Nama Group 3:

1. Hamdy setiawadi
2. Munawarah
3. Sumiati

Work sheet 1

Unit 3

CHEMISTRY

• What isChemistry?

• Plural inEnglish

• Fundamental Concepts ofChemistry

A. What IsChemistry?
1. How would you define chemistry? What is the scope if itsstudy?

Answer

Chemistry is the study of matter. In its composition, it is also regarded as the main
science as the center of science.

The chemical scope includes the underlying order, structure, qualities, and changes in
matter and energy. Chemically divided into descriptive and theoretical chemistry.

Theoretical chemistry consists of six elements: analytic, organic chemistry, physical

chemistry, inorganic chemistry, polymer chemistry and biochemistry.

2. What definition of chemistry was mentioned in Unit2?

Answer:

According to unit 2, the definition of chemistry is a branch of physical science that

studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter, and the energy
that accompanies them.

3. Read the article. What is the meaning of the words in

bold? If you look 'chemistry' up in Webster's
Dictionary, you'llsee:
"chem·is·tryn.,pl.-
tries.1.thesciencethatsystematicallystudiesthecomposition,properties,and activity of
organic and inorganic substances and various elementary forms of matter. 2.
Chemical properties, reactions, phenomena, etc.: the chemistry of carbon. 3. a.
sympathetic understanding; rapport. b. sexual attraction. 4. the constituent elements
of something; the chemistry of love. [1560-1600; earlierchymistry]."

My definition is the short and sweet, "scientific study of matter, its properties, and
interactions
with other matter and with energy".

An important point to remember is that chemistry is a science, which means its

procedures are systematic and reproducible and its hypotheses are tested using the
scientific method.

Chemists, scientists who study chemistry, examine the properties and composition of
matter and the interactions between substances. Chemistry is closely related to physics
and to biology. As is true for other sciences, mathematics is an essential tool for the
study of chemistry.

Answer:

The meaning of the word in bold is:

Composition, Properties :Komposisi, Sifat

Organic :Organik
Inorganic :Anorganik
Phenomena:Fenomena
Matter : Materi
Interactions : Interaksi
Procedures :Prosedur
Reproducible : Di reproduksi
Hypotheses :Hipotesis
Examine : Meneliti
Essential tool :Alatpenting
 4. Howmanymeaningsofthewordchemistryarementionedinthearticle?Doestheword‘kimia’

have the same meanings in Indonesian?

Answer:

In the article above there are 12 meanings of chemistry, namely: Composition, properties,
organic, anorganic,phenomena, matter, interaction, procedures, reproducible, hypotheses,
examine, esential tool.While for sentences there are 3 definitions of chemistry located in
paragraphs 1,2 and 3. Yes same.

5. Which branches of science are, according to the article, closely related to chemistry? Do
you agree?
answer
Chemistry is closely related to physics and to biology. As is true for other sciences,
mathematics is an essential tool for the study of chemistry.

Yes I agree because chemistry is sometimes referred to as the central science because it
Bridges natural sciences, including physics, geology, and biology.

6. Why, according to the article, is chemistry a science? What criteria arementioned?

Answer:

Because basically chemistry is a science that can be categorized as a natural science (IPA).
The criteria mentioned are the grouping of the chemical field itself, where chemical
chemistry is grouped in social or exact terms.

7. Doyouthinkthatmathematicsisanessentialtoolforthestudyofchemistry,asthearticlesays?
Do you as the students of chemistry need to studymathematics?

Answer

I think it's very important because mathematics is the basic science for studying chemistry.
Mathematics became one of the prerequisites for the study of chemistry. Understanding
concepts, principles, a scientific process requires mathematical reasoning

8. What is the meaning of the

followingwords? thesis hypothesis
 Answer:

A thesis is a statement or theory supported by the arguments presented in scientific

literature. A thesis is evidence of the capability involved in research and the development
of science on one of the scientific fields of education as learned. While hypotheses are the
temporary answer to a research question. Usually hypotheses are defined in the
relationship between two variables (a free and bound variable).

B. Plural inEnglish
1. Find the examples of plural words in the text. What are the rules for forming plural
inEnglish?
Answer:
Substances,properties, elements, sweet, study, procedures, hypotheses.
Rules for forming plural in english:
1. Forming English Plurals by Adding -s
For most regular English nouns, we only need to add the letter -s after the noun. Easy,
right?
Example:
Dogs → dogs
Car → cars
Apple → apples
• Nouns Ending in -th or –
If the noun ends in -th or -ph, add -s after it, like the common nouns above.
Mouth → mouths
Photograph → photographs
• Nouns Ending in -o
The general rule for nouns ending in -o is to add -s after them.
Example:
Photo → photos
Tacos → tacos
Piano → piano
Exception: Add -es
An exception to this rule applies to some nouns ending in -o, by adding -es after it
instead of -s.
• Nouns Ending in -f or -fe
The general rule is for nouns ending in -f or -fe to add -s to the end.
 Here are common examples:
Roof → roofs
Giraffe → giraffes
Exception: Use -ves
An exception to this rule applies to some nouns ending in -f or -fe. Instead of adding -
s, you should omit -f or -fe and replace them with -ves.
Here are common examples that will help you remember:
Leaves → leaves
Knife → knives
• Nouns Ending in -on
For some nouns that end in -on, you only need to add -s at the end.
Lemons → lemons
Canyon → canyons
Salon → salons
Exception: Use -a
For certain nouns ending in -on, omit the -on part and replace it with -a.
These exceptions may be rare, but they are important to know. You may find or even
use it in a school or science setting.
Criterion → criteria
Phenomena → phenomena

2. Forming English Plurals by Adding -es

There are some nouns whose plurals always end in -es.
• Nouns Ending in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or -ch
For nouns ending in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or -ch, add -es to the end.
The following examples show nouns with each of these endings:
Buses → buses
Box → boxes
Buzz → buzzes
Wishes → wishes
Watch → watches
• Nouns Ending in -is
You still need -es to form plural nouns here, but don’t just stick them in the singular.
For nouns ending in -is , omit -is and replace with -es.
Let’s look at some common examples:
 Axis → axes
Oasis → oasis
Crisis → crisis

3. Forming English Plurals by Adding -ies

There is only one type of word that needs to be added -ies to make the plural form.
However, as you’ll see below, there are also important exceptions to this rule.
• Nouns Ending in -y
For nouns ending in -y, the general rule is to omit -y and replace with -ies.
Fairy → fairies
Candy → candy
Dummy → dummies

Exception: add -s
There is an easy way to remember when this exception was applied. Just look for one
vowel before the -y in the singular.
If the vowel comes before the -y, it’s easy. You just need to add -s after the noun.
Way → ways
Monkey → monkeys
Toys → toys
Guys → guys

4. Forming English Plurals by Adding -i

Another easy rule that only applies to one type of word.
Nouns Ending in -us
For nouns ending in -us, omit the -us part and replace it with -i.
Example:
Fungus → fungi
Cactus → cacti
Stimulus → stimulus

5. Forming English Plurals Without Any Change

As mentioned above, there are several types of words where there is no difference in
spelling.
Nouns with the Same Singular and Plural Forms
 There are some words whose singular and plural forms are exactly the same.
Examples can be seen below. You may notice that these words have to do with biology
or animals.
Sheep
Deer
Fish
Species
• Nouns Without Single Form
Then, there are some nouns that do not have a singular form. That is, the word is always
plural. So you don’t need to learn the singular, because it doesn’t exist.
In general, most of these nouns are paired. However, we must be careful and should not
assume that this guide applies to all pairs of objects.
You will often find this case in the vocabulary of clothing, such as:
Scissors
Shorts
Pants (or trousers)
Jeans
• Nouns Without Plurals
Characteristics, does not have a plural form. Generally it refers to grouped nouns, or
abstract nouns. Example:
Livestock
News
Slang
Bravery
Love
Money

6. Remembering Irregular Forms in English Plurals

If you’ve studied English for a long time, you’ll know there are always special cases
where it doesn’t fit into a certain format or doesn’t conform to any of the rules.
2. Are there any exceptions to theserules?
Answer:
Yes, here
3. Some English words only occur in plural. Can you think of anyexamples?
Some of these words look like plural but are used with a verb in singular, e.g.:
Politics is a very interesting topic.
 Mathematics is an essential tool for studying other sciences.

Answer:
Photo → photos
Photo is a still image, both color and black and white, produced by a camera that records
an object or event or situation at a certain time.

4. Some English words only occur in singular. Can you think of anyexamples?
Answer:
Photo → photos
Tacos → tacos
Piano → piano
Toys → toys
Guys → guys
 Work sheet 2

C. Fundamental concepts ofchemistry

1. Readthetextandfillinthegapswiththefollowingexpressionsinappropriateforms.Useeach
expression onlyonce.

chemical formula, chemical equation, proton, neutron, element, electron, atomic nucleus,
molecule, cation, anion, chemical compound, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, ion,
molecule, atomic number

Anatomi sacollection of matter consisting of apositivelyc hargedcore (the atomic

nucleus_)which contains proton_and neutron and which maintains a number of electrons
to balance the positive charge in the nucleus. The atom is also the smallest portion into
whichan_elemen can be divided and still retain its properties,made up of a dense,positively
charged nucleus surrounded by a system of_electron .

The most basic chemical substances are the chemical elements. They are building
blocks of all other substances. An element is a class of atoms which have the same number
of protons in the nucleus.This number is known as the atomic number of the element.
Forexample, all atoms with 6 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element
carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are atoms of the element uranium. Each
chemical element is made up of only one kind of atom. The atoms of one element differ from those
of all other elements. Chemists use letters of the alphabet assymbols for the elements.
Intotal,117elementshavebeen observed asof 2007,of which 94 occur naturally on Earth.
Other shave been produced artificially.

An ion_ is an atom or a molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons.
Positively charged_ cation _(e.g.sodium cation Na+) and negative elycharged anion
(e.g. chloride Cl−) can form neutral salts (e.g. sodium chloride NaCl).

Electrical forces at the atomic level create_chemical bons that join two or more
atoms together, forming molecule. Some molecules consist of atoms of a single element.
Oxygen molecules, for example, are made up of two oxygen atoms. Chemists represent the
oxygen molecule O2. The 2 indicates the number of atoms in themolecule.

When atoms of two or more different elements bond together, they form a_chemical
compaund. Water is a compound made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom.The chemical formula for a water molecule is H2O.

Compounds are formed or broken down by means of_chemical reaction. All chemical
lreactions involve the formation orde struction of chemical bonds.Chemists use
Chemical equation to express what occurs in chemical reactions. Chemical equations
consist of chemical formulas and symbols that show the substances involved in chemical
change. For example, theequation

C+O 2 → CO 2

expressesthechemicalchangethatoccurswhenonecarbonatomreacts,orbonds,withanoxygen
molecule. The reaction produces one molecule of carbon dioxide, which has the
formulaCO2.
2. Read the article again. The names of which chemical elements and compounds can you find
there?
Answer : Proton, neutron,electron, ion, cation, anion, sodium, chloride, carbon, atom,
uranium.

3. What is the meaning of the following expressions:

chemical bonds bond together

dense density

answer:

• Chemical chemistry is a chemical process that is responsible for the attraction of two
atoms or molecules that cause a diatomic or polyatomic compound to stabilize. The
explanation of these attractive forces is extremely complex and is explained by quantum
electrodynamics.
• dense is the state of matter where volume and shape remain. In solid objects atoms or
molecules are close together, or "hard," but it does not prevent solid objects from
changing shapes or compressed.
• Covalent bond or shared bond is the sharing of a pair of electrons occurs in non-metallic
atoms. Bonds between non-metallic atoms that occur through the sharing of a shared
pair of electrons are called covalent bonds.
• Density or density or density is a measurement of the mass of each unit volume of an
object. The higher the density of an object, the greater the mass of each volume.
 Task_3
Exercises:

Exercise 1 Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural.

Answer:

1. Physics was / were my best subject inschool. ( Plural )

2. CanIborrowyourscissors?Mineisn’t/aren’tsharpenough. ( Singular )

3. Do you think the people is / are happy with thegovernment? ( Singular )

4. Gymnastics is / are my favouritesport. ( plural )
5. Thetrousersyouboughtformedoesn’t/don’tfitme.( plural )

Exercise 2 Change the following sentences from plural to singular.

1. What criteria did the scientistsuse?

2. The formulae represent the molecular structures of thesubstances.

3. The investigated phenomena are notfrequent.
4. The analyses of the results did not prove hishypotheses.
5. Electrolysis is used for purifying certainmetals.
Answer:

1. What criteria did the scientisuse?

2. The formulae represent the molecular structure of the substance.
3. The investigation phenomena are not frequent.
4. The analyses of the results did not prove his hypotheses.
5. Electrolysis is used for purify certain metals.

Exercise 3 Write the plural form of the words in italics.

Answer:

1. Even the best psychiatrists sometimes make mistakes in their diagnosisandtreatments.

2. Nuclearenergyisproducedusingtheheatgeneratedbysplittingthenucleusesofatomsofcertai
n elements.
3. Atoms emit or absorb quantumof equalenergy.

4. Chemical equilibriummay be classified into two groups, namely homogenous and

heterogenousequilibrium.
5. After analyzing the datum, they were able to drawconclusions.