Weather Forcasting PDF

lOMoARcPSD|16561000
Weather Forcasting pdf
B.tech (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)
lOMoARcPSD|16561000
WEATHER FORECASTING
PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Computer Science & Engineering)
SUBMITTED BY
Bhumika Dixit (2003490100009)
CS(3rd yr),A2
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh

LUCKNOW, INDIA

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Certificate from Guide
This is to certify that the work incorporated in the project report entitled “weather
forecasting ” is a record of work carried out Bhumika Dixit under my guidance and
supervision for the award of B.Tech. Degree in CSE/AI/Data Sc. from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow. To the best of my/our knowledge and belief the project
report
I. Embodies the work of the candidates themselves,
II. Has duly been completed, and
III. Is up to the desired standard both in respect of contents and language for being
referred to the examiners.
Signature
Shubhash Chandra maurya

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INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
2.ABSTRACT
3.ANALYSIS
a. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
b.SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
4.DESIGN APPROACH
a. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN
b.E-R DIAGRAM
5.PROJECT CODE
6.FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
7. CONCLUSION

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INTRODUCTION
Weather forecasting means the prediction of the weather through the

application of the principles of physics, supplemented by a variety of
statistical and empirical techniques.
In addition to predictions of atmospheric phenomena themselves,
weather forecasting includes predictions of changes on the Earth’s
surface climate. These changes are caused by atmospheric conditions
like snow and ice cover, storm tides, and floods.
The basis for weather prediction started with the theories of the ancient
Greek philosophers and continued with Renaissance scientists. It was
followed by the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. The
theoretical models of 20th- and 21st-century atmospheric scientists and
meteorologists helped for the betterment in applications. The so-called
synoptic weather map came to be the principal tool of 19th-century
meteorologists. This is used today in weather stations and on television
weather reports all over the world. All can happen only through a
comprehensive weather forecast. Any weather prediction needs a
systematic collection of weather record of various places and proper
analysis using the data for prediction.
ABSTRACT
Weather forecasting is the prediction of the state of the atmosphere for
a given location using the application of science and technology. This
includes temperature, rain, cloudiness, wind speed, and humidity.
Weather warnings are a special kind of short-range forecast carried out
for the protection of human life. Weather warnings are issued by the
governments throughout the world for all kinds of threatening weather
events including tropical storms and tropical cyclones depending upon
the location. The forecast may be short-range or Long-range. It is a very

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interesting and challenging task. This report provides a basic

understanding of the purpose and scope of weather forecasts ..
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Analyses of weather data
Weather forecasting begins with an analysis of the current state of the atmosphere,
ocean, and land surface. Reliable observations drawn from many platforms,
including satellites, radar, weather balloons, surface stations, and aircraft (both
crewed and uncrewed) are crucial for generating accurate analyses. Because
forecast quality is partially reliant on the quality of the underlying analysis, scientists
continue to develop techniques to integrate observations into four-dimensional
model representations of the Earth system. In addition to their vital role in weather
forecasting, these analyses support scientific investigations designed to help
develop improved weather prediction tools and techniques.
Forecast techniques
Meteorologists have traditionally used their intuition and available observations to
create forecasts up to a few hours ahead of time. Thorough human diagnosis of
some complex scenarios, such as severe-thunderstorm environments, remains
necessary to optimize situational understanding and to make and communicate
high-quality forecasts. In addition, rapidly updating numerical models, as well as
statistical tools and artificial intelligence–based models that blend observations with
NWP outputs, are increasingly used to make short-term forecasts, whether those
issued by official forecast agencies or those available through popular smartphone
applications.
Beyond a few hours ahead of time, NWP has long been the dominant forecasting
tool. Modern NWP models start from an initial analysis of meteorological conditions
produced through data assimilation and then apply the physical and dynamical
equations that
govern atmospheric evolution to predict the weather. Such models are continuously
developed and collaboratively maintained by multiple entities. Despite their
increasing skill and ability to depict progressively smaller-scale phenomena, NWP
models are imperfect. Model shortcomings exist due to limited observations,
imperfect data assimilation methods, and the approximations required to represent
small-scale physical processes such as energy exchanges between the surface and
atmosphere as well as phase changes of water. Approaches such as statistical bias
correction, model blending, ensemble forecasts, and artificial intelligence/machine
learning are increasingly used to mitigate NWP models’ shortcomings while
improving forecast skill.

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SYSTEM SPECIFICATION
Software Requirements:
 Technology: Python Django

 IDE: Pycharm /Atom
 Client Side Technologies: HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap
 Server Side Technologies: Python
 Data Base Server: Sqlite
 Operating System: Microsoft Windows/Linux
Hardware Requirements:
 Processor - 2.0 GHz or above.
 2 GB RAM or more.
 160 GB or more Hard Disk Drive.

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DESIGN APPROACH
INTRODUCTION:
The Whole Function Structure Diagram of Weather Forecast

System 3.1.1. Data Acquisition Module provides visual Server
Application Programming Interface of data distribution and data
reception. Meteorological data can be published manually, data can
be acquired with access of meteorological data acquisition
equipment, the small received data are first stored in an Oracle
database, when small data are accumulated to a certain number, the
small data will be transferred into the storage module, transferred
data will be automatically deleted. 3.1.2. Storage Module is
responsible for data storage of Metadata and entity data, and
provides data backup. Hbase is storage database of entity data and
the metadata, HDFS is underlying storage container, HDFS is not
limited by data type and can be any type of data. Small data in the
data acquisition module accumulated to a certain amount will be
deposited in the storage module Hbase on a regular basis.

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ER DIARAM

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Fig-1: Use case for weather stations.Here shows interaction

between its users that are admin and the weather station
user, and the application in the viewpoint of each user of
weather station system.
v

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Use case for crowdsourcing application.This diagram

shows interaction according to the system and the
pubic user.
PROJECT CODE
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<section class="vh-100" style="background-color: #C1CFEA;">

<div class="container py-5 h-100">
<div class="row d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center h-100"

style="color: #282828;">
<div class="col-md-9 col-lg-7 col-xl-5">
<div class="card mb-4 gradient-custom" style="border-radius: 25px;">

<div class="card-body p-4">
<div id="demo1" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">


<ul class="carousel-indicators mb-0">
<li data-target="#demo1" data-slide-to="0" class="active"></li>
<li data-target="#demo1" data-slide-to="1"></li>
</ul>

<div class="carousel-inner">
<div class="carousel-item active">
<div class="d-flex justify-content-between mb-4 pb-2">
<div>
<h2 class="display-2"><strong>23°C</strong></h2>
<p class="text-muted mb-0">Coimbra, Portugal</p>
</div>
<div>
<img src="https://mdbcdn.b-cdn.net/img/Photos/new-
templates/bootstrap-weather/ilu3.webp"
width="150px">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card mb-4" style="border-radius: 25px;">



</ul>

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<div class="d-flex justify-content-around text-center mb-4 pb-3 pt-2">
<div class="flex-column">
<p class="small"><strong>21°C</strong></p>
<i class="fas fa-sun fa-2x mb-3" style="color: #ddd;"></i>
<p class="mb-0"><strong>12:00</strong></p>
<p class="mb-0 text-muted" style="font-size: .65rem;">PM</p>
</div>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-cloud fa-2x mb-3" style="color: #ddd;"></i>
</div>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-cloud-showers-heavy fa-2x mb-3" style="color:
#ddd;"></i>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="card" style="border-radius: 25px;">



</ul>

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<div class="d-flex justify-content-around text-center mb-4 pb-3 pt-2">
<p class="mb-0"><strong>Mon</strong></p>
</div>
<p class="mb-0"><strong>Tue</strong></p>
</div>
<p class="mb-0"><strong>Wed</strong></p>
</div>
<p class="mb-0"><strong>Thu</strong></p>
</div>
<i class="fas fa-cloud-showers-heavy fa-2x mb-3" style="color:
#ddd;"></i>
<p class="mb-0"><strong>Fri</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
.gradient-custom {
/* fallback for old browsers */
background: #ffffff;
/* Chrome 10-25, Safari 5.1-6 */

background: -webkit-linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), rgba(255, 236,
210, 1));
/* W3C, IE 10+/ Edge, Firefox 16+, Chrome 26+, Opera 12+, Safari 7+ */
background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), rgba(255, 236, 210, 1))

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.carousel-indicators li {
background-color: #282828;
width: 7px;
height: 7px;
border-radius: 50%;
}
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

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Opportunities exist for increasing forecast skill at all time ranges.

However, realizing these opportunities will require further research, close
international cooperation and coordination, improved observations of the
atmosphere, ocean, and land surface, and the incorporation of these
observations into numerical models. Also, benefit will be derived from
higher spatial resolution of numerical models; increasingly powerful
supercomputers; wider use and improvement of model ensembles; the
development of data mining and visualization methods that enable
forecasters to make better use of model guidance; and collaborative
forecast development activities among operational forecasters and
researchers.
Beyond improving the forecast itself, improvement in the communication
and best use of forecast information is also needed. Research integrating
social science is key in identifying opportunities for future advances. For
example, research conducted by social scientists across multiple
disciplines has found that delivering weather warnings across multiple
media increases the likelihood that people will get and act upon this
information. Scholars have conducted numerous studies on different
public groups about perceptions of risk and uncertainty. They are also
working to explore the relative value of effective communication of
accurate weather forecasts to appropriate decision-makers. Collaborative
research with social scientists will also enable forecasters to codify best
practices in forecasting philosophy, communication, and training amidst
rapid technological change. An increase in the presence and use of social
media is contributing to additional avenues for providing weather
information and collecting real-time observations.
CONCLUSION
In summary, weather forecasts are increasingly accurate and useful, and
their benefits extend widely across the economy. While much has been
accomplished in improving weather forecasts, there remains much room
for improvement. The forecasting community is working closely with
multiple stakeholders to ensure that forecasts and warnings meet their

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specific needs. Simultaneously, they are developing new technologies

and observational networks that can enhance forecaster skill and the
value of their services to their users.
REFERENCES
1. Wikipedia
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-django/
3. https://www.javatpoint.com
4. https://www.python.org/
5. https://www.tutorialspoint/

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Weather Forcasting pdf

B.tech (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

Bhumika Dixit (2003490100009)

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

Certificate from Guide

I. Embodies the work of the candidates themselves,

II. Has duly been completed, and

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

Weather forecasting means the prediction of the weather through the

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

interesting and challenging task. This report provides a basic

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

 Technology: Python Django

 160 GB or more Hard Disk Drive.

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

The Whole Function Structure Diagram of Weather Forecast

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

Fig-1: Use case for weather stations.Here shows interaction

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

Use case for crowdsourcing application.This diagram

<section class="vh-100" style="background-color: #C1CFEA;">

<div class="row d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center h-100"

<div class="card mb-4 gradient-custom" style="border-radius: 25px;">

<div id="demo1" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">

<div class="card mb-4" style="border-radius: 25px;">

<div id="demo2" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

<div class="card" style="border-radius: 25px;">

<div id="demo3" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel">

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

<div class="carousel-item active">

/* Chrome 10-25, Safari 5.1-6 */

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Opportunities exist for increasing forecast skill at all time ranges.

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

specific needs. Simultaneously, they are developing new technologies

Downloaded by Rahul Singh (rs2830320@gmail.com)

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