Clinical Chemistry 2

LABORATORY / WEEK 10 / VIDEO-BASED

INTRODUCTION TO ENDOCRINOLOGY HORMONE ROLES

TOPIC OUTLINE HORMONE ROLES

1 Introduction 1 Stress response
2 Hormone Roles
3 Composition and Structure HORMONES SUCH AS:
4 Hormonal Interaction 1 Cortisol → Known as fight
5 Pattens of Hormone Communication 2 Epinephrine or flight hormones

INTRODUCTION 2 Homeostasis

HORMONES SUCH AS:

1 Insulin → For glucose
2 Glucagon homeostasis
3 Cortisol
4 Antidiuretic → Involved in
Hormone (ADH) regulating blood
volume

3 Sexual maturation and reproductive process

HORMONES SUCH AS
1 Testosterone
2 Estrogen

4 Growth and development of the body

HORMONES SUCH AS
1 Growth Hormone
2 Tropic → such as atropine,
hormones corticotropin

5 Energy production and stabilize metabolic rate

ENDOCRINOLOGY 6 Promote or inhibit other hormones
→ Study of the processes involved in the regulation
and integration of cells and organ systems by HORMONES SUCH AS
hormones
1 Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (GHRH)
→ Group of ductless glands that secrete hormones 2 Dopamine
→ Includes:
o Hypothalamus
o Pituitary gland
COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE
o Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
o Adrenal Gland
TYPES OF HORMONES
o Ovaries and Testes
(1) Peptide/Protein Hormones
o Pancreas
(2) Steroid Hormones
HORMONES
(3) Amino Acid Derived Hormones
→ chemical signals produced by specialized cells
secreted into the blood stream
→ can either be protein or lipid in nature PEPTIDE/PROTEIN HORMONES
→ carried to a target site (organ or tissue) of action SYNTHESIS → synthesized in the rough ER, in
either free or protein bound the ribosomes as a prehormone or
→ often carried by serum proteins a preprohormone (which means
→ necessary for normal growth, development, they are not yet activated)
reproduction, and homeostasis STORAGE → stored in vesicles of the cells of
respective endocrine gland

CARANDANG CGC 1
Clinical Chemistry 2
LABORATORY / WEEK 10 / VIDEO-BASED
RECEPTOR → in the cell membrane of the → derived mainly from amino acid
SITE target cell such as:
ACTION → destined for secretion outside the o Tyrosine
cell o Tryptophan
OTHER → hydrophilic in nature EXAMPLES
PROPERTIES Include → Epinephrine
EXAMPLES → Norepinephrine
Glycoprotein → carbohydrate-protein complex o Peptide-like AA derived
o Follicle stimulating → Triiodothyronine (T3)
hormone (FSH) → Thyroxine (T4)
o Human chorionic o Steroid-like AA derived
gonadotropin (hCG)
o Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
o Erythropoietin
Polypeptides → made entirely of protein
o Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
o Insulin
o Glucagon
o Somatostatin
o ADH
o Angiotensin
o Parathyroid Hormone
(PTH)
o Calcitonin
o Growth Hormone
o Cholecystokinin
o Gastrin
o Oxytocin
o Prolactin

STEROID HORMONES
SYNTHESIS → synthesized in the smooth ER NOTE
→ derived from cholesterol as their → Hormones in the endocrine cell can only act on
precursor substance their target cell via the receptors either in the
STORAGE → no storage form cytoplasm or on the nucleus
RECEPTOR → nucleus of the target cell
SITE HORMONAL INTERACTION
ACTION → onset of action is slower than the
peptide hormones and lasts longer TYPES OF HORMONAL INTERACTION
OTHER → hydrophobic in nature SYNERGISTIC → 2 or more hormones are
PROPERTIES additive or complementary in
EXAMPLES effect
Include → Mineralocorticoids
o aldosterone EXAMPLE
→ Glucocorticoids → FSH and Luteinizing
o cortisol hormone (LH) complementary
→ Androgens effect on the development of
o testosterone the ovaries
→ Estrogens
ANTAGONISTIC → 1 hormone offsets another
AMINO ACID DERIVED HORMONES/ AMINES hormone
SYNTHESIS → function similar to steroid or
peptides EXAMPLE
→ synthesized in the cytoplasm → Insulin and Glucagon

CARANDANG CGC 2
Clinical Chemistry 2
LABORATORY / WEEK 10 / VIDEO-BASED
→ increase in concentration of
insulin attenuates secretion of
glucagon and vice versa like a
“see saw”

PERMISSIVE → 1 hormone enhance the

responsiveness of a target to
another hormone
EXAMPLE
→ T3/T4 enhances the target
cells of epinephrine
PARACRINE → hormones secreted by a cell and
POTENTIATION → 1 hormone increases the acts on nearby cells
REACTION action of another hormone
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE →Estrogen secreted by ovaries
→ Testosterone enhances the → Testosterone secreted by the
activity of the FSH Leydig cells

STIMULATORY → The presence of 1 hormone

REACTION stimulates the secretion of
another hormone’’

EXAMPLE
→ increase in prolactin
stimulates the secretion of
oxytocin

INHIBITORY → The presence of 1 hormone ENDOCRINE → hormone secreted by glandular cell

REACTION inhibits the secretion of another into blood and acts on distant cells
hormone
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE → Tropic hormones and
→ increase in prolactin Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
inhibits FSH/GnRH secreted by the distant pituitary
(Gonadotropin releasing gland and may act as far as the
hormone) ovary

NEURO- → hormone secreted by nerve cell

PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION ENDOCRINE (neuron) into blood and acts on
distant target cells
PATTERNS OF HORMONE COMMUNICATION
AUTOCRINE →hormone secreted by a cell and acts EXAMPLE
on that cell → Hypothalamic hormones
(releasing hormones)
EXAMPLE
→ Insulin when secreted by the
beta cells of the pancreas, it will
also act on the receptor of the beta
cells itself

CARANDANG CGC 3