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Topology and its Applications 160 (2013) 1486–1493

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Topology and its Applications

www.elsevier.com/locate/topol

A new approach to fixed point theorems on G-metric spaces ✩

Tran Van An a , Nguyen Van Dung b,∗ , Vo Thi Le Hang b
a
Department of Mathematics, Vinh University, Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Viet Nam
b
Department of Mathematics, Dong Thap University, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Viet Nam

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper, we introduce the metric d G on a G-metric space ( X , G ) and use this notion
Received 18 October 2012 to show that many contraction conditions for maps on the G-metric space ( X , G ) reduce
Received in revised form 11 May 2013 to certain contraction conditions for maps on the metric space ( X , d G ). As applications,
Accepted 30 May 2013
the proofs of many fixed point theorems for maps on the G-metric space ( X , G ) may be
MSC:
simplified, and many fixed point theorems for maps on the G-metric space ( X , G ) are
primary 47H10, 54H25 direct consequences of preceding results for maps on the metric space ( X , d G ).
secondary 54D99, 54E99 © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Fixed point
G-metric space

1. Introduction and preliminaries

In [13], Mustafa and Sims have introduced the concept of G-metric spaces as follows.

Definition 1.1. ([13, Definition 3]) Let X = ∅ and G : X × X × X −→ [0, ∞) satisfy the following

(G1) G (x, y , z) = 0 if x = y = z.
(G2) 0 < G (x, x, y ) for all x = y ∈ X .
(G3) G (x, x, y )  G (x, y , z) for all x, y = z ∈ X .
(G4) The symmetry on three variables

G (x, y , z) = G (x, z, y ) = G ( y , x, z) = G ( y , z, x) = G ( z, x, y ) = G ( z, y , x)

for all x, y , z ∈ X .
(G5) The rectangle inequality

G (x, y , z)  G (x, a, a) + G (a, y , z)

for all x, y , z, a ∈ X .

Then G is called a G-metric on X and the pair ( X , G ) is called a G-metric space.

✩
This work is partly discussed at The Dong Thap Seminar on Mathematical Analysis.
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: andhv@yahoo.com (T.V. An), nvdung@dthu.edu.vn, nguyendungtc@yahoo.com (N.V. Dung), vothilehangbt@yahoo.com.vn (V.T.L. Hang).

0166-8641/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.topol.2013.05.027
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T.V. An et al. / Topology and its Applications 160 (2013) 1486–1493 1487

This notion has been attracted by many authors and various kinds of fixed point theorems for maps on G-metric spaces
have been obtained. The proofs of these results seem more complicated than that of fixed point theorems for maps on
metric spaces, see papers which are listed in References.
In this paper, we show that many fixed point theorems on G-metric spaces can be easily obtained from certain fixed
point theorems on metric spaces.
First, we recall some notions and lemmas which will be used in the latter.

Definition 1.2. ([8]) A function ψ : [0, ∞) −→ [0, ∞) is called an altering distance function if

(1) ψ(0) = 0,
(2) ψ is continuous and monotonically non-decreasing.

Remark 1.3. If ψ is an altering distance function, then

   
max ψ(a), ψ(b) = ψ max{a, b}
for all a, b ∈ [0, ∞).

Definition 1.4. ([13]) Let ( X , G ) be a G-metric space and x0 ∈ X , r > 0.

(1) The set

 
B G (x0 , r ) = x ∈ X: G (x0 , x, x) < r
is called a G-ball with center x0 and radius r.
(2) The family of all G-balls forms a base of a topology τ (G ) on X , and τ (G ) is called a G-metric topology.
(3) The sequence {xn } is said to be G-convergent to x in X if xn → x in the G-metric topology τ (G ).
(4) The sequence {xn } is said to be G-Cauchy in X if G (xn , xm , xl ) → 0 as m, n, l → ∞.
(5) ( X , G ) is called a complete G-metric space if every G-Cauchy sequence is G-convergent.

Lemma 1.5. ([13, Proposition 6]) Let ( X , G ) be a G-metric space. Then the following statements are equivalent.

(1) xn is G-convergent to x in X .
(2) G (xn , xn , x) → 0 as n → ∞.
(3) G (xn , x, x) → 0 as n → ∞.
(4) G (xn , xm , x) → 0 as n, m → ∞.

Definition 1.6. ([13, Definition 7]) Let T : X −→ X  be a map from a G-metric space ( X , G ) to a G-metric space ( X  , G  ).

(1) T is said to be G-continuous at a point x0 ∈ X if T −1 ( B G  ( T x0 , r )) ∈ τ (G ) for all r > 0.

(2) T is said to be G-continuous if it is G-continuous at all points of X .

Lemma 1.7. ([13, Proposition 7]) Let T : X −→ X  be a map from a G-metric space ( X , G ) to a G-metric space ( X  , G  ). Then T is
G-continuous at x ∈ X if and only if T is G-sequentially continuous at x, that is, whenever {xn } is G-convergent to x we have { f (xn )}
is G-convergent to f (x).

Lemma 1.8. ([13, Proposition 8]) Let ( X , G ) be a G-metric space. Then G is jointly continuous in all three of its variables.

Lemma 1.9. ([13, Proposition 9]) Let ( X , G ) be a G-metric space. Then the following statements are equivalent.

(1) {xn } is a G-Cauchy sequence.

(2) G (xn , xm , xm ) → 0 as m, n → ∞.

2. Main results

Theorem 2.1. Let ( X , G ) be a G-metric space and

 
d G (x, y ) = max G (x, y , y ), G ( y , x, x)
for all x, y ∈ X . Then we have

(1) d G is a metric on X .
(2) A sequence {xn } is convergent to x in ( X , G ) if and only if it is convergent to x in ( X , d G ).
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(3) A sequence {xn } is Cauchy in ( X , G ) if and only if it is Cauchy in ( X , d G ).

(4) ( X , G ) is complete if and only if ( X , d G ) is complete.

Proof. (1). For all x, y , z ∈ X we have the following.

 
d G (x, y ) = max G (x, y , y ), G ( y , x, x)  0,
 
d G (x, y ) = 0 if and only if max G (x, y , y ), G ( y , x, x) = 0, if and only if
G (x, y , y ) = G ( y , x, x) = 0
that is x = y.
   
d G (x, y ) = max G (x, y , y ), G ( y , x, x) = max G ( y , x, x), G (x, y , y ) = d G ( y , x),
 
d G (x, y ) = max G (x, y , y ), G ( y , x, x)
 
 max G (x, z, z) + G ( z, y , y ), G ( y , z, z) + G ( z, x, x)
   
 max G (x, z, z), G ( z, x, x) + max G ( z, y , y ), G ( y , z, z)
= d G (x, z) + d G ( z, y ).
By the above, d G is a metric on X .
(2). By Lemma 1.5 we have xn → x in ( X , G ) if and only if G (xn , x, x) → 0 and G (x, xn , xn ) → 0, if and only if
d G (xn , x) → 0, that is xn → x in ( X , d G ).
(3). By Lemma 1.9 we have {xn } is Cauchy in ( X , G ) if and only if G (xn , xm , xm ) → 0 and G (xm , xn , xn ) → 0, if and only if
d G (xn , xm ) → 0, that is {xn } is Cauchy in ( X , d G ).
(4). It is a direct consequence of (2) and (3). 2

Corollary 2.2. Let f : X −→ Y be a map from a G-metric space ( X , G 1 ) to a G-metric space (Y , G 2 ). Then f is a G-continuous map
if and only if f is a continuous map from the metric space ( X , d G 1 ) to the metric space (Y , d G 2 ).

Lemma 2.3. ([4, Theorem 1]) Let ( X , d) be a metric space and T : X −→ X be a map such that

(1) X is T -orbitally complete, that is, for each x ∈ X , every Cauchy sequence in {x, T x, . . . , T n x, . . .} converges in X ;
(2) There exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 with
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ), d(x, T y ), d( y , T x)
for all x, y ∈ X .

Then we have

(1) T has a unique fixed point u in X ;

(2) lim T n x = u;
qn
(3) d( T n x, u )  1−q d(x, T x)

for all x ∈ X .

There are many fixed point theorems for maps on G-metric spaces which have been stated by using various contrac-
tion conditions and proved complicatedly. Now we show that the proofs of these results may be simplified by using the
metric d G . For example, we simplify the proof of one of first fixed point theorems for maps on G-metric spaces as follows.

Theorem 2.4. ([11, Theorem 2.1]) Let ( X , G ) be a complete G-metric space and T : X −→ X be a map satisfying one of the following
conditions

G ( T x, T y , T z)  a.G (x, y , z) + b.G (x, T x, T x) + c .G ( y , T y , T y ) + d.G ( z, T z, T z) (2.1)

or

G ( T x, T y , T z)  a.G (x, y , z) + b.G (x, x, T x) + c .G ( y , y , T y ) + d.G ( z, z, T z) (2.2)

for all x, y , z ∈ X where 0  a + b + c + d < 1. Then

(1) T has a unique fixed point u;

(2) T is G-continuous at u.
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Proof. (1). Assume that T satisfies the condition (2.1). Then by replacing z by y and z by x in (2.1) we obtain respectively

G ( T x, T y , T y )  a.G (x, y , y ) + b.G (x, T x, T x) + c .G ( y , T y , T y ) + d.G ( y , T y , T y )

and

G ( T x, T y , T x)  a.G (x, y , x) + b.G (x, T x, T x) + c .G ( y , T y , T y ) + d.G (x, T x, T x).

It follows that

G ( T x, T y , T y )  a.d G (x, y ) + b.d G (x, T x) + (c + d).d G ( y , T y )

 
 (a + b + c + d) max d G (x, y ), d G (x, T x), d G ( y , T y )
and

G ( T y , T x, T x)  a.d G (x, y ) + (b + d).d G (x, T x) + c .d G ( y , T y )

 
 (a + b + c + d) max d G (x, y ), d G (x, T x), d G ( y , T y ) .
This reduces to
 
d G ( T x, T y )  (a + b + c + d) max d G (x, y ), d G (x, T x), d G ( y , T y ) .
In the case that T satisfies the condition (2.2), we also get
 
d G ( T x, T y )  (a + b + c + d) max d G (x, y ), d G (x, T x), d G ( y , T y ) .

Since ( X , G ) is complete, it follows from Theorem 2.1 that ( X , d G ) is complete. Then by using Lemma 2.3 with q =
a + b + c + d and d = d G we obtain that T has a unique fixed point u.
(2). Let xn → u in ( X , d G ). Then we have
 
d G ( T xn , T u )  q. max d G (xn , u ), d G (xn , T xn ), d G (u , T u )  q.d G (xn , u ) + q.d G (xn , T xn ).
It reduces to

d G ( T xn , T u )  2q.d G (xn , u ) + q.d G (u , T xn ) = 2q.d G (xn , u ) + q.d G ( T u , T xn ).

Therefore,

(1 − q)d G ( T xn , T u )  2q.d G (xn , u ).

Taking the limit as n → ∞ we get d G ( T xn , T u ) → 0, that is T xn → T u in ( X , d G ). This proves that T is continuous at u with
respect to d G . By Corollary 2.2, T is G-continuous at u. 2

By similar arguments as in the proof of Theorem 2.4 we may show that many contraction conditions for maps on
G-metric spaces reduce to certain contraction conditions for maps on metric spaces. For example, see Remark 2.5 to Re-
mark 2.20 in the following.

Remark 2.5. The contraction condition in [12, Theorem 2.1]:

G ( T x, T y , T z)  a.G (x, T x, T x) + b.G ( y , T y , T y ) + c .G ( z, T z, T z)

for all x, y , z ∈ X where 0  a + b + c < 1.
This condition reduces to the contraction condition (5) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there
exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that, for each x, y ∈ X
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, T x), d( y , T y )
where q = a + b + c.

Remark 2.6. The contraction condition in [11, Theorem 2.9]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T y )  a G (x, T x, T x) + G ( y , T y , T y )
or
 
G ( T x, T y , T y )  a G (x, x, T x) + G ( y , y , T y )

for all x, y ∈ X , where 0  a  12 .

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This condition reduces to the contraction condition (4) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there
exists a constant q, 0  q < 12 , such that, for each x, y ∈ X
 
d( T x, T y )  q d(x, T x) + d( y , T y )
where q = a.

Remark 2.7. The contraction condition in [10, Theorem 2.1]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  k G (x, T x, T x) + G ( y , T y , T y ) + G ( z, T z, T z)

for all x, y , z ∈ X and some k ∈ [0, 13 ).

This condition reduces to the contraction condition (5) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there
exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that, for each x, y ∈ X
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, T x), d( y , T y )
where q = 3k.

Remark 2.8. The contraction condition in [10, Theorem 2.2]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  α .G (x, y , z) + β G ( y , T y , T y ) + G ( z, T z, T z) + G (x, T x, T x)
for all x, y , z ∈ X where 0  α + 3.β < 1.
This condition reduces to the contraction condition (5) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there
exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that, for each x, y ∈ X
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, T x), d( y , T y )
where q = α + 3.β .

Remark 2.9. The contraction condition in [6, Theorem 2.1]: For some k ∈ [0, 1) and each x ∈ O ( f , x0 ) there is an integer n(x)  1
such that
 
G f n(x) z, f n(x) x, f n(x) x  k.G ( z, x, x)
for all z ∈ B for a certain subset B.
This reduces to a condition which is similar to the contraction condition in [7, Theorem 2]: T : X −→ X is a map on a
complete metric space X , B ⊂ X with T ( B ) ⊂ B and there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that, for each x ∈ B, there is an integer
n(x)  1 with
 
d T n(x) z, T n(x) x  q.d( z, x)
for all z ∈ B where q = k.

Remark 2.10. The contraction condition in [11, Theorem 2.3]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, T x, T x), G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( z, T z, T z)
or
 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, x, T x), G ( y , y , T y ), G ( z, z, T z)
for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 1.
This condition reduces to the contraction condition (5) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there
exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that, for each x, y ∈ X
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, T x), d( y , T y )
where q = k.

Remark 2.11. The contraction condition in [10, Theorem 2.3]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  α .G (x, y , z) + β max G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( z, T z, T z), G (x, T x, T x)
for all x, y , z ∈ X where 0  α + β < 1.
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This condition reduces to the contraction condition (9 ) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there
exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 such that, for each x, y ∈ X ,
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y )
where q = α + β .

Remark 2.12. The contraction condition in [3, Theorem 2.1]:


G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, y , z), G (x, T x, T x), G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( z, T z, T z),

G (x, T y , T y ) + G ( z, T x, T x) G (x, T y , T y ) + G ( y , T x, T x)
, ,
2 2

G ( y , T z, T z) + G ( z, T y , T y ) G (x, T z, T z) + G ( z, T x, T x)
,
2 2
for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 1.
This condition reduces to the contraction condition (21 ) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and
there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that for each x, y ∈ X ,

d(x, T y ) + d( y , T x)
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ),
2
where q = k.

Remark 2.13. The contraction condition in [3, Theorem 2.2]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, y , z), G (x, T x, T x), G ( y , T y , T y ), G (x, T y , T y ), G ( y , T x, T x), G ( z, T z, T z)
or
 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, y , z), G (x, x, T x), G ( y , y , T y ), G (x, x, T y ), G ( y , y , T x), G ( z, z, T x)
for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 1.
This condition reduces to the contraction condition (B) in [4, Definition 1], also, the contraction condition (24) in [15]:
T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 such that, for each x, y ∈ X ,
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ), d(x, T y ), d( y , T x)
where q = k.

Remark 2.14. The contraction condition in [14, Theorem 2.1]:


G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, y , z), G (x, T x, T x), G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( z, T z, T z),

G (x, T y , T y ), G ( y , T z, T z), G ( z, T x, T x)

for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 12 .

This condition reduces to the contraction condition (B) in [4, Definition 1], also, the contraction condition (24) in [15]:
T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 such that, for each x, y ∈ X ,
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ), d(x, T y ), d( y , T x)
where q = k.

Remark 2.15. The contraction condition in [14, Theorem 2.4]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, T y , T y ) + G ( y , T x, T x), G ( y , T z, T z) + G ( z, T y , T y ), G (x, T z, T z) + G ( z, T x, T x)

for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 12 .

This condition reduces to the contraction condition (21’) in [15]: T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and
there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1, such that for each x, y ∈ X ,

d(x, T y ) + d( y , T x)
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ),
2
where q = 2k.
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Remark 2.16. The contraction condition in [14, Theorem 2.6]:

 
G ( T x, T y , T y )  k. max G ( y , T y , T y ) + G (x, T y , T y ), 2G ( y , T x, T x)

for all x, y ∈ X , where 0  k < 13 .

This condition reduces to the contraction condition (B) in [4, Definition 1], also, the contraction condition (24) in [15]:
T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 such that, for each x, y ∈ X ,
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ), d(x, T y ), d( y , T x)
where q = 2k.

Remark 2.17. The contraction condition in [17, Theorem 1]:


G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, T x, T x), G (x, T y , T y ), G (x, T z, T z), G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( y , T x, T x), G ( y , T z, T z),

G ( z, T z, T z), G ( z, T x, T x), G ( z, T y , T y )

for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 12 .

This condition reduces to the contraction condition (B) in [4, Definition 1], also, the contraction condition (24) in [15]:
T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 such that, for each x, y ∈ X ,
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ), d(x, T y ), d( y , T x)
where q = k.

Remark 2.18. The contraction condition in [17, Theorem 2]:


G ( T x, T y , T z)  k. max G (x, T x, T x) + G ( y , T y , T y ) + G ( z, T z, T z), G (x, T y , T y ) + G ( y , T x, T x) + G ( z, T y , T y ),

G (x, T z, T z) + G ( y , T z, T z) + G ( z, T x, T x)

for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0  k < 14 .

This condition reduces to the contraction condition (B) in [4, Definition 1], also, the contraction condition (24) in [15]:
T : X −→ X is a map on a complete metric space X and there exists a constant q, 0  q < 1 such that, for each x, y ∈ X ,
 
d( T x, T y )  q. max d(x, y ), d(x, T x), d( y , T y ), d(x, T y ), d( y , T x)
where q = 3k.

Remark 2.19. The contraction condition in [16, Theorem 2.1 & Theorem 2.2]: f , g : X −→ X are two weakly increasing maps
with response to  and a, b, c  0 with a + 2b + 2c < 1 such that, for all comparative x, y ∈ X ,
   
G ( f x, g y , g y )  a.G (x, y , y ) + b G (x, f x, f x) + G ( y , g y , g y ) + c G (x, g y , g y ) + G ( y , f x, f x) ,
   
G ( gx, f y , f y )  a.G (x, y , y ) + b G (x, gx, gx) + G ( y , f y , f y ) + c G (x, f y , f y ) + G ( y , g y , g y ) .
This condition reduces to the contraction condition in [1, Theorem 4.5]: f , g : X −→ X are two weakly increasing maps
such that for all comparable x, y ∈ X ,
 
T d( f x, g y ), d(x, y ), d(x, f x), d( y , g y ), d(x, g y ), d( y , f x)  0
where T : R+ −→ R+ satisfies:

(1) T (t 1 , . . . , t 6 ) is non-increasing in variables t 2 , . . . , t 6 ;

(2) There exists a right continuous function h : R+ −→ R+ , h(0) = 0, h(t ) < t for t > 0 such that for u  0,

T ( u , v , u , v , 0, u + v )  0
or

T ( u , v , v , u , u + v , 0)  0
or

T ( u , v , 0, 0, v , v )  0
implies u  h( v );
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(3) T (u , 0, u , 0, 0, u ) > 0 and T (u , 0, 0, u , u ) > 0 for all u > 0;

where

T (t 1 , . . . , t 6 ) = t 1 − at 2 − b(t 3 + t 4 ) − c (t 5 + t 6 )
and h(t ) = (a + 2b + 2c )t.

Remark 2.20. The contraction condition in [9, Theorem 3.2]:

   
ψ G ( T x, T y , T z)  ψ max G (x, y , z), G (x, T x, T x), G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( z, T z, T z),

α .G ( T x, T x, y ) + (1 − α )G ( T y , T y , z), β.G (x, T x, T x) + (1 − β)G ( y , T y , T y )
 
− φ max G (x, y , z), G (x, T x, T x), G ( y , T y , T y ), G ( z, T z, T z),

α .G ( T x, T x, y ) + (1 − α )G ( T y , T y , z), β.G (x, T x, T x) + (1 − β)G ( y , T y , T y )
for all x, y , z ∈ X , where 0 < α , β < 1, ψ is an altering function and φ : [0, ∞) −→ [0, ∞) is a continuous function with φ(t ) = 0 if
and only if t = 0.
If α = 12 , then this condition reduces to the contraction condition in [2, Theorem 2.4], also see [5]: f , g : X −→ X are two
maps satisfying
     
ψ d( f x, g y )  ψ M (x, y ) − ϕ M (x, y )
for all x, y ∈ X , where

d(x, g y ) + d( y , f x)
M (x, y ) = max d(x, y ), d(x, f x), d( y , g y ),
2
and ψ : [0, ∞) −→ [0, ∞) is a continuous and non-decreasing function with ψ(t ) = 0 if and only if t = 0, ϕ : [0, ∞) −→ [0, ∞) is
a lower-continuous with ϕ (t ) = 0 if and only if t = 0 by choosing z = x and using Remark 1.3. If 0  α < 12 or 12 < α < 1, then
the proof is similar to that of α = 12 .

Remark 2.21.

(1) From Remark 2.5 to Remark 2.20, we see that many fixed point theorems for maps on G-metric spaces may be direct
consequences of preceding results for maps on metric spaces by using similar arguments.
(2) For contraction conditions for maps on a G-metric space ( X , G ) which have no preceding contraction conditions for
maps on a metric space in the literature, we may have much easier proofs when transform arguments with respect to
G to the setting of d G .

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