QUESTION

Part A – B

1. Define rigid body -

A rigid body is an idealization of a body that does not deform or change shape. Formally
it is defined as a collection of particles with the property that the distance between
particles remains unchanged during the course of motions of the body
2. Define moment of inertia of a particle-
Moment of inertia is the property of the body due to which it resists angular acceleration,
which is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle in the body with the square
of its distance from the axis of rotation.
3. Define moment of inertia of a rigid body –
The moment of inertia, otherwise known as the angular mass or rotational inertia, of a
rigid body is a tensor that determines the torque needed for a desired angular
acceleration about a rotational axis; similar to how mass determines the force needed for
a desired acceleration
4. Define radius of gyration-
Mathematically the radius of gyration is the root mean square distance of the object's
parts from either its center of mass or a given axis, depending on the relevant
application. ... It is actually the perpendicular distance from point mass to the axis of
rotation.

5. Define angular momentum-

Angular momentum, property characterizing the rotary inertia of an object or system of
objects in motion about an axis that may or may not pass through the object or system
6. State the law of conservation of angular momentum-
The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts
on an object, no change of angular momentum will occur
7. State newton’s I law of gravitation-
Newton's first law states that, if a body is at rest or moving at a constant speed in a
straight line, it will remain at rest or keep moving in a straight line at constant speed
unless it is acted upon by a force. This postulate is known as the law of inertia.
8. State newton’s II law of gravitation-
Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of a system is directly
proportional to and in the same direction as the net external force acting on the system,
and inversely proportional to its mass. ... If the only force acting on an object is due
to gravity, the object is in free fall

9. What is a satellite?-
A satellite is any object that moves in a curved path around a planet. The moon is Earth's
original, natural satellite, and there are many man-made 
10. Define escape velocity-
Escape velocity :- It is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape the
gravitational force of another object.
 11. Define orbital velocity-
Orbital velocity is defined as the minimum velocity a body must maintain to stay
in orbit. Due to the inertia of the moving body, the body has a tendency to move on in a
straight line.
12. Give any two uses of artificial satellites-

Spying.
Weather forecasting
13. Derive an expression for the moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis-
Moment of Inertia Formula Derivation The Mass Moment of Inertia of the physical object
is expressible as the sum of Products of the mass and square of its perpendicular
distance through the point that is fixed
14. Explain newton’s law of gravitation-
Newton's law of gravitation, statement that any particle of matter in the universe
attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and
inversely as the square of the distance between them

15. Explain escape velocity and orbital velocity-

Orbital velocity is the speed required to achieve orbit around a celestial body, such as
a planet or a star, while escape velocity is the speed required to leave that orbit
16. Write the uses of artificial satellites-

communications – satellite television and phone calls;

Earth observation - including weather forecasting, tracking storms and pollution,
spying and satellite photography;
navigation - including the Global Positioning System (GPS)

Part C

1. Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a rigid body rotating about an axis
Rotational kinetic energy can be expressed as: Erotational=12Iω2 E rotational = 1 2 I ω 2 where
ω is the angular velocity and I is the moment of inertia around the axis of rotation. ... The
instantaneous power of an angularly accelerating body is the torque times the angular velocity:
P=τω P = τ ω .
2. Derive an expression for the angular momentum of a rigid body rotating about an axis
A rigid rotating body has angular momentum L=Iω L = I ω directed along
the axis of rotation. The time derivative of the angular momentum dLdt=∑τ d L d t = ∑ τ
gives the net torque on a rigid body and is directed along the axis of rotation.
3. Derive an expression for the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth
We get, ⇒g=GM(R−d)R3. Therefore the expression of acceleration due to gravity of a
body at a depth d from the surface of earth is GM(R−d)R3. Here, we can understand
that the acceleration of a body due to gravity inside earth decreases as we go from
the surface to the centre of earth. At centre g=0.
4. Obtain an expression for the variation of acceleration due to gravity with altitude
Force of gravity acting on a body of mass m on the earth surface = F = GMm/R^2
____________ (1)

Where R is the radius of the earth (considering it a homogenous sphere)

and M here is the total mass of earth concentrated at its centre. G is the gravitational
constant.

Now, from Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion,

F = mg.___________________(2)

Just to recapitulate, as a body falls downwards it is continuously acted upon by a force

of gravity. The body thus possesses an acceleration, called Acceleration Due to
gravity(g).

From equation 1 and 2 we can write

mg = (GMm) / R^2

=> g = GM / R^2 _______________ (3)

Another expression of g here:

If mean density of earth is p then mass of the earth = M = volume X density = (4/3) Pi
R^3 p
(Pi = 22/7)

g = G.( (4/3) Pi R^3 p) / R^2

g = (4/3) Pi R p G ________________ (4)

5. Derive an expression for the escape velocity from the surface of the earth
The escape velocity (earth), ve = √2 × 9.8 × 6.4 × 106. Therefore, ve = 11.2 × 103 m/s =
11.186 km/s or 11.2 km/s (Approximately)
 6. Derive an expression for the orbital velocity of a satellite-

The expression for orbital velocity is √g( R+h) = √gr.

Orbital velocity is the velocity needed to balance the pull of gravity on the satellite with the
inertia of the motion of the satellite, the tendency of the satellite to continue.

Considering the mass of satellite = m

The radius of satellite = r

The height from surface of the earth = h

Thus,

r=R+h

Centripetal force for the movement of satellite - mv²/r

where v is the orbital velocity

Orbital force between earth and satellite = GMm/r²

Therefore,

= mv²/r = GMm/r²

v² = Gm/r = Gm/ R + h

v =  √Gm/r = √Gm/ R + h

Now, g = - GM/ (R+h)²

GM/r+h = g (R+h) = gr

Therefore orbital velocity = √g( R+h) = √gr

Exercise

1. Find the escape velocity at the surface of the moon given that the radius of moon is 2 x 10^6m
and acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon us 1.69ms^2…

Mass (m)=7.34×1022
Radius (R)=1.74×106
Ve=R2GM
Ve=1.74×1066.67×10−11×7.34×1022
Ve=1.74×10648.98716×1011
Ve=28.1535×105
Ve=1.68×103m/sec
 2. A satellite is revolving in circular orbit at a height if 800 km from the surface of the earth
calculate the orbital velocity. The radius of the earth is 6400 km and g = 9.8ms^2….

Time period of the satellite is given by: T=2πgr

Almost close to surface of Earth ⟹r=Re
∴ Time period, T=2π9.86400×103
Time period, T=5077 seconds

Brain teaser

1. The escape velocity from the surface of the earth is 11.2kms^4 find the escape velocity from
the surface of another planet where mass and diameter are twice that of earth….

Escape speed, ve=R2GM=11.2 km/s
For another planet mass is 8 times and radius is twice that of Earth.

∴ve′=2R2G×8M

⇒ve′=2R2GM=2×11.2=22.4 km/s

2. What is the acceleration due to gravity at a distance from the centre of the earth which is
equal to diameter of the earth

At a distance from the center of Earth equal to one Earth’s diameter the value of g is
one-fourth of the value of g on the Earth’s surface. If on the surface, g = 9.8 m/s^2,
then at the cited altitude the value of g is (9.8 m/s^2 / 4) or 2.45 m’s^2.

The value of g_new at that altitude is solved using the formula g_new = GM / (2R)^2
but at the surface of the Earth the value is only g = GM / R^2. The value of g_new =
0.25 * g.