Definitions:

1) Calcareous:
“The stones which contain Calcareous
material (CaCO3) as Principal constituent are called
Calcareous rocks or stones.”
e.g, Marble stone, Lime stone etc.

2) Siliceous:
“The stones which contain Silica (Sio2) as
Principal constituent are called siliceous rocks or stones.
These stones are durable stones.”
For Example: Granite, Quartzite etc.
3)Argillaceous:
“The stones which contain Alumina
(Al2O3) or clay as Principal constituent are called argillaceous
rocks or stones. These stones are less durable stones.”
For Example: Slate, Laterite etc.

4)Air Entraining Substances:

“Those
substances which are used to stabilize microscopic air
bubbles in Concrete are called Air entraining substances.
Proper air entrainment, with appropriate volume and spacing
factor will dramatically improve the durability of concrete
exposed to moisture.”
For Example: Natural wood resins and Oils
5)Slurry Formation:
“A very thin sloppy mud or
cement or any fluid mixture of a pulverized solid with water is
called Slurry. Slurry is often used as an easy way of handling
solids in bulk. In some way, slurries behave like thick solids.”

Dry Process:
Dry process is usually adopted when the raw materials are
very hard and strong. In dry process, the raw materials are
changed to powdered form in the absence of water.
Dehydration zone requires a shorter distance than wet
process. 74% of cement is produced by Dry process. Very less
fuel is required in Rotary Kilns. In dry process, calcareous
materials such as Limestone (CaCO3) and argillaceous material
such as Clay are grounded to fine powder separately in
absence of water and then mixed together in desired
proportions. Water is then added for getting thick paste and
then its cakes are formed, dried and burnt in kilns.
Advantages:
 Less fuel consumption
 Unit cost of product can be reduced

Disadvantages:
 Achieved low quality product
 Wet Process:
Wet process is generally used when all the raw materials are
soft because without water addition, complete mixing is not
possible. In wet process, raw materials are grinded to
powdered form in the presence of water. Dehydration zone
would require up to half the length of the kiln earliest to
control chemistry and better for moist raw materials. 26% of
cement is produced by wet process. In Wet process, large
amount of fuel is required in kilns. In this process, raw
materials are pulverized by using a ball mill, which is rotary
steel cylinder with hardened steel balls. When the mill rotates,
steel balls pulverize the raw materials which form slurry. Slurry
is then passed through storage tanks. Corrected slurry is then
fed into kiln for burning.

Advantages:
 Uniform quality product can be produced.
 Dust emission can be reduced

Disadvantages:
 Fuel and power consumption are very high.