NAME - S SANJAY NITHIN

REG NO - 20BIT0150
CAO THEORY DA
1) Super Computer and its Role in weather
forecasting. In India where supercomputers are used
to forecast weather and how?
SUPERCOMPUTERS :

 A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as

compared to a general-purpose computer.

 The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured

in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million
instructions per second (MIPS)

 The term is commonly applied to the fastest high-performance

systems available at any given time. Such computers have been used
primarily for scientific and engineering work requiring exceedingly
high-speed computations.

SUPERCOMPUTERS IN FORECASTING:

 For weather forecasting, and before the supercomputer processes

data, the data needs to be obtained from somewhere. Devices such
as radar, weather stations, satellite images, profilers, and other
sensors measure different atmospheric parameters, collect data and
send the data to a central database for storage (e.g. NAS – Network
Attached Storage) that can then be used by the supercomputer.
After that, they are sent to an archive for long term storage.

 Installed on the hardware is software to process, analyse, and

visualize the incoming data.

 Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) utilizes super-computing to

calculate the equations that define the flow of fluids in the
atmosphere and oceans. The supercomputer implements the
method of NWP by translating the governing equations of dynamical
meteorology, numerical methods, parameterized physical processes,
and initial and boundary conditions into computer code which is
then analyzed and determined over a specific geographic domain.
 Firstly, data is collected from an external source – this may be
observational data collected by a weather bureau (via satellite,
radiosondes, weather stations, radar etc.) or this could be model
data. This data is then put through pre-processing such as data
assimilation. Data assimilation is a processing technique to estimate
the optimal state of the evolving weather system by combining
observational and numerical model data.

 Secondly, the data is run through the model calculations. Finally, the
data is post-processed and visualised by software such as GrADS.

 Furthermore, methods of NWP such as ensemble forecasting is used

to improve current modelling techniques by producing more reliable
and accurate forecasts. This is done by comparing various NWP
forecasts and combining multiple models runs through statistical and
graphical methods to reduce the level of uncertainty of the model
outcomes and increase confidence in the accuracy of the final
output.

SUPERCOMPUTERS IN WEATHER FORECASTING WRT INDIA :

 Pratyush and Mihir are the supercomputers established at Indian

Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune and National Centre
for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF), Noida respectively.

 The two supercomputers are used to help the quality of not just
weather forecasts like monsoon but also of cyclones, earthquakes
and other extreme events. They can also help forecast air quality,
flood, drought among other things.

 Pratyush is India’s fastest supercomputer with 3.7 petaflops high

performance.
5. Design a Arithmetic and Logic Unit using Logisim
software ( 4 bit ALU)

BASE MODEL CIRCUIT(MAIN) :

SUBCIRCUIT DESIGN :
ALU CIRCUIT DESIGN :
OUTPUT :

1) AND

2) OR

3) NOR
4)XOR

5)ADD

6) SUB