Rim-T-Ormoc-Research Paper

ALBUS FLOW: ARDUINO-BASED ULTRA SONIC SENSOR AS FLOOD
WARNING AND ON-THE-GO WATER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM
A Research Paper Presented to the
BOARD OF JUDGES (BOJ) and

The Scientific Review Committee (SRC)
Division Science and Technology Fair (DSTF)
New Ormoc City National High School, Ormoc City, Leyte
Presented by:
LAWRENCE ANTHONY A. ALONZO

JONATHAN A. BAGARINAO
KYLE TOM VINCENT Q. CARRILLO
Ormoc City Senior High School

Ormoc City Division, District 1
MARJUNE M. NEPAYA
Research Adviser
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE
Introduction………………………………………………………………... 1-10
Literature Review………………………………………………………… 11-18
Methodology.……………………………………………………………… 19-48
Results……………………………………………………………….……. 49-63
Discussion………………………………………………………………… 64
Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 65-66
Recommendation……………………...…………………………………. 67
Bibliography……………………………………………………………. 68-72
Appendices………………………………………………………………... 73-125
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………… 126-127
.
List of Tables
Table no. Title Page no.
1 Non-Randomized Post Test Only Two Group Research 19
Design
2 Water Level Interpretations 26
3 Experimental Group 30
4 Control Group 30
5 Average recorded water level of ABUS FLOW 31
6 Average recorded water level of traditional measuring device 32
7 Test-Retest Reliability Coefficient Interpretation 33
8 Test-Retest Reliability Coefficient interpretation 34
9 Success Rate in sending advisory SMS 35
10 Success Rate in giving off an Alarm 36
11 Success Rate in lighting the LED 37
12 Percent Error Table 38
13 Non-Randomized Post Test Control Research Design 39
14 Data collected under Experimental Group 49
15 Data Collected under the Control Group 49
16 T-test: Paired Two Sample for Means 55
17 Test-retest reliability table 56
18 Cronbach’s alpha 56
19 Percent Error Table results 57
20 Success Rate table in giving off an SMS Results 58
21 Success Rate table in giving off an Alarm results 59
22 Success Rate table in Lighting the LED results 60
23 4-Day Implementation of the Device 62
24 Cost Analysis of the ALBUS FLOW 63

List of Figures
Figure no. Title Page no.
1 Conceptual Framework of the Experimentation on ABUS 5
FLOW
2 Conceptual Framework on the Implementation of ALBUS 9
FLOW
3 Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller 21
4 HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor 21
5 Prototyping Shield 22
6 GSM SIM900 Module 22
7 Ethernet w5100 Shield 23
8 Research Materials 24
9 Integration of the shields to the Arduino 25
10 Schematic Diagram of sensor - shield 25
11 Integrated Development Environment 27
12 Summary of Methods 29
13 LIDAR Lite v3 41
14 LoRa 41
15 Relay Module 42
16 Buck Converter 42
17 Research Materials for the Implementation Phase 43
18 Schematic Diagram of Transmitter 44
19 Schematic Diagram of Receiver 45
20 Measurement of the meter stick with the 1st predetermined 50
water level trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)
21 Measurement of the meter stick with the 2nd predetermined 51
22 Measurement of the meter stick with the 3rd predetermined 52
23 Measurement of the meter stick with the 4th predetermined 53
24 Measurement of the meter stick with the 5th predetermined 54
25 Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 1st 86
predetermined water level
28 Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 2nd 86

31 Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 3rd 87
34 Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 4th 87

40 SMS advisory sent to the programmed cellular number by 89
the device during the measurement of the 1st predetermined
water level; trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), and trial 3 (c)
the device during the measurement of the 2nd predetermined
the device during the measurement of the 3rd predetermined
the device during the measurement of the 4th predetermined
the device during the measurement of the 5th predetermined
45 The prototype 94
46 Creation of the Miniature 94
47 Testing of the device 95
48 Joshua Pales assisting during the coding of the device 95
49 150mm rain after 12 hours, model calculation for 114
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
Pagsangaan
INTRODUCTION
Flooding is a major problem caused by natural and human activities such as
heavy rainfall, coastal flooding, deforestation, poor farming, and poor water
management. A flood is an occurrence when water overflows or soaks normally dry
land. It can also arise from abnormal heavy precipitation, dam failures, rapid snow
melts, and river blockages (Mwape, 2009). Rainfall, the cause of most floods, is erratic
in terms of occurrences and amounts in most places. Thus, floods happen at irregular
intervals and no two floods are the same. Nevertheless, floods can be expected to
occur at intervals as a normal part of the cycle (Ramsey and Burckley,
1966). Concerning this idea, McDaniel (2012) noted that floods are the second-most
widespread natural disaster on Earth, second only to wildfires. They are the third
costliest natural disaster, with 4.3 billion dollars per event in damages in the United
States alone.
Hydrological disasters remain the most common type of disaster on Earth,
accounting for 54% of total recorded natural disasters in 2009, followed by
meteorological disasters such as typhoons (25%). Between the years 2000-2009,
more than 4 million people were affected by floods and more than 43 million were
affected by storms (CRED 2010). This phenomenon can be seen all over the world,
as floods and storms accounted for 63 percent of the total deaths of the disaster in
2009 (Vos, et al. 2010). Additionally, severe health burdens arise caused by floods
that are not classified as full-scale ‘disasters’ (Few, et al. 2004).
The effect of Climate Change is expected to change the global water cycle,
increasing the threat of riverine flooding from rainfall events. It also expected to change
well-known flooding regimes, magnitude, extent and frequency (Few, et al. 2004). It is
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also predicted that flooding events are expected to increase in frequency and event
due to changes in precipitation forecasts, sea level rise, and the polarization of the
dry-wet season cycle polarization (Goco 2010).
The Philippines is ranked third in disaster risk countries, with 360 disasters
hitting the country in the past 30 years at a total death toll of 33,000 people. The most
devastating natural disaster, typhoons, and floods account for 80% of deaths and 92%
of economic damage (“Project Highlights: Metro Manila Flood Management”, 2017).
Although the Philippines is an archipelagic country situated on the Pacific
Ocean's western rim, which is a highly active volcanic area, hydro-meteorological
hazards trigger 80 percent or more of the natural disasters (Perez 2008). The
Philippines was the top country by number of reported events in 2009, with 25 disaster
events, of which 9 were hydrological and 14 meteorological (typhoons). It also ranked
second in the number of disaster victims, with 13.4 million people mainly affected by
tropical cyclones (Vos, et al. 2010).
Ormoc City is one of the places that experience such a phenomenon. One
concrete evidence of this is the catastrophic event that occurred in Ormoc on the 5th
of November year 1991. The City was struck by Typhoon Uring (International name
Thelma) which caused massive flooding. The tragedy resulted in widespread
destruction with an estimated ₱400 million worth of damage. In Ormoc City, a total of
4,000 residents were killed, 3,020 people were also injured and some 2,500 were
reported missing (ESSC Resources, 2010). Pagsanga-an watershed and the Anilao-
Malbasag watershed were the two major rainfall drainage basins that directly
influenced the flooding of the city. These two, located just above Ormoc City and
thereafter take a 90-degree turn flowing out to the sea, making the city vulnerable to
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high water flow. Aside from that, the soils in the watersheds, particularly upstream
along steep channels, are unstable and prone to erosion. Owing to JICA (Japan
International Cooperation Agency), the world’s largest bilateral aid agency, flood
mitigation of the Anilao-Malbasag watershed was begun which redirected the flow of
water and lessened the possibility of flood in the City. But up to this day, the Pagsanga-
an watershed remains as one of the prevailing cause of flood in some parts of the city,
specifically, those barangays situated near the Pagsanga-an watershed. All of these
suggest the flood vulnerability of the city.
The Pagsanga-an watershed, located in the western part of Leyte, Philippines,
has seen its share of flood-related disasters. It is located between the geographical
coordinates of 11°15’45”N to 10°59’05”N latitude and of 124°24’22”E to 124°42’03”E
longitude. 8 different municipalities share this watershed and has a total area of
540km2, with Ormoc City comprising the majority at 40.5% of the total area (Sanchez
2011). The province of Leyte, where the Pagsanga-an watershed is located, is
classified under Climate type IV, where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the
year with no dry season (PAGASA – Climatology and Agrometeorology). This makes
the province, and therefore the Pagsanga-an watershed, at high risk of flooding. One
of the country’s biggest disasters, the aforementioned 1991 Ormoc flood, covered 40
percent of the basin (Fischer 2009).
However, there’ve been numerous actions done by the government to lessen
and prevent such phenomenon to occur. In the Philippines, flood mitigation focused
on flood control projects such as the construction of dikes or levees and other hydraulic
structures. But because of the shifting of flood mitigation from structural to non-
structural measures by the government, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
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Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) promote the Community-Based
Flood Early Warning System (CBFEWS). The system empowers local government
units and the communities to protect themselves against floods. The community and
LGUs are in the best position to undertake preparedness measures against floods. It
promotes a sense of ownership on the part of the LGUs, hence it is easier to sustain.
It enhances the social and moral responsibilities of the locals. CBFEWS also enables
the PAGASA to expand its operational hydrological services to the countryside and is
a non-structural flood mitigating measure. It provides a localized early warning system,
which can be operated on a real-time basis. Simple and inexpensive to operate, it
envisions monitoring, information exchange, warning, and disaster preparedness
response by employing locally-based volunteer observers.
Although such countermeasures have been done, these early warning systems
are not available to other places susceptible to floods. With this, the researchers have
come up of an Arduino based CBFEWS design, “ABUS FLOW”, Arduino Based
Ultrasonic Sensor Flood Level alarm On the go Water level monitoring System, that is
integrated with a GSM module, HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor and Siren. If the water level
rises above the normal programmed threshold, a code would be triggered and thus
would send a prewritten text to a programmed cellular number and would cause the
siren to emit an alarming sound which corresponds to the programmed hazardous
water level. The delivery of SMS will be done by the integrated Global System for
Mobile Communication (GSM) Module. If the device is not able to perform the
aforementioned tasks then the ABUS FLOW is not feasible as a Water Level
Monitoring and Flood Warning System.
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PROTOTYPING PHASE OF ABUS FLOW
The prototyping phase aims to determine if the ABUS FLOW device is feasible
as on-the-go water level monitoring and flood warning system
Specifically, this seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the measured average water level by the ABUS FLOW in all
setups having the following predetermined water levels; 5 cm, 10 cm, 15
cm, 20 cm, & 25 cm?
2. What is the measured average water level by the traditional measuring
device in all setups having the following predetermined water levels; 5
cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm, & 25 cm?
3. Is there a significant difference between the measured average water
level of ABUS FLOW and the traditional measuring device?
4. Is the ABUS FLOW a reliable tool in monitoring real-time water level?
5. Will the ABUS FLOW reach a 70% Success Rate in terms of sending an
advisory SMS to the programmed cellular numbers?
6. Will the ABUS FLOW reach a 70% Success Rate in terms of giving off
the sounding alarm which correspond to the current water level hazard?
7. Will the ABUS FLOW reach a 70% Success Rate in terms of giving off
the alarming light which correspond to the current water level hazard?
8. Does the device meet the expected 70% overall success rate?
9. Will the ABUS FLOW be able to achieve a ±5% margin of error?
5
B
Problem in the
Modules of the coding of the
Software
device device
Inability to
ABUS FLOW send an SMS
Problem to the
Hardware parts of the
Success Rate of
device
the device
Miniature scale for

the simulation of Failure to hold the Reliability and
the study device in place accuracy of the
device
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework on the Experimentation of ABUS FLOW
The figure above illustrates the conceptual framework of the study, showing the
possible intervening variables that could alter the accuracy, reliability and success rate
of the device. As displayed in figure 1 the framework is divided into 3 color coded
segments that integrates the conceptual framework, namely, independent variable
(Sky Blue), dependent variable (Orange), extraneous variable (Red). To be able to
determine the accuracy level, reliability level and success rate of the device, variables
that could alter the desired result should be considered and accounted.
The success rate of the device is dependent to its ability in sending an SMS
message to the registered sim number. The accuracy level, reliability level and
success rate of the device may be disrupted caused by problems to the modules of
the device, both software and hardware parts. Problems in the software (coding of the
device like the deletion of programs, incorrect syntax, incorrect codes, etc.) and
problems to the hardware parts (Broken module, dysfunctional jumper wires, broken
power supply, etc.) of the device may result to the inability to send an SMS that would
hinder the success rate of the device, it may also result to the problem of the sensor
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as a result may affect the reliability and accuracy of the device. Damage to the
miniature scale may lead to the disability to hold the device in place which may also
hinder the success rate, reliability and accuracy of the device.
The device was mainly composed of the following hardware: Arduino Uno R3,
SIM900 GPRS/GSM Module, HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor,Buzzer, Leds, RJ45 cable,
SIM, AC/DC power adapter. The code that allowed the device to function as intended
was written and uploaded through the use of the Arduino Integrated Development
Environment (IDE). The data obtained were automatically transmitted to the Web-
Based server, thereupon simulating the ABUS FLOW real-time Water Level Monitoring
System. However, if the water level exceeded the programmed threshold, an alert text
message was sent to a programmed cellular number indicating the level and the
numerical value of the water level and at the same time triggering a siren. Therefore,
actuating the ABUS FLOW.
The device was limited as a prototype as the researchers plan to test the device
functionality before its actual implementation.
The study was conceptualized last June 2019 and the device experimentation
was conducted on the months of August and September 2019 at the premises of
Ormoc City Senior High School.
This study is expected to give aid to different aspects of society. Households in
Ormoc City that are susceptible to floods, the device should raise the residents’
awareness and serve its intended purpose and raise the alarm of an incoming flood.
Ormoc City Disaster’s Risk Reduction Management Office, the data acquired will
contribute to existing data on water level monitoring in Ormoc City and can be a more
cost-effective alternative. Hydrologists in the Philippines, data gathered by the device
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along with the existing ones can be used by hydrologists in the Philippines to further
analyze the distribution, circulation, and flow of water in the Pagsanga-an
watershed. Future Researchers/ Future Innovators, the device can be improved upon
by future researchers due to Arduino’s open-source nature and modularity. The data
acquired by the study can be used by future researchers whose studies are in line with
the aforementioned study.
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE OF ALBUS FLOW
In the implementation phase of the device the researchers have added the
new features needed for the contraption to function accordingly to the actual
environment. Thus, changing the name of the device from ABUS Flow to ALBUS Flow.
These includes;
1. Addition of a new sensor; Lidar Lite v3
2. Off the grid power source; 50 watts solar panel, 12v rechargeable battery,
Charge controller
3. Wireless transmission of data; Lora and GSM SIM900
4. High Decibel output Siren; 12v mini siren
5. Voltage step down converter; 3 amps Buck converter
The addition of such features enabled the researchers to create flood alarm
system for three chosen barangays, namely; Brgy. Mas-in, Brgy. Licuma, and Brgy.
Lilo-an.
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Accuracy and
Precision Level of
the Device
Damages to the
Sensor
Network
Human Activities mentainance
ALBUS FLOW
Weather Conditions
Loss of Network
Damage to the GSM module Service
Disruption to the LoRa

Transmitter Success Rate of the
Device
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework on the Implementation of ALBUS FLOW
The figure above illustrates the conceptual framework of the study, showing the
possible intervening variables that could alter the accuracy, precision and success rate
of the device. As displayed in figure 1 the framework is divided into 3 color coded
segments that integrates the conceptual framework, namely, independent variable
(Sky Blue), dependent variable (Orange), extraneous variable (Red). To be able to
determine the accuracy level, precision level and success rate of the device, variables
that could alter the desired result should be considered and accounted.
The accuracy and precision level of the device may be disrupted by the damage
of the sensors. This may be due to human activities of the area (such as excavation
of gravel from the river bed, locals doing some activities like playing in the river,
washing of clothes, etc.). The success rate of the device is dependent if it is able to
send an SMS message to the registered sim number and the ability to transmit data
9
through the LoRa transmitter. Human activities can impair the success rate of the
device, like maintenance of Network Services which could result to the loss of the
desired network and activities of the locals that could damage the GSM module and
as a result could disable the ability of the device to send an SMS message. Meanwhile,
weather conditions (like extreme heavy rainfall) can disrupt the transmission using
LoRa.
The device was mainly composed of the following hardwares: Arduino Uno R3,
SIM900 GPRS/GSM Module, LIDAR-Lite v3, HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor, 12V Mini-siren,
waning lights, 50 watts solar panel, 12v rechargeable battery, Charge controller,
Voltage step down converter; 3 amps Buck converter. The code that will allow the
device to function as intended will be written and uploaded through the use of the
Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). The data obtained will be
automatically transmitted to the Web-Based server, thereupon simulating the Arduino-
Based HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor real-time Water Level Monitoring System. However, if
the water level will exceed the programmed threshold, an alert text message will be
sent to a programmed cellular number indicating the level and the numerical value of
the water level and at the same time triggering a siren. Therefore, actuating the
Arduino-Based HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor Flood Warning System.
The implementation phase aims to determine if the ALBUS FLOW device is
effective as a flood warning system.
Specifically, this seeks to answer the following question:
1. Was ALBUS Flow able to assess the water level in the river situated near
Brgy. Mas-in?
2. Is ALBUS Flow an efficient improvised flood warning and water level
monitoring
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LITERATURE REVIEW
In this section, researchers and literatures are cited to support the
experimentation of ALBUS FLOW.
Floods
Floods are a devastating force of nature. In the twentieth century, they were
responsible for at least eight million people (EM-DAT, 2004). Often cited as the most
lethal natural disaster in many countries (Alfieri, 2012), approximately two-thirds of the
death associated with flooding occurred due to drowning. 70 percent of flood
casualties were males, which suggests high vulnerability among males (Jonkman,
2005). This does not show a true picture of flood victims as the study’s transferability
to different regions is questionable.
Floods that significantly affect society is associated with developing countries
(Ashley, 2008). The Philippines is especially vulnerable, as the country has an average
precipitation of 2,348 mm per year ranking which ranks it 17th worldwide (World Bank
Open Data, 2014). In addition, the country also lies in the Typhoon Belt, and
approximately 20 tropical cyclones (TCs) enter the Philippine Area of Responsibility,
with 8 to 9 crossing the Philippines according to PAGASA.
According to Arnell (2014), climate change is expected to increase risk of river
flooding globally. Among the 21 climate models used, only three models show a
decrease in river flood risk. The change in risk among the 21 climate models range
from a decrease of 9% under A1b to an increase of 376%. There is also a consistent
increase in the magnitude of the estimated 100-year flood in South and East Asia.
There is also a change in the return period of the current 100-year flood, with the
current 100-year flood occurring twice as often over 60 percent of South East Asia.
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Flood Warning System
A flood warning system is a way of detecting threatening events in advance.
This enables the public to be warned en masse so that actions can be taken to reduce
the adverse effects of the event (Linham and Nicholls 2010). The main purpose of
flood warning is to save life by allowing people, support and emergency services time
to prepare for flooding. The secondary purpose is to reduce the effects and damage
of flooding. This might include moving property to a safer location such as upstairs or
putting in place temporary measures to prevent floodwater entering properties such
as flood boards or sandbags. In addition, flood warning informs operating authorities
who need to take action such as closing floodgates or other control advance of flooding
conditions (Defra 2004).
The monetary benefit of investing on a flood warning and monitoring system
has been estimated to be 400 euros worth of damage prevented for every 1 euro
invested according to Pappenberger et al (2015) based on continental data gathered
from the European Flood Awareness System (EFAS). Based on the study of Pierre
(2016), the researchers accepted a 60% success rate as sufficient for a flood warning
system. In this regard, the researchers consider a 70% success rate as a reasonable
target.
Prototyping
According to Yang (2005), prototyping is an important aspect in product design
as it reduces any risk found on the device without a full commit to production and the
corresponding wasted time and resources. One type of prototyping technology, rapid
prototyping technology (RPT), has offered immense benefits in the last decade on
technology advancements (Onuh, 1999). One such field that has benefited in RPT is
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in medicine, where it has been used in areas such as surgeries of the pediatric spine
and pelvis. Properly constructed RP models provide significant benefits in these types
of surgeries (Guarino, 2007).
Specifications and Working Principle of Arduino
Arduino is an open-source platform used for constructing and programing of
electronic devices to receive and send information (Banzi, 2019). Even through the
internet, the Arduino platform is able to command a specific electronic device. Like
any microcontroller, an Arduino is a circuit board with a chip that can be programmed
to do numerous tasks. It sends information from the computer program to the Arduino
microcontroller and to the specific circuit or machine with multiple circuits to trigger the
command to be executed.
Arduino uses a hardware called Arduino uno circuit board and software
program (Simplified C++) to program the board (Arduino, 2014). This medium can also
help you read information from input devices such as Sensors, Antenna,
Trimmer(potentiometer) and can also send information to output devices such as LED,
Speakers, LCD Screen, and DC motor (Margolis, 2011). Unlike most previous
programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not have a separate piece of hardware
in order to load new codes unto the board, you can simply use a USB cable to upload.
Other than that, the software of the Arduino uses a simplified version of C++
(Stroustrup, 1995), hence, making it easier to learn. Furthermore, it provides with an
easier environment that bypass the functions of the micro-controller into a more
accessible package (Gibb, 2019). The Arduino hardware and software are both open
sources, therefore making the code, schematics, and design more accessible
13
The Arduino board is composed of an Atmel AVR Microprocessor, a crystal or
oscillator (a crude clock that sends time pulses at a specified frequency to enable it to
operate at the correct speed), and a 5-volt linear regulator. Depending on what type
of Arduino, it could also have a USB socket for uploading and retrieving data into either
a PC or Mac. The structural design of the board exposes the microcontroller’s I/O
(input/output) pins, thus making it easier to connect the pins to other circuits or to
sensors. The Arduino Uno, being the latest Arduino board, differs greatly from the
previous versions of boards for it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it uses an Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-toserial converter. This gives
the board an edge over its predecessor, Duemilanove. Given that, the Atmega chip
enables the Arduino to be recognized as an individual device. Thereupon, opening up
a whole array of new uses for the Arduino. Other than that, the chip costs cheaper
than the FTDI chip, bringing the prices of the boards down.
An Arduino Board consists of two main parts, namely: Arduino IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) and Arduino Board (ARDUINO UNO, 2012). The Arduino
IDE is a set of instructions that informs the hardware of what to do and how to do it
(Badamasi, 2014).It is a piece of free software in which allows the coding of language
that the Arduino understands (McRoberts, 2010). The Arduino IDE is divided into
three main parts; the Command Area, Text Area and Message Window Area. The
Command Area is the section where you have the menu items such as File, Edit,
Sketch, Tools, Help and Icons. The Text Area is where the code is written in a
simplified version of C++ programming language which is also called a sketch. And
the Message Window Area shows message from the IDE.
Conversely, the Arduino Board is the Hardware element of the platform
(ARDUINO UNO, 2012). The main Arduino Board components include USB Plug,
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External Power Supply, Reset button, Microcontroller, Analog Pins (0-5), Digital I/O
Pins, In-Circuit Programmer, Digital – Analog Ground Pins, and Power Pins. The USB
plug serves as the medium in uploading codes and programs to the microcontroller
and has a regulated power of 5volts (Gibb, 2019). Reset Button resets the Arduino to
fully go back to a certain time. Microcontroller is the device that receives and sends
informations or commands to the respective circuit. Analog Pins (0-5) are analog input
pins from A0 to A5. Digital I/O pins are digital input-output Pins from 2 to 13. In-Circuit
Programmer is another source to upload codes and programs. It can also be done
using"TX-l,I" output and "RX-l,O" input.
The Arduino’s functionality can also be extended with the use of shields, which
are circuit boards containing other devices (e.g. GPS receivers, LCD Displays,
Ethernet modules, etc.) that are connected atop of the board. This also extends the
pins above the board, making their accessibility uncompromised.
Wireless Networking
According to Cattani (2017), numerous radio technologies have emerged that
enable long range low-power wireless communication. Examples are ultra-
narrowband technologies like Sigfox (Labège, France) and spread-spectrum
technologies like LoRa (San Ramon, CA, USA). These new technologies enable
communication between device over a few kilometers with low power requirements.
They also allow for the creation of low-power wide area networks (LPWANs) without
the need of complex multi-hop topologies.
LoRa, which stands for Long Range, is a type of wireless network technology
derived from chirp spread technology (Semtech, n.d.). It is a low power wireless
platform and thus is used as the de facto networking platform for Internet of Things
15
(IoT) networks worldwide. Compared to technologies like Sigfox and Weightless-N,
LoRa uses a wider frequency band and is more resilient against jamming and
interference (Cattani, 2017). It’s core technology, Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)
modulation, uses chirps, where the signal frequency decrease or increase over time,
to send data.
LoRaWAN is a protocol based on LoRa technology that allows its use in
creating LPWANs. As the IoT is where LoRa technology is mostly used, many studies
on the capacity and scalability of LoRaWAN have been done. One such study, done
by Mikhaylov (2016), shows that LoRaWAN can only support a transport channel of
2kbit/s at best. In scalability, the study shows that a single LoRaWan cell can serve up
to several millions of devices at a few bytes of data per day. Based on the results of
the study, the researchers conclude that LoRaWAN be used in non-critical
infrastructure or environment monitoring applications. Another study done by Bor
(2016), found that LoRa is insufficient for deployments that require large number of
nodes, such as smart city deployments, as only 120 nodes ca be supported. As such
LoRaWAN cannot scale and is insufficient for future IoT deployments, the researchers
noted.
One such application that LoRa and LoRaWAN can be applied is in remote
health and wellbeing monitoring. Petäjäjärvi (2016) evaluated the use of LoRa in
remote health and wellbeing monitoring. Their study, done in the main campus of the
University of Oulu, Finland and using commercially available equipment, found that
there was a 96% success rate in transmission rate and that LoRaWAN can be used in
patient monitoring and staff management in hospitals.
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Reliability tests
According to Weir (2005), reliability can be calculated in a test-retest design
using the interclass correlation coefficient and the sample error mean (SEM). In the
journal, Weir noted that the term reliability is unclear for a simple concept. The
quantification of reliability is especially difficult and is dependent on the situations. Weir
also expounded that what makes quantifying reliability difficult is that there a variety of
procedures used such as Pearson r, which is typically discourage in assessing test-
retest reliability, although it isn’t universal. Weir concluded that for a comprehensive
assessment of reliability, a 3-layered approach is recommended. Weir also states that
a test that exhibit reliability may not be a valid test.
A study conducted by Tavakol and Dennick (2011) talks about medical
educators who tries to craft a highly reliable tests and questionnaires to enhance the
accuracy of their assessment and evaluations. With accordance to this, the study
highlighted the two fundamental elements in evaluating ones measuring instrument,
validity and reliability. Instruments could be any of the following; conventional
knowledge, skill or attitude tests, clinical simulations or survey questionnaires.
Instruments can measure different variables. Concerning with the extent to which an
instrument measures is intended to measure is validity. On the other hand, reliability
is concerned with the ability of an instrument to measure consistently. The reliability
of an instrument is covary with its validity. If one’s instrument is not reliable it cannot
be considered as valid. However, the reliability of an instrument does not depend on
its validity. To objectively measure the reliability of an instrument is possible through
Cronbach’s alpha, the most widely used objective measure of reliability.
17
In medical education research when multiple-item measures of a concept or
construct are employed the usage Cronbach’s alpha has become common practice.
Due to the fact that such way is easier to use in comparison to other ones as it only
requires one test administration.
18
METHODOLOGY
PROTOTYPING PHASE
Research Design
The research design for the prototyping phase of the study was a Quasi-
Experimental Research Design, specifically, non-Randomized Post Test Only Two
Group Design.
Table 1. Non-Randomized Post Test Only Two Group Research Design
Randomization Pretest Treatment Post-test
Experimental - - X O2
Group
Control Group - - - O2
The research design used by the researchers involved a control group and an
experimental group. The former was not applied with the treatment instead traditional
measuring device was used in measuring the predetermined water levels in each
setup. On the other hand, in the latter ALBUS FLOW device was applied. Moreover,
both of the groups had no randomization. Data were collected on the outcome
measure after the treatment or intervention.
19
Research Locale
The device was created in Ormoc City Senior High School. The researchers
used purposive sampling in choosing the location. It was based on the objective of the
researchers. The location was chosen as:
1. A single locale was necessary
2. The school has an ICT laboratory
3. The students are studying at the said locale
20
Hardware Specification
Figure 3. Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller
The Arduino Uno is an open source, prototyping platform microcontroller board
using the ATmega328 chip. Its simplicity makes it ideal for hobbyists and professions
alike to use. It has 14 digital input/output pins (6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6
digital inputs, a 16MHz crystal oscillator, a USB Type A connection, a power jack, a
ICSP header, and a reset button.
Figure 4. HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor
The HC04 Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor that is compatible with Arduino-based
devices. It measures the distance between the water and the sensor using ultrasonic
sound waves.
21
Figure 5. Prototyping Shield
The Prototyping Shield makes it easy to design custom circuit. On the proto
area includes also two power lines (IOREF and GND), two LEDs pads for boards with
SPI only on the ICSP header like Zero.
Figure 6. GSM SIM900 Module
The module is used for mobile communications. It uses a GSM modem with a
USB micro-B connector that allows it to interface with a computer or a
microprocessor/microcontroller-based system. It requires a Subscriber Identity
Module (SIM) to connect with a GSM network. The power supply circuit is built into the
module with a suitable adaptor to connect to.
22
Figure 7. Ethernet w5100 Shield
The Ethernet Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet. It is
based on the Wiznet W5100 ethernet chip. It supports up to four simultaneous socket
connections. Use the Ethernet library to write sketches which connect to the internet
using the shield. The ethernet shield connects to an Arduino board using long wire-
wrap headers which extend through the shield. This keeps the pin layout intact and
allows another shield to be stacked on top.
23
Data Gathering Procedure
Setting up the Device
Figure 8. Research Materials for the Prototyping Phase
Above are the following research materials that the researchers used in
creating the prototype device. In acquisitioning the materials, the components that
were not locally available were purchased online by the researchers, such as the
Arduino R3, Prototyping shield, and Ethernet Shield through Online Shopping
Platforms such as Lazada and Shoppee. On the other hand, parts that were locally
available were bought from local electronic shops such as the bread board, electric
buzzer, and LEDs.
Below are the step by step hardware-software procedures in setting up the
device. The researchers conducted these steps in the premises of Ormoc City Senior
High School. To ensure the functionality of the device, the researchers consulted
24
professionals in the fields that were involved in the study, Mr. Joshua Pales and Mr.
Ramil Venezuela.
Creation of the Circuit. The Ethernet w5100 Shield was integrated on the top of
the Arduino Uno R3. The GSM Module was then connected on top of the Ethernet
w5100. Then the Prototyping Shield on top of the GSM Module.
Figure 9. Integration of the shields to the Arduino
Integration of the Sensor. The HC04 Ultrasonic sensor was connected to the
microcontroller, via the prototyping shield, using the male to female jumper wires. The
VCC, TRIGG, ECHO, GND pins of the sensor were connected to the 5V, DIGITAL I/O
3, DIGITAL I/O 2, GND pins of the prototyping shield, respectively.
Figure 10. Schematic Diagram of sensor - shield
25
Integrating the flood warning system feature of the device. The piezoelectric
buzzer was incorporated to the Arduino Uno R3. The buzzer was tasked to alarm along
with the sending of the text message to the programmed cellular numbers. The
researchers created three water level thresholds, each of them represents the
potential danger level of the current water level. These values were determined based
on the simulated scaling. In real life applications, the threat level range would be
dependent on multiple other factors not relevant to the current research.
Table 2. Water Level Interpretations
Water Level Threat Level LED color Interpretation
Within maximum
>10 cm No flooding/ Normal None normal river
depth range
Water level
above normal
11-15 cm Low Green range, slight
chance of
flooding
16- 20 cm Medium Yellow Flood impending
Heavy flood
<20 cm High Red
impending
Integrating the water level monitoring feature of the device. The Ethernet w5100
Shield was used in the transaction of the data between the device and the server. The
data can be accessed by inputting the server address on your browser, provided you
26
are connected to the same network. The data stored includes previous readings and
the current reading.
Coding the Device. For the Arduino-based Ultrasonic Sensor to function as intended,
a series of code was encoded to the device through the Arduino’s Integrated
Development Environment (IDE). Thus, enabling the device to; assess the water level,
send an alert text message to a programmed cellular number if the water level rose
above the normal programmed threshold, and connect to a web-based water level
monitoring system to transmit data for visualization and monitoring.
Figure 11. Integrated Development Environment
Creation of the miniature. A base was created made of plywood having a
thickness of half an inch, with a length of 63cm and a width of 63cm. Then the
researchers had to cut 2 pieces of ½ inch plywood and having a height of 30 cm to
from the sides of the miniature, then it was screwed perpendicular to the base. The
researchers then cut another 2, ½ inch plywood with a length of 63cm and a width of
19cm to form platforms, which was screwed to the side of the miniature that served as
a platform where the Arduino device would be set up. The researchers then cut a piece
of ½ inch plywood with a length of 10cm and a width of 41cm, it was then screwed to
27
the miniature to form the bridge. Then the researchers cut 2, ¼ inch thick plywood
having a width of 43.6cm and a height of 30cm then screwed it to the front and back
of the miniature. The researchers then cut 4 pieces of ½ plywood with a height of 29cm
and a width of 4cm that was later on screwed below the platform to serve as pillars for
the platform (2 pillars per platform). Then the researchers made 2, 4cm by 4cm pillar
with a height of 29cm, it was done by cutting 4, 1inch (2cm) plywood with a width of
4cm and a height of 29cm, then was screwed together by pair, as result was a pillar
having a height of 29cm and 4cm width and 4cm length. The inner miniature’s interior
part was then covered with a “trapal” to prevent water leakage. Then the researchers
applied Vulca Seal to in the corners of the interior part of the miniature to further
prevent water leakage.
28
Collection & Purchase of Assembly of the
Materials
Electronic Parts
Coding of the Water Level Coding of the Sensor and Flood

Monitoring System & User Interface Warning Alarm & GSM Module
Building of Miniature
Model Experimentation
Figure 12. Summary of Methods
29
Experimentation
The device was first tested under simulated conditions. This involved the device
being put on a 0.3-meter deep basin that will serve as a simulated river with a wood
plank across simulating a bridge. The device was installed on the “bridge”, with the
sensor placed on the side. There will be 5 predetermined water levels that will be
measured 3 times by the device and traditional means, i.e. ruler. The device will be
set with a threshold 5 cm as a way to measure the success rate of the device in
transmitting SMS.
Table 3. Experimental Group Table 4. Control Group
Predetermined Measurements of Predetermined Measurements
Water Level The Device Water Level using traditional
(W) (W) means
5 cm A1 A2 A3 5 cm A1 A2 A3
10 cm B1 B2 B3 10 cm B1 B2 B3
15 cm C1 C2 C3 15 cm C1 C2 C3
20 cm D1 D2 D3 20 cm D1 D2 D3
25 cm E1 E2 E3 25 cm E1 E2 E3
30
Data Analysis Procedure
This section provides the series of procedures in the analysis of the data
gathered by the researchers with regards to the research questions presented.
Specific and appropriate statistically tools were used in evaluating the following
functionalities of the device; accuracy, success rate and reliability.
Comparison of groups using Paired sample t-test
In determining the significant difference between the recorded average water
level of the ALBUS FLOW and traditional measuring device, the researchers used
paired sample t-test as the statistical tool in assessing such functionality.
Table 5. Average recorded water level of ALBUS FLOW
Predetermined Measurements of The Average Water

Water Level Device Level measured by
(W) the device
5 cm A1 A2 A3 ∑𝐴
3
10 cm B1 B2 B3 ∑𝐵
3
15 cm C1 C2 C3 ∑𝐶
3
20 cm D1 D2 D3 ∑𝐷
3
25 cm E1 E2 E3 ∑𝐸
3
∑ 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
5
31
Table 6. Average recorded water level of traditional measuring device
Predetermined Measurements of the Average Water

Water Level traditional measuring Level measured by
(W) device the device
5 cm A1 A2 A3 ∑𝐴
3
10 cm B1 B2 B3 ∑𝐵
3
15 cm C1 C2 C3 ∑𝐶
3
20 cm D1 D2 D3 ∑𝐷
3
25 cm E1 E2 E3 ∑𝐸
3
∑ 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
5
32
Reliability Test
Test-retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha were used to determine the
reliability of the device. Both of the tools were used to measure the internal consistency
of the same test administered twice.
Table 7. Test-Retest Reliability Coefficient interpretation
Test-Retest Reliability Coefficient Internal Consistency
1 Perfect reliability
r ≥ 0.9 Excellent
0.8 ≤ r < 0.9 Good
0.7 ≤ r < 0.8 Acceptable
0.6 ≤ r < 0.5 Questionable
r < 0.5 Unacceptable
0 No reliability
𝑛(∑ 𝑥𝑦) − (∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)

r=
√[ 𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥)2 ] [ 𝑛 ∑ 𝑦 2 − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]
where:
n = number of pairs of scores
∑ 𝑥𝑦= sum of the products of paired scores
∑ 𝑥 = sum of x scores
∑ 𝑦 = sum of y scores
∑ 𝑥 2 = sum of the square of the x scores
∑ 𝑦 2 = sum of the square of the y scores
33
Table 8. Cronbach’s Alpha Interpretation
Cronbach’s Alpha Internal

Consistency
 ≥ 0.9 Excellent
0.9 > ≥ 0.8 Good
0.8 > ≥ 0.7 Acceptable
0.7 > ≥ 0.6 Questionable
0.6 > ≥ 0.5 Poor
0.5 > Unacepptable
Cronbach’s Alpha Formula
Where:
N = the number of items.
c̄ = average covariance between item-pairs.
v̄ = average variance.
34
Success Rate
In measuring the overall success rate of the device, the researchers have
decided to divide the analysis of the aforementioned functionality into three success
rates; sending an advisory SMS, giving off an alarm, and lighting the LED.
This is due to the consideration of the researchers to the possibility that each
of these functions could work independently from each other.
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠

𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑥 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
Table 9. Success Rate in sending advisory SMS
Predetermined Did the device send an
Water Level advisory SMS? # of Success
(W) (YES/NO)
5 cm YES/NO YES/NO YES/NO #
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
𝑥 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
35
Table 10. Success Rate in giving off an Alarm
Predetermined Did the device give off an
Water Level alarm? # of Success
(W) (YES/NO)
𝑥 100
36
Table 11. Success Rate in lighting the LED
Predetermined Did the device lighted the
Water Level LED? # of Success
(W) (YES/NO)
𝑥 100
37
Accuracy Test
The accuracy of the device was determined by the percent error, which was
determined using the following equations:
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 100
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑
A table of the percent errors was created. This is to organize the data neatly
and to determine the maximum negative and positive percent errors easier.
Table 12. Percent Error Table
Predetermined Measurements of Percent Error Percent Error Percent Error

Water Level The Device of of of
(W) Measurement Measurement Measurement
1 2 3
5 cm A1 A2 A3 𝐴1 − 𝑊1 𝐴2 − 𝑊1 𝐴3 − 𝑊1
∗ 100 ∗ 100 ∗ 100
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3
10 cm B1 B2 B3 𝐵1 − 𝑊2 𝐵2 − 𝑊2 𝐵3 − 𝑊2
∗ 100 ∗ 100 ∗ 100
𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3
15 cm C1 C2 C3 𝐶1 − 𝑊3 𝐶2 − 𝑊3 𝐶3 − 𝑊3
∗ 100 ∗ 100 ∗ 100
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
20 cm D1 D2 D3 𝐷1 − 𝑊4 𝐷2 − 𝑊4 𝐷3 − 𝑊4
∗ 100 ∗ 100 ∗ 100
𝐷1 𝐷2 𝐷3
25 cm E1 E2 E3 𝐸1 − 𝑊5 𝐸2 − 𝑊5 𝐸3 − 𝑊5
∗ 100 ∗ 100 ∗ 100
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸3
38
Implementation Phase
Research Design
The research design for the implementation phase of the study was a Quasi-
Experimental Research Design, specifically, Non-Randomized Post Test Only Control
Group Design.
Table 13. Non-Randomized Post Test Control Group Research Design
Randomization Pre-test Treatment Post-test
Control Group - - - O2
The research design used by the researchers involved a single control group
only, in which the ALBUS FLOW device was applied. No randomization took place
because purposive sampling was used among the flood prone areas in Ormoc City.
Data were collected on the outcome measure after implementation.
Implementation of the Device
The system was installed in three neighboring barangays namely; Brgy. Mas-
in, Tsu Tzi village of Brgy. Lilo-an, and Brgy. Licuma. Brgy. Mas-in being situated
upstream, made the place ideal for the transmitter’s location on the other hand, the
two other barangays located below the stream would be the receivers’ locations. The
researchers used purposive sampling in choosing the said locations because of the
following reasons:
1. The said barangays are one of the places that are susceptible to flood,
2. According to the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office
(CDRRMO), of all the flood prone areas in Ormoc, the aforementioned places
are places with low flood mitigation.
39
3. Based on the disaster map of the CDRRMO, Brgy. Mas-in is well known to have
sudden floods. This is due to the reason that the water of river in Brgy. Mas-in
comes from Municipality of Villaba and Matag-ob. As a result, despite the sunny
weather in Ormoc City, as long as there is heavy rainfall in the aforementioned
municipalities, flood could arise in Brgy. Mas-in of Ormoc City.
4. Brgy. Mas-in is currently landfilling the area beside the river for construction.
Thus narrowing the passage way of the river water, this could increase the
possibility of flooding.
5. Brgy. Licuma and the Tzu Chi village of Brgy. Lilo-an were chosen to be the
location of the receivers (early flood warning device with GSM, Mini-Siren and
warning lights). Because the mentioned location are located in the lower stream
part of the river.
40
Hardware Specification
Figure 13. LIDAR Lite v3
LIDAR works by shooting a laser at an object and then measuring the time it
takes for that light to return to the sensor. With this, the distance to the object can be
measured with fairly good accuracy. By sweeping or spinning a LIDAR unit, systems
can create detailed distance maps.
Figure 14. LoRa
LoRa is a low-power wide-area network technology. It is based on spread
spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum technology.
41
Figure 15. Relay Module
Relay module is a separate hardware device used for remote device switching.
With it you can remotely control devices over a network or the Internet. Devices can
be remotely powered on or off with commands coming from ClockWatch Enterprise
delivered over a local or wide area network.
Figure 16. Buck Converter
Buck converter is a DC-to-DC power converter which steps down voltage from
its input to its output. It is a class of switched-mode power supply typically containing
at least two semiconductors and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor,
inductor, or the two in combination.
42
Data Gathering Procedure
Setting up the Device
Figure 17. Research Materials for the Implementation Phase
Above are the following research materials that the researchers used in
creating the system for implementation. The materials used in the prototyping phase
were upcycled to be used for the Implementation Phase. Additional components that
were needed were purchased from trusted electronic stores, BitStoc Electronics in
Cebu City, Mavensure Technology Enterprises and Unli-Solar Marketing in Tacloban
City. These shops recommended to the researchers by the qualified scientists they
approached for the implementation phase.
The researchers continued to work in setting up the system in the premises of
their school. In addition to that, the created systems were put up on the Brgy. Mas-in
bridge, Tzu Tzi Villag of Brgy. Lilo-an, and Brgy. Licuma. These areas were
43
determined thru the help of the Ormoc City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Office (CDRRMO). The CDRRMO provided the researchers a copy of the Flood Model
Calculations on the Pagsanga-an river by the GIZ, which is a simulation of different
scenarios of heavy rainfall on the Pagsanga-an river and the subsequent flooding that
will occur. The CDRRMO also accompanied the researchers in surveying the river.
Below is the step by step hardware-software procedures in setting up the
system. The system was coded with the help of Electronics Engineers, Engr. Jude
Alexes Ramas and Engr. Edward Bertulfo.
Figure 18. Schematic Diagram of Transmitter
44
Figure 19. Schematic Diagram of Receiver
Off-grid power source and power regulation
For both transmitter and receiver setups, there was an off the grid power source
installed consisting of a 50W solar panel, 10 Amps charge controller, 12V Battery, and
DC to DC Buck Converter. First part of the Power source was the 50W solar panel to
charge the 12V battery. Between the two was a charge controller to regulate the power
input from the solar panel to the battery, converting the input to a constant current.
Since the Arduino modules and Sensors only required a power input of 5V, a DC to
DC buck converter was connected to the battery to turn down the voltage.
Arduino Sensors and Water Level Monitoring
To make sure the Arduino was not loaded, all power needed by the sensors
and modules were taken in thru the buck converter. The Arduino Uno R3 was the
central control of the device, it was taking in and sending out the information from the
45
sensors and modules. Two sensors was used, namely the HC-04 Ultrasonic Sensor
and the LIDAR Lite v3 Sensor. These sensors measured the water level of the river.
These water levels had a certain threshold that would trigger the different modules of
the device.
Arduino Modules and Flood Early Warning System
The modules that are on the system are GSM SIM 900, Relay module, and
LORA. First is the GSM SIM 900 which would send the data of the current water level
measurement in meters and what level of the threshold it is with in. The GSM SIM 900
was attached directly to the Arduino acting as a shield where the digital pins were
inserted. Next is the LORA which sent the information read by the sensor to the Flood
Early Warning System. Lastly was the Relay Module, it acted as an automatic switch
controlled by the Arduino to turn on the 12V Buzzer and Strobe Lights in the event of
flooding.
Surveying the Locale
The CDRRMO accompanied the researchers in surveying the areas where the
devices were put-up.
Making of the case
For the device to be secured during the implementation, a case had to be made.
The researchers came up with the decision to make the case for the device out of
acrylic plastic, because it is light weight and does no shatter to pieces when dropped
compared to glass. The researchers went to their local glass shop that sells acrylic
plastic and bought acrylic plastics with a measurement of 48inches by 72inches. It was
then cut into 24, 12 inches by 12 inches acrylic plastic panels. The researchers then
bought plastic epoxy. The researchers then used one panel as a base, then applied
46
epoxy to all the sides of the panel. After that 4 different panels were put on those sides
where the epoxy was applied, perpendicular to the base. Then the 4 panels are now
serving as the walls of the case. It was then repeated until 3 identical boxes were
made, it all remains without a top. Hinges were then screwed to the box and a panel,
to form the top of the boxes that could be open with ease. Now that the cases were
done, it was then drilled to make necessary holes for the wirings. One of the cases
had holes for the wires of the sensors, wires for the mini-siren, warning light, charge
controller and for the solar panel. While the two other cases did not have holes for the
sensors, since they will serve as cases for the early flood warning devices which were
not integrated with sensors.
The Setting-up of the System
The system has three devices. All the devices had their own individual power source
installed, they also use an arduino uno r3 as a main processing unit. Each device of the system
is integrated with its own GSM module, LoRa transmitter, siren, and warning lights.
The First Device was the water level and the flood warning device which is mounted
on the Brgy. Mas-in Bridge. The first device is integrated with two different sensors, a HC-04
and a LIDAR sensor. This device will read and monitor water level, it will serve as a flood
warning device for barangay Mas-in and as well as an early-flood warning device for the two
other barangays (Brgy. Lilo-an and Brgy. Licuma) that is planned to be part of the study. The
sensors are mounted on the side of the bridge facing downwards, to the river.
The Second Device is an early-flood warning device. It was placed in Brgy. Licuma, a
neighboring barangay to Brgy. Mas-in where the first device is mounted. This device does not
have sensors for it only sends off an alarm, trigger a warning light, and send a SMS flood
notice message to the residence of such barangay. This device is dependent to the information
that is transmitted by the first device.
47
The Third Device is the same as the second device, an early-flood warning device. It
was placed in Brgy. Lilo-an Tzu-Chi Foundation. Like the second device it does not have
sensors and is only dependent to the information that will be transmitted by the first device.
48
RESULTS
PROTOTYPING PHASE
In this section, the data gathered during the experimentation of ALBUS FLOW
was presented.
Table 14. Data collected under Table 15. Data collected under
Experimental Group Control Group
Predetermined Measurements of The Predetermined Measurements using
Water Level Device Water Level traditional means
(W) (W)
5 cm 5cm 4.9cm 5cm 5 cm 5.1cm 4.9cm 5.2cm
10 cm 10cm 10.1cm 10.1cm 10 cm 10.2cm 9.8cm 10cm
15 cm 14.8cm 15cm 15cm 15 cm 14.9cm 15.1cm 15.3cm
20 cm 20cm 20.2cm 19.9cm 20 cm 20cm 19.8cm 20.1cm
25 cm 25cm 24.9cm 25cm 25 cm 24.9cm 25.2cm 25cm
The water level recorded by ALBUS FLOW from all the 15 tests was recorded
(please refer to page #). The IDE Serial Monitor displays the distance of the water
level the device records in centimeters.
49
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 20. Measurement of the meter stick with the 1st predetermined water level trial
1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)
These photos show the control group which were predetermined water levels
that were measured with traditional means. The figures above, the 1st water level set
to 5 centimeters was measured 3 times.
50
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 21. Measurement of the meter stick with the 2nd predetermined water level trial
1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)
that were measured with traditional means. In the figures above, the 2nd water level
set to 10 centimeters was measured 3 times.
51
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 22. Measurement of the meter stick with the 3rd predetermined water level trial
1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)
that were measured with traditional means. In the figures above, the 3rd water level set
52
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 23. Measurement of the meter stick with the 4th predetermined water level trial
1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)
that were measured with traditional means. In the figures above, the 4th water level set
53
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 24. Measurement of the meter stick with the 5th predetermined water level trial
1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)
that were measured with traditional means. In the figures above, the 5th water level set
54
Comparison of groups
In the analysis of the significant difference between the data collected in both
experimental and control group, Paired sample t-test was utilized.
Table 16. T-test: Paired Two Sample for Means
Experimental Group Control Group
Mean 14.99 15.03
Variance 53.58 53.38
Observations 15 15
df 14
t Stat 0.91
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.38
t Critical two-tail 2.98
Scrutinizing the table above, it can be observed that the test statistic calculated
from the gathered data by the researchers is 0.91, smaller than the arrived t Critical
value for the two tailed test which is 2.98. Moreover, the computed p-value is 0.38
which is greater than the level of significance of 0.01 set by the researchers.
Hence, the researchers failed to reject the null hypothesis at 1% level of
significance which suggests that there is no significant difference of the recorded
average water level between the ALBUS FLOW and traditional measuring device.
55
Reliability Test
Table 17. Test-retest reliability table
Trial 1 1
Trial 2 0.9999 1
From the table above it can be gleaned that the Test-Retest reliability coefficient
derived by the researchers from the collected data in trials 1 and 2 in the experimental
group is 0.9999 which led the researchers to an inference that the results of trials 1
and 2 are analogous thus giving the device a high internal consistency.
Table 18. Cronbach’s Alpha table
Cronbach’s alpha
Cronbach's N of
Alpha Items
1.000 2
It can be seen from the table above that the calculated Cronbach’s alpha for
the given data set is 1, which signifies consistency of the device.
56
Accuracy Test
Table 19. Percent Error Table results
Predetermined Measurements of The Percent Error Percent Error Percent Error
Water Level Device of of of
(W) Measurement Measurement Measurement
1 2 3
5 cm 5cm 4.9cm 5cm 0.00% -2.00% 0.00%
10 cm 10cm 10.1cm 10.1cm 0.00% 1.00% 0.00%
15 cm 14.8cm 15cm 15cm -1.33% 0.00% 0.00%
20 cm 20cm 20.2cm 19.9cm 0.00% 1.00% -0.50%
25 cm 25cm 24.9cm 25cm 0.00% -0.40% 0.00%
From the acquired data there was a maximum percent error of 1.00%, while the
minimum percent error was at -2.00%. Thus, our device was within ±5.00% margin of
error that was targeted by the researchers.
57
Success Rate
Table 20. Success Rate table in sending an Advisory SMS results
Predetermined Did the device send an
Water Level advisorySMS? # of Success
(W) (YES/NO)
5 cm YES YES YES 3
10 cm YES YES YES 3
15 cm YES YES YES 3
20 cm YES YES YES 3
25 cm YES YES YES 3
100%
The device was able to send a text message 15 times out of the 15 trials
done. Therefore, our device was 100% successful in sending a text alert.
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Table 21. Success Rate table in giving off an Alarm results
Predetermined Did the device give off an
Water Level alarm? # of Success
(W) (YES/NO)
5 cm YES YES YES 3
10 cm YES YES YES 3
15 cm YES YES YES 3
20 cm YES YES YES 3
25 cm YES YES YES 3
100%
The device was able to give of an alarm 15 times out of the 15 trials done.
Therefore, our device was 100% successful in giving off an alarm.
59
Table 22. Success Rate table in lighting the LED results
Predetermined Did the device lighted the
Water Level LED? # of Success
(W) (YES/NO)
5 cm YES YES YES 3
10 cm YES YES YES 3
15 cm YES YES YES 3
20 cm YES YES YES 3
25 cm YES YES YES 3
𝑥 100
The device was able to light the LED 15 times out of the 15 trials done.
Therefore, our device was 100% successful in lighting the LED.
60
Observing all of the figures (refer to page #), the device was able to send an
SMS in all of the setups with different pre-determined water levels. The text messages
the device sent starts with 2 messages that state “F.L.O.W. Started”, which signifies
the device is functioning.
The researchers deleted the texts after every trial. This is to emphasize the time
the texts were received, as if the trials were done consecutively every after, the time
the message was received would be hidden.
61
IMPLENTATION PHASE
Table 23. 4-Day Implementation of the Device
Days Was Did Did Siren Success Success
There Device Alarm Text Siren
Flood? Send
Text?
14-Oct NO NO NO YES YES
During the implementation phase of the device (October 14-17, 2019), the
device was installed on the bridge in Brgy. Mas-in. The device was left running 24/7.
It functioned smoothly from Day 1.
From the acquired data, it can be seen that the device worked as intended. It
didn’t send a text message nor sounded the alarm when there was no flood. Thus, the
device did not commit a false positive or a false negative. It had a success rate of
100%.
62
COST ANALYSIS
According to the Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA),
in 2006 they estimated a complete flood warning system, with weather, rain, and water
level sensors, costs $30,000.00 or around $40,000.00 in 2019 dollars, which translates
to ₱2,052,800.00. Operating and Maintaining Costs for the system was estimated to
be $3000.00 or $4000.00 in 2019 dollars.
In comparison, the device costs around ₱42,448.00. Although the device is
lacking in many respects to a full system, such as more advanced sensors, for its
purpose as an early flood warning, it is sufficient. As the major cause of flooding in
Ormoc City are caused by overflowing rivers, only the sensors that are needed for
measuring water level is necessary. The device is also compact compared to a full
system. Thus, the device is more cost-efficient compared to a full system for its desired
goal.
Table 24. Cost Analysis of the ALBUS FLOW
Parts Price Quantity Subtotal

GSM Module 1,899.00 3 5,697.00
Arduino UNO Board 550.00 3 1,650.00
HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor 120.00 1 120.00
Lidar Lite V3 9,000.00 1 9,000.00
12V Li-On 25Ah Battery 2,016.00 3 6,048.00
12V DC Mini Siren 490.00 3 1,470.00
Smart Charge Controller
(10A) 896.00 3 2,688.00
50W Solar Panel 2,016.00 3 6,048.00
Buck Converter 119.00 3 357.00
Capacitor (600µ F) 40.00 1 40.00
SIM cards (GLOBE) 40.00 3 120.00
Single Channel Relay Module 100.00 6 600.00
Acrylic Plastic 165.00 18 2,970.00
Warning Lights 480.00 3 1,440.00
LoRa Module 1,400.00 3 4,200.00
Grand Total: 42,448.00
63
DISCUSSION
This study was conducted to test the possibility of creating an Arduino-based
Flood Warning and Water Level Monitoring System. It was mainly conducted to see if
the system could be used as a fully functioning water level monitoring system and as
a flood warning system. The study was conducted in two phases, prototyping and
implementation.
The prototyping phases involved testing the device using a wooden basin that
acts as a simulated river. There were 3 measurements one for each of the 5
predetermined water level, for a total of 15 trials. The measurements were compared
to the same number of measurements that were done using traditional means, i.e. a
meter stick. A threshold of 1cm was set to test the success of the device in sending a
flood alert text message. Using a Paired Sampled t-Test, a p-value of 0.38 compared
to the alpha level of 0.01 was calculated, which proves that the device is as reliable in
measuring water level as using traditional means. The device was also able to meet
the targeted margin of error of ±5%. The device was also able to achieve a sample
mean of 100% success rate in transmitting an alert text, message, giving off an alarm,
and turning on an LED, which is more than the 70% rate goal stipulated by the
researchers.
The implementation phase involved the installation of a working device in the
following barangays: Brgy. Mas-in, Brgy. Lilo-an, and Brgy. Licuma. In the days of
October 14-17, the device was left to run 24/7. From the acquired data in the days the
device was running, there were no false positives and false negatives. The device
achieved a 100% success rate, more than the 70% success rate.
64
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the data acquired by the researchers on the conducted study, said
researchers can conclude the following:
1. There was no significant difference between the measured average water
level of the device and the traditional measuring tool.
2. In comparison to traditional means, the device is a s reliable and precise in
monitoring the water level.
3. The device’s use as a flood warning system is successful as it was able to
achieve a 100% success rate on all the conditions stipulated by the
researchers.
4. The device was also able to stay within the ±5% margin of error.
5. In the implementation phase, the device was successful in assessing the
water level of the Mas-in River in Brgy. Mas-in.
Using these conclusions, the device is successful in its use as a water level
monitoring system and flood alert system. It can be used as a means to monitor the
water level of a river and warn residents of an impending flood. Although multiple
studies have been done that are related to this study, none of them implemented
Arduino as most studies were conceptual studies on the use of Arduino as a
component in a flood warning system. This device is especially important in areas
such as Brgy. Tambulilid, which are flood prone due to a nearby river. As the device
is simple to setup and the materials are modestly priced compared to alternatives,
this can be easily deployed by agencies such as the City Disaster Risk Reduction
Management Office (CDDRMO).
65
With the aforementioned points, this can help in flood-prone areas be warned
of incoming floods and thus lower the death rate caused by such disasters. It would
also reduce economical damage caused by said disasters.
66
RECOMMENDATION
Based on the study’s findings, the following recommendations were decided:
1. The device can be used by LGUs and CDDRMO as an early flood warning
system. Therefore, it should be used as such.
2. The device be put in more flood-prone areas to build a more extensive system
of early flood warning systems.
3. More support, especially funding, in more extensive implementation testing
67
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Arnell, Nigel W., and Simon N. Gosling. "The Impacts of Climate Change on River
Flood Risk at the Global Scale." The QUEST-GSI Project, March 6, 2014.
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Mcdaniel, Melinda. "Flood." 2012. http://education.nationalgeographic.com.
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https://www.itscosts.its.dot.gov/ITS/benecost.nsf/ID/3FBB85566E2EE883852
57713005E0E07?OpenDocument.
"The Ormoc City Tragedy of November 5, 1991." Institute of Environmental Science
for Social Change. March 28, 2017. Accessed August 11, 2019.
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Ashley, Walker S., and Sharon T. Ashley. "Flood Fatalities in the United
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Harris et al. "Review of impacts of rural land use and management on flood
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311. doi:10.1023/a:1008956126775
Pappenberger, Florian, Hannah L. Cloke, Dennis J. Parker, Fredrk Watterhall, David
S. Richardson, and Jutta Thielen. "The Monetary Benefit of Early Flood
Warnings in Europe." 2015.
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72
APPENDICES
73
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region No. VIII
ORMOC CITY DIVISION
ORMOC CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Ormoc City
VALIDATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the researchers having the research title of “ALBUS FLOW:
Arduino Based Ultrasonic Sensor Flood Level alarm On the go Water level monitoring System”
have conducted their study under the provision and assistance of a professional
Information Technologist, Mr. Joshua S. Pales.
Furthermore, the instrument, ALBUS FLOW, was checked in terms on its

validity and reliability.
Certified true and correct by
MR JOSHUA S. PALES
Information Technologist
74
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region No. VIII
ORMOC CITY DIVISION
ORMOC CITY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Ormoc City
VALIDATION CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the researchers having the research title of “ALBUS FLOW:
Arduino Based Ultrasonic Sensor Flood Level alarm On the go Water level monitoring System ”
have conducted their study under the provision and assistance of an Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) teacher, Mr. Ramil Venezuela.
Furthermore, the instrument, ALBUS FLOW, was checked in terms on its

validity and reliability.
Certified true and correct by
MR. RAMIL VENEZUELA

ICT Teacher, OCSHS
75
76
77
78
Code uploaded to the Arduino (PROTOTYPING PHASE)
#include "SIM900.h"
#include "sms.h"
#include <SPI.h >
#include <Ethernet.h>
#include <SoftwareSerial.h>
byte mac[] = {
0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF, 0xFE, 0xED
};
IPAddress ip(192, 168, 0, 12);
char server[] = "192.168.0.11";
char waterLabel[160], waterLevel[] = "Water Level: {levelasd} cm LEVEL:
{levelname}", waterUnit[] = " LEVEL: {levelname}";
EthernetClient client;
SoftwareSerial SIM900(7, 8);
SMSGSM sms;
String toSend;
int sound = 1000;
int distance = 0;
boolean started = false;
#define ECHOPIN 2// Pin to receive echo pulse

#define TRIGPIN 3// Pin to send trigger pulse
#define buzzer 4
#define red 13
#define blue 12
#define green 11
void setup() {
79
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Initiating...");
if (gsm.begin(2400))
{
Serial.println("Status = READY");
started = true;
if (sms.SendSMS("+639384453951", "Poseidon Started"));
Serial.println("\nSMS sent OK");
}
else
{
Serial.println("\nStatus = IDLE");
pinMode(red, OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue, OUTPUT);
pinMode(green, OUTPUT);
pinMode(ECHOPIN, INPUT);
pinMode(TRIGPIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Ethernet.begin(mac, ip);
Serial.print("Server is at ");
Serial.println(Ethernet.localIP());
Serial.println("Water Level Monitoring System");

Serial.println("------------------------------------");
80
digitalWrite(red, LOW);
digitalWrite(blue, LOW);
digitalWrite(green, LOW);
}
int trig = 0;
int trig2 = 0;
int trig3 = 0;
int maxLev = 30;
int toDB = 0;
String toSend2 = "Water level: {levelasd} cm LEVEL: {levelname}";
String xxx;
void loop() {
Serial.println(server);
if(started)
{
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(TRIGPIN, LOW);
// distance = pulseIn(ECHOPIN, HIGH,26000); // Read in times pulse

distance = pulseIn(ECHOPIN, HIGH); // Read in times pulse
distance = distance * 0.034 / 2;
81
Serial.print("Distance: ");
//Adjust this part
int Res123 = maxLev - distance;
Serial.println(Res123);
toDB = maxLev - distance;

HTTPREQUEST();
String a1 = "One";
String a2 = "Two";
String a3 = "Three";
xxx = String(toDB);
toSend2.replace("{levelasd}", String(Res123));
// strcat(waterLabel, toSend2.c_str());
if (Res123 > 10 && Res123 < 16){

tone(buzzer, sound);
if (trig == 0){
digitalWrite(green, HIGH);
toSend2.replace("{levelname}", a1);
if (sms.SendSMS("+639384453951", toSend2.c_str()));
trig++;
trig2--;
trig3--;
memset(waterLabel,0,strlen(waterLabel));
82
strcat(waterLabel, "Water Level: {levelasd} cm LEVEL: {levelname}");
}
}
else if (Res123 > 15 && Res123 < 21){
if (trig2 == 0){
digitalWrite(blue, HIGH);
trig--;
trig2++;
trig3--;
}
}
else if (Res123 > 20 && Res123 < 31)
{
if (trig3 == 0){
digitalWrite(red, HIGH);
trig--;
trig2--;
trig3++;
83
AlarmLight();
}
}
else{
trig = 0;
noTone(buzzer);
}
delay(1000);
void HTTPREQUEST(){
if (client.connect(server, 80)) {
client.print(F("GET /WLMS/actions/write_data.php?"));
client.print(F("value="));
client.print(toDB);
client.println(F(" HTTP/1.1"));
client.println(F("Host: 192.168.0.11"));
client.println(F("Connection: close"));
client.println();
Serial.print(F("--> Connected "));
}
else {
84
Serial.println("--> connection failed\n");
Serial.println(server);
}
void AlarmLight(){
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)

{
delay(100);
noTone(buzzer);
delay(100);
delay(100);
noTone(buzzer);
delay(100);
}
}
85
Figure 25. Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 1st predetermined water level
Figure 28. Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 2nd predetermined water level
86
Figure 31. Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 3rd predetermined water level
Figure 32. Trial 2 measurement of the device with the 3rd predetermined water level
Figure 33 Trial 3 measurement of the device with the 3rd predetermined water level
Figure 34. Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 4th predetermined water level
87
88
10:07 10:08
AM AM
(a) (b)
10:10
AM
(c)
Figure 40. SMS advisory sent to the programmed cellular number by the device during the
measurement of the 1st predetermined water level; trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), and trial 3 (c)
89
10:15 10:18
AM AM
(a) (b)
10:19
AM
(c)
measurement of the 2nd predetermined water level; trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), and trial 3 (c)
90
10:22 10:23
AM AM
(b)
(a)
10:24
AM
(c)
measurement of the 3rd predetermined water level; trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), and trial 3 (c)
91
10:28 10:29
AM AM
(a) (b)
10:31
AM
(c)
measurement of the 4th predetermined water level; trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), and trial 3 (c)
92
10:35 10:37
AM AM
(a) (b)
10:39
AM
(c)
measurement of the 5th predetermined water level; trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), and trial 3 (c)
93
Figure 45. The prototype
Figure 46. Creation of the Miniature
94
Figure 47. Testing of the device
Figure 48. Joshua Pales assisting during the coding of the device
95
The student- researchers went to Ormoc City Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Office (CDRRMO) headed by Engr. Ciriaco Tolibao II. The
student-researchers also interviewed the office in-charge in city water-level
monitoring, Mr. Francis Omega and office researcher Ms. Fatima Leira T.
Ebcas.
96
The student-researchers asked a copy of CDRRMO artifacts that were
useful as baseline data for the research project. The said document is entitled
Flood Model Calculations, Pagsanga-an River, owned by the city
government, European Commission and Humanitarian Aid. The data were
collected by the City of Ormoc and GIZ in the person of Ms. Adriana Sanchez.
97
Engr. Ciriaco Tolibao II, head of the Ormoc City Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Office (CDRRMO) instructed the student-
researchers Jonathan, Kyle and Lawrence on the flood prone areas or
barangays in Ormoc City, specifically those barangays near the Pagsanga-an
river.
98
Jonathan Bagarinao, one of the student-researchers, together with the
Education Program Supervisors in Science and Mathematics, Mrs. Juliet
Montebon, and Mrs. Hazel Maraviles, had a conversation with the city mayor
of Ormoc, Hon. Richard Frank I. Gomez at the New Ormoc City Hall. Mayor
Gomez gave permission to conduct the said study, and he even supported it
through giving the team a budget allocation from the SEF funds.
99
Engr. Jude Alexes M. Ramas, an Electronic Engineer and Instructor I
at Eastern Visayas State University- Ormoc City Campus instructed the
student-researchers on what would be the materials to be bought and its
specifications as well as the estimate cost of the device and where to buy them,
that was after the student-researchers gave him an overview of their study.
100
The student-researchers Jonathan, Kyle, and Lawrence asked
assistance from Engr. Jude Alexes M. Ramas at the EVSU-OCC Engineering
Department. They submitted the schematic diagram of their device and it was
evaluated and enhanced by Engr. Ramas.
101
Mr. Francis Omega from the Ormoc City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office (CDRRMO), allowed the researchers to borrow their
binocular with range finder in order to find the distance of the river water
from the bridge, specifically at the Brgy. Mas-in Bridge.
102
Mr. Francis Omega from the Ormoc CDRRMO used a DJI Mavic Pro
drone in order to make an aerial visualization as to where the student-
researchers will mount the device, specifically at Brgy. Mas-in, Ormoc City.
103
The student-researchers also checked the specific location of the bridge
through using a GPS locator which was borrowed from Ormoc CDRRMO in
order to determine its coordinates.
104
The student-researchers asked permission from Engr. Ranulfo D.
Oliveros, head of the city engineering office, to mount a water level monitoring
and flood warning system device at Brgy. Mas-in bridge.
105
This is the aerial visualization as to where the student-researchers will
mount the device specifically at Brgy. Mas-in, Ormoc City using a DJI Mavic
Pro drone which was borrowed from the City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Office.
106
For the implementation phase of the device, the student- researchers
went to Brgy. Mas-in, Ormoc City. With the cooperation of their Punong
Barangay, Mrs. Cecilia T. Bacsal, and BDRRM kagawad in-charge Mr.
Alexander T. Ando, they have interviewed 10 households who live nearby the
river and asked their cellular numbers to be encoded in the Arduino Uno
program. With this, they will be aware and disaster prepared when calamities
arise most especially flood.
107
108
109
110
went to Brgy. Liloan, Ormoc City. With the cooperation of their Punong
Barangay, Mrs. Thelma C. Bihag, and BDRRM kagawad in-charge Ms.
Marivel N. Baledio, they have interviewed 10 households who live nearby the
111
went to Brgy. Liloan, Ormoc City. With the cooperation of their Punong
Barangay, Mrs. Thelma C. Bihag, and BDRRM kagawad in-charge Ms.
Marivel N. Baledio, they have interviewed 10 households who live nearby the
program. With the help also of the office in-charge of the Tzu chi Foundation
Great Love Village, Mrs. Aida Cornito.
112
With the help of the officer in-charge of the Tzu chi Foundation Great
Love Village, Mrs. Aida Cornito, The student-researchers were able to
interview 10 households who live nearby the river and asked their cellular
numbers to be encoded in the Arduino Uno program. With this, they will be
aware and disaster prepared when calamities arise most especially flood.
113
Figure 49. 150mm rain after 12 hours, model calculation for Pagsangaan
114
River
115
River
River
116
River
117
River
118
River
119
River
120
River
121
River
122
River
123
River
PURCHASED MATERIALS FOR THE ALBUS
FLOW DEVICE
124
125
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their sincere gratitude to the following for
their bounteous assistance, and in one way or the other have enabled them to bring
this study to completion.
Foremost, the researchers want to offer this endeavor to the Almighty Father,
for the wisdom, strength, guidance, hope and courage that they were able to come up
with attainable problem to be studied.
To Mr. Marjune M. Nepaya, research teacher, for his bountiful help and efforts
in giving suggestions, for being considerate and for having patience towards the
researchers for the entire length of this study.
To Mr. Joshua S. Pales, Information Technologist support, for helping the
researchers assemble and program the prototype device and for giving his time and
effort in the fulfillment of this research. His support and guidance throughout the
research made all of these possible.
To Mr. Ramil P. Venezuela, an information technologist and a teacher in Ormoc
City Senior High School for helping us in solving our problem regarding the code we
uploaded to our prototype device despite of his hectic schedule.
To Engr. Jude Alexis M. Ramas and Engr. Edward B. Bertulfo, both professors
of Eastern Visayas State University (EVSU) Ormoc City Campus. For their helping us
with the software problems we encountered through the study.
To Ormoc City Senior High School, for being able to help the researchers
financially.
126
To the parents of the researchers, for the love, patience, inspiration and
financial support.
To the friends and classmates of the researchers for being so supportive all
throughout especially to Denz Kayro D. Merin and Aldwin F. Rita.
127

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ALBUS FLOW: ARDUINO-BASED ULTRA SONIC SENSOR AS FLOOD

WARNING AND ON-THE-GO WATER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM

A Research Paper Presented to the

BOARD OF JUDGES (BOJ) and

LAWRENCE ANTHONY A. ALONZO

Ormoc City Senior High School

Literature Review………………………………………………………… 11-18

Table no. Title Page no.

1 Non-Randomized Post Test Only Two Group Research 19

2 Water Level Interpretations 26

5 Average recorded water level of ABUS FLOW 31

6 Average recorded water level of traditional measuring device 32

7 Test-Retest Reliability Coefficient Interpretation 33

8 Test-Retest Reliability Coefficient interpretation 34

9 Success Rate in sending advisory SMS 35

10 Success Rate in giving off an Alarm 36

11 Success Rate in lighting the LED 37

12 Percent Error Table 38

13 Non-Randomized Post Test Control Research Design 39

14 Data collected under Experimental Group 49

15 Data Collected under the Control Group 49

16 T-test: Paired Two Sample for Means 55

17 Test-retest reliability table 56

20 Success Rate table in giving off an SMS Results 58

21 Success Rate table in giving off an Alarm results 59

22 Success Rate table in Lighting the LED results 60

23 4-Day Implementation of the Device 62

24 Cost Analysis of the ALBUS FLOW 63

Figure no. Title Page no.

1 Conceptual Framework of the Experimentation on ABUS 5

2 Conceptual Framework on the Implementation of ALBUS 9

3 Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller 21

4 HC04 Ultrasonic Sensor 21

6 GSM SIM900 Module 22

7 Ethernet w5100 Shield 23

9 Integration of the shields to the Arduino 25

10 Schematic Diagram of sensor - shield 25

11 Integrated Development Environment 27

17 Research Materials for the Implementation Phase 43

18 Schematic Diagram of Transmitter 44

19 Schematic Diagram of Receiver 45

20 Measurement of the meter stick with the 1st predetermined 50

water level trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)

21 Measurement of the meter stick with the 2nd predetermined 51

water level trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)

22 Measurement of the meter stick with the 3rd predetermined 52

water level trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)

23 Measurement of the meter stick with the 4th predetermined 53

water level trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)

24 Measurement of the meter stick with the 5th predetermined 54

water level trial 1 (a), trial 2 (b), & trial 3 (c)

25 Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 1st 86

predetermined water level

26 Trial 2 measurement of the device with the 1st 86

predetermined water level

27 Trial 3 measurement of the device with the 1st 86

predetermined water level

28 Trial 1 measurement of the device with the 2nd 86

predetermined water level

predetermined water level

30 Trial 3 measurement of the device with the 2nd 87

predetermined water level