Nguyễn Mai Linh – QH 2018E17

READING SUMMARY 1
IS THERE A “SCHOOL EFFECT” ON PUPIL OUTCOMES? A REVIEW OF
MULTILEVEL STUDIES
I. Smoking habits
- Causual factors:
+ School’s norms & values: A competitive environment => Higher risk of smoking
imitation (Maes L, Lievens J., n.d.) (P150) (I.C.1)
+ School health & antismoking policies are week => smoking habits (Aveyard P,
Markham W A, Cheng K K.,n.d.) (P152) (I.C.2)
+ Individual level variables: peer attitudes => The path on which pupil’s smoking habits
are influenced (Diez Roux A.,n.d.) (P154) (I.C.3)
- Solutions: interventions focusing on school context: Bans & enforcement (Aveyard P,
Markham W A, Cheng K K.) (P149) (I.S.1)
II. Well-being
- Problems: victimisation leads to fear, uncertainty (van den Oord E J,n.d.) (P150) (II.P)
- Causal factors:
 School environment:
+ Teachers & students relationships are good => students’s well-being is improved (Konu A,
Lintonen T, Autio V., n.d.) (P150)   (II.C.1)
+ Physical education specialists, fitness tests => cardiovascular endurance is enhanced (Blau
J R, Lamb V L, Stearns E. et al, n.d.) (P152) (II.C.2)
 School average socioeconomic status (SES) => effects on students’ well-being vary
between schools: fear, uncertainty, victimization (Battistich V, Solomon D, Kim D. et
al., n.d.) (P150) (II.C.3)
- Solutions: Determinants such as high expectations on pupils, a trong educational leadership
(MacBeath J, Mortimore P., 2001) (P154) (II.S)
III. Problem behavior
- Problems behavior: alcohol & drug abuse, crime, victimisation, bullying (P150, P152)
- Causual factors:
+ School environment: a lack of teachers’ invovlement (George R, Thomas G., n.d.) (P150)
+ School average socioeconomic status (SES) => effects on students’ behaviors vary between
schools: carrying weapons, victimization, assault (George R, Thomas G. , n.d.) (P150) (III.C)
 IV. School achievement
- Causal factors:
+ Amount of time spent at school is huge (P149)
+ Strong educational leadership, high expectations, frequent evaluation by teachers can
encourage students (Rutter M, Maughan B, Mortimore P.  et al., n.d.) (P149) (IV.C.2)
+ School average socioeconomic status (SES): students from schools high SES perform
better those from low SES schools (Webster B, Fisher D., n.d.) (P150)
+ Rurality (MacBeath J, Mortimore P., n.d.) (P154)
+ Individual level variables: peer attitudes, mediators rather than confounders (Diez Roux
A., n.d.) (P154)
+ School climate: a competitive envinronment enhance students’ competence (P150.
P152)