Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Father
Father of
of Microbiology
Bacteriology
Protozoology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Animalcules or beasties
Anton van Leeuwenhoek

did
convinced
never
not speculated
associate
scientist
them
onof
the
with
theorigin
existence
the cause
of these
of
of
microorganisms
disease
Spontaneous generation
versus
Biogenesis
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

discovered that
microorganisms
produce different
fermentation products
Glucose in
Yeast Ethanol
grapes

Glucose in
Acetobacter Acetic acid
grapes
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

disproved
spontaneous
generation
Louis Pasteur
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

discovered forms of
life that could exist in
the absence of oxygen
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

developed
pasteurization
55 OC several minutes
65 OC 30 minutes
75 OC 15 seconds
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

discovered the
infectious agents that
were causing the
silkworm disease
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

made contribution to
the germ theory of
disease
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

championed changes
in hospital practices to
minimize spread of
disease by pathogens
Louis Pasteur

CONTRIBUTIONS

developed vaccines
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

CONTRIBUTIONS

developed the Koch’s

postulate which made
a significant
contribution in the
germ theory of disease
 Koch’s postulates
A particular microorganism must be found in
every case and must be absent in healthy
animals or humans

The microorganism must be isolated from the

diseased host and grown in pure culture

When the agent is introduced to a healthy

host, susceptible host, the host must get the
disease

The same agent must be reisolated from the

diseased experimental host
Koch’s postulates
Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Obligate intracellular pathogens or obligate

intracellular parasites
Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Fastidious microorganisms
Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Some microorganism are species-specific

Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Ethical considerations
Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Synergistic infections
Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Pathogenicity of some microorganisms is

affected in vitro
Limitations of the Koch’s postulates

Not all diseases are caused by microorganisms

Robert Koch

CONTRIBUTIONS

discovered that
Bacillus anthracis
produces spores,
capable of resisting
adverse conditions
Robert Koch

CONTRIBUTIONS

developed methods of
fixing, staining, and
photographing
bacteria
Robert Koch

CONTRIBUTIONS

developed methods of
cultivating bacteria
Robert Koch

CONTRIBUTIONS

discovered
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Vibrio
cholerae
Robert Koch

CONTRIBUTIONS

tuberculin testing
Robert Koch
John Tyndall

CONTRIBUTIONS

provided the initial

evidence that some of
the microbes in dust
and air have very high
heat resistance