F L O R E N C E 1855 Nightingale fund was set
up to open up a training
N I G H T I N G A L E
THEORETICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING
Florence Nightingale
- Mother of Nursing
- First ever to formulate
theory in regards to
caring, giving concern
to other people and
support other people in
all aspects of life
“I attribute my success to
this - I never gave or took
any excuse”
“The Lady with a Lamp” her
service was known during the
crimean war
The goal of nursing is “to
put the patient in the best
condition for nature to act
upon him”
Born on May 12, 1820 in
Florence, Grand Duchy of
Tuscany, Italy
Father’s Name is William
Mother’s Name is Frances
Florence decided to enter the
field in 1844
Sidney Herbert is a secretary
of war, her good friend
school for nurses
1960 The Nightingale School
and Home for Nurses was
established at St. Thomas
Hospital
She had a relationship with a
politician and poet, Richard
Monckton Milnes
She had a deep relationship
with Benjamin Jowett
She was rewarded with the
Royal Red Cross by Queen
Victoria in 1883
She was awarded the badge of
honor of the Norwegian Red
Cross Society
International Nurses Day is
celebrated on her birthday
She passed at the age of 90
in South Street Park, London
on August 13, 1910
Environment Theory
During the Crimean War, while
serving the soldiers, she
observed a correlation
between the patients who died
and their environmental
conditions
Individual, society,
professional values are
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essential to the development
of her work
Individual, societal, and
professional resources are
combined to create a great
impact of change during her
time
Florence Nightingale’s Book
Notes on Nursing: What it is,
What it is Not
The model of nursing that
developed from Nightingale,
who is considered the first
nursing theorist, contains
elements that have not
changed since the
establishment of the modern
nursing profession
Metaparadigms in
Nightingale’s Theory
PERSON
● People are
multidimensional,
composed of biological,
psychological, social
and spiritual components
HEALTH
● Health is “not only to
be well, but to be able
to use well every power
we have”.
● Disease is considered as
dysease or the absence
of comfort.
ENVIRONMENT
● "Poor or difficult
environments led to poor
health and disease".
● "Environment could be
altered to improve
conditions so that the
natural laws would allow
healing to occur."
NURSING
● Nursing is different
from medicine and the
goal of nursing is to
place the patient in the
best possible condition
for nature to act.
● Nursing is the
"activities that promote
health (as outlined in
canons) which occur in
any caregiving
situation. They can be
done by anyone."
Seven Assumptions in the
Environment Theory of
Florence Nightingale
1. Natural laws
2. Mankind can achieve
perfection
3. Nursing is a calling
4. Nursing is an art and a
science
5. Nursing is achieved
through environmental
alteration
6. Nursing requires a
specific educational
base
7. Nursing is distinct and
separate from medicine
Environmental Factors That
Affects Health
● Fresh Air
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 ● Clean Water
● Sufficient Food Supplies
● Efficient Drainage
● Cleanliness of the
Patient and the
Environment
● Light (Direct Sunlight)
Ten Major Concepts of the
Environment Theory
(Nightingale's Canons)
1. Ventilation and warming
2. Light and noise
3. Cleanliness of the area
4. Health of houses
5. Bed and bedding
6. Personal cleanliness
7. Variety
8. Offering hope and advice
9. Food
10. Observation
E R N E S T I N E
W I E D E N B A C H
THE HELPING ART OR
CLINICAL NURSING
Ernestine Wiedenbach stated
that:
The goal of nursing consists
primarily of identifying a
patient's need for help.
The need for help is defined
as "any measure desired by
the patient that has the
potential to restore or
extend the ability to cope
with various life situations
that affect health and
wellness."
Metaparadigms in Wiedenbach’s
Theory
PERSON
● "any individual who is
receiving help of some
kind, be it care,
instruction or advice
from a member of the
health profession or
from a worker in the
field of health."
ENVIRONMENT
● The circumstances,
objects, or conditions
by which one is
surrounded
● The aggregate of social
and cultural conditions
that influence the life
of an individual or
community
HEALTH
● The condition of being
sound in body, mind, or
spirit the general
condition of the body
NURSING
● Practice of
identification of a
patient's need for help
through the observation
of presenting behaviors
and symptoms
● Exploration of the
meaning of those
symptoms with the
patient, determining the
cause of discomfort
A V I L A M. A. M.
 ● Determining the
patient's ability to
resolve the discomfort
or if the patient has a
need for help from the
nurse or other health 2. A nurse's purpose is
care professionals.
Practice of identification of
a patient's need for help
through the observation of
presenting behaviors and
symptoms
3. The practice of nursing
Exploration of the meaning of
those symptoms with the
patient, determining the
cause of discomfort
Determining the patient's
ability to resolve the 4. The art of nursing
discomfort or if the patient
has a need for help from the
nurse or other health care
professionals.
Wiedenbach’s Four Main
Elements of Clinical Nursing
1. The nurse's philosophy
is his or her attitude
and belief about life
and how that attitude
affected his or her
reality. The three
essential components
associated with nursing
philosophy are a
reverence for life;
respect for the dignity,
worth, autonomy, and
individuality of each
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human being; and a
resolution to act on
personally and
professionally held
beliefs.
that which the nurse
wants to accomplish
through what he or she
does. It is all the
activities directed
toward the overall good
of the patient
is the observable
actions that are
affected by the nurse's
beliefs and feelings
about meeting the
patient's need for help.
includes understanding a
patient's needs and
concerns, developing
goals and actions
intended to enhance a
patient's ability, and
directing the activities
related to the medical
plan to improve the
patient's condition. The
nurse also focuses on
prevention of
complications that can
come up due to
re-occurrence, or the
development of new
concerns.
V I R G I N I A
M. A. M.
 H E N D E R S O N
THE NURSING NEED
THEORY
Henderson’s Definition of
Nursing
"The unique function of the
nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those
activities contributing to
health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the
necessary strength, will or
knowledge."
Three Major Assumptions in
Henderson’s Theory
1. “Nurses care for a
patient until a patient
can care for him or
herself”.
2. Nurses are willing to
serve and that “nurses
will devote themselves
to the patient day and
night.”
3. Nurses should be
educated at the college
level in both sciences
and arts.
Metaparadigms in Henderson’s
Theory
PERSON
● Individuals have basic
needs that are
components of health.
● Individuals may require
assistance to achieve
health and independence,
or assistance to achieve
a peaceful death.
● For the individual, mind
and body are inseparable
and interrelated, and
the individual considers
the biological,
psychological,
sociological, and
spiritual components.
● Patient as a sum of
parts with biophysical
needs rather than as a
type of client or
consumer.
ENVIRONMENT
● It is made up of
settings in which an
individual learns unique
patterns for living. All
external conditions and
influences that affect
life and development.
● It also includes
individuals in relation
to families. It briefly
discusses the impact of
the community on the
individual and family.
HEALTH
● Health is based on an
individual's ability to
function independently
as outlined in the
fourteen components.
● Nurses need to stress
the promotion of health
and prevention, as well
as the curing of
diseases.
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 ● Good health is a
challenge because it is
affected by so many
different factors, such
as age, cultural
background, emotional
balance, and others.
NURSING
Basic nursing care involves
providing conditions in which
the patient can independently
perform the fourteen
components explained in the
model.
Henderson described the role
of the nurse as one of the
following:
● Substitutive - doing
something for the
patient
● Supplementary - helping
the patient do something
● Complementary - working
with the patient to do
something
Fourteen Components Based on
Human Needs that Make Up
Nursing Activities
1. Breathe normally.
2. Eat and drink
adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move and maintain
desirable postures.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothing
- dress and undress
appropriately.
7. Maintain body
temperature within
normal range by
adjusting clothing and
modifying the
environment.
8. Keep the body clean and
well groomed and protect
the integument.
9. Avoid dangers in the
environment and avoid
injuring others.
10. Communicate with
others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears,
or opinions.
11. Worship according to
one's faith.
12. Work in such a way
that there is a sense of
accomplishment.
13. Play or participate in
various forms of
recreation.
14. Learn, discover, or
satisfy the curiosity
that leads to normal
development and health
and use the available
health facilities.
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