8.2. Approximate current values for different physiological effects 146
1.6.8.3. Electrically susceptible patients 147
1.6.8.4. Origin of the danger of macroshock 148
1.6.8.5. Origin of the danger of microshock 148
1.6.8.6. Patient's safety 148
1.6.8.7. The mains supply 148
1.6.8.8. Necessary instrumentation 150
1.6.9. Effects of mechanical factors 151
1.6.9.1. Effects of pressure on bone tissue 151
1.6.9.2. Methods of lithotripsy 152
1.7. Effects of physiological factors on human organism II. (Kráľová) 155
Biophysical principles of radiobiological methods
1.7.1. Introduction 156
1.7.2. Detectors of radioactive radiation 158
1.7.2.1. Gas detectors 159
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

1.7.2.1.1. Working characteristics of a GM tube 160

1.7.2.1.2. Dead time of a GM tube 161
1.7.2.2. Scintillation detectors 163
1.7.3. Effect of geometrical setup on radiation detection effectiveness 164
1.7.3.1. Activity measurement 165
1.7.4. Spectrometry 165
1.7.5. Absorption of ionizing radiation. Half-value layer of absorber 169
1.7.6. Gammagraphy 172
1.7.7. Basic dosimetric quantities and units 174
1.7.8. Biophysical quantities of ionizing radiation 175
1.7.9. Basic principles of dosimetry. Environmental monitoring 175
1.8. Biophysics of regulatory mechanisms (Kukurová) 180
1.8.1. Effect of physical work on the vital functions of man 180
1.8.1.1. Effect of physical work on blood pressure 180
1.8.1.2. Effect of physical work on pulse frequency 181
1.8.1.3. Effect of physical work on breathing frequency 181
1.8.1.4. Effect of physical work on body and surface temperature 181
1.8.2. Biometry (Kukurová) 182
1.8.2.1. Ruffier's test 182
1.8.2.2. Bicycle ergometry 183
1.8.2.2.1. Electrically braked ergometers 184
1.8.3. Anthropometric examination 185
1.9. Fundamental methods of measurement and registration of electrical
and non-electrical quantities in medical practice (Hrubý) 186
1.9.1. Biological signals 186
1.9.2. Measurement of biological signals 187
1.9.2.1. Measurement of electric signals 187
1.9.2.2. Measurement of non-electrical signals 188
1.9.3. Processing of electrical signals 191
1.9.3.1. Amplifier 192
1.9.3.2. Filtering of the direct-current component 195
1.9.4. Measurement of electrical signals 195
1.9.4.1. Basic notions in instrumentation 195
1.9.4.2. Measuring devices 197
1.9.5. Basic methods of registration of electrical quantities 200
1.9.5.1. Non-magnetic recorders 200
1.9.5.2. Recorders with magnetic materials 201
1.9.6. Aims 202
1.9.7. Methodical procedures 203
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

1.9.7.1. Voltage measurement 203

1.9.7.2. Measurement of current 203
1.9.7.3. Observing time courses of electrical signals 204
1.9.7.4.Measurement of electrical resistance 205
List of references 209
Appendix B. 1: Tables 214
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

7
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

8
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

9
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

10
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

11
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

12
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

13
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

14
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

15
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

16
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

17
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

18
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

19
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

20
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

21
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

22
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

23
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

24
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

25
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

26
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

27
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

28
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

29
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

30
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

31
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

32
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

33
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

34
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

35
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

36
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

37
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

38
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

39
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

40
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

41
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

42
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

43
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

44
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

45
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

46
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

47
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

48
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

49
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

50
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

51
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

52
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

53
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

54
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

55
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

56
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

57
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

58
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

59
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

60
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

61
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

62
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

63
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

64
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

65
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

66
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

67
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

68
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

69
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

70
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

71
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

72
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

73
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

74
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

75
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

76
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

77
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

78
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

79
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

80
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

81
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

82
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

83
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

84
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

85
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

86
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

87
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

88
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

89
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

90
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

91
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

92
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

93
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

94
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

95
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

96
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

97
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

98
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

99
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

100
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

101
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

102
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

103
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

104
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

105
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

106
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

107
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

108
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

109
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

110
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

111
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

112
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

113
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

114
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

115
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

116
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

117
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

118
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

119
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

120
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

121
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

122
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

123
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

124
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

125
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

126
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

127
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

128
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

129
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

130
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

131
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

132
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

133
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

134
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

135
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

136
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

137
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

138
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

139
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

140
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

141
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

142
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

143
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

144
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

145
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

146
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

147
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

148
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

149
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

150
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

151
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

152
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

153
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

154
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

155
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

156
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

157
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

158
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

159
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

160
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

161
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

162
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

163
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

164
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

165
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

166
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

167
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

168
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

169
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

170
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

171
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

172
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

173
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

174
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

175
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

176
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

177
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

178
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

179
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

180
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

181
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

182
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

183
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

184
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

185
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

186
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

187
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

188
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

189
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

190
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

191
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

192
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

193
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

194
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

195
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

196
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

197
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

198
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

199
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

200
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

201
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

202
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

203
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

204
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

205
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

206
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

207
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

208
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

209
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

210
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

211
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

212
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

69. Kukurová, E., Balázsiová, Z., Černay, P., Herdová, Z.,

Hochmannová, J., Hrubý, M., Jakubík, J., Kráľová, E., Malatin,
D., Martinko, V., Miklovičová, J., Mikuláš, M., Stránsky, A.,
Weis, M. Biophysical Elixir for Students and Graduates of
Medicine. Žilina: DT ZSVTS, 1997, 383 p. ISBN 80-231-0326-1.

70. Kukurová, E. Dictionary of physical therms in medical

praxis. Žilina : Dom techniky ZSVTS Žilina spol. s.r.o., 1997,
210 s. ISBN 80-231-0328-8.

213
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

214
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

215
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

216
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

217
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

218
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

219
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

220
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

221
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

222
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

223
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

224
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

225
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

226
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

227
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

228
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

229
 Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education of health professionals
_________________________________________________________________________________________

230
Title: Basics of Medical Physics and Biophysics for electronic education
of health professionals

© Authors: Prof. MUDr. Elena Kukurová, CSc.

Co-authors: RNDr. Eva Kráľová, PhD.,

PhDr. Michal Trnka, PhD.

Publisher: Asklepios, Bratislava 2013

Range: 231 pages

ISBN 978–80–7167–177–0