According to the study of Safwat Ahmed et.

Al (2016), they examined the efficacy of

single-chamber membraneless MFCs that were seeded with two different inocula and used to
treat three distinct carbohydrate-rich synthetic wastewaters (glucose, sucrose, and soluble starch)
(a microbial solution containing different species of microorganisms, and anaerobic sludge). The
highest voltages, power densities, and COD removal efficiencies were obtained using microbial
fuel cells fed with glucose-based synthetic wastewater, and were 351 mV, 218 mW/m2, and
98.8% for the microbial solution, and 508 mV, 456.8 mW/m2, and 94.3 percent for the anaerobic
sludge, respectively. The lowest voltages, power densities, and COD removal efficiencies were
achieved using microbial fuel cells fed with soluble starch-based synthetic wastewater, with 281
mV, 139.8 mW/m2, and 86.4 percent for the microbial solution, and 396 mV, 277.6 mW/m2,
and 79.4 percent for the anaerobic sludge, respectively. Their study shows the complexity of the
carbohydrate utilized in single-chamber microbial fuel cells was shown to be inversely related to
voltage production, power densities, and COD elimination efficiency.

http://www.pjoes.com/Performance-of-Single-Chamber-Microbial-Fuel-Cells-Using-
Different-Carbohydrate-Rich-Wastewaters-and-Different-Inocula,61115,0,2.html

According to the study of Vanita R.N et. Al (2012), they studied electricity generation
with simultaneous nitrate reduction in a single – chamber MFC without air cathode. Using
glucose (1 mM) as the carbon source and nitrate (1 mM) as the final electron acceptor used by
Bacillus subtilis under anaerobic circumstances, electricity generation with simultaneous nitrate
reduction in a single-chamber MFC without air cathode was investigated. With a maximum
current of 0.4 mA achieved at an external resistance (Rext) of 1 K without a platinum catalyst of
air cathode, increasing current as a function of reduced nitrate content and an increase in biomass
were observed. The dependency of B. subtilis on nitrate as an electron acceptor to efficiently
create electricity was demonstrated by a reduced current with full nitrate reduction, followed by
a rapid recovery of the current following nitrate addition. At a Rext of 220, a power density of
0.0019 mW/cm2 was obtained. In the MFC, cyclic voltammograms (CV) revealed direct electron
transfer with mediator participation. Glucose fermentation was primarily responsible for the poor
coulombic efficiency (CE) of 11%. These findings showed that power can be generated from
nitrate-containing wastewater, indicating that this is a viable option for wastewater treatment that
is both cost-effective and ecologically friendly. Within a 12-hour period (stationary phase), the
current reached a maximum of 0.05 mA, following which it began to fall as the nitrate
concentration dropped. In addition, it took another 12 hours for the current to drop completely.
The low current production (0.05 mA) recorded at first lasted just a few hours, which might be
ascribed to the time it took the bacteria to adapt to a different electron acceptor and build a
biofilm. This meant that B. subtilis was involved in electron transport from the anode to the
cathode, with nitrate serving as an electron sink. These findings support those of Park et al., who
discovered that adding Fe(III) to the electron transport system acted as an electron sink for the
development of Shewanella putrefaciens IR-1 and MR-1 strains.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3317750/
 According to the study of Xiaoying K. et.al, MFC with two-chambers of cubic
shape was built using planar Plexiglas. The anode and cathode chambers are separated by PEM
and have the same capacity of 500 mL (10cm10 cm5 cm in height) (Nafion117, Sigma-Aldrich).
Prior to use, PEM was boiled for one hour in a series of 30 percent H2O2, deionized water, 0.5M
H2 SO4, and deionized water to increase porosity. The anode was a perforated graphite plate
with 30 holes per 3.14 mm2 to increase the surface area and allow effective electron transmission
to the chosen terminal electron acceptor, hexacyanoferrate. For improved bacterial adherence,
the anode was prepared using carbon cloth coated in carbon felt. For connection between
electrode and external circuit, epoxy-sealed Ti wires with a set external resistance of 510 were
employed. Purging, sampling, wire point inputs (top), intake and output ports were all included
in each chamber.  During operation, the ports were sealed with thick rubber stoppers. To provide
an anaerobic microenvironment, the anode chamber was sealed with washers. The electrodes
were immersed in deionized water for at least 24 hours before use. The bleach solution was used
to disinfect all relevant items. At an appropriate external load, Glucose-Fed MFC is operated in
batch mode with a wide range of substrate concentrations. Before each experiment, the anodic
chamber is flushed with nitrogen gas for at least 30 minutes to eliminate dissolved oxygen,
resulting in an anoxic state in the reactor. Once the voltage output decreased abruptly to a low
value owing to evaporation loss or ferricyanide concentration reduction, fresh ferricyanide
dissolved in PBS was added. When the MFC's function could not be restored, the cathodic and
anodic electrolytes should be swapped, signaling the end of one operating cycle and the
beginning of a new one. The start-up time, power output, COD removal rate, and Ec et al. are
used to assess the MFC's overall performance.

https://biomedres.us/pdfs/BJSTR.MS.ID.000864.pdf

According to the study of K.Chandrasekhar and Young-Ho A. (2017), they evaluated the
feasibility of increased power generation in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) combined with acid
elutriation fermentation was investigated. In single-chambered air–cathode MFCs, raw piggery
waste (RPW) and acid elutriation effluents (AEE) were utilized to create bioelectricity. With 980
external resistance (Rext), RPW fed-MFCs had a peak potential of 0.364 V and a maximal power
density (PDmax) of 192 mW/m2. MFCs fed with AEE showed a maximum OCV of 818 mV.
With 100 Rext, the peak potential and PDmax of 0.329 V and 1553 mW/m2, respectively, were
created. The substrate removal efficiency of RPW and AEE-fed MFCs was 84 percent and 93
percent, respectively. These data show that a two-stage method including a pre-fermentation acid
elutriation reactor and MFCs substantially improves substrate removal and power production
from pig manure.

According to the study of Waheed M. et.al (2015), in a dual chamber MFC,

simultaneous electricity production and tetra-azo dye (Direct Red 80) decolorization were
investigated. Glucose and a variety of volatile fatty acids were also investigated independently as
co-substrates for anaerobic dye degradation and bioelectricity production. With glucose (1,000
mg/L) as the only carbon source and glucose (1,000 mg/L) combined with dye (200 mg/L),
maximum power of 477.8 and 455.7 mW/m2 were achieved, respectively. In 48-hour batch
experiments, 85.8% color and 74.9 percent COD were removed at this glucose and dye starting
concentration. Color reduction was 23 percent without the addition of any co-substrate, showing
that dye was destroyed primarily in the presence of carbon sources. With the dye degradation, no
significant negative influence on power generation was found. Dye removal was reduced with
increasing dye initial concentration (25–800 mg/L) and increased significantly with increasing
initial glucose concentration between 0 and 1,000 mg/L, with a negligible impact beyond that up
to 2,000 mg/L. In terms of dye removal and maximal power output, glucose was shown to be the
best co-substrate, followed by acetic, propionic, and lactic acid. The following metabolites
produced during dye decolorization were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
as sodium 4-aminoazobenzene-4′-sulfonate. This research showed that MFC may be used to
generate energy while also degrading azo dyes, with glucose as the preferred co-substrate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277608315_Simultaneous_electricity_productio
n_and_Direct_Red_80_degradation_using_a_dual_chamber_microbial_fuel_cell

According to the study of Amrita S. et. al (2021), they examined the performance
of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) in terms of power output and COD removal rate utilizing a variety
of substrates. Nafion was used as a separator and carbon cloth was used as an electrode in a
doublechambered MFC. As a substrate for MFC, glucose, municipal waste water, and sugar
industrial waste water were used. With current densities of 0.2730 micro A/c.c, 0.4183 micro
A/c.c, and 0.4211 micro A/c.c, maximum open circuit voltages (OCV) of 0.34 V, 0.58 V, and
0.67 V were achieved for sewage wastewater, glucose, and sugar industrial waste, respectively.
COD removal rates for sewage wastewater, glucose, and sugar industrial effluent were
determined to be 53 percent, 65 percent, and 78 percent. Sugar industry wastewater
>glucose>municipal wastewater >OCV and current density were obtained in the following order:
sugar industry wastewater >glucose>municipal wastewater. A carbon balancing was performed
to quantify the amount of organic carbon removed and to assess the system's effectiveness. A
biofilm with a mixed population of gram-negative bacteria was discovered using SEM and
microscopy.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R-S-
Singh/publication/352362972_Effect_of_Different_Substrate_on_the_Performance_of_Microbia
l_Fuel_Cell_Using_Nafion_as_Membrane/links/60c5cf9b92851ca6f8e63344/Effect-of-
Different-Substrate-on-the-Performance-of-Microbial-Fuel-Cell-Using-Nafion-as-Membrane.pdf

In the study of Arezoo M. et. al (2020), they examined the influence of

ammonium and COD concentrations on power production and COD elimination, a bio-
electrochemical reactor with anaerobic and aerobic chambers, filled granular activated carbon as
a biocarrier, and a third electrode was constructed. Two key operational parameters, beginning
COD concentrations (50–2000 mg/L) and initial ammonium concentrations (40–1000 mg/L),
were adjusted using response surface methodology (RSM) and an experiment design program to
get the optimum response of electricity generation and COD removal. For statistical analysis of
data and the development of an empirical model that can predict optimal conditions, a total of
thirteen runs of experiments were used. According to the findings, the greatest COD elimination
effectiveness was 96.8% when the maximum generated current was 1.149 mA. The effectiveness
of MFCs was shown to be considerably affected by key factors such as single or combination
impacts.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319919346178

https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200634742893457.page

Electrochemically active microorganisms are crucial in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), a

thorough knowledge of their electrogenesis processes is required. In the study of Xia X. et.al
(2010), a novel electrochemically active bacteria, Klebsiella sp. ME17, was used as an electron
donor in a "H" typed MFC for electrogenesis. At a resistance of 340, the greatest power density
was 1,209 mW/m2 and the maximum current was 1.47 mA. The polarization curves showed that
the strain generated mediators to increase extracellular electron transfer when given the original
anode medium, fresh medium, and the anode medium supernatant in the same MFC,
respectively. Based on a cyclic voltammogram, the anode medium supernatant was
electrochemically active, and spectrophotometric and excitation–emission matrix fluorescence
spectroscopy analyses revealed that the supernatant was highly likely to contain quinone-like
compounds. The color and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm of the filtered anode medium were
investigated further, and it was shown that the redox states of mediators were significantly
related with the power production states in MFCs.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2604-5

In the study of Ali N. et. al (2017), three distinct electron donors, including glucose,
sucrose, and fructose, were used in a double chamber MFC. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
removal rate and voltage generation were used to assess the substrate usage pattern. The anodic
biofilm was also subjected to electrochemical, physicochemical, and microscopic examination.
P. aeruginosa has been shown to use hexose and pentose carbohydrates efficiently via anode
respiration. Glucose (136 87 mWm2) provided the highest power density, followed by fructose
(3.6 1.6 mWm2) and sucrose (8.606 mWm2). Furthermore, a clear correlation between current
generation rate and COD elimination effectiveness was established. With the three sugars in
MFC, COD removal rates were 88.5 percent 4.3 percent, 67.5 percent 2.6 percent, and 54.2
percent 1.9 percent, respectively. The bacterial adhesion was much more numerous in the
glucose-fed MFC than in the fructose- and sucrose-fed MFC, according to scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The type of electron donor in the anodic compartment influences the
formation of anodic biofilm or anode-respiring bacteria, according to their findings (ARB).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5903908/

In the study of Georgia A. et. al (2020), the feasibility of generating energy from diluted
cheese whey in a two-chamber mediator-less microbial fuel cell (MFC) was examined. For
characterization of the MFC and microbial acclimatization in the anode compartment, synthetic
substrates such as glucose and lactose were employed. Using diluted cheese whey, the highest
power density was 18.4 mW/m2 (normalized to the geometric area of the anodic electrode,
which was 13.8 cm2), which corresponded to a current density of 80 mA/m2 and an MFC
voltage of 0.23 V. The coulombic efficiency cb was relatively low (only 1.9 percent), suggesting
that raw cheese whey must be pretreated before usage. For contrast, the obtained maximum
power density for sugars (glucose and lactose) was 15.2 mW/m2 with cb equal to 28 percent for
glucose and 17.2 mW/m2 with cb equal to 22 percent for lactose. Impedance spectroscopy tests
revealed that the MFC's ohmic resistance contributed the most to the cell overpotential. The
electrode overpotentials, particularly the cathode overpotential, made a substantial contribution.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369703X10000744

In the study of Q. Wen. et. al (2011), using glucose–penicillin combinations or penicillin

as fuel, a single chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) with an air cathode was successfully
demonstrated. Penicillin may be destroyed and create power at the same time, according to the
findings. Surprisingly, these glucose–penicillin combinations were involved in the generation of
electricity. The highest power density of 1 g L1 glucose + 50 mg L1 penicillin (101.2 W m3) was
6-fold greater than the sum of 1 g L1 glucose (14.7 W m3) and 50 mg L1 penicillin (2.1 W m3)
when used as the single fuel. When 50 mg L1 penicillin was used, the maximum current density
was 3.5 times higher (10.73 A m2) than when no penicillin was used (3.03 A m2). Results
suggested that penicillin might increase the permeability of electrogens membranes, which
would facilitate the direct electron transfer from microbe through cell membranes to anode and
reduce internal resistance of the MFC and consequently improve power density. Moreover,
penicillin degradation rate reached 98% within 24 h in the MFC using
1 g L−1 glucose + 50 mg L−1 penicillin as substrates. The presence of penicillin also enhanced the
degradation efficiency of substrates. These results indicated that some toxic and bio-refractory
organic matter such as antibiotic wastewater might be suitable resources for electricity
generation using the MFC technology.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1385894711000520

According to the study of X. Quan et. al (2013), Their study looked at how the microbial
population and power production capability of air-cathode MFCs enhanced in aerobic and
anaerobic circumstances differed. MFCs were successfully initiated with continuous air inputs to
the anode chamber, according to the findings. When the aerobic enriched MFC was returned to
anaerobic state, it produced equivalent or even more power with the fuels of acetate, glucose, and
ethanol than the anaerobic MFC. The two MFCs had a somewhat different microbial population
for anode biofilms (a similarity of 77%) but a very comparable microbial community for anolyte
microorganisms (a similarity of 97%). The presence of several particular bacteria closely related
to Clostridium sticklandii, Leucobacter komagatae, and Microbacterium laevaniformans was
found in the anode biofilm of aerobic enriched MFC. The presence of a significant number of
yeast Trichosporon sp. was discovered in the anaerobic enriched MFC. This study shows that by
deliberately aerating an anode chamber, it is feasible to enhance oxygen-tolerant anode respiring
microorganisms.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852412015039

In the study of H. Liu and BE Logan (2003), the bacteria in the anode chamber are
separated from the cathode chamber by a polymeric proton exchange membrane in microbial
fuel cells (MFCs) (PEM). Aqueous cathodes, in which water is bubbled with air to supply
dissolved oxygen to the electrode, are used in the majority of MFCs. They investigated power
generation in an air-cathode MFC with carbon electrodes in the presence and absence of a
polymeric proton exchange membrane to enhance energy output and lower MFC costs (PEM).
The biocatalyst was bacteria found in residential wastewater, while the substrates were glucose
and wastewater. The power density of aqueous-cathode MFCs was found to be significantly
higher than previously reported, reaching a maximum of 262 10 mW/m2 (6.6 0.3 mW/L; liquid
volume) when glucose was used. The highest power density increased to 494 21 mW/m2 (12.5
0.5 mW/L) when the PEM was removed. Coulombic efficiency was 4055 percent with the PEM
and 912 percent without it, suggesting that there was significant oxygen diffusion into the anode
chamber without it. According to saturation-type kinetics, power output rose with glucose
content, with a half saturation constant of 79 mg/L in the PEM-MFC and 103 mg/L in the MFC
without a PEM (1000 resistor). The impact of the PEM on power density was found to be similar
in wastewater, with 28 3 mW/m2 (0.7 0.1 mW/L) (28 percent Coulombic efficiency) produced
with the PEM and 146 8 mW/m2 (3.7 0.2 mW/L) (20 percent Coulombic efficiency) produced
when the PEM was removed. When a PEM was removed, the increase in power output was
ascribed to a greater cathode potential, as seen by a rise in the open circuit potential. According
to an analysis based on available anode surface area and maximum bacterial growth rates,
mediatorless MFCs might have a power density limit of 103 mW/m2. Systems without a
polymeric PEM in the MFC and systems based on direct oxygen transfer to a carbon cathode are
expected to be the most cost-effective way to achieve power densities in this range.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es0499344
 According to the study of D. Khater et. al (2015), microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide
novel ways to generate energy by converting organic materials to electricity using
microorganisms that produce power. In a single chamber air cathode microbial fuel cell with no
mediator, the cell voltage and glucose degradation rate were measured (ML-SCMFCs). The MFC
that was infected with aerobic sludge utilized glucose as a substrate. The degradation metabolites
in the MFC anode solution were evaluated using a closed reflux titrimetric technique, which
followed conventional procedures. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to examine the
anode's morphology. The results showed that as the glucose concentration increased, the current
decreased due to the inhibition effect of glucose in relation to cyclic voltammetry. The MFC
displayed a maximum power density of 52 mW/m2 at a stable current density of 275 mA/m2 and
a maximum glucose degradation rate of 94.4 percent. On anodic electrodes, SEM shows an
abundance of bacterial biofilm communities, which are responsible for electron shuttling to the
electrode to create electricity. These findings show that Gulcose may be utilized to generate
power in MFCs for practical purposes.
https://jbesci.org/published/2.3.2.pdf
According to the study of Y. Lou et.al (2010), Indole is a refractory and inhibiting
molecule that is commonly found in coking wastewater. The goal their study was to see if
energy could be generated via indole breakdown in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Experiments
were carried out in two different types of MFCs: continuous-fed MFCs (C-MFCs) and batch-fed
MFCs (B-MFC). Using 1000 mg/L glucose, a combination of 1000 mg/L glucose and 250 mg/L
indole, and 250 mg/L indole as the fuel, the highest power densities in the C-MFC were 45.4,
51.2, and 2.1 W/m3, respectively. The elimination efficiency of indole reached up to 88 percent
within 3 hours when utilizing 250 mg/L indole as the fuel. When indole concentrations were
increased from 250 to 1500 mg/L, maximum power densities fell from 2.1 to 0.8 W/m3 and
average degradation rates fell from 41.7 to 8.9 mg/h (L h). The B-MFC boosted maximum power
densities from 2.1 to 3.3 W/m3 and coulombic efficiencies from 0.7 to 81.5 percent when
compared to the C-MFC. The addition of indole to the anode electrode clearly alters the
microbial community, including changes in relative abundance and the development of new
species, according to microbial community studies. The findings should be beneficial in the
treatment of indole-containing wastewater.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389409019001
According to the study of Y. Cao et. al (2010), the microbial fuel cell (MFC) has a lot of
potential for harvesting power directly from a wide spectrum of readily degradable organic waste
while also enhancing the breakdown of some refractory pollutants. In a proton exchange
membrane (PEM) air-cathode single-chamber MFC, glucose, acetate sodium, and ethanol were
investigated independently as co-substrates for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and Congo
red degradation. During electricity generation, the batch test findings revealed that more than 98
percent decolorization was accomplished for all investigated co-substrates within 36 hours at a
dye concentration of 300 mg/L. The rate of decolorization varied depending on the co-substrates
utilized. Glucose had the quickest decolorization rate, followed by ethanol and sodium acetate.
During the degradation of Congo red, accumulated intermediates were discovered, as evidenced
by UV–visible spectra and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Congo red
deterioration did not have a substantial impact on electricity generation. Maximum power
densities of 103 mW/m2, 85.9 mW/m2, and 63.2 mW/m2 were achieved using glucose, acetate
sodium, and ethanol, respectively, and maximum voltage output dropped by just 7% to 15%.
Their findings indicated that employing different co-substrates for simultaneous Congo red
decolorization and bioelectricity generation in the MFC was feasible, and that glucose was the
favored co-substrate.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1567539409002175