Percy Bysshe Shelley

Percy Bysshe Shelley (/bɪʃ/ ( listen) BISH;[1][2] 4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was
Percy Bysshe Shelley
one of the major English Romantic poets.[3][4] American literary critic Harold Bloom
describes him as "a superb craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the
most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem." A radical in his poetry as well
as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but
recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death and he
became an important influence on subsequent generations of poets including
Browning, Swinburne, Hardy and Yeats.[5]

Shelley’s critical reputation fluctuated in the twentieth century, but in recent decades he
has achieved increasing critical acclaim for the sweeping momentum of his poetic
imagery, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical,
idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.[6][7] Among his best-known works are
"Ozymandias" (1818), "Ode to the West Wind" (1819), "To a Skylark" (1820), and the
political ballad “The Mask of Anarchy” (1819). His other major works include the
verse drama The Cenci (1819) and long poems such as Alastor, or The Spirit of
Solitude (1815), Julian and Maddalo (1819), Adonais (1821), Prometheus Unbound Portrait of Shelley, by Alfred Clint (1829)
(1820)—widely considered his masterpiece—Hellas (1822), and his final, unfinished Born 4 August 1792
work, The Triumph of Life (1822). Horsham, Sussex, England
Shelley also wrote prose fiction and a quantity of essays on political, social, and Died 8 July 1822 (aged 29)
philosophical issues. Much of this poetry and prose was not published in his lifetime, or Gulf of La Spezia,
only published in expurgated form, due to the risk of prosecution for political and Kingdom of Sardinia (now
religious libel.[8] From the 1820s, his poems and political and ethical writings became Italy)
popular in Owenist, Chartist, and radical political circles[9] and later drew admirers as Occupation Poet · dramatist · essayist ·
diverse as Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi, and George Bernard Shaw.[9][10][11] novelist
Nationality English
Shelley's life was marked by family crises, ill health, and a backlash against his
Education Eton College
atheism, political views and defiance of social conventions. He went into permanent
self-exile in Italy in 1818, and over the next four years produced what Leader and Alma mater University College, Oxford
O'Neill call "some of the finest poetry of the Romantic period".[12] His second wife, Literary Romanticism
Mary Shelley, was the author of Frankenstein. He died in a boating accident in 1822 at movement
the age of twenty-nine. Spouse Harriet Westbrook
(m. 1811; died 1816)
Mary Shelley (m. 1816)
Contents Parents Timothy Shelley
Elizabeth Pilfold
Life
Early life and education Signature
Marriage to Harriet Westbrook
Elopement with Mary Godwin
Byron
Marriage to Mary Godwin
Italy
Death
Shelley's heart
Family history
Ancestry
Political, religious and ethical views
Politics
Nonviolence
Religion
Free love
Vegetarianism
Reception and influence
Legacy
Selected works
Poetry, fiction and verse drama
Short prose works
Essays
Chapbooks
Translations
Collaborations with Mary Shelley
See also
References
External links

Life

Early life and education

Shelley was born on 4 August 1792 at Field Place, Broadbridge Heath, near Horsham, West Sussex, England.[13][14] He was the
eldest son of Sir Timothy Shelley (1753–1844), a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790 to 1792 and for Shoreham
between 1806 and 1812, and his wife, Elizabeth Pilfold (1763–1846), the daughter of a successful butcher.[15] He had four younger
sisters and one much younger brother. Shelley’s early childhood was sheltered and mostly happy. He was particularly close to his
sisters and his mother, who encouraged him to hunt, fish and ride.[16][17] At age six, he was sent to a day school run by the vicar of
Warnham church, where he displayed an impressive memory and gift for languages.[18]

In 1802 he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, Middlesex, where his cousin Thomas Medwin was a pupil. Shelley was
bullied and unhappy at the school and sometimes responded with violent rage. He also began suffering from the nightmares,
hallucinations and sleep walking that were to periodically afflict him throughout his life. Shelley developed an interest in science
which supplemented his voracious reading of tales of mystery, romance and the supernatural. During his holidays at Field Place, his
sisters were often terrified at being subjected to his experiments with gunpowder, acids and electricity. Back at school he blew up a
paling fence with gunpowder.[19][20]

In 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, a period which he later recalled with loathing. He was subjected to particularly severe mob
bullying which the perpetrators called "Shelley-baits".[21] A number of biographers and contemporaries have attributed the bullying to
Shelley's aloofness, nonconformity and refusal to take part in fagging. His peculiarities and violent rages earned him the nickname
"Mad Shelley".[22][23] His interest in the occult and science continued, and contemporaries describe him giving an electric shock to a
master, blowing up a tree stump with gunpowder and attempting to raise spirits with occult rituals.[24] In his senior years, Shelley
came under the influence of a part-time teacher, Dr James Lind, who encouraged his interest in the occult and introduced him to
liberal and radical authors. According to Richard Holmes, Shelley, by his leaving year, had gained a reputation as a classical scholar
and a tolerated eccentric. In his last term, his first novel Zastrozzi appeared and he had established a following among his fellow
students.[25]

Prior to enrolling for University College, Oxford in October 1810, Shelley completed Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire (written
with his sister Elizabeth), the verse melodrama The Wandering Jew and the gothic novel St. Irvine; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance
(published 1811).[26][27]

At Oxford Shelley attended few lectures, instead spending long hours reading and conducting scientific experiments in the laboratory
he set up in his room.[28] He met a fellow student, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, who became his closest friend. Shelley became
increasingly politicised under Hogg's influence, developing strong radical and anti-Christian views. Such views were dangerous in the
reactionary political climate prevailing during Britain's war with Napoleonic France, and Shelley’s father warned him against Hogg's
influence.[29]

In the winter of 1810–1811, Shelley published a series of anonymous political poems and tracts: Posthumous Fragments of Margaret
Nicholson, The Necessity of Atheism (written in collaboration with Hogg) and A Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things.
Shelley mailed The Necessity of Atheism to all the bishops and heads of colleges at Oxford, and he was called to appear before the
college's fellows, including the Dean, George Rowley. His refusal to college authorities to answer questions regarding whether or not
he authored the pamphlet resulted in his expulsion from Oxford on 25 March 1811, along with Hogg. Hearing of his son's expulsion,
Shelley's father threatened to cut all contact with Shelley unless he agreed to return home and study under tutors appointed by him.
Shelley's refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.[30]
Marriage to Harriet Westbrook

In late December 1810, Shelley had met Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters. They
corresponded frequently that winter and also after Shelley had been expelled from Oxford.[31] Shelley expounded his radical ideas on
politics, religion and marriage to Harriet, and they gradually convinced each other that she was oppressed by her father and at
school.[32] Shelley’s infatuation with Harriet developed in the months following his expulsion, when he was under severe emotional
strain due to the conflict with his family, his bitterness over the breakdown of his romance with his cousin Harriet Grove, and his
unfounded belief that he might be suffering from a fatal illness.[33] At the same time, Harriet Westbrook’s elder sister Eliza, to whom
Harriet was very close, encouraged the young girl's romance with Shelley.[34] Shelley’s correspondence with Harriet intensified in
July, while he was holidaying in Wales, and in response to her urgent pleas for his protection, he returned to London in early August.
Putting aside his philosophical objections to matrimony, he left with the sixteen-year-old Harriet for Edinburgh on 25 August, and
they were married there on the 28th.[35]

Hearing of the elopement, Harriet’s father, John Westbrook, and Shelley’s father, Timothy, cut off the allowances of the bride and
groom. (Shelley’s father believed his son had married beneath him, as Harriet’s father had earned his fortune in trade and was the
owner of a tavern and coffee house.)[36]

Surviving on borrowed money, Shelley and Harriet stayed in Edinburgh for a month, with Hogg
living under the same roof. The trio left for York in October, and Shelley went on to Sussex to settle
matters with his father, leaving Harriet behind with Hogg. Shelley returned from his unsuccessful
excursion to find that Eliza had moved in with Harriet and Hogg. Harriet confessed that Hogg had
tried to seduce her while Shelley had been away. Shelley, Harriet and Eliza soon left for Keswick in
the Lake District, leaving Hogg in York.[37]

At this time Shelley was also involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a
28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding.
Hitchener, whom Shelley called the "sister of my soul" and "my second self", became his confidante
and intellectual companion as he developed his views on politics, religion, ethics and personal
relationships.[38] Shelley proposed that she join him, Harriet and Eliza in a communal household
William Godwin in 1802, by
where all property would be shared.[39]
James Northcote
The Shelleys and Eliza spent December and January in Keswick where Shelley visited Robert
Southey whose poetry he admired. Southey was taken with Shelley, even though there was a wide
gulf between them politically, and predicted great things for him as a poet. Southey also informed Shelley that William Godwin,
author of Political Justice, which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive. Shelley
wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple. Godwin, who had modified many of his earlier radical views, advised
Shelley to reconcile with his father, become a scholar before he published anything else, and give up his avowed plans for political
agitation in Ireland.[40]

Meanwhile, Shelley had met his father’s patron, Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk, who helped secure the reinstatement of
Shelley’s allowance.[41] With Harriet’s allowance also restored, Shelley now had the funds for his Irish venture. Their departure for
Ireland was precipitated by increasing hostility towards the Shelley household from their landlord and neighbours who were alarmed
by Shelley’s scientific experiments, pistol shooting and radical political views. As tension mounted, Shelley claimed he had been
attacked in his home by ruffians, an event which might have been real or a delusional episode triggered by stress. This was the first of
a series of episodes in subsequent years where Shelley claimed to have been attacked by strangers during periods of personal
crisis.[42]

Early in 1812, Shelley wrote, published and personally distributed in Dublin three political tracts: An Address, to the Irish People;
Proposals for an Association of Philanthropists; and Declaration of Rights. He also delivered a speech at a meeting of O’Connell’s
Catholic Committee in which he called for Catholic emancipation, repeal of the Act of Union and an end to the oppression of the Irish
poor. Reports of Shelley’s subversive activities were sent to the Home Secretary.[43]

Returning from Ireland, the Shelley household travelled to Wales, then Devon, where they again came under government surveillance
for distributing subversive literature. Elizabeth Hitchener joined the household in Devon, but several months later had a falling out
with the Shelleys and left.[44]

The Shelley household had settled in Tremadoc, Wales in September 1812, where Shelley worked on Queen Mab, a utopian allegory
with extensive notes preaching atheism, free love, republicanism and vegetarianism. The poem was published the following year in a
private edition of 250 copies, although few were initially distributed because of the risk of prosecution for seditious and religious
libel.[45]

In February 1813, Shelley claimed he was attacked in his home at night. The incident might have been real, a hallucination brought
on by stress, or a hoax staged by Shelley in order to escape government surveillance, creditors and his entanglements in local politics.
The Shelleys and Eliza fled to Ireland, then London.[46]
Back in England, Shelley’s debts mounted as he tried unsuccessfully to reach a financial settlement with his father. On 23 June Harriet
gave birth to a girl, Eliza Ianthe Shelley, and in the following months the relationship between Shelley and his wife deteriorated.
Shelley resented the influence Harriet’s sister had over her, while Harriet was alienated by Shelley’s close friendship with an attractive
widow, Harriet Boinville, and her daughter Cornelia Turner. Following Ianthe’s birth, the Shelleys moved frequently across London,
Wales, the Lake District, Scotland and Berkshire to escape creditors and search for a home.[47]

In March 1814, Shelley remarried Harriet in London to settle any doubts about the legality of their Edinburgh wedding and secure the
rights of their child. Nevertheless, the Shelleys lived apart for most of the following months, and Shelley reflected bitterly on: “my
rash & heartless union with Harriet.”[48]

Elopement with Mary Godwin

In May, Shelley began visiting his mentor Godwin almost daily, and soon fell in love with
Mary, the sixteen-year-old daughter of Godwin and the late feminist author Mary
Wollstonecraft. Shelley and Mary declared their love for each other during a visit to her
mother’s grave in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church on 26 June. When Shelley told
Godwin that he intended to leave Harriet and live with Mary, his mentor banished him from
the house and forbade Mary from seeing him. Shelley and Mary eloped to Europe on 28 July,
taking Mary’s step-sister Claire Clairmont with them. Before leaving, Shelley had secured a
loan of £3,000 but had left most of the funds at the disposal of Godwin and Harriet, who was
now pregnant. The financial arrangement with Godwin led to rumours that he had sold his
daughters to Shelley.[50]

Shelley, Mary and Claire made their way across war-ravaged France where Shelley wrote to
Richard Rothwell's portrait of Mary Harriet, asking her to meet them in Switzerland with the money he had left for her. Hearing
Shelley in later life was shown at the nothing from Harriet in Switzerland, and unable to secure sufficient funds or suitable
Royal Academy in 1840, accommodation, the three travelled to Germany and Holland before returning to England on
accompanied by lines from Percy 13 September.[51]
Shelley's poem The Revolt of Islam
calling her a "child of love and Shelley spent the next few months trying to raise loans and avoid bailiffs. Mary was
light".[49] pregnant, lonely, depressed and ill. Her mood was not improved when she heard that on 30
November Harriet had given birth to Charles Bysshe Shelley, heir to the Shelley fortune and
baronetcy.[52] This was followed in early January by news that Shelley’s grandfather, Sir
Bysshe, had died leaving an estate worth £220,000. However, the settlement of the estate, and a financial settlement between Shelley
and his father (now Sir Timothy), wasn’t concluded until April the following year.[53]

In February 1815, Mary gave premature birth to a baby girl who died ten days later,
deepening her depression. In the following weeks, Mary became close to Hogg who
temporarily moved into the household. Shelley was almost certainly having a sexual
relationship with Claire at this time, and it is possible that Mary, with Shelley’s
encouragement, was also having a sexual relationship with Hogg. In May, Claire left the
household at Mary’s insistence, to reside in Lynmouth.[54]

In August Shelley and Mary moved to Bishopsgate where Shelley worked on Alastor, a long Routes of the 1814 and 1816
poem in blank verse based on the myth of Narcissus and Echo. Alastor was published in an Continental tours
edition of 250 in early 1816 to poor sales and largely unfavourable reviews from the
conservative press.[55][56]

On 24 January 1816, Mary gave birth to William Shelley. Shelley was delighted to have another son, but was suffering from the strain
of prolonged financial negotiations with his father, Harriet and William Godwin. Shelley showed signs of delusional behaviour and
was contemplating an escape to the continent.[57]

Byron

Claire initiated a sexual relationship with Lord Byron in April, just before his self-exile on the continent, and then arranged for Byron
to meet Shelley, Mary and her in Geneva.[58] Shelley admired Byron's poetry and had sent him Queen Mab and other poems.
Shelley's party arrived in Geneva in May and rented a house close to Villa Diodati, on the shores of Lake Geneva, where Byron was
staying. There Shelley, Byron and the others engaged in discussions about literature, science and "various philosophical doctrines".
One night, while Byron was reciting Coleridge's Christabel, Shelley suffered a severe panic attack with hallucinations. The previous
night Mary had had a more productive vision or nightmare which inspired her novel Frankenstein.[59]
Shelley and Byron then took a boating tour around Lake Geneva, which inspired Shelley to write his "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty",
his first substantial poem since Alastor.[60] A tour of Chamonix in the French Alps inspired "Mont Blanc", which has been described
as an atheistic response to Coleridge's "Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamoni".[61] During this tour, Shelley often signed guest
books with a declaration that he was an atheist. These declarations were seen by other British tourists, including Southey, which
hardened attitudes against Shelley back home.[62]

Relations between Byron and Shelley's party became strained when Byron was told that Claire was pregnant with his child. Shelley,
Mary, and Claire left Switzerland in late August, with arrangements for the expected baby still unclear, although Shelley made
provision for Claire and the baby in his will.[63] In January 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron who she named Alba, but
later renamed Allegra in accordance with Byron's wishes.[64]

Marriage to Mary Godwin

Shelley and Mary returned to England in September 1816, and in early

October they heard that Mary's half-sister Fanny Imlay had killed herself.
Godwin believed that Fanny had been in love with Shelley, and Shelley
himself suffered depression and guilt over her death, writing: “Friend had I
known thy secret grief / Should we had parted so.”[65][66] Further tragedy
followed in December when Shelley's estranged wife Harriet drowned
herself in the Serpentine.[67] Harriet, pregnant and living alone at the time,
believed that she had been abandoned by her new lover. In her suicide letter
she asked Shelley to take custody of their son Charles but to leave their
daughter in her sister Eliza's care.[68]
Shelley married Mary Godwin on 30 December, despite his philosophical
objections to the institution. The marriage was intended to help secure
Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and to placate Godwin who had
refused to see Shelley and Mary because of their previous adulterous
relationship.[69][70] After a prolonged legal battle, the Court of Chancery
eventually awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster
parents, on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary
without cause and was an atheist.[71][72]
Ozymandias
I met a traveller from an antique land,
Who said—"Two vast and trunkless legs of stone
Stand in the desart....Near them, on the sand,
Half sunk a shattered visage lies, whose frown,
And wrinkled lip, and sneer of cold command,
Tell that its sculptor well those passions read
Which yet survive, stamped on these lifeless things,
The hand that mocked them, and the heart that fed;
And on the pedestal, these words appear:
My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings;
Look on my Works, ye Mighty, and despair!
Nothing beside remains. Round the decay
Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare
The lone and level sands stretch far away."
Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1818

In March 1817 the Shelleys moved to the village of Marlow,

Buckinghamshire, where Shelley's friend Thomas Love Peacock lived. The Shelley household included Claire and her baby Allegra,
both of whose presence was resented by Mary.[73][74] Shelley's generosity with money and increasing debts also led to financial and
marital stress, as did Godwin's frequent requests for financial help.[74][75]

On 2 September Mary gave birth to a daughter, Clara Everina Shelley. Soon after, Shelley left for London with Claire, which
increased Mary's resentment towards her step-sister.[76][77] Shelley was arrested for two days in London over money he owed, and
attorneys visited Mary in Marlowe over Shelley's debts.[78]

Shelley took part in the literary and political circle that surrounded Leigh Hunt, and during this period he met William Hazlitt and John
Keats. Shelley's major work during this time was Laon and Cythna, a long narrative poem featuring incest and attacks on religion. It
was hastily withdrawn after publication due to fears of prosecution for religious libel, and was re-edited and reissued as The Revolt of
Islam in January 1818.[79] Shelley also published two political tracts under a pseudonym: A Proposal for putting Reform to the Vote
throughout the Kingdom (March 1817) and An Address to the People on the Death of Princess Charlotte (November 1817).[80] In
December he wrote "Ozymandias", which is considered to be one of his finest sonnets, as part of a competition with friend and fellow
poet Horace Smith.[81][82]

Italy

On 12 March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England to escape its "tyranny civil and religious". A doctor had also recommended
that Shelley go to Italy for his chronic lung complaint, and Shelley had arranged to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her father Byron
who was now in Venice.[83]

After travelling some months through France and Italy, Shelley left Mary and baby Clara at Bagni di Lucca (in today's Tuscany) while
he travelled with Claire to Venice to see Byron and make arrangements for visiting Allegra. Byron invited the Shelleys to stay at his
summer residence at Este, and Shelley urged Mary to meet him there. Clara became seriously ill on the journey and died on 24
September in Venice.[84] Following Clara's death, Mary fell into a long period of depression and emotional estrangement from
Shelley.[85][86]
 The Shelleys moved to Naples on 1 December, where they stayed for three months. During
this period Shelley was ill, depressed and almost suicidal: a state of mind reflected in his
poem "Stanzas written in Dejection – December 1818, Near Naples".[87]

Posthumous Portrait of Shelley
Writing Prometheus Unbound in Italy
– painting by Joseph Severn, 1845
While in Naples, Shelley registered the birth and baptism of a baby girl, Elena Adelaide
Shelley (born 27 December), naming himself as the father and falsely naming Mary as the
mother. The parentage of Elena has never been conclusively established. Biographers have
variously speculated that she was adopted by Shelley to console Mary for the loss of Clara,
that she was Shelley's child to Claire, that she was his child to his servant Elise Foggi, or that
she was the child of a "mysterious lady" who had followed Shelley to the continent.[88]
Shelley registered the birth and baptism on 27 February 1819, and the household left Naples
for Rome the following day, leaving Elena with carers.[89] Elena was to die in a poor suburb
of Naples on 9 June 1820.[90][91]

In Rome, Shelley was in poor health, probably suffering from nephritis and tuberculosis which later was in remission.[92]
Nevertheless, he made significant progress on three major works: Julian and Maddalo, Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci.[93]
Julian and Maddalo is an autobiographical poem which explores the relationship between Shelley and Byron and analyses Shelley's
personal crises of 1818 and 1819. The poem was completed in the summer of 1819, but was not published in Shelley's lifetime.[94]
Prometheus Unbound is a long dramatic poem inspired by Aeschylus's retelling of the Prometheus myth. It was completed in late
1819 and published in 1820.[95] The Cenci is a verse drama of rape, murder and incest based on the story of the Renaissance Count
Cenci of Rome and his daughter Beatrice. Shelley completed the play in September and the first edition was published that year. It
was to become one of his most popular works and the only one to have two authorised editions in his lifetime.[96]

Shelley's three-year-old son William died in June, probably of malaria. The new tragedy caused a further decline in Shelley's health
and deepened Mary's depression. On 4 August she wrote: "We have now lived five years together; and if all the events of the five
years were blotted out, I might be happy".[97][98]

The Shelleys were now living in Livorno where, in September, Shelley heard
of the Peterloo Massacre of peaceful protesters in Manchester. Within two
weeks he had completed one of his most famous political poems, The Mask
of Anarchy, and despatched it to Leigh Hunt for publication. Hunt, however, Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
decided not to publish it for fear of prosecution for seditious libel. The poem What if my leaves are falling like its own!
was only officially published in 1832.[99] The tumult of thy mighty harmonies

The Shelleys moved to Florence in October, where Shelley read a scathing Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
review of the Revolt of Islam (and its earlier version Laon and Cythna) in the Sweet though in sadness. Be though, Spirit fierce,
conservative Quarterly Review. Shelley was angered by the personal attack My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
on him in the article which he erroneously believed had been written by
Southey. His bitterness over the review lasted for the rest of his life.[100] Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!
On 12 November, Mary gave birth to a boy, Percy Florence And, by the incantation of this verse,
Shelley.[101][102] Around the time of Percy's birth, the Shelleys met Sophia
Stacey, who was a ward of one of Shelley's uncles and was staying at the Scatter, as from unextinguished hearth
same pension as the Shelleys. Sophia, a talented harpist and singer, formed a Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
friendship with Shelley while Mary was preoccupied with her newborn son. Be through my lips to unawakened Earth
Shelley wrote at least five love poems and fragments for Sophia including
"Song written for an Indian Air".[103][104] The trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
The Shelleys moved to Pisa in January 1820, ostensibly to consult a doctor
who had been recommended to them. There they became friends with the From "Ode to the West Wind", 1819
Irish republican Margaret Mason (Lady Margaret Mountcashell) and her
common-law husband George William Tighe. Mrs Mason became the
inspiration for Shelley's poem "The Sensitive Plant", and Shelley's discussions with Mason and Tighe influenced his political thought
and his critical interest in the population theories of Thomas Malthus.[105][106]

In March Shelley wrote to friends that Mary was depressed, suicidal and hostile towards him. Shelley was also beset by financial
worries, as creditors from England pressed him for payment and he was obliged to make secret payments in connection with his
"Neapolitan charge" Elena.[107]

Meanwhile, Shelley was writing A Philosophical View of Reform, a political essay which he had begun in Rome. The unfinished
essay, which remained unpublished in Shelley's lifetime, has been called "one of the most advanced and sophisticated documents of
political philosophy in the nineteenth century".[108]
Another crisis erupted in June when Shelley claimed that he had been assaulted in the Pisan post office by a man accusing him of foul
crimes. Shelley's biographer James Bieri suggests that this incident was possibly a delusional episode brought on by extreme stress, as
Shelley was being blackmailed by a former servant, Paolo Foggi, over baby Elena.[109] It is likely that the blackmail was connected
with a story spread by another former servant, Elise Foggi, that Shelley had fathered a child to Claire in Naples and had sent it to a
foundling home.[110][111] Shelley, Claire and Mary denied this story, and Elise later recanted.[112][113]

In July, hearing that John Keats was seriously ill in England, Shelley wrote to the poet inviting him to stay with him at Pisa. Keats
replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome.[114] Following the death of Keats
in 1821, Shelley wrote Adonais, which Harold Bloom considers one of the major pastoral elegies.[115] The poem was published in
Pisa in July 1821, but sold few copies.[116]

In early July 1820, Shelley heard that baby Elena had died on 9 June. In the months following the post office incident and Elena's
death, relations between Mary and Claire deteriorated and Claire spent most of the next two years living separately from the Shelleys,
mainly in Florence.[117]

That December Shelley met Teresa (Emilia) Viviani, who was the 19-year-old daughter of the Governor of Pisa and was living in a
convent awaiting a suitable marriage.[118] Shelley visited her several times over the next few months and they started a passionate
correspondence which dwindled after her marriage the following September. Emilia was the inspiration for Shelley's major poem
Epipsychidion.[119]

In March 1821 Shelley completed "A Defence of Poetry", a response to Peacock's article "The Four Ages of Poetry". Shelley's essay,
with its famous conclusion "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world", remained unpublished in his lifetime.[120]

Shelley went alone to Ravenna in early August to see Byron, making a detour to Livorno for a rendezvous with Claire. Shelley stayed
with Byron for two weeks and invited the older poet to spend the winter in Pisa. After Shelley heard Byron read his newly completed
fifth canto of Don Juan he wrote to Mary: "I despair of rivalling Byron."[121]

In November Byron moved into Villa Lanfranchi in Pisa, just across the river from the Shelleys. Byron became the centre of the
"Pisan circle" which was to include Shelley, Thomas Medwin, Edward Williams and Edward Trelawny.[122]

In the early months of 1822 Shelley became increasingly close to Jane Williams, who was living with her partner Edward Williams in
the same building as the Shelleys. Shelley wrote a number of love poems for Jane, including "The Serpent is shut out of Paradise" and
"With a Guitar, to Jane". Shelley's obvious affection for Jane was to cause increasing tension between Shelley, Edward Williams and
Mary.[123]

Claire arrived in Pisa in April at Shelley's invitation, and soon after they heard that her daughter Allegra had died of typhus in
Ravenna. The Shelleys and Claire then moved to Villa Magni, near Lerici on the shores of the Gulf of La Spezia.[124] Shelley acted
as mediator between Claire and Byron over arrangements for the burial of their daughter, and the added strain led to Shelley having a
series of hallucinations.[125]

Mary almost died from a miscarriage on 16 June, her life only being saved by Shelley's effective first aid. Two days later Shelley
wrote to a friend that there was no sympathy between Mary and him and if the past and future could be obliterated he would be
content in his boat with Jane and her guitar. That same day he also wrote to Trelawny asking for prussic acid.[126] The following
week, Shelley woke the household with his screaming over a nightmare or hallucination in which he saw Edward and Jane Williams
as walking corpses and himself strangling Mary.[127]

During this time, Shelley was writing his final major poem, the unfinished The Triumph of Life, which Harold Bloom has called "the
most despairing poem he wrote".[128]

Death

On 1 July, Shelley and Edward Williams sailed in Shelley's new boat the Don Juan to Livorno where Shelley met Leigh Hunt and
Byron in order to make arrangements for a new journal, The Liberal. After the meeting, on 8 July, Shelley, Williams and their boat
boy sailed out of Livorno for Lerici. A few hours later, the Don Juan and its inexperienced crew were lost in a storm.[129] The vessel,
an open boat, had been custom-built in Genoa for Shelley. Mary Shelley declared in her "Note on Poems of 1822" (1839) that the
design had a defect and that the boat was never seaworthy. In fact the Don Juan was overmasted; the sinking was due to a severe
storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.[130]

Shelley's badly-decomposed body washed ashore at Viareggio ten days later and was identified by Trelawny from the clothing and a
copy of Keats's Lamia in a jacket pocket. On 16 August, his body was cremated on a beach near Viareggio and the ashes were buried
in the Protestant Cemetery of Rome.[131]
 The day after the news of his death reached England, the Tory London
newspaper The Courier printed: "Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry, has
been drowned; now he knows whether there is God or no."[132][133]

Shelley's ashes were reburied in a

different plot at the cemetery in 1823.
His grave bears the Latin inscription
Cor Cordium (Heart of Hearts), and a
few lines of "Ariel's Song" from
Shakespeare's The Tempest:[134]
The Funeral of Shelley by Louis Édouard Fournier
(1889). Pictured in the centre are, from left,
Nothing of him that doth
Trelawny, Hunt, and Byron. In fact, Hunt did not
fade
observe the cremation, and Byron left early. Mary
Shelley, who is pictured kneeling at left, did not
But doth suffer a sea
attend the funeral.
change

Into something rich and

strange.

Shelley's gravestone in the Cimitero

Acattolico in Rome; phrases from
Shelley's heart "Ariel's Song" in Shakespeare's The
Tempest appear below
When Shelley's body was cremated on the beach, his "unusually small" heart resisted
burning, possibly due to calcification from an earlier tubercular infection. Trelawny gave the
scorched heart to Hunt, who preserved it in spirits of wine and refused to hand it over to Mary.[135] He finally relented and the heart
was eventually buried either at St Peter's Church, Bournemouth or in Christchurch Priory.[136][137]

Family history

Shelley's paternal grandfather was Bysshe Shelley (21 June 1731 – 6 January 1815), who, in 1806, became Sir Bysshe Shelley, First
Baronet of Castle Goring.[138] On Sir Bysshe's death in 1815, Shelley's father inherited the baronetcy, becoming Sir Timothy
Shelley.[139]

Shelley was the eldest of several legitimate children. Bieri argues that Shelley had an older illegitimate brother but, if he existed, little
is known of him.[140] His younger siblings were: John (1806–1866), Margaret (1801–1887), Hellen (1799–1885), Mary (1797–
1884), Hellen (1796–1796, died in infancy) and Elizabeth (1794–1831).[141]

Shelley had two children by his first wife Harriet: Eliza Ianthe Shelley (1813–1876) and Charles Bysshe Shelley (1814–1826).[142]
He had four children by his second wife Mary: an unnamed daughter born in 1815 who only survived ten days; William Shelley
(1816–1819); Clara Everina Shelley (1817–1818); and Percy Florence Shelley (1819–1889).[143] Shelley also declared himself to be
the father of Elena Adelaide Shelley (1818–1820), who might have been an illegitimate or adopted daughter.[144] His son Percy
Florence became the Third Baronet of Castle Goring in 1844, following the death of Sir Timothy Shelley.[145]

Ancestry
Ancestry of Percy Bysshe Shelley
8. Sir Timothy Shelley of Fen Place (c. 1700-1770)
4. Sir Bysshe Shelley, 1st Baronet of Castle Goring (1731-1815)
9. Johanna Plume (b.1704)
2. Sir Timothy Shelley, 2nd Baronet of Castle Goring
(1753-1844)
10. Theobald Michell (d.1737)
5. Mary Catherine Michell (1734-1760)
11. Mary Tredcroft (c.1709-1738)
1. Percy Bysshe
Shelley
12. John Pilford (1680-1745)
6. Charles Pilford (1726-1790)
 13. Mary Michell (1689-c.1775)
3. Elizabeth Pilford, Lady Shelley (1763-1846)

14. William White (1703-1764)

7. Bathia White (1739-1779)
15. Bethiah Waller (1703-1764)

Political, religious and ethical views

Politics

Shelley was a political radical who was influenced by thinkers such as Rousseau, Paine, Godwin, Wollstonecraft, and Leigh
Hunt.[146] He advocated Catholic Emancipation, republicanism, parliamentary reform, the extension of the franchise, freedom of
speech and peaceful assembly, an end to aristocratic and clerical privilege, and a more equal distribution of income and wealth.[147]
The views he expressed in his published works were often more moderate than those he advocated privately, because of the risk of
prosecution for seditious libel and his desire not to alienate more moderate friends and political allies.[148] Nevertheless, his political
writings and activism brought him to the attention of the Home Office and he came under government surveillance at various
periods.[149]

Shelley’s most influential political work in the years immediately following his death was the poem Queen Mab, which included
extensive notes on political themes. The work went through 14 official and pirated editions by 1845, and became popular in Owenist
and Chartist circles. His longest political essay, A Philosophical View of Reform, was written in 1820, but not published until
1920.[150]

Nonviolence

Shelley's advocacy of nonviolent resistance was largely based on his reflections on the French Revolution and rise of Napoleon, and
his belief that violent protest would increase the prospect of a military despotism.[151] Although Shelley sympathised with supporters
of Irish independence, such as Peter Finnerty and Robert Emmet,[152] he did not support violent rebellion. In his early pamphlet An
Address, to the Irish People (1812) he wrote: "I do not wish to see things changed now, because it cannot be done without violence,
and we may assure ourselves that none of us are fit for any change, however good, if we condescend to employ force in a cause we
think right."[153]

In his later essay A Philosophical View of Reform, Shelley did concede that there were political circumstances in which force might be
justified: "The last resort of resistance is undoubtably [sic] insurrection. The right of insurrection is derived from the employment of
armed force to counteract the will of the nation."[154] Shelley supported the 1820 armed rebellion against absolute monarchy in Spain,
and the 1821 armed Greek uprising against Ottoman rule.[155]

Shelley's poem "The Mask of Anarchy" (written in 1819, but first published in 1832) has been called "perhaps the first modern
statement of the principle of nonviolent resistance".[156] Gandhi was familiar with the poem and it is possible that Shelley had an
indirect influence on Gandhi through Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience.[10]

Religion

Shelley was an avowed atheist, who was influenced by the materialist arguments in Holbach’s Le Système de la nature.[157][158] His
atheism was an important element of his political radicalism as he saw organised religion as inextricably linked to social
oppression.[159] The overt and implied atheism in many of his works raised a serious risk of prosecution for religious libel. His early
pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism was withdrawn from sale soon after publication following a complaint from a priest. His poem
Queen Mab, which includes sustained attacks on the priesthood, Christianity and religion in general, was twice prosecuted by the
Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1821. A number of his other works were edited before publication to reduce the risk of
prosecution.[160]

Free love

Shelley's advocacy of free love drew heavily on the work of Mary Wollstonecraft and the early work of William Godwin. In his notes
to Queen Mab, he wrote: "A system could not well have been devised more studiously hostile to human happiness than marriage." He
argued that the children of unhappy marriages "are nursed in a systematic school of ill-humour, violence and falsehood". He believed
that the ideal of chastity outside marriage was "a monkish and evangelical superstition" which led to the hypocrisy of prostitution and
promiscuity.[161]

Shelley believed that "sexual connection" should be free among those who loved each other and last only as long as their mutual love.
Love should also be free and not subject to obedience, jealousy and fear. He denied that free love would lead to promiscuity and the
disruption of stable human relationships, arguing that relationships based on love would generally be of long duration and marked by
generosity and self-devotion.[161]

When Shelley's friend T. J. Hogg made an unwanted sexual advance to Shelley's first wife Harriet, Shelley forgave him of his
"horrible error" and assured him that he was not jealous.[162] It is very likely that Shelley encouraged Hogg and Shelley's second wife
Mary to have a sexual relationship.[163][164]

Vegetarianism

Shelley converted to a vegetable diet in early March 1812 and sustained it, with occasional lapses, for the remainder of his life.
Shelley’s vegetarianism was influenced by ancient authors such as Hesiod, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Ovid and Plutarch, but more
directly by John Frank Newton, author of The Return to Nature, or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen (1811). Shelley wrote two
essays on vegetarianism: A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) and “On the Vegetable System of Diet” (written circa 1813–1815, but
first published in 1929). William Owen Jones argues that Shelley’s advocacy of vegetarianism was strikingly modern; emphasising its
health benefits, the alleviation of animal suffering, the inefficient use of agricultural land involved in animal husbandry, and the
economic inequality resulting from the commercialisation of animal food production.[11] Shelley’s life and works inspired the
founding of the Vegetarian Society in England (1847) and directly influenced the vegetarianism of George Bernard Shaw and perhaps
Gandhi.[11][165]

Reception and influence

Shelley's work was not widely read in his lifetime outside a small circle of friends, poets and critics. Most of his poetry, drama and
fiction was published in editions of 250 copies which generally sold poorly. Only The Cenci went to an authorised second edition
while Shelley was alive[166] – in contrast, Byron's The Corsair (1814) sold out its first edition of 10,000 copies in one day.[3]

The initial reception of Shelley's work in mainstream periodicals (with the exception of the liberal Examiner) was generally
unfavourable. Reviewers often launched personal attacks on Shelley's private life and political, social and religious views, even when
conceding that his poetry contained beautiful imagery and poetic expression.[167] There was also criticism of Shelley's intelligibility
and style, Hazlitt describing it as "a passionate dream, a straining after impossibilities, a record of fond conjectures, a confused
embodying of vague abstraction".[168]

Shelley's poetry soon gained a wider audience in radical and reformist circles. Queen Mab became popular with Owenists and
Chartists, and Revolt of Islam influenced poets sympathetic to the workers' movement such as Thomas Hood, Thomas Cooper and
William Morris.[9][169]

However, Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death. Bieri argues that editions of Shelley's
poems published in 1824 and 1839 were edited by Mary Shelley to highlight her late husband's lyrical gifts and downplay his radical
ideas.[170] Matthew Arnold famously described Shelley as a "beautiful and ineffectual angel".[7]

Shelley was a major influence on a number of important poets in the following decades, including Robert Browning, Swinburne,
Hardy and Yeats.[5] Shelley-like characters frequently appeared in nineteenth-century literature, such as Scythrop in Peacock's
Nightmare Abbey,[171] Ladislaw in George Eliot's Middlemarch and Angel Clare in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles.[172]

Twentieth-century critics such as Eliot, Leavis, Allen Tate and Auden variously criticised Shelley's poetry for deficiencies in style,
"repellent" ideas, and immaturity of intellect and sensibility.[5][173][174] However, Shelley's critical reputation rose from the 1960s as a
new generation of critics highlighted Shelley's debt to Spenser and Milton, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex
interplay of sceptical, idealist and materialist ideas in his work.[174] American literary critic Harold Bloom describes him as "a superb
craftsman, a lyric poet without rival, and surely one of the most advanced sceptical intellects ever to write a poem".[175] According to
Donald H. Reiman, "Shelley belongs to the great tradition of Western writers that includes Dante, Shakespeare and Milton".[176][177]

Legacy
Shelley died leaving many of his works unfinished, unpublished or published in expurgated versions with multiple errors. There have
been a number of recent projects aimed at establishing reliable editions of his manuscripts and works. Among the most notable of
these are:[178][179]
 Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), The Bodleian Shelley Manuscripts, (23 vols.), New
York, (1986-2002)
Reiman, D. H. (gen ed), The Manuscripts of the Younger Romantics: Shelley, (9
vols.) (1985–97)
Reiman, D. H. and Fraistat, N., (et al) The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe
Shelley, (3 vols) 1999-2012, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
Cameron, K. N. and Reiman, D. H., (eds), Shelley and his Circle 1773-1822,
Cambridge, Mass., 1961- (8 vols)
Everest K, Matthews, G. et al (eds), The Poems of Shelley, 1804-1821, (4 vols), Keats–Shelley Memorial House, at
Longman, 1989-2014 right with a red sign by the Spanish
Murray, E, B. (ed), The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Vol 1, 1811-1818, Steps, Rome
Oxford University Press, 1995

Shelley's long-lost "Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things" (1811) was rediscovered in 2006 and subsequently made available
online by the Bodleian Library in Oxford.[180]

John Lauritsen[181] and Charles E. Robinson[182] have argued that Shelley's contribution to Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein was
extensive and that he should be considered a collaborator or co-author. Professor Charlotte Gordon and others have disputed this
contention.[183] Fiona Sampson has said: "In recent years Percy's corrections, visible in the Frankenstein notebooks held at the
Bodleian Library in Oxford, have been seized on as evidence that he must have at least co-authored the novel. In fact, when I
examined the notebooks myself, I realised that Percy did rather less than any line editor working in publishing today." (https://www.th
eguardian.com/books/2018/jan/13/frankenstein-at-200-why-hasnt-mary-shelley-been-given-the-respect-she-deserves-?CMP=Share_i
OSApp_Other)

The Keats-Shelley Memorial Association, founded in 1903, supports the Keats-Shelley House in Rome which is a museum and
library dedicated to the Romantic writers with a strong connection with Italy. The association is also responsible for maintaining the
grave of Percy Bysshe Shelley in the non-Catholic Cemetery at Testaccio. The association publishes the scholarly Keats-Shelley
Review. It also runs the annual Keats-Shelley and Young Romantics Writing Prizes and the Keats-Shelley Fellowship.[184]

Selected works
Works are listed by estimated year of composition. The year of first publication is given when this is different. Source is Bieri,[185]
unless otherwise indicated.

Poetry, fiction and verse drama

(1810) Zastrozzi
(1810) Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire (collaboration with Elizabeth Shelley)
(1810) Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson: Being Poems Found Amongst the Papers of That Noted
Female Who Attempted the Life of the King in 1786
(1810) St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian (published 1811)
(1812) The Devil's Walk: A Ballad
(1813) Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem
(1815) Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude (Published 1816)
(1816) Mont Blanc
(1816) On Death
(1817) Hymn to Intellectual Beauty (text)
(1817) Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City: A Vision of the Nineteenth Century (published 1818)
(1818) The Revolt of Islam, A Poem, in Twelve Cantos
(1818) Ozymandias (text)
(1818) Rosalind and Helen: A Modern Eclogue (published in 1819)
(1818) Lines Written Among the Euganean Hills, October 1818
(1819) The Cenci, A Tragedy, in Five Acts
(1819) Ode to the West Wind (text)
(1819) The Mask of Anarchy (published 1832)
(1819) England in 1819
(1819) Julian and Maddalo: A Conversation
(1820) Peter Bell the Third (published in 1839)
(1820) Prometheus Unbound, A Lyrical Drama, in Four Acts
 (1820) To a Skylark
(1820) The Cloud
(1820) The Sensitive Plant[186]
(1820) Oedipus Tyrannus; Or, Swellfoot The Tyrant: A Tragedy in Two Acts
(1820) The Witch of Atlas (published in 1824)
(1821) Adonais
(1821) Epipsychidion
(1822) Hellas, A Lyrical Drama
(1822) The Triumph of Life (unfinished, published in 1824)

Short prose works

"The Assassins, A Fragment of a Romance" (1814)
"The Coliseum, A Fragment" (1817)
"The Elysian Fields: A Lucianic Fragment" (1818)
"Una Favola (A Fable)" (1819, originally in Italian)

Essays
The Necessity of Atheism (with T. J. Hogg) (1811)
Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things (1811)
An Address, to the Irish People (1812)
Declaration of Rights (http://www.panarchy.org/shelley/rights.html) (1812)
A Letter to Lord Ellenborough (1812)
A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
A Refutation of Deism (http://www.ratbags.com/rsoles/comment/shelleydeism.htm) (1814)
Speculations on Metaphysics (1814)
On the Vegetable System of Diet (1814–1815; published 1929)
On a Future State (1815)
On The Punishment of Death (1815)
Speculations on Morals (1817)
On Christianity (incomplete, 1817; published 1859)
On Love (1818)
On the Literature, the Arts and the Manners of the Athenians (1818)
On The Symposium, or Preface to The Banquet Of Plato (1818)
On Frankenstein (1818; published in 1832)
On Life (1819)
A Philosophical View of Reform (1819–20, first published 1920)
A Defence of Poetry (1821, published 1840)

Chapbooks
Wolfstein; or, The Mysterious Bandit (1822)
Wolfstein, The Murderer; or, The Secrets of a Robber's Cave (1830)

Translations
The Banquet (or The Symposium) of Plato (1818) (first published in unbowdlerised form 1931)
Ion of Plato (1821)

Collaborations with Mary Shelley

(1817) History of a Six Weeks' Tour
(1820) Proserpine
(1820) Midas[187]
See also
List of peace activists
Godwin–Shelley family tree
Rising Universe – A water sculpture celebrating the life of Shelley near his birthplace in Horsham, Sussex
References
Notes
1. "Shelley" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/
english/shelley). Collins English Dictionary.
HarperCollins. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
2. "Shelley" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionar
y/Shelley). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved
7 June 2019.
3. Ferber, Michael (2012). The Cambridge Introduction to
British Romantic Poetry. New York: Cambridge
University Press. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-521-76906-8.
4. "Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), poet" (https://ww
w.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/97801986141
28.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-25312). Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford
University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312 (ht
tps://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F25312).
ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
(Subscription or UK public library membership (https://www.o
xforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public) required.)
5. Bloom, Harold (2004), p 410
6. Zachary Leader and Michael O'Neill (2003). Percy
Bysshe Shelley, The Major Works. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. pp. xi–xix. ISBN 0-19-281374-9.
7. Michael O'Neill and Anthony Howe (eds) (2013). The
Oxford Handbook of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780199558360.
8. Holmes, Richard (1974). Shelley, the pursuit. London:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 391, 594, 678.
ISBN 0297767224.
9. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 208-10, 402
10. Weber, Thomas (2004). Gandhi as Disciple and
Mentor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
pp. 26–30. ISBN 0-521-84230-1.
11. Jones, Michael Owen (2016). "In Pursuit of Percy
Shelley, 'The First Celebrity Vegan': An Essay on
Meat, Sex, and Broccoli" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1
0.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01). Journal of Folklore
Research. 53 (2): 1–30. doi:10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01
(https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjfolkrese.53.2.01).
JSTOR 10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01 (https://www.jstor.or
g/stable/10.2979/jfolkrese.53.2.01). S2CID 148558932
(https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148558932)
– via JSTOR.
12. Leader and O'Neill (2003), p xiv
13. Medwin, Thomas (1847). The Life of Percy Bysshe
Shelley (https://archive.org/details/lifepercybysshe01m
edwgoog). London: Thomas Cautley Newby. p. 323 (ht
tps://archive.org/details/lifepercybysshe01medwgoog/p
age/n333).
14. Shelley, Percy Bysshe (2013). Delphi Complete Works
of Percy Bysshe Shelley (Illustrated) (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=t2MbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7). Delphi
Classics. ISBN 978-1909496071. Retrieved
6 February 2019 – via Google Books.
15. Bieri, James (2008). Percy Bysshe Shelley: a
biography. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University
Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8018-8860-1.
16. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 1-17
17. Bieri, James (2004). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A
Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816.
Newark: University of Delaware Press. pp. 55–57.
18. Holmes, Richard, (1974) p 2
19. Holmes, Richard, (1974) pp 4-17
20. Medwin, Thomas (1847). The Life of Percy Bysshe
Shelley (https://archive.org/details/lifepercybysshe01m
edwgoog). London.
21. Gilmour, Ian (2002). Byron and Shelley: The Making of
the Poets. New York: Carol & Graf Publishers. pp. 96–
97.
22. Bieri, James (2004). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A
Biography: Youth's Unextinguished Fire, 1792–1816.
Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 86.
23. Holmes, Richard, (1974), pp 19-20
24. Holmes, Richard, (1974), pp 24-5
25. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 25-30
26. O'Neill, Michael (2004). "Shelley, Percy Bysshe
(1792–1822)" (http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2
5312). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
(Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25312 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2
Fref%3Aodnb%2F25312). (Subscription or UK public
library membership (https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscri
be#public) required.)
27. Holmes, Richard, (1974), p 31
28. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 38-39
29. Holmes, Richard, (1974), pp 43-47
30. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 58-60
31. Bieri, James (2008). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A
Biography. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
pp. 111, 114, 137–45. ISBN 978-0-8018-8861-8.
32. Holmes, Richard (1974). Shelley: the Pursuit. London:
Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 67–8. ISBN 0-2977-
6722-4.
33. Bieri, James (2008), pp 156, 173
34. Bieri, James (2008), pp 139, 148-9
35. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 77-9
36. Bieri, James (2008), pp 136-7, 162-3
37. Bieri, James (2008), pp 165-77
38. Bieri, James (2008), pp 149-54
39. Bieri, James (2008), pp 170, 193-5
40. Bieri, James (2008), pp 187-91
41. Bieri, James (2008), pp 182-3
42. Bieri, James (2008), pp 191-4
43. Bieri, James (2008) pp 198-210
44. Bieri, James (2008) pp 210-30
45. Bieri, James (2008), pp 238-51, 255
46. Bieri, James (2008) pp 238-54
47. Bieri, James (2008), pp 256-69
48. Bieri, James (2008), pp 269-70
49. Seymour, p. 458.
50. Bieri, James (2008), pp 273-84, 292
51. Bieri, James (2008), 285-292
52. Bieri, James, (2008), pp 293-300
53. Bieri, James (2008), pp 300-02, 328-9
54. Bieri, James, (2008), pp 305-9
55. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 308-10
56. Bieri, James (2008), pp 321-3
57. Bieri, James (2008), pp 322-4
58. Bieri, James (2008), pp 324-8
59. Bieri, James (2008), pp 331-6
60. Bieri, James (2008), pp 336-41
61. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 340
62. Bieri, James (2008), pp 342-3
63. Bieri, James (2008), pp 338, 345-6
64. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 356, 412
65. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 347
66. Bieri, James (2005). Percy Bysshe Shelley: A
Biography: Exile of Unfulfilled Renown, 1816-1822 (htt
ps://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Percy_Bysshe_S
helley/TPfPWaPD-CcC). Newark: University of
Delaware Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-87413-893-0.
67. "On Tuesday a respectable female, far advanced in
pregnancy, was taken out of the Serpentine river...A
want of honour in her own conduct is supposed to
have led to this fatal catastrophe, her husband being
abroad." The Times(London), Thursday 12 December
1816, p.2
68. Bieri, James (2005), pp 21-24
69. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 355-56
70. Bieri, James, (2005), pp 25-27
71. Volokh, Eugene. "Parent-Child Speech and Child
Custody Speech Restrictions" (http://www2.law.ucla.ed
u/volokh/custody.pdf) (PDF). UCLA. Retrieved
9 November 2015.
72. For details of Harriet's suicide and Shelley's
remarriage see Bieri (2008), pp. 360–69.
73. Holmes, Richard, (1974) p 369
74. Bieri, James, (2005), pp 41-42
75. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 411
76. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 376-77
77. Bieri, James (2005), pp 42-44
78. Bieri, James (2005), p44
79. Bieri, James, (2005), pp 48-54
80. Bieri, James, (2005) pp 35-37, 45-46
81. Holmes, Richard, (1974), p 410
82. Bieri, James, (2005), p 55
83. Bieri, James (2005) pp 40-43
84. Bieri, James (2005) pp 77-80
85. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 446-47
86. Bieri, James (2005) p 80
87. Bieri, James (2005) pp 112-14.
88. Bieri, James (2008), pp 439-45
89. Bieri, James (2005) p 115
90. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 465-66
91. Bieri, James (2005) pp 106-7
92. Bieri, James (2005) p 119
93. Bieri, James (2005) p 125
94. Bieri, James (2005) pp 76-77, 84-87
95. Bieri, James (2005) pp 125-32, 400
96. Bieri, James (2005) pp 133-42
97. Bieri, James (2005) pp 123-25
98. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 519, 526
99. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 529-41
100. Bieri, James (2005) pp 162-64
101. Holmes, Richard (1974) p 560
102. Bieri, James (2005) pp 352-54
103. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 564-68
104. Bieri, James (2005) pp 170-77
105. Bieri, James (2005). pp. 188-89.
106. Holmes, Richard (1974). pp. 575-76
107. Bieri, James (2005) pp 182-88
108. Bieri, James (2005) pp 177-80
109. Bieri, James (2005) 191-93
110. Bieri, James (2005) pp 246-47, 252
111. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 467-68
112. Bieri, James (2005) pp 247-49, 292
113. Holmes, Richard (1974) p 473
114. Bieri, James (2005) pp 199-201
115. Bloom, Harold (2004), p 419
116. Bieri, James (2005) pp 238, 242
117. Holmes, Richard (2005) pp 596-601
118. Bieri, James (2005) pp 214-15
119. Bieri, James (2005) pp 220-23
120. Bieri, James (2005) pp 231-33
121. Bieri, James (2005) pp 244-51
122. Bieri, James (2005) p 269 and Chs 14, 15 passim.
123. Bieri, James (2005) pp 280-85, 297
124. Bieri, James (2005) pp 297-300
125. Holmes, Richard (1974) pp 713-15
126. Bieri, James (2005) pp 307-10
127. Bieri, James (2005) pp 313-14
128. Bloom, Harold (2004) p 438
129. Bieri, James (2005) pp 319-27
130. "The Sinking of the Don Juan" by Donald Prell, Keats–
Shelley Journal, Vol. LVI, 2007, pp. 136–54
131. Bieri, James (2005) pp 331-36
132. Edmund Blunden, Shelley, A Life Story, Oxford
University Press, 1965.
33. "Richard Holmes on Shelley's drowning myths" (http
s://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/24/featuresre
views.guardianreview1#:~:text=In%20the%20summe
r%20of%201822,Spezia%20was%20set%20to%20be
come). 24 January 2004.
34. Bieri, James (2005) p 336
35. Bieri, James (2005) p 334-35
36. Bieri, James (2005) p 354
37. Lee, Hermoine (2007). "Shelley's Heart and Pepys's
Lobsters". Virginia Woolf's Nose: Essays on
biography. Princeton University Press.
ISBN 9780691130446.
38. Bieri, James (2008) pp 6, 11, 12, 71
39. Bieri, James (2008), pp 300-301
40. Bieri, James (2008), p 3 and note 2
41. Bieri, James (2008), pp 30, 71-2
42. Bieri, James (2008), pp 258, 299, 625, 672
43. Bieri, James (2008), pp 304-5, 322, 383, 419, 457, 502
675
44. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 465-6
45. Bieri, James (2008), p 673
46. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 43, 97-8, 153, 350-2
47. Holmes, Richard (1974), 120-2, 556-8, 583-93
48. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 120-2, 365, 592-3
49. Bieri, James (2008), pp 198-230
50. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 208-10, 592-3
51. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 557
52. Morgan, Alison (3 July 2014). " "Let no man write my
epitaph": the contributions of Percy Shelley, Thomas
Moore and Robert Southey to the memorialisation of
Robert Emmet" (https://doi.org/10.1080/09670882.201
4.926124). Irish Studies Review. 22 (3): 285–303.
doi:10.1080/09670882.2014.926124 (https://doi.org/10.
1080%2F09670882.2014.926124). ISSN 0967-0882
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0882).
53. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 120
54. Holmes, Richard (1974), 591
55. Bieri, James (2008) pp 528-9, 589
56. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/2011010
5232938/http://www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.
4.Nichols.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://
www.morrissociety.org/JWMS/SP94.10.4.Nichols.pdf)
(PDF) on 5 January 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
57. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 50
58. Bieri, James (2008), p 267
59. Holmes, Richard (1974), p 76
60. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 30, 201, 208-9
61. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 204-8
62. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 90-92
63. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 276-83
64. Bieri, James (2008), pp 302-9
Bibliography
Edmund Blunden, Shelley: A Life Story, Viking Press, 1947.
James Bieri, Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Biography, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-8018-8861-1.
165. Hasan, Mahmudul, "The Theme of Indianness in the
Works of P B Shelley: A Glimpse into Ancient India."
Galaxy: An International Multidisciplinary Research
Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 5, 2016. pp. 30–39.
166. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 309, 510, 595
167. Holmes, Richard (1974), pp 210, 309, 402-5, 510, 542-
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168. Leader and O'Neill (2003), p. xix
169. Some details on this can also be found in William St
Clair's The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period
(Cambridge: CUP, 2005) and Richard D. Altick's The
English Common Reader (Ohio: Ohio State University
Press, 1998) 2nd. edn.
170. Bieri, James (2008), pp 671-3
171. Bieri, James (2008), p 466
172. O'Neill and Howe (2013), p 10
173. Leader and O'Neill (2003) p xi
174. Howe and O'Neill (2013) pp 3-5
175. Bloom, Harold (2004). The Best Poems of the English
Language, From Chaucer through Frost. New York:
Harper Collins. p. 410. ISBN 0-06-054041-9.
176. Reiman and Powers (1977) p 544
177. "Percy Shelley" (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/119
86893/Percy-Shelley.html). The Telegraph. Retrieved
8 February 2021.
178. Bieri, James (2008), pp 781-5
179. O'Neill and Howe (2013), pp 4-5
180. "Shelley's Poetical Essay: The Bodleian Libraries' 12
millionth book"
(http://poeticalessay.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/). Oxford:
Bodleian Library. November 2015. Retrieved
13 November 2015.
181. John Lauritsen (2007). The Man Who Wrote
"Frankenstein". Pagan Press. ISBN 978-0-943742-14-
4.
182. Shelley, Mary (with Shelley, Percy), edited by
Robinson, Charles E. (2009). The Original
Frankenstein: Or, the Modern Prometheus: The
Original Two-Volume Novel of 1816-1817 from the
Bodleian Library Manuscripts. New York: Random
House. ISBN 0307474429
183. "Percy Bysshe Shelley helped wife Mary write
Frankenstein, claims professor" (https://www.telegraph.
co.uk/news/2613444/Percy-Bysshe-Shelley-helped-wif
e-Mary-write-Frankenstein-claims-professor.html). The
Telegraph. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
184. "Keats-Shelley Memorial Association" (https://keats-sh
elley.org/). Keats-Shelley Memorial Association.
185. Bieri, James (2008), pp 781-3
186. "Percy Bysshe Shelley: "The Sensitive Plant" from
Andre digte" (https://kalliope.org/en/text/shelley200306
0601). Kalliope. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
187. Pascoe, Judith (2003). Esther Schor (ed.). Proserpine
and Midas (https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompa
ni0000unse_n1c5). The Cambridge Companion to
Mary Shelley. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0-521-00770-4..
 Altick, Richard D., The English Common Reader. Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1998.
Cameron, Kenneth Neill. The Young Shelley: Genesis of a Radical. First Collier Books ed. New York: Collier Books,
1962, cop. 1950.
Edward Chaney. 'Egypt in England and America: The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion', Sites of
Exchange: European Crossroads and Faultlines, eds. M. Ascari and A. Corrado. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi,
2006, pp. 39–69.
Holmes, Richard. Shelley: The Pursuit. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1975.
Meaker, M.J. Sudden Endings, 12 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides, Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1964
pp. 67–93: "The Deserted Wife: Harriet Westbrook Shelley".
Maurois, André, Ariel ou la vie de Shelley, Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1923
St Clair, William. The Godwins and the Shelleys: A Biography of a Family. London: Faber and Faber, 1990.
St Clair, William. The Reading Nation in the Romantic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Hay, Daisy. Young Romantics: the Shelleys, Byron, and Other Tangled Lives, Bloomsbury, 2010.
Everest K, Matthews, G. et al (eds), The Poems of Shelley, 1804-1821, (4 vols), Longman, 1989-2014
Murray, E, B. (ed), The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Vol 1, 1811-1818, Oxford University Press, 1995
Reiman, D. H. and Fraistat, N., (et al) "The Complete Poetry of Percy Bysshe Shelley," (3 vols) 1999-2012,
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
Shelley, Mary, with Percy Shelley. The Original Frankenstein. Edited with an Introduction by Charles E. Robinson.
NY: Random House Vintage Classics, 2008. ISBN 978-0-307-47442-1

External links
Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1529) at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Shelley%
2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subje
ct%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%
20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20She
lley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%2
2%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20
Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22P%2E%20
Bysshe%20Shelley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20creator%3
A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20B%2E%22%2
0OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20P%2E%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%2
2%20OR%20creator%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelley%
22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20title%3A%22P%2E%20B%2E%20Shelle
y%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Bysshe%20Shelle
y%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22P%2E%20
B%2E%20Shelley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20Bysshe%22%20OR%20descript
ion%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%20B%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Percy%20Shelley%22%20O
R%20description%3A%22Shelley%2C%20Percy%22%29%20OR%20%28%221792-1822%22%20AND%20Shell
ey%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://librivox.org/author/216) at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Percy Bysshe Shelley by John Addington Symonds (https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/4555) at Project Gutenberg

Percy Bysshe Shelley Resources (http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~djb/shelley/etexts.html)
Percy Bysshe Shelley: Profile and Poems at Poets.org (https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/percy-bysshe-shelley)
Selected Poems of Shelley (http://www.poetseers.org/the_romantics/percy_bysshe_shelley/shelleys_poems)
A Guide to the Percy Bysshe Shelley Manuscript Material in the Pforzheimer Collection (http://www.nypl.org/archive
s/3344)
A talk on Shelley's politics (MP3) by Paul Foot: part 1 (https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053804/http://mp3.lpi.or
g.uk/footshelleya.mp3), *part 2 (https://web.archive.org/web/20050504053828/http://mp3.lpi.org.uk/footshelleyb.mp3)
A pedigree of the Shelley family (http://www.stirnet.com/HTML/genie/british/ss4as/shelley01.htm)
Plato's Ion, the Shelley translation (http://paganpressbooks.com/jpl/ION.HTM)
The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (http://www.online-literature.com/shelley_percy/complete-wo
rks-of-shelley/)
"Archival material relating to Percy Bysshe Shelley" (https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F34981). UK
National Archives.
Portraits of Percy Bysshe Shelley (https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp04088) at the
National Portrait Gallery, London
 Online exhibition of Shelley's notebooks, objects, letters and drafts (http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/)
alongside artefacts of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and William Godwin
Percy Bysshe Shelley (http://www.bl.uk/people/percy-bysshe-shelley) at the British Library}
Walter Edwin Peck papers (MS 390). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.[1] (http://hdl.handle.net/100
79/fa/mssa.ms.0390)

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