SPECIE DISCOVERY
Australopithecus In 1975, remains of
Australopithecus
afarensis were
discovered in Hadar,
Ethiopia. It contains
fossils from nine adults
and four children, it was
dubbed the “First
Family” (Dorey, 2021).
Homo habilis Homo habilis had been
discovered in 1959 by a
team led by Louis and
Mary Leakey at Olduvai
Gorge in Tanzania
(Dorey, 2020).
Homo erectus In 1890 a Dutch army
surgeon, Eugéne
Dubois, began his quest
for old human bones on
Indonesian land of Java
and found first fossils
attributed to Homo
erectus (Rightmire,
n.d.).
Homo The first Neanderthal
neanderthalensis fossil was unearthed in
1829, although it was
only discovered in the
second half of the 19th
century as a probable
ancestor. Therefore, this
human ancestor is more
known than anyone
other (Dorey, 2021).
Homo sapiens Scientists believe that
Homo sapiens, lived
about 30,000 years ago
or a bit earlier. In 2003,
a partial skeleton was
found in a cave name
Pestera cu Oase in
Romania. It was part of
a young male who lived
about 15 to 16 years ago
(“Evolution of Modern
Humans: Early Modern
Homo sapiens,” n.d.).
TRAITS/ACHIEVEMENTS
Hendry (n.d.) states that Australopithecines (plural
of Australopithecus) were short and stocky apes
with long arms, broad waistlines, and chimp-like
faces. Its cranial vault (the top of its skull) was
quite domed, and its brain which is about the same
size as a chimp’s. Its face was more prominently
extended in males than in females.
Dorey (2020) demonstrates core tools, choppers,
and smaller flakes used as scrapers are case
studies of Mode 1 technology. They are widely
termed to as Oldowan stone tools although the
first examples were discovered in Tanzania’s
Oldovai Gorge.  
Hendry (n.d.) conclude that it was the first of our
ancestors to have human-like body structure, with
shorter arms and longer legs in part related to its
torso. It was the first known hominin to leave
Africa and were the first to cook food.
Neanderthals built and utilized a wide selection of
complex fire-controlled equipment, made and
worn clothes, competent hunters of animals as
well as ate plant food, and sometimes made
symbolic things. Evidence exists that Neanderthals
have purposefully buried their deceased,
occasionally even with offerings, such as flowers,
to their graves. No other primates or human
species ever exercised this advance, symbolic
behavior (“Homo neanderthalensis,” n.d.).
Homo sapiens made a wide variety of stone tools
including composite stone tools, fishhooks and
harpoons, bows and arrows, spear throwers and
sewing needles. “Prehistoric Homo sapiens also
made a variety and specialized tool” (“Homo
sapiens” n.d.).
1. What is the significance of human material remains and
artifactual evidences in interpreting cultural, social, political,
and economic processes?

Archaeology is the study of the human past using material remains.

Inscriptions helps us understand events that took place in the past better.
Archaeological records helps us understand how our ancestors used to live
and what they used to do for a living. They are crucial in the study of
anatomy, culture, and human history. Due to personal, symbolic, cultural,
religious, and/or spiritual views, human remains can sometimes cause
controversy and outrage the witnessing public. In addition, the discovery of
materials that may still exist after 10,000,000 years is extremely important
for discovering humanity’s historical capabilities to shift towards self-
sufficiency, enlightenment, intellectual cognition, development, enrichment,
enhancement, and well-being of Earthly humans (Schiappa, 2020).

2. What do you think is the foremost contributing factor why the

human has evolved into what he is right now?

Dr. Potts (n.d.) quote: “The period of human evolution has coincided
with environmental change, including cooling, drying, and wider climate
fluctuations over time” which states that Human evolution has paralleled
environmental change, such as cooling, drying, and larger climate
fluctuations over time. In addition, evolution has been studied since the
beginning of the 20th century, but how much does human evolution have to
do with natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, population mating structure
and culture? Evolutionary biologists believe that these factors are
significant, but they dispute which ones are the most important (“The Five
Forces Behind Human Evolution,”, n.d.).
 (1) Paleolithic Age
“Paleolithic groups developed increasingly complex tools and objects made of stone and
natural fibers”. Stone tools are maybe the first cultural artifacts that historians can use to
reconstruct Paleolithic people’s worlds. Paleolithic inhabitants, according to anthropologists,
hunted, foraged, and divided labor and resources in a communal structure. The importance of
stone tools was so great in the Paleolithic era that it spawned five separate periods in human
history. It was discovered with a large collection of stone and natural fiber tools, as well as a six-
foot longbow. The fact that crossed wide swatches of territory allows scientists to inter the early
use of language (“Paleolithic Technology, Culture, and Art”, n.d.).
(2) Neolithic Age
In the Near East, Neolithic hunter-gatherers embraced a more sedentary lifestyle,
strengthening their territorial awareness. Around this period, some settlements, such as Jericho,
were enclosed by a large wall and trench. There were also more general advances in the
fabrication of stone tools. Neolithic societies adopted new social structures as a result of their
permanent settlements. As Neolithic cultures’ subsistence tactics improved, the population of the
many sites grew. The social significance of people who managed and allocate food supplies has
grown. Tell Abu Hureyra, in northern Syria, has evidence for the transition from foraging to
cultivation. The site’s original settlers hunted gazelles, wild asses, and wild cattle. Evidence
shows that baked food made from stone flour is largely substituted with porridge and gravel
(Violatti, 2018).
(3) Copper Age
Copper was very certainly the first metal employed by ancient civilizations. The Copper
Age, also known as the Chalcolithic, was named for it. The bright red-brown metal has been
utilized in jewelry, instruments, bells, containers, lamps, amulets and mortar masks. In many
parts of the ancient world, copper could be obtained in its metallic form. The Balkans, the
Middle East, and the Near East were the first to use copper. Egypt and Europe eventually
followed suit and began producing copper artifacts of their own. Serbia has the earliest known
smelting site, which dates back to 5000 BCE. Early furnaces could only produce copper-rich
slag, which had to be processed in a clay crucible afterward. The more difficult copper sulphide
ores may be exploited with more technological advancements, particularly by the Romans. Many
ancient cultures used copper for jewelry and art pieces due to its gleaming red-orange sheen
when polished. From the Etruscans in Italy to the Moche civilization in South America, the metal
was employed for remarkably comparable instruments (Cartwright, 2017).
(4) Bronze Age
Humans began to work with metal for the first time during the Bronze Age. Early stone
tools and weaponry were quickly supplanted by bronze ones. The Sumerians, who lived in the
Middle East at the time, may have been the first to reach the Bronze Age. During the Bronze
Age, human accomplished numerous of technological advancements, including the development
of the first writing systems and the invention of the wheel. The Bronze Age lasted about 3300 to
1200 B.C. throughout the Middle East and parts of Asia, ending abruptly with the adjacent
demise of numerous major Bronze Age civilizations (“Bronze Age”, 2018). Lanuza and
Raymundo (2016) pointed out that Sumerians were the first to devise counting systems and
divide an hour into 60 minutes. They were also the first to create a sort of writing that could be
recorded (Hieroglyphs). The plow for farming was also invented and widely used in the Middle
East. Egyptians believe that gods are in charge of their daily life and that they must be appeased
with daily offerings in order for the city to be safe. The formation of city-states, or sovereign
cities, was an important development throughout this period. Egyptian kings were not reduced to
more human personas until 1554 BCE, when they were revered as pharaohs.
 (5) Iron Age
The Iron Age was a time in human history that began between 1200 and 600 B.C.,
depending on the region, and ended between 1200 and 600 B.C., following the Stone Age and
Bronze Age. People in much in Europe, Asia, and portions of Africa began producing tools and
weapons out of iron and steel during the Iron Age. The beginning of the Iron Age coincided with
a period of cultural decline for various nations, including Ancient Greece (“Iron Age”, 2018).
Lanuza and Raymundo (2016) pointed out that iron was discovered in Europe as a result of
cultural evolution. Iron ore was refined by the Hitites to make swords, pots, and other
necessities. The Greeks started employing shadow clocks, held Olympic sports, and bred
philosophers and scientists. Glass vessels were utilized in Egypt and Mesopotamia’s city states.
The alphabet was established by the Phoenicians, who spread it throughout Mesopotamia and
nearby city-states. They also introduced purple dye, the first color in history, to their trade
partners in Mesopotamia’s northwestern region, and the city of Rome was developed. A new
trend in power acquisition has emerged. The Assyrians began conquering cities across
Mesopotamia, paving the way for the rise of military empires. The Assyrians invaded Israel after
Mesopotamia. In addition, Greece established new colonies throughout the Mediterranean.
Because of the hatred of the oligarchs who dominated the city, one of Athens’ city-states
experienced far too many civil revolts. These continual revolutions ushered in a new
government, which revolutionized the city-state system from the Iron Age to the contemporary.
 (1) What are the differences in the many stages of man?
The incremental transition from simple to more complex forms is referred to as evolution.
Humans are said to have evolved from one primitive forms. Evolution is thought to have started
billion of years ago in the oceans. Darwin is credited with developing the theory of evolution.
Darwin stated in his book, “The Origin of Species”, that evolution has occurred as a result of
natural selection (“Evolution by Stages”, n.d.). Stages in Human Evolution:
 Dryopithecus
Both man and apes are thought to have descended from these predecessors. They
resided in China, Africa, Europe, and India, among other places. The oak wood apes belong to
the Dryopithecus genus. Because the tropical lowlands where Dryopithecus lived were densely
forested at the time, the individuals may have been primarily herbivores.
 Ramapithecus
Their remains were originally discovered in Punjab’s Shivaliik mountains, then in
Africa and Saudi Arabia. They dwelt in grassy plains. They are Hominids, according to two
pieces of evidence:
a. Tooth enamel that is thicker, jaws that are stronger, and canines that are shorter.
b. Extrapolations of upright posture and the use of hands for eating and defense.

 Australopithecus
The first fossil of this genus was discovered in South Africa in 1924. They walked
upright, lived on the ground, and used stones as weapons. They stood four feet tall and weighed
between 60 and 80 lbs.
 Homo erectus
In 1891, the first Homo erectus fossil was discovered in Java. Pithecanthropus erectus
was the name given to these creatures. These were thought to be the missing link between
humans and chimps. The Peking Man was another Chinese discovery. This specimen possessed
huge cranial capacity and was thought to have lived in groups. Quartz-based tools were utilized
by Homo erectus. Bone and wood-based tools were also uncovered. Collective hunting has been
documented. There’s also evidence of fire being used. Homo erectus is thought to have lived in
caves.
 Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens developed from Homo erectus. During the evolution of Homo sapiens,
two subspecies were discovered: Homo sapiens neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens.
Neanderthal’s cranial capacity increased from 1200 to 1600 cubic centimeters. There were also a
few little hand axes unearthed. Mammoths, for example, may be hunted by this species of
hominid.
 Homo sapiens sapiens
Homo sapiens fossils were originally unearthed in Europe and given the moniker Cro-
Magnon. The jaws are greatly shortened, the contemporary man’s chin appears, and the head is
rounded in these. Their cranial capacity was around 1350 cubic centimeters. Hunting provided
them with food. During this time, art began to emerge.
 (2) What are the “revolutions” indicated? How have these revolutions affected the
development of human culture and society? How have they led to the culture and society
you currently have?
A revolution is a drastic change in the established order, usually the established government
and social institutions, in the field of history and political science. Typically, revolutions take the
shape of organized movements intended to bring about change, whether it be economic,
technological, political, or social. Revolutionaries have judged that the current institutions in
place in society have failed or are no longer serving their intended purpose. Because revolutions
are meant to overthrow established orders, the traits that define them are shaped by the
conditions in which they occur (Brown et. al., 2020, par. 1).
When a country’s social atmosphere shifts and the political system fails to respond,
revolutions erupt. Existing situations discourage people, causing them to change their attitudes
and beliefs. Philosophers have debated whether revolution is a natural occurrence in an evolving
society or a sign of societal collapse throughout history. Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, linked
revolution to a variety of causes and circumstances, but primarily to a desire for equality and
honor. Plato linked societal deterioration to revolution. Revolutions, he claimed, occur when
institutions such as the Church or the State fail to instill in society a system of values and an
ethical code that prevents turmoil (Brown et. al., 2020, par. 2).
Brown et. al. (2020) pointed out that through the Middle Ages, Europeans tried everything
they could to avoid revolt and preserve the status quo. In medieval times, the Church maintained
its authority and sought to protect social stability at any cost. However, during the Renaissance,
the meaning of revolution began to shift. People began to believe that for society to progress,
change was required (par. 3).
Brown et. al. (2020) states that philosophical and political ideas changed swiftly all around
the world between 1450 and 1750. During this time, there was Renaissance, the Scientific
Revolution, and the Protestant Reformation. In the 1700’s, a period known as the Age of
Enlightenment, a wave of revolutions swept the globe (par. 4).
(3) What do you think will be the next “revolution” for humans?
Monson-Haefel (2015) explains that the Internet’s expansion has been substantially
responsible for every significant advancement in the last twenty years. The capacity to
immediately communicate data over the internet has had a significant impact on all fields of
study. A true revolution (in the contemporary sense of the word) takes time, but the current
Internet Revolution could take decades. The time span between the invention of metal tools and
the Agrarian Revolution, as well as the Industrial Revolution and the Telecommunications
Revolution, has become significantly shorter. Every revolution in human society is fully
dependent on the previous one. Without the Agrarian Revolution, the Industrial Revolution
would not have been feasible. The Industrial Revolution was essential for the
Telecommunication Revolution (to mass-produce the components needed to connect the world),
and the Internet Revolution is dependent on the Telecommunications Revolution of the previous
150 years
1. In society, what are your

a. roles?
My primary roles as a student, for the development and
advancement of a society, is to gather knowledge and wisdom,
and I must not spend my valuable time carelessly. In addition, to
speak up since I was living in a democratic country. Also, may
comprehend and assist ordinary people in comprehending their
rights.

b. statuses?
Being a student is an example of an achieved status, rather
than an ascribed one. Each status has related roles—those
behaviors and duties that we associate with it. As a senior high
student, I will likely experience role strain as I juggle all the
demands placed on myself.

2. Among the determinants of personality formation, which

do you think greatly affects your personality? Explain your
answer.
Based on my own observations, I do have these two major
determinants of Personality Formation (Nature and Nurture). My
mother’s less temperance and my father’s introverted behavior
have been passed on me through their genetic codes (Nature).
Frequently, I express my personality caused by my
surroundings, like being independent, being assertive, a risk-
taker, being hard on myself, and being a hasty person (Nurture).
Questions:
Which of the individuals you listed above
belong in your family nucleus?
Neither of the two individuals I listed above
belong in family nucleus except for my guardian
who actually my sibling.

What type of family do you have? Why do

you say so?
Extended family is the type of family that I have
because since I was a child I used to lived with my
grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousin—horizontal
extended family.

In what type of household do you belong?

Why do you say so?
Composite household is a type of household
were I belong in the reason of living with a
single family nucleus (my aunt’s family) plus
other persons (my siblings and I).