Pollution Monitring and

Source Tracker Drone

Project Report Summited to the

Department of Mechanical Engineering in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
BY

ROCKY (17216401505)
RANVIJAY (1721640099)
PAPPU KUMAR PATEL (1821640904)
SACHIN SINGH (1721640108)
SUBHASH (1721640124)

Under the guidance

Mr. Satya Prakash Gupta
 DECLERATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for
the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of
higher learning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Student Name: Ranvijay

Roll No: 1721640099

Student Name: Rocky

Roll No: 1721640105

Student Name: Sachin Singh

Roll No: 1721640108

Student Name: Pappu kumar patel

Roll No: 1821640904

Student Name: Subhash

Roll No: 1721640124

 CERTIFICATE
This Is To Certify That The Project Entitled “Pollution Monitring and Source Tracker Drone” Which
Is Submitted By Pappu Kumar patel, Rocky, Sachin singh, Ranvijay,Subhash .In Partial Fulfilment
Of The Requirement For The Award Of Degree B. Tech In Department Of Mechanical Engineering
Of IIMT College Of Engineering, Greater Noida Affiliated To Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
University, Lucknow Is A Record Of The Candidates Own Work Carried Out By Them Under My
Supervision. The Matter Embodied In This Thesis Is Original And Has Not Been Submitted For The
Award Of Any Other Degree.

Signature : Signature
Mr.Satya Prakash Gupta Dr. Saswat kr. Das

(Assistance Professor) (Professor & Head)

 INDEX
Abstract………………………………………………………………………

Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 2

Background……………………………………………………..……………….6

Theory Of Operation……………………………………………………………8

Measuerements…………………………………………………………………10

Literature Review……………………………………….……………………....12

construction process…………………….………….………………………….14

System requirements……………………………..……….……………………16

Node mcu………………………………………………………………………..18

Gas sensors………………………….………………………………………….20

Temperature & Humidity……………………………………………………….22

Components…………………………………………………………..…………24

Design…………………………………………………………………….………26

Pollution detector …………………………………………………………...…...28

Video clips…………………………………………………………………….…30

Advantage……………………………………………………………...…………32

Disadvantage…………………………….………………….……………………34

Application……………………………………………………..………………..38

Calculations…………………………………………………..………………….40

Batteries…………………...……………………………………………………..42

Economical……………………….………………………….…………………44

Eassy Handelling………………………………………………………………46

Wiring……………………….……………………………..………………….48
Wide Range
Operation………………………………………………………………….………………50

Motors ………………………………………………………………………….………..52

Maintance Free………………………………………..…………………………..……..54
 INTRODUCTION
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of
emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products
from overconsumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other
human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. Drones,
also called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have been developed since World War I. The
Curtiss N2C-2 drone was developed in 1937 by the US Navy. In 1941, the radio-controlled
plane OQ-2 was launched by Reginald Denny as the first commercially produced drone to be
used in the military. Since then, drones or UAVs have been implemented in a variety of
military applications. Today, UAVs are being developed to deliver shipments, take aerial
footage of sport matches, and for many other applications.(1) Measuring air quality is
important to ensure that the general public, governmental a for prompting the required
precautions to ensure the safety of the population. As indicated by a report from the World
Health Organization (WHO), around 7 million individuals die per year from causes related to
air contamination. Urban air pollution has become a salient environmental issue in many
Asian countries owing to their rapid industrial development, urbanization, and motorization.
Particulate matter (PM) pollution such as PM2.5 is of concern owing to its impact on health
and climate change. Bangkok is an example of a developing Asian megacity that has a PM
pollution problem. Thailand’s Pollution Control Department (PCD) has conducted routine
monitoring for PM2.5 in Bangkok since 2010, after a standard was made effective. It is
evident that a 10 µg/m change in daily PM10 concentration is associated with a 1–2%
increase in natural mortality, 1–2% increase in cardiovascular mortality, and 3–6% increase
in respiratory mortality.(2,3) In addition, the city has also faced the problem of acid rain. In
fact, the acidity of rainwater has been reported to be increasing. The aim of our work is to
build a system that will help environmental researchers and other parties interested in the
monitoring of air quality. Additionally, it should provide researchers with the necessary tools
to visualize and analyze the gathered data via user-friendly interfaces. The system will gather
and transmit real-time air quality data and provide live streaming to the control center. The
objective of this study is to develop a “quadcopter” drone equipped with air quality sensors
that will enable it to collect data and transmit the collected data, as well as to provide an easy
and user-friendly platform to observe and visualize all the collected measurements. In this
paper, we propose the new mobile smart sensing technology in the form of a drone for real-
time air pollution monitoring (Dr-TAPM). Figure 1 shows the Dr-TAgencies and any
involved parties are conscious of the state of po The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) offers
great potential for collecting air quality data with high spatial and temporal resolutions. The
objective of this study is to design and develop a modular UAV-based platform capable of
real-time monitoring of multiple air pollutants. The system comprises five modules: the
UAV, the ground station, the sensors, the data acquisition (DA) module, and the data fusion
(DF) module. The hardware was constructed with off-the-shelf consumer parts and the open
source software Ardupilot was used for flight control and data fusion. The prototype UAV
system was tested in representative settings. Results show that this UAV platform can fly on
pre-determined pathways with adequate flight time for various data collection missions. The
system simultaneously collects air quality and high precision X-Y-Z data and integrates and
visualizes them in a real-time manner. While the system can accommodate multiple gas
sensors, UAV operations may electronically interfere with the performance of chemical-
resistant sensors. Our prototype and experiments prove the feasibility of the system and show
that it features a stable and high precision spatial-temporal platform for air sample collection.
Future work should be focused on gas sensor development, plug-and-play interfaces, impacts
of rotor wash, and all-weather design.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

This paper proposes a worldwide system of “smart devices” that can sense and connect with
their surroundings and interact with users and other systems. Global air pollution is one of the
major concerns of our era. Existing Pollution monitoring source tracking drone systems have
inferior precision, low sensitivity, and require laboratory analysis. Therefore, improved
monitoring systems are needed. To overcome the problems of existing systems, we propose a
three-phase air pollution monitoring system. An IoT kit was prepared using gas sensors,
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), and a Wi-Fi module. This kit can be
physically placed in Drone to monitoring air pollution. The gas sensors gather data from air
and forward the data to the Arduino IDE. The Arduino IDE transmits the data to the cloud via
the Wi-Fi module. We also developed an Android application termed IoT-Mobair so that
users can access relevant air quality data from the cloud. If a user is traveling to a destination,
the pollution level of the entire route is predicted, and a warning is displayed if the pollution
level is too high. The proposed system is analogous to Google Traffic or the Navigation
application of Google Maps. Furthermore, air quality data can be used to predict future air
quality index (AQI) levels. Detecting pollution timely and locating the pollution source is
of great importance in environmental protection. Considering advantages of the sensor
network technology, sensor networks have been adopted in pollution monitoring works. In
this paper, a survey on researches of pollution monitoring using sensor networks in
environment protection is given. Firstly, sensors and pollution monitoring network systems
are studied. Secondly, different pollution detection methods are analyzed and compared.
Thirdly, an overview of state-of-art technologies on pollution source localization is given.
Finally, challenges on pollution monitoring using sensor networks are presented.
 CONSTRUCTION

Drawn system was made from carbon fiber, extremely durable and light-weight, 550 mm *
550 mm in size and weight about 460 g. Power supply was provided by an 11.1V 3200 MAH
Lithium Polymer battery. After mounting all the required accessories, sensor and modules,
the total weight of the s Four brushless motors were used to convert the battery electrical
power to mechanical power to sp Four brushless motors were used to convert the battery
electrical power to mechanical power to spin the propellers for system flight.in the propellers
for system flight.ystem was approximately 1.5 kg. The pioneer work on the design of a UAV
capable of remote gas sensing was given by Rossi and Brunelli.(4) The aim of their research
is to use UAVs as a tool to gather air quality parameters. The concept is a fixed wing UAV
remotely controlled via a radio controller. A nondispersive infrared sensor was used to
measure the gas concentrations and transmit the Fig. 1. (Color online) Dr-TAPM prototype.
Sensors and Materials, Vol. 32, No. 2 (2020) 513 data through a node network back to the
base. The use of this node network increased the range of the UAV. The UAV used was a
Green Falcon Kit, which had a wingspan of 2.52 m and a payload of 3 kg. A flight time of 1
h was achieved by mounting a high-capacity battery and integrating solar cells for increased
power efficiency. The used sensors had an accuracy of ±0.26 ppm. Ardupilot Mega 2.5
autopilot software was installed in an autopilot mode (APM) flight controller. Ardupilot
Mega supports flight paths set prior to take off and then it can track the route autonomously
while enabling manual override for emergencies, whereby manual control can be enforced.
In case of loss of communication with the ground station, the flight controller software will
autonomously return the UAV to the point of take-off, after which it will wait for further
commands. Data collection with a quadcopter was initially reported by Villa et al. They
utilized a user measurement system for monitoring air quality and air pollution. A
quadcopter is the main core of their system and is equipped with sensors to detect gases, for
example, O2 and CO2, vertically and horizontally, as well as pressure, temperature, and
humidity. The total weight is 1.4 kg including the initial weight of the quadcopter. Using
Arduino as a data acquisition device, they set the flight plan to navigate to specific
coordinates using an on-board GPS system and record measurements in local memory to be
retrieved upon landing. The ground station is operated by a human controller and the
quadcopter communicates wirelessly via a 433 MHz link. The setup was driven by a 5 Ah 12
V battery that allows a flight time of 20 min and a maximum velocity of 8 m/s. Control was
made autonomous with a backup RC controller in case of GPS signal loss. The setup was
tested and data for CO2 and O2 were collected at different locations with various air
pressures to identify the performance of the sensors relative to air pressure. This system is
considered to be a fast, accurate, and affordable measurement system for monitoring and
measuring the levels of CO2 and O2, and enables ecologists to quickly gather and analyze
measured information. SCENTROID DR300(6) is a commercial quadcopter sold with a
variety of sensors (30 to choose from), all for measuring air quality. Only two sensors can be
equipped at any given time. The collected data, along with live video, are transmitted
wirelessly via a 2.4 GHz link to an android application, the flight is controlled manually, and
the flight time is approximately 25 min. This product is available commercially and does not
require much time to set up. It is built on the Phantom quadcopter design sold by DJI
Company. However, collecting larger amounts of data for all air quality parameters can be
more difficult because only two sensors are supported at any given time and the flight time is
limited to 20 min. For smart cities, there is much research focused on environmental areas
and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.(7–9) In our previous work,(10,11) we studied the
development of air pollution sensors with both a narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) network and a
low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) for the real-time monitoring of air quality in smart
cities. The use of NBIoT and LPWAN can help the sensor of pollutants to retain internet
accessibility over long distances. In addition, the promotion of pollution-free routes in smart
cities achieved by using air quality sensor networks was presented by Ramos et al. (12) The
authors claim that the work revealed two limitations, the first being the number of active
sensor stations in the sensor network, in this case, the Madrid network. It may affect the
accuracy of spatial interpolation. The second limitation is the Environmental Systems
Research Institute (ESRI) routing service.
TABLE 1

Description of sensors:-

Sensor type Model Concentration Voltage level Interface

O3 sensor MQ-131 1-500 ppm 0-5 Analog, A0

Co sensor MiCS-6814 1-1000 pmm 0-5 I2C

NO2 sensor MiCS-6814 0.5-10 ppm 0-5 I2C

SO2 sensor 2SH12 1-500 ppm 0-5 Analog, A0

PM10,2.5,1 PMS3003 0-1000 µg/m3 0-5 RS 232

sensor
Table 2

Component weights.

Component of Dr-TAPM Weight (kg)

Battery 0.834

Motors 0.592

Sensors 0.451

Frame and legs 0.523

Propellers 0.130

ESCs 0.113

Total 2.643
• Transmitter & Receiver
A radio control system is made up of two elements, the transmitter you hold in your hands
and the receiver you put inside your drone. Dramatically simplifying things here, your drone
transmitter will read your stick inputs and send them through the air to your receiver in near
real time. Once the receiver has this information it passes it on to your drones flight controller
which makes the drone move accordingly. A radio will have four separate channels for each
direction on the sticks along with some extra ones for any auxiliary switches it may have.
FREQUENCY AND CHANNELS
Thankfully frequency and channel wise radio controls are a lot smarter than their FPV
counter parts and are much easier to manage. Video transmitters and receivers for example
both require setting to the correct channel along with diligent channel management every
time you fly. A Radio Controller however simply needs to bind or pair with a receiver when
it's first setup.
From then on it will always link and hop over various frequencies in the 2.4Ghz band to
ensure a solid link with theoretically hundreds of pilots operating at the same time.
RANGE TECHNOLOGY
The limit of range is normally where the receiver can no longer clearly hear what the
transmitter telling it and typically falls in the 1km range in normal conditions. Imagine trying
to talk to someone across a field The range of your radio link will be dependent on a few
factors:

1. The output power of your transmitter - Many run just below the legal maximum to
be compliant with international standards.
2. The sensitivity of the Receiver - A more sensitive receiver is like having better
hearing, the signal will travel further however it may pickup more noise in certain
conditions
3. The quality of your antennas at both ends - Antennas could be an entire article on
their own but basically a larger antenna will send and receive a better signal. Often
optimising your antenna placement will make a huge difference to the performance to
the system.
Although typical radio systems use the 2.4Ghz band, specialist long range systems such as
the TBS Crossfire can run on much lower frequencies which are able to travel much further at
the same power.
diagram
•Brushless DC Motors

BLDC motors, also called Permanent Magnet DC Synchronous motors, are one of the motor
types that have more rapidly gained popularity, mainly because of their better characteristics
and performance [2]. These motors are used in a great amount of industrial sectors because
their architecture is suitable for any safety critical applications.

The brushless DC motor is a synchronous electric motor that, from a modelling perspective,
looks exactly like a DC motor, having a linear relationship between current and torque,
voltage and rpm. It is an electronically controlled commutation system, instead of having a
mechanical commutation, which is typical of brushed motors. Additionally, the
electromagnets do not move, the permanent magnets rotate and the armature remains static.
This gets around the problem of how to transfer current to a moving armature. In order to do
this, the brush-system/commutator assembly is replaced by an intelligent electronic
controller, which performs the same power distribution as a brushed DC motor [3]. BLDC
motors have many advantages over brushed DC motors and induction motors, such as a better
speed versus torque characteristics, high dynamic response, high efficiency and reliability,
long operating life (no brush erosion), noiseless operation, higher speed ranges, and reduction
of electromagnetic interference (EMI). In addition, the ratio of delivered torque to the size of
the motor is higher, making it useful in applications where space and weight are critical
factors, especially in aerospace applications.

The control of BLDC motors can be done in sensor or sensorless mode, but to reduce overall
cost of actuating devices, sensorless control techniques are normally used. The advantage of
sensorless BLDC motor control is that the sensing part can be omitted, and thus overall costs
can be considerably reduced. The disadvantages of sensorless control are higher requirements
for control algorithms and more complicated electronics [3]. All of the electrical motors that
do not require an electrical connection (made with brushes) between stationary and rotating
parts can be considered as brushless permanent magnet (PM) machines [4], which can be
categorised based on the PMs mounting and the back-EMF shape. The PMs can be surface
mounted on the rotor (SMPM) or installed inside of the rotor (IPM) [5], and the back-EMF
shape can either be sinusoidal or trapezoidal. According to the back-EMF shape, PM AC
synchronous motors (PMAC or PMSM) have sinusoidal back-EMF and Brushless DC
motors (BLDC or BPM) have trapezoidal back-EMF. A PMAC motor is typically excited by
a three-phase sinusoidal current, and a BLDC motor is usually powered by a set of currents
having a quasi-square waveform [6,7].

Because of their high power density, reliability, efficiency, maintenance free nature and silent
operation, permanent magnet (PM) motors have been widely used in a variety of applications
in industrial automation, computers, aerospace, military (gun turrets drives for combat
vehicles) [3], automotive (hybrid vehicles) [8] and household products. However, the PM
BLDC motors are inherently electronically controlled and require rotor position information
for proper commutation of currents in its stator windings. It is not desirable to use
the position sensors for applications where reliability is of utmost importance because a
sensor failure may cause instability in the control system. These limitations of using position
sensors combined with the availability of powerful and economical microprocessors have
spurred the development of sensorless control technology. Solving this problem effectively
will open the way for full penetration of this motor drive into all low cost, high reliability,
and large volume applications.

diagram
•Blades
•Flight controller
Physically, a flight controller is nothing more than a circuit board with electronic chips on
them. You can compare them to the motherboard and processor in your laptop. The flight
controller is the brain of a drone. A small box filled with intelligent electronics and software,
which monitors and controls everything the drone does. And just like the brains of different
organisms, flight controllers also vary in sizes and complexity. (picture of different flight
controllers).

Perception (sensing)

The flight controller is connected to a set of sensors. These sensors give the flight controller
information about like its height, orientation, and speed. Common sensors include an Inertial
Measurement Unit (IMU) for determining the angular speed and acceleration, a barometer for
the height, and distance sensors for detecting obstacles. Just like how we perceive as humans,
the drone filters a lot of this information and fuses some to get more efficient and precise
information. Advanced flight controllers can sense more precisely and detect differences
more quickly.

Controlling

Aside from sensing what’s going on, a flight controller… unsurprisingly controls the motion
of the drone. The drone can rotate and accelerate by creating speed differences between each
of its four motors. The flight controller uses the data gathered by the sensors to calculate the
desired speed for each of the four motors. The flight controller sends this desired speed to the
Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC’s), which translates this desired speed into a signal that
the motors can understand.

Calculating the movements, fusing and filtering the sensory information, and estimating the
safety and durability of a flight is all done by an algorithm. A fancy word that is used a lot
nowadays which in essence nothing more than a set of strict rules that every microchip on the
board has to apply to. The most commonly used flight control algorithm is called PID
control: Proportional Integral Derivative control. Within this area, there is a lot of research
going on, which resulted in INDI: Incremental Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion. This algorithm
reads out and reacts to incoming information way faster, therefore making the drone flight
more stable.
Communicating

A key part of a flight controller is communication. A part of the sensor’s job is to give out
information that needs to be translated clearly for a pilot to read, which means efficiently. An
obvious thing to communicate is its battery level, which can decide if a pilot wants to fly
further or return to the charge.

But communication goes further than from flight controller to human pilot; with the entrance
of auto-pilot programs in the drone industry, flight controllers need to communicate with
other computer systems about its flight destination and how to get there. Communication is
mostly done with wi-fi and radio frequencies right now, but cellular solutions are also already
in use.
•MQ135 Air Sensors
The MQ-135 Gas sensor can detect gases like Ammonia (NH3), sulfur (S), Benzene (C6H6),
CO2, and other harmful gases and smoke. Similar to other MQ series gas sensor, this sensor
also has a digital and analog output pin. When the level of these gases go beyond a threshold
limit in the air the digital pin goes high. This threshold value can be set by using the on-board
potentiometer. The analog output pin, outputs an analog voltage which can be used to
approximate the level of these gases in the atmosphere.

The MQ135 air quality sensor module operates at 5V and consumes around 150mA. It
requires some pre-heating before it could actually give accurate results.

Details of MQ135 Sensor

The MQ135 is one of the popular gas sensors from the MQ series of sensors that are
commonly used in air quality control equipment. It operates from 2.5V to 5.0V and can
provide both digital and analog output. The pinouts and important components on an MQ135
Module is marked below.

Technical Specifications of MQ135 Gas Sensor

 Operating Voltage: 2.5V to 5.0V

 Power consumption: 150mA
 Detect/Measure: NH3, Nox, CO2, Alcohol, Benzene, Smoke
 Typical operating Voltage: 5V
 Digital Output: 0V to 5V (TTL Logic ) @ 5V Vcc
 Analog Output: 0-5V @ 5V Vcc

Detect Harmful Gases using Digital Pin:

The digital output pin of the sensor can be used to detect harmful gases in the environment.
The sensitivity of the digital pin can be controlled by using the 10k potentiometer. If the gas
is detected the indicator LED D0 will turn on and the digital pin will go from logic high to
logic low (0V). The LM393 Op-Amp Comparator IC is used to compare the actual gas value
with the value set using the potentiometer. If the actual gas value increases than the set value
then the digital output pin gets low.

Because of the onboard LM393 comparator IC the MQ135 Gas sensor module can also be
used without the need of an external microcontroller. Simply power up the module and set the
sensitivity of the digital pin using the potentiometer, then when the module detects the gas the
digital pin will go low. This digital pin can directly be used to drive a buzzer or LED with the
help of simple transistors.

Measure PPM Value using Analog Pin:

The Analog output pin of the sensor can be used to measure the PPM value of the required
gas. To do this we need to use an external microcontroller like Arduino. The microcontroller
will measure the value of analog voltage and perform some calculations to find the value of
Rs/Ro where Rs is the sensor resistance when gas is present and Ro is sensor resistance at
clean air. Once we find this ratio of Rs/Ro we can use it to calculate the PPM value of
required gas using the graph below which is taken from the datasheet of MQ135 Sensor.
•Battery
LIPO stands for lithium-ion polymer battery or Lithium polymer battery. The abbreviations for
this battery is as Lipo, LIP, Li-poly etc.

This battery is a rechargeable battery. It is a lithium-ion technology using a polymer electrolyte

instead of a liquid one.

These batteries provide higher specific energy as compared to other lithium battery types. They
are used in applications where weight is a critical feature, like mobile devices and radio-
controlled drones and aircraft.

They have been gaining in popularity in the radio control industry over the last few years. Now,
It is the most popular choice for anyone looking for long run times and high power.

Lithium polymer battery is constructed from the rectangular cells. You can increase the
voltage of the battery using a series connection of the cells. Also, by making the parallel
connection of the cells, the battery current will be increased.

The nominal voltage of a Lithium polymer cell is 3.7V. The three cell (3S) pack is 11.1V, a
four-cell (4S) pack is 14.8V.
• PIR Sensors
sensor is an electronic sensor that measures infrared light radiating from objects. PIR sensors
mostly used in PIR-based motion detectors. Also, it used in security alarms and automatic
lighting applications. The below image shows a typical pin configuration of the PIR sensor,
which is quite simple to understand the pinouts. The PIR sensor consist of 3 pins,

 Pin1 corossponds to the drain terminal of the device, which connected to the positive
supply 5V DC.
 Pin2 corresponds to the source terminal of the device, which connects to the ground
terminal via a 100K or 47K resistor. The Pin2 is the output pin of the sensor. The pin 2
of the sensor carries the detected IR signal to an amplifier from the
 Pin3 of the sensor connected to the ground.

What does a PIR Sensor detect?

Generally, PIR sensor can detect animal/human movement in a requirement range. PIR is
made of a pyroelectric sensor, which is able to detect different levels of infrared radiation. The
detector itself does not emit any energy but passively receives it.
• DHT11 Sensors

 Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V

 Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
 Output: Serial data
 Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
 Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
 Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
 Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%
• MQ2 Air sensors
MQ2 gas sensor is an electronic sensor used for sensing the concentration of gases in the air
such as LPG, propane, methane, hydrogen, alcohol, smoke and carbon monoxide.

MQ2 gas sensor is also known as chemiresistor. It contains a sensing material whose
resistance changes when it comes in contact with the gas. This change in the value of
resistance is used for the detection of gas.

MQ2 is a metal oxide semiconductor type gas sensor. Concentrations of gas in the gas is
measured using a voltage divider network present in the sensor. This sensor works on 5V DC
voltage. It can detect gases in the concentration of range 200 to 10000ppm.

Working Principle

This sensor contains a sensing element, mainly aluminium-oxide based ceramic, coated with
Tin dioxide, enclosed in a stainless steel mesh. Sensing element has six connecting legs
attached to it. Two leads are responsible for heating the sensing element, the other four are
used for output signals.

Oxygen gets adsorbed on the surface of sensing material when it is heated in air at high
temperature. Then donor electrons present in tin oxide are attracted towards this oxygen, thus
preventing the current flow.

When reducing gases are present, these oxygen atoms react with the reducing gases thereby
decreasing the surface density of the adsorbed oxygen. Now current can flow through the
sensor, which generated analog voltage values.

These voltage values are measured to know the concentration of gas. Voltage values are
higher when the concentration of gas is high.
diagram
• NodeMCU ESP8266

The NodeMCU ESP8266 development board comes with the ESP-12E module containing
the ESP8266 chip having Tensilica Xtensa 32-bit LX106 RISC microprocessor. This
microprocessor supports RTOS and operates at 80MHz to 160 MHz adjustable clock
frequency. NodeMCU has 128 KB RAM and 4MB of Flash memory to store data and
programs. Its high processing power with in-built Wi-Fi / Bluetooth and Deep Sleep
Operating features make it ideal for IoT projects.

NodeMCU can be powered using a Micro USB jack and VIN pin (External Supply Pin). It
supports UART, SPI, and I2C interface.

Programming NodeMCU ESP8266 with Arduino IDE

The NodeMCU Development Board can be easily programmed with Arduino IDE since it is
easy to use.

Programming NodeMCU with the Arduino IDE will hardly take 5-10 minutes. All you need
is the Arduino IDE, a USB cable and the NodeMCU board itself. You can check this Getting
Started Tutorial for NodeMCU to prepare your Arduino IDE for NodeMCU.

Uploading your first program

Once Arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with the computer using
the USB cable. Now open the Arduino IDE and choose the correct board by
selecting Tools>Boards>NodeMCU1.0 (ESP-12E Module), and choose the correct Port by
selecting Tools>Port. To get it started with the NodeMCU board and blink the built-in LED,
load the example code by selecting Files>Examples>Basics>Blink. Once the example code
is loaded into your IDE, click on the ‘upload’ button given on the top bar. Once the upload is
finished, you should see the built-in LED of the board blinking.
diagram
• Electronic Speed Controllers
The term ESC stands for “electronic speed control is an electronic circuit used to change the
speed of an electric motor, its route, and also to perform as a dynamic brake. These are
frequently used on radio-controlled models which are electrically powered, with the change
most frequently used for brushless motors providing an electronically produced 3-phase
electric power low voltage source of energy for the motor. An ESC can be a separate unit
that lumps into the throttle receiver control channel or united into the receiver itself, as is the
situation in most toy-grade R/C vehicles. Some R/C producers that connect exclusive
hobbyist electronics in their entry-level vehicles, containers, or aircraft use involved
electronics that combine the two on a sole circuit board.

An electronic speed controller can be designed with three essential components like a voltage
regulator/ BEC (Battery Eliminator Circuit)), a Processer & the switching includes FETs. The
BEC is a separation of the electronic speed control that will transmit power back to your
receiver after that to servos.

This also includes one secondary function like when the motor is operated through a battery
then the motor gets its smallest voltage, then the BEC will keep some power for the flight
control in dangerous situations so the motor doesn’t consume total the power from the
battery. At present, the processor is completely enclosed within a single Si semiconductor
chip.
diagram