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Recently, it has been reported that HupA could reduce neuronal cell death caused by
glutamate. The dual bio-activities of HupA would further enhance its value and potentiality as the
therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease.
Me
7 H
8
Huperzine A
9 10 N
Me 11 1
O [5R-(5α,9β,11E)]-5-amino-11-ethlidene-5,6,9,10-tetrahydro-
5
7-methyl-5,9-methanocycloocta [b] pyridin-2(1H)-one
13 NH 2
4 3
crude HupA was crystallized from acetone to give HupA donepezil. HupA has the highest specificity for AChE.
d
with a mp 229-30C and [α]25 –150.4 (c 0.498, MeOH). A Lineweaver-Burke plot for HupA indicated a pattern
The average yield of HupA in plants is 0.011% [7, 8, 9]. of AChE inhibition of the mixed competitive type, as
the intersection of the lines occurred in the second
The structure and absolute configuration of HupA quadrant [13,15]. The Ki value of HupA was 24.9 nM.
were determined on the basis of NMR, IR, UV, CD data HupA was about 4-fold and 9-fold as potent as tacrine
and chemical transformations, and it was further and galanthamine, respectively, and was about 2-fold
confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis [10]. The less potent compared with donepezil [15]. The AChE
structure of HupA is very similar in many aspects to that activity did not exhibit progressive decrease with the
reported for selagine and isoselagine. Reinvestigation prolongation of incubation with HupA in vitro, and the
of these structures has revealed that the earlier AChE activity recovered to 94% of the control after 5
structural assignments for selagine and isoselagine are times washing, indicating the inhibitory manner of
incorrect. In fact, they are identical with HupA [11]. HupA was reversible [13,14].
IC50 µM
Cholinesterase inhibitors AChE (rat cortex) BuChE (rat serum) Inhibitory pattern Ki * (nM)
reached at 30 - 60 min and maintained for 360 min parietal cortex [16,17,18]. Considering that ACh level is
following administration of HupA (Fig.1 ) [16,17,18]. particularly low in the cerebral cortex of patients with
Repeated doses of HupA showed no significant AD, this particularly regional specificity produced by
difference on the AChE inhibition as compared to that HupA may constitute a therapeutic advantage. HupA
of single dose, indicating no tolerance to HupA also caused significant increase of brain
occurred [18,20]. norepinephrine and dopamine levels following either
systemic administration or local administration through
the microdialysis [21]. These effects may involved in
memory improvement of HupA, since there was
evidence of interaction between cholinergic and
monoaminergic system in the control of cognition [23].
Wittig Me
H
olefination
N H
Me O
N
NH 2 O
Curtius O
1 rearrangement COOMe
O
Fig. (2). Effects of huperzine A in aged monkeys. Saline or
Me
huperzine A was administered intramuscularly 20 min before
H
testing. Huperzine A produced a dose-related improvement in N OMe
the delayed response performance of aged monkeys (n = 4).
Values represent mean + S.E.M. number of trials correct out N OMe
of a possible 30 trials. O
H
Clinical trials have been demonstrated that HupA O O OMe
significantly improves cognition in junior middle school COOMe
students complaining of memory inadequacy [34], 2 3
patients suffering from aged related memory
dysfunction [35] or AD [36]. Peripheral cholinergic side Scheme 1.
effects at cognitively efficacious dose of HupA are not
detected. The β−keto ester functionalities in key intermediate
2 would provide not only an activating group for the
construction of three-carbon bridge by tandem
Fig. (3). Effects of ChE inhibitors on AF64A-induced working memory deficit in a partially baited radial maze paradigm in rats.
** P < 0.01 vs non-lesioned group, ++ P < 0.01 vs AF64A-lesioned, saline drug control.
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 359
Me O
Me
R
R2 O
O
NH
Me O
O O O
NH 2 R1 R
1 4 5
Scheme 2.
Michael-aldol reaction, but also the latent groups for the further employed to prepare some pyridone ring
formation of both ethylidene substitution by Wittig opening analogues. However, there is no report on the
reaction and amino group via Curtius rearrangement of total synthesis of HupA itself and the preparation of the
the acid from ester 2 . Endocyclic double bond may be desired heterocyclic analogues using functionalized
formed by dehydration of the aldol product. The bicyclo [3.3.1]nonane derivatives as key intermediates.
pyridone ring could be protected as a stable methoxy
pyridine. Based on the synthetic strategy in Scheme 1 ,
the total synthesis of racemic and natural HupA was Synthesis of β−Keto Ester
accomplished starting from β−keto ester 2 which
A number of methods have been developed for the
usually occurs in enol form 3 .
preparation of the key intermediate, β−keto ester 2 ,
Another approach to HupA is to construct the from different starting materials.
functionalized bicyclo [3.3.1]nonane derivative 4 first,
Me Me Me
CH 2
HO
O O
O O
O O
Me Me Me
O
NHCOOMe COOMe SOPh COOMe
6 7 8 9
followed by the formation of the fused pyridone ring From 1,4-Cyclohexanedione Mono-ethylene
(Scheme 2 ). Compound 4 could be obtained from α− Ketal 10
carbomethoxy- or phenylsulfinyl cyclohexane-1,4-
dione monoketal 5 . A couple of bicyclo [3.3.1]nonane The fused 2−pyridone l2 was prepared by heating
or nonene compounds 6, 7, 8 and 9 were prepared the enamine1 1 derived from mono-ethylene ketal 1 0
[37, 38, 39, 40]. These intermediates have been with acrylamide followed by hydrolysis. The resulting
H
N OMe
O O HC CCOOCH 3 N O Ag2CO3
O
NH3 / MeOH O MeI
O
O
13
O 10 12
I, H+ 2, (MeO) 2 CO
KH
pyrrolifdine
p-TsOH HC CCONH2
N OMe
N
O O
11
O COOMe
2
Scheme 3.
360 Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 Bai et al.
Me N O Me N OMe N OMe
1, MeI/Ag2 CO3 1, PhLi/HCHO ClCH2
2, LAH 2, SOCl2
EtOOC HOCH2 ClCH2
14
MeO 2C N OMe N OMe
1, NaCN/DMSO
NaH
2, HCl/MeOH MeO 2C
THF O
COOMe
15 O3 /NaOH 2
O Br
N N OMe
Me N OMe
N O Me N OMe
1, LDA/AllyIBr
Br
2, n-BuLi/CuI/AllyIBr
Br
16 17
Scheme 4.
mixture of unsaturated lactams was N-benzylated and which reacted with phenyllithium and formaldehyde
then dehydrogenated by α−selenation and oxidative yielding diol followed by conversion of diol into
elimination, yielding N-benzylpyridone which was dichloride. Treatment of dichloride with sodium cyanide
debenzylated by hydrogenolysis to afford pyridone and methanolysis of the resulting dicyanide gave
1 2 . The pyridone ring in 1 2 proved to be sensitive in diester 1 5 . Dieckmann condensation of 1 5 afforded
subsequent steps, and was protected by conversion to the key intermediate 2 . The overall yield was 39% via 7
methoxypyridine 1 3 with methyl iodide and silver step sequence of reactions (Scheme 4 ) [44]. The key
carbonate. Hydrolysis of the ketal and α− step in this approach is to construct two appending
carbomethoxylation with potassium hydride and carbomethoxy side chains. 2-Methoxy-6-
dimethyl carbonate produced β− keto ester 2 [41]. This methylpyridine 1 6 was also used as a starting material
route was somewhat laborious. Therefore, Kozikowski for the preparation of diester 1 5 . Bromination of 1 6
and his coworkers examined alternate routes to 2− with 1, 3-dibromo-5.5-dimethyl hydantoin gave desired
pyridone l2 and found that a one-pot, three- bromide. Twice allylation of bromide formed compound
component condensation was the best one. By simply 1 7 . An oxidative cleavage of two double bonds in 1 7
admixing mono-ethylene ketal 10 and methyl followed by esterification gave rise to diester 1 5 in an
propiolate in ammonia-saturated methanol in a Parr overall yield of 41% (Scheme 4 ) [45].
reactor at 100 C, 2−pyridone l2 was obtained in a yield
of 70% (Scheme 3 ) [42]. Compound 1 2 was also From Dimethyl 4-oxopimelate
produced by the reaction of enamine 1 1 and
Yang et al developed a four step approach to β−keto
propynamide in THF or DMF at 80C in a yield of 75-80%
ester 2 from readily available dimethyl 4-oxopimelate
[43].
1 8 (Scheme 5 ). The enamine 1 9 was directly
From Pyridine Derivatives condensed with propynamide to give pyridone 2 0 with
two desirable carbomethoxy side chains. After O-
Ji group reported that β−keto ester 2 was obtained methylation, Dieckmann condensation of diester 1 5
from ethyl 2-methyl-6-hydroxy-nicotinate 1 4 . Selective gave 2 in 39% overall yield [46].
O-methylation and reduction of 1 4 afforded alcohol,
O
pyrrolidine HC CCONH2
N
MeOOC COOMe TiCl4
18 MeOOC COOMe
19
Me Me
RO
N OMe 1, methacrolein AcONa
MeONa AcOH
N N
2, MsCl OMe 130o C OMe
O Et3N O O
COOMe COOMe
COOMe
21 R = H 23
2 22 R = Ms
Me Me
COOMe COOH
24 25
Me
(PhO)2 P(O)N 3 1, Me3SiCl, Nal
CH3 CN
EtOH (±)-1
N 2, KOH, toluene
Me OMe 18-crown-6 ether
NHCO 2Et
26
Scheme 6.
CH 2 CH 2 CH 2
EtC(O)SPh Me
N LDA N SiO2 N
OMe H OMe Me OMe
O toluene
O O
COOMe COOMe COOMe
27 28 29
Scheme 7.
362 Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 Bai et al.
R1
R
N
30 R = OH, R1 = H
N OMe
31 R = H, R1 = OH
OMe 33 R = OAc, R1 = H O
O COOMe
COOMe
32
via [2+2] cycloreversion reaction may represent a the mixture of mesylates of resultant aldol adducts
practical method instead of Wittig reaction and double obtained by this reaction in the presence of different
bond isomerization in the synthesis of HupA. bases was subjected to the elimination respectively,
the endocyclic olefine was obtained in a wide range of
The low yield of endocyclic alkene 2 3 is related to 19-68% yields. The big difference in yields probably
the configurations of mesylates 2 2 , since the mesyloxy depends upon the different ratio of four diastereomers
group and the adjacent hydrogen in 2 2 may not adopt in aldol adducts formed under different reaction
a trans-diaxial orientation for base-induced elimination conditions [51].
to alkene2 3 [38]. In the preparation of HupA
analogues by author’s group, acrolein was used in Based on the elimination mechanism, Yang et al.
Michael-aldol reaction, two aldol products were reported that when mesylates 2 2 were treated with
separated by column chromatography to produce axial 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) and
hydroxyl compound 3 0 and equatorial hydroxyl sodium iodide in DMF at 100-110C, the yields of the
compound 3 1 . They were converted into mesylates, desired alkene 2 3 was increased to 47-57%[52].
which were eliminated in acetic acid with sodium
malonate at 130 C respectively. The expected product To avoid the low yielding step of elimination in
3 2 was only formed from axial mesylate. However, SN2 Scheme 6 , a palladium-catalyzed bicycloannulation of
reaction occurred with equatorial mesylate to give axial 1-carbomethoxy-2-tetralone with a bifunctional allylic
acetate 3 3 [50]. Now it is evident that only axial agent, 2-methylene-1, 3-propanediol diacetate 3 4 was
mesylate in the mixture of 2 2 could be eliminated to reported by Gravel et al. [53]. The regioselective
form olefine 2 3 , and the equatorial mesylate would be double bond migration completed the construction of
substituted in acetic acid to form axial acetate. three-carbon bridge in 70-80 yields.
In the course of the studies of stereoselective On the basis of this report, the palladium-catalyzed
synthesis of HupA via Michael-aldol reaction, a variety bicycloannulation of β−keto ester 2 using
of chiral bases were tested by Terashima et al.. When tetramethylguanidine (TMG) as a base and 2-
CH 2
CH 2
CH 2
N OMe
AcO OAc
34 N
N
Me OMe
OMe
O Pd(OAc) 2, Ph3 P
TMG O
COOMe NH 2
COOMe
2 27 35
TfOH TfOH
Me
(±)-1
N
OMe
O
COOMe
23
Scheme 8.
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 363
Me Me
1, Et3N
(S)-MTPA-Cl 1, Jones oxidation
N MeO N
2, column MeO 2, MeI, DBU
chromatography CH 3CN
3, LAH
Me
CH 2OH CH 2OH
Me
(Z)-(±)-36 (Z)-36
Me
Me
1, olefin Me
isomerization
N H
N 2, hydrolysis MeO Me
MeO
N
O Me
Me COOH
COOMe
(Z)-37 NH 2
(E) -25
(+)-1
Scheme 9.
Ph
Me
N OMe N OMe
1, Michael-aldol reaction,
R*= R*OH TMG
O O N
H+ 2, dehydration, OMe
3, chromatographic
COOMe H separation O
O OR*
COOR*
Me
2
38 39
Me
Me
Scheme 10.
smoothly at –10 C for 10.5 days . After dehydration of ligand (R)-(S)-4 3 and TMG in 1,2-dimethoxyethane at –
the adducts, endo-olefine (+)-2 3 was obtained in 64% 30C followed by gradual warming to 15C. The bridged
ee. The enantiomerically pure (+)-2 3 was readily compound (+)-27 was yielded in 64% ee and 92%
obtained by recrystallization of the product from yield. The enantiomer (-)-2 7 with 63% ee was also
hexane, and converted into (-)-HupA according to the afforded using the enantiomeric ligand (S)-(R) –4 3 .
reaction sequence reported for (±)-HupA. Enantiomer Both enantiomers were converted to the endocyclic
(-)-2 3 was similarly prepared in 61% ee using (+)- olefines 2 3 by double bond migration with triflic acid.
cinchonine as chiral catalyst [51, 58]. Enantiomeric enrichment was performed by
recrystallization of optically crude product from hexane
via Enantioselective Palladium-catalyzed to give optically pure (+)-2 3 and (-)-2 3 respectively.
Bicycloannulation Following the reaction steps reported for the
preparation of (±)-HupA, the natural (-)-HupA and
Terashima and his coworkers investigated the
unnatural (+)-HupA were finally furnished [51,59].
bicycloannulation of the β-keto ester 2 with 2-
methylene-1,3-propanediol diacetate 34 in the The author’s group has been also interested in the
presence of palladium catalyst with chiral ligands synthesis of (-)-HupA by palladium-catalyzed
(Scheme 1 1 ). They first examined various asymmetric bicycloannulation. Different bifunctional
bisphosphines as chiral ligands of palladium, but no allylic esters 4 4 and chiral ligands were tested. A 52%
promising results were observed. When a couple of ee of 2 7 induced by (S)-2,2’-bis(diphenylphosphino)-
ferrocenylphosphine ligands carrying appropriate linker 1,1’- binaphthyl (BINAP) was observed [60]. More
chains were tested, they found the most effective recently, a few of new chiral ferrocenylphosphine
ligand (R)-(S)-4 3 . The reaction of 2 and 3 4 was carried ligands have been developed for the allylic
out in the presence of palladium diacetate, the chiral bicycloannulation. Compound (+)-2 7 has been
NH
OH
R R
N
N N RO OR1
Me
44
Ph Ph PPh2
Fe
R= R1
= COPh
PPh2
41 R = Me (R)-(S)-43 R = Ac, R1 = CO2 Me
42 R = 2,4,6-trimethyl-benzyl-
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 365
Me
CH 2
CH 2
N OMe
AcO OAc
1, TfOH
34 N N
O OMe OMe
2, recryst.
Pd(OAc)2, TMG
O O
COOMe (R)-(S)-43
COOMe COOMe
2
(+)-27 (+)-23
(-)-1
Scheme 11.
obtained in 80% ee and 90% chemical yield. Optically the preparation of both structurally simplified analogues
pure (+)-2 3 was furnished in 70% yield after and derivatives with the tricyclic skeleton of Hup A.
recrystallization. The synthetic (-)-HupA obtained from
(+)-2 3 possesses the same anti-AChE potency as In comparison with the flexible chain structure of
natural HupA [61]. ACh, there is no conformational isomers of HupA
because of the rigidity of the bridged ring structure.
However, the computer-generated superposition of
Studies on the Structure-activity Hup A and ACh suggested that HupA possessed the
Relationships basic structural features of ACh. The amino nitrogen
atom in HupA would attract a proton in vivo to form a
The stereoselectivities of the inhibition of rat cortical positively charged center, it is as distant from the
AChE by two enantiomers of Hup A were first carbonyl of the pyridone ring as the quaternary
determined by McKinney et al. [62]. The natural (-)-Hup nitrogen atom is from the ester carbonyl in ACh. It is
A is the more potent one with a Ki value of 8nM, and apparent that a reasonable structural similarity can be
(+)-HupA is 38-fold less potent with a Ki value of 300 found between the nitrogen, oxygen and carbonyl in
nM. Racemic Hup A is about 2-fold less potent than (-)- ACh with the corresponding amino nitrogen, nitrogen
Hup A. The comparison of the inhibitory effects of two and carbonyl in HupA.. Therefore, 5-aminomethyl-2
enantiomers and racemate of HupA on AChE was (1H)-pyridone part of HupA may constitute a
made by Tang et al. [17]. The (±)-Hup A is 3 times less pharmacophoric moiety [1,48].
potent than (-)-HupA in vitro using rat hippocampal
crude homogenates as the enzyme resource. The ratio
of potencies for (-), (±), and (+)-HupA is 70:3:1, which is Structurally Simplified Analogues of HupA
comparable to those reported by MicKinney et al.
Several types of the simplified analogues were
As a promising lead compound, scientists have designed and prepared. All of them possess the
been much interested in the chemical modification of supposed pharmacophoric moiety of HupA.
Hup A for the search of new analogues or derivatives,
5-Substituted aminomethyl-2(1H)-pyridones 4 5
which may possess high activity, longer duration of
[3,48,63,64], 5-substituted amino-5,6,7,8-
action, less toxicity, and could be prepared by simpler
tetrahydroquinolinones 4 6 , 47 [63,64,65,66]and 5-
and efficient approaches as compared with HupA itself.
substituted aminoquinolinones 4 8 [67] were prepared
In recent 10 years, major efforts have been devoted to
and tested successively. None of the conformationally
H R
N O N O
CH 2CH=CMe2
N N O
R3 N R = H, alkyl
R1 46a: Ar=3,4-dichlorophenyl
R R1 R = H, alkyl R1 = H, alkyl 46b: Ar=2-chlorophenyl
R2
R2 = H, alkyl, arylakyl 46c: Ar=3-chlorophenyl
R1 = H, alkyl 46
45 46d: Ar=4-hydroxyphenyl
R3 = H, alkyl NH(CH2) 2 Ar
366 Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 Bai et al.
R Me
H N O
N O R
Me
CH2
Me R2
R1
Me NH 2 NHR1
49a: R 1=R 2=H, R=OAc
47 48 49b: R1 =R2 =H, R=NH2
R = H, CH 2Ph 49c: R 1=R 2=Me, R=nicotinoyloxy
R1 = (CH 2) nAr 49d: R1 =H, R2 =C(O)Bu-n,
R=OCONMe2
more flexible aminomethypyridones 4 5 was found to The single ring analogues 4 9 derived from HupA by
be an AChE inhibitor. Analogues 4 6 were designed as the removal of the bridge and the opening of pyridone
simplified analogues of HupA without bridge moiety. ring, and by the replacement of amide group with the
Among them compounds 4 6 a -d inhibited AChE in isosteric ester group as well were also reported [68].
vitro markedly, whereas they were less active than (±)- The anti-AChE activities of these compounds were at
HupA. Compound 4 6 a and 4 6 d also showed the least 1000 times less active than (-)-Hup A.
ability to reverse scopolamine-induced memory
impairment in mice. Because these compounds lack In addition, several bridged ring analogues 50a-c
the unsaturated three-carbon bridge of HupA, and [40,37] derived from the opening of pyridone ring of
both the quinolinone nitrogen atom and the amino HupA were prepared, and the inhibitory activities of
group must be substituted, it is unlikely that they bind 5 0 a and 5 0 b dropped down dramatically. The
to AChE in a similar fashion as HupA [65]. bioactivity of 5 0 c is not reported yet.
Compound 4 7 is derived from the removal of the All these structurally extensively simplified
three-carbon bridge of HupA, and was at least 4727- analogues mentioned above were found to be inactive
fold less active than (±)-HupA [66]. It clearly or less active in the inhibition of AChE. It means that the
demonstrates the necessity of the bridge ring in Hup A, conformational constraints, hydrophobic binding, steric
since compound 4 7 mimics the quinolinone portion of and electrostatic fields provided by the unsaturated
HupA quite well. The aminoquinolinones 48 showed bridge and fused pyridone ring in HupA must involve in
no inhibitory activity at all. its AChE inhibitory activity.
Me
CH 2
OCONMe2
R
Me
CH2 NH 2
NMe2
50c
50a: R=nicotinoyloxy
50b: R=nicotinamido
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 367
Derivatives from Natural (-)-Hup A All these optical active derivatives were tested for
their inhibitory activities of AChE from rat erythrocyte
Some dozens of derivatives using (-)-Hup A as the membrane over a concentration range from 1 nmol. L-1
starting material were prepared, i.e. alkylamino-, to 10 mmol. L-1. The IC50 for AChE by these
acylamino-,1-alkyl-,3-bromo-,dihydro-and tetrahydro- compounds revealed that most of them were less
derivatives, and Schiff base of Hup A. (Fig. 4 ) active than (-)-HupA itself, except a few of Schiff bases
AChE BuChE
AChE BuChE
NH 25.1 /
NH
O
O 0.0631 63.1
NH 2
NHCOCH2
NH NH
O 158 11000 O 1.58 56.2
CH 3
N
NHCH2
CH 3
CH 3
NH
N 0.631 200
O 316 11000 O
N
N CH 3 CH C3H7
CH 3
NH
O 1.58 /
NH
NH
O 0.2 15.8
NH 2
H2C
O
NH NH
O O 0.891 398
3.16 50.1
NH 2 NH
CH 2OH
CH 2 N
NH
HO CH 2
O 3160 11000
NHCOCH3
NH
1.00 100
O
NH
NHCH2
O 7.94 166
N
NH 2
Br
Fig. (4). IC50 (µM) of anti-ChE activities by (-)-HupA analogues on rat erythrocyte membrane AChE and rat serum BuChE.
368 Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 Bai et al.
5 1 . The anti-AChE activities and selectivities between ring skeleton and only to alter or remove certain atoms
AChE and BuChE of 5 1 a and 5 1 b are comparable to or groups in Hup A. The first example was a benzene
(-)-Hup A [69,70], Hydrogenation of the exocyclic isostere 5 2 , which was at least 1000-fold less potent
double bond or both exo- and endocyclic double than (-)-Hup A. (±)-Z-HupA 5 3 , a geometric isomer of
bonds in Hup A led to a diminution of anti-AChE HupA was 60-fold less potent than (-)-Hup A [71,72].
activity.
In order to make an evaluation of the contribution of
the endocyclic double bond, C-14 and C-12 methyl
Me groups to the activity of HupA, compounds 5 4 a -f and
Me
5 5 a -i were prepared by Kozikowski group and author’s
group, respectively [48,50,55]. Unfortunately, none of
NH these compounds is an effective AChE inhibitor. The
Me O dinor HupA 5 5 a and nor HupA 5 5 b are 3500- and 30-
Me fold less potent than (-)-HupA respectively. The
N=CHR ethylidene moiety modifiers 55c, 55g and 5 5 h were
NH 2
51a: R=C3 H7 much less active too, and 5 5 f showed a 40-fold lower
52 potency than (±) Hup A. The 12-phenyl 5 5 d ,
51b: R=
dimethylamino 5 5 e and aminomethyl 5 5 i analogues
were all poorly active.
NR 2
NH 2
Analogues Bearing the Bridged Tricyclic 1
55a: R=R =R =H 2
Skeleton of Hup A 55i
55b: R=R 2=H, R 1 =Me
1 2
55c: R=H, R =Me, R =Et
Although a number of the chemical modification to 55d: R=H, R 1 = Ph, R2=Me
Hup A and the anti-AChE activities of these 55e: R=R1 =R2 =Me
compounds have been reported including alterations 55f: R=H, R 1=Me, R2 =CH2 OH
of amino group, three-carbon bridge, ethylidene side 55g: R=H, R 1 =Me, R2= CO2 Et
chain, and the endocyclic double bond, no analogues 55h: R=H, R 1 =Me, R2= CN
thus obtained has achieved the anti-AChE potency as
parent compound HupA. It is unlikely that a more
potent analogue could be found by means of the The demethylated and hydroxylated analogues
extensively structural simplification of HupA. 5 6 a , 56b [73], and 1-methyl pyridone analogues 5 7 a
and 5 7 b were much less effective on anti-AChE
R activity than (-)-HupA [74]. 1-Methyl substitution of
Me
HupA would impede the formation of H-bond of the
pyridone nitrogen atom to the protein residue. Actually,
1-methyl- (-)-HupA was less active by two order of
NH
NH
O
magnitude than (-)-HupA [75].
O R1
NH 2 HO R
NH 2
Me 54a: R=ax Me, R =Me 1
53
54b: R=eq Me, R 1=Me
NH
54c: R=H, R 1=Me NMe
O
1
54d: R=R =H O
CH2 R1
54e: R=ax NH2 , R1=Me
NH 2
54f: R=eq NH2, R 1=Me NH 2
56a: R=ax OH 57a: R=R1 =H
56b: R=eq OH
57b: R=Me, R1 =H
In the meantime, many attempts have been made in
57c: R=R1 =Me
the chemical modification of Hup A to retain the tricyclic
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 369
Me CH 2
NMe NH
O O
NH Me
O
Me
NH 2 NH 2
58 59 60
A cyclopropane bearing analogue 5 8 was surprising to find that they are less active than (±)-
synthesized, but its biological activity is not reported HupA. However, it is unexpected that 6 1 is even more
yet [76]. Diamine 5 9 and di-exo-double bonds less active than 6 2 . In fact, the structure of 6 1 is more
analogue 6 0 were 88- and 22-fold less potent than (±)- closely related to HupA. The studies on the pyrimidone
HupA respectively [55]. analogues revealed that even a minor alteration of the
HupA structure via the replacement of CH in pyridone
The replacement of the pyridone ring in HupA by a ring by N caused a major decrease in anti-AChE activity.
pyrimidone or other heterocyclic ring may lead to an A thiazolone analogue 6 4 was ineffective either [78].
analogue having improved AChE inhibitory potency
due to its ability to form an additional H-bond. The phenol and catechol analogues of HupA,
Kozikowski group prepared compound 6 1 , 6 2 , the compounds 6 5 a , 6 5 b , were recently reported by
Me Me
Me
NH NH
NH H2N H2N
O
O N
Me
N
N
NH 2
Me Me
61 62 63
pyrimidone analogues of both HupA and iso-HupA, Kozikowski group [79]. Surprisingly, no AChE
and 6 3 , the pyrazole analogues of iso-HupA as well inhibition of both compounds was observed.
[49,77]. None of these analogues was found to be an
active AChE inhibitor. In view of the relatively dramatic It is well recognized that introduction of fluorine
structural alterations in compound 6 2 and 6 3 , it is not atom into bio-active compounds frequently improves
their therapeutic profiles. Five fluorinated analogues
Me R1
Me
R
NH
NH Me R1 O
R
Me O
S NH 2 NH 2
NH 2
65a: R=H, R 1=OH
66a: R=Me, R1 =CH2F
64 65b: R=R 1=OH
66b: R=Me, R1 =CF3
66c: R=CF3 , R1 =Me
66d: R=CF 3, R 1=CF3
66e: R=CH2 F, R1=Me
370 Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 Bai et al.
Me R
N N
Me
NH 2 NH 2
68a: R=Me
67 68a: R=Et
6 6 a - e were reported by Terashima group and Ji group 69a was obtained from 2.2-dimethyl-1.4-
respectively [80,81,82,83,84]. However, all the cyclohexanedione mono-ethylene ketal via the
fluorinated analogues had the inhibitory activities reaction sequence reported for the preparation of
inferior to that of HupA. HupA. Using AChE purified from FBS, the kinetic and
inhibition parameters demonstrated that 10.10-
Seventeen polycyclic compounds structurally dimethyl analogue of HupA was comparable in the
related to tacrine and HupA were prepared as the inhibitory activity to (±) HupA, but less active than
hybrids of both molecules by Camps et al. [85]. Hybrid natural (-) HupA [87]
compound 6 7 exhibited an AChE inhibitory activity
approximately 2.5 times lower than tacrine. The The C-10 axial methyl compound 6 9 c showed 8-
configuration of the ethylidene group is critical, since fold potency for AChE inhibition, and the equatorial
the Z-isomer of 6 7 showed a much lower activity. methyl compound 6 9 b is about 1.5-fold less active
Compound 6 8 a and 6 8 b derived from 6 7 by than (±) HupA (Table 2). The axial alkyl groups larger
elimination of the ethylidene unit were 2 and 4 times than methyl, for example, the ethyl analogue was 100-
more potent than tacrine respectively. Their inhibitory fold less active than (±) HupA. The C-10 n-propyl
activity was not directly compared with HupA. Camps et analogue was inactive at all [88]. The C-10 methyl HupA
al. [86] have also developed an enantioselective was prepared from 2-methyl-1.4-cyclohexanedione
approach to these molecules, but the bio-assay data of mono-ethylene ketal via the previously reported route
the enantiomers of compound 6 8 a and 6 8 b have not to HupA. The axial and equatorial methyl isomers could
been reported yet. be separated by fractional crystallization of the acid 7 0
[88].
Although quite a number of analogues and
derivatives of HupA have been successively reported In exploring further modification at this position of
during last 10 years, but none of these compounds is HupA, a 10-spirocyclopropyl analogue 7 1 was
able to compete with natural (-)-HupA in its AChE prepared in an optically active form [89]. Compound (-)-
inhibitory activity until 1996. 7 1 was found to be nearly as active as natural (-)-HupA
(Table 3 ). According to the synthetic route to (-)-HupA,
Recently, in the continuation of structure-activity (-)-10-spirocyclopropyl HupA 7 1 was synthesized from
relationships studies on HupA, Kozikowski and his 2-spirocyclopropyl-1,4-cyclohexanedione mono-
coworkers have identified several C-10 methyl ethylene ketal by a diastereoselective Michael-aldol
analogues that showed the similar or even better anti- reaction, using (-)-8-phenylmenthol as a chiral auxiliary.
AChE activities than (±) HupA. 10.10-Dimethyl HupA
Table 2. Ki Values for the Inhibition of FBS AChE and Equine BuChE by HupA and Its C-10 Methyl
Analogues
(+)-HupA 0.024 24
*dissociation constant
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 371
Table 3. Ki Values for the Inhibition of FBS The interaction between fluorinated analogues 6 6 b
AChE by HupA and Its C-10 and the active site of TcAChE was simulated by
Analogues
molecular dynamic simulation method. It was found that
C-12 methyl group in HupA could form weak H-bonds
Compound Ki*/nM
with the phenol oxygen of Tyr 121 and the main-chain
oxygen of Gly 118 in the active site of AChE [92].
(-)-HupA 3.9
Me
Me
Me
R
NH
O Me NH
Me O
NH Me
R1 O
Me
NH 2
NH 2
69a: R=R1 =Me COOH
70 71
69b: R=Me, R1 =H
69c: R=H, R 1=Me
The molecular modeling and docking studies of the 295 and probably Trp 86 was likely to offer a multi-
C-10 methyl analogues to the X-ray crystal structure of contact sub-site that interacted with the ammonium
TcAChE revealed that the C-10 axial methyl pointed to group and both exo- and endocyclic double bonds of
a hydrophobic region of the residues, while the HupA [94].
equatorial methyl was directed to a less favorable
hydrophilic region. The hydrophobic-hydrophilic Hitherto, a variety of HupA analogues have been
contact of C-10 equatorial methyl group was not designed and prepared so far using trivial and rational
beneficial to the overall binding energy. structural modification by several groups, the docking
studies of these analogues to the X-ray crystal structure
A 3D-QSAR analysis for 10 analogues of HupA by of TcAChE by Kozikowski et al. demonstrated the
molecular modeling and comparative molecular field importance of lipophilic substituents capable of
analysis method indicated a good conventional providing additional hydrophobic contacts, which could
statistical correlation between the 3D-structures of increase the anti-AChE potency of the analogues [88].
these compounds and their anti-AChE activities [91].
372 Current Medicinal Chemistry, 2000, Vol. 7, No. 3 Bai et al.
NMDA = N-Methyl-D-aspartate
Future Directions TMG = Tetramethylguanidine
At present, many analogues of HupA have been MTPA-Cl = α-Methoxy-α−(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-
prepared, but neither the simplified analogues nor the acetyl chloride
derivatives from the natural HupA possess the anti-
AChE potency as HupA itself. Although C-10 axial LAH = Lithium aluminium hydride
methyl, C-10 dimethyl and C-10 spirocyclopropyl
analogues of HupA have been found to have DBU = 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene
comparable or somewhat more potent anti-AChE
ee = Enantiomer excess
activities than HupA, the preparation of these
analogues are quite laborious, and the costs will be BINAP = 2, 2’- Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1, 1’-
even more expensive than natural HupA. binaphthyl
The structure-based SAR studies of HupA should R = rectus (right)
be valuable for the rational design of new analogues of
HupA with improved therapeutic profile in future. S = sinister (left)
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