Final Art Appreciation Module

Dr. Filemon C.
Aguilar Memorial College of Las Piñas

Golden Gate Subdivision, Talon III, Las Piñas City
COURSE MODULE
IN
ART APPRECIATION
Compiled and Written
By
PROFESSOR JOANNE CHRISTINE N. SOLON
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Dr. Filemon C. Aguilar Memorial College of Las Piñas
Week 1-2
Lesson 1
The Importance, Meaning, and Assumptions of Art
Objectives:
1. State the meaning and importance of
art
2. Categorize the function of art
3. Discuss the basic philosophical
perspective of art
4. Point out how art satisfies personal
and psychological needs
Introduction:
This topic introduces the importance of art as a part or component of our dynamic
civilization and art as an essential form of expression and communication in our daily
existence. Art's meaning covers its etymological to the modern definition and how man
sees it variably and relatively from a person, time, and place. The assumptions tackle the
principles and sources of appreciating art and establish the margin and boundary of the
responsibility and duty in fulfilling what man is capable of doing.
Art makes people optimistic about their future. Art can be used to help spread a message
of inspiration, making people achieve great things in life. Art can be a form of
communication between people, to focus on common issues for the betterment of
humankind. Inspirational music is the best form of creative art.
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Pre-Assessment: Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank
provided.
_____ 1. The Latin word for art.
A. art B. ars C. arte
_____ 2. The function of art is being used to provide comfort, happiness, and
convenience to a human being.
A. Aesthetic function
B. Personal function
C. Cultural function
_____ 3. The visual art that applies pigment (color) on any flat two-dimensional
surfaces.
A. Architecture
B. Sculpture
C. Painting
_____ 4. The performing art, which is a series of still images that create an illusion of
moving images when shown on a screen.
A. Film
B. Literary
C. Theater
_____ 5. Applied art of applying design, aesthetics, and natural beauty to clothing and
its accessories.
A. Fashion design
B. Furniture design
C. Interior design
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Lesson Presentation:
What is Art?
Art is a highly diverse range of human

activities engaged in creating visual,
auditory, or performed artifacts—
artworks—that express the author’s
imaginative or technical skill, and are
intended to be appreciated for their beauty
or emotional power.
The oldest documented forms of art are

visual arts, which include images or objects
in fields like painting, sculpture, printmaking,
photography, and other visual media.
Architecture is often included as one of the visual arts; however, like the decorative arts,
it involves the creation of objects where the practical considerations of use are essential,
in a way that they usually are not in another visual art, like a painting.
Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), expression,

communication of emotion, or other qualities. Though the definition of what constitutes
art is disputed and has changed over time, general descriptions center on the idea of
imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation. When it comes
to visually identifying a work of art, there is no single set of values or aesthetic traits. A
Baroque painting will not necessarily share much with a contemporary performance
piece, but they are both considered art.
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Despite the seemingly indefinable nature of art, there have always existed certain formal
guidelines for its aesthetic judgment and analysis. Formalism is a concept in art theory in
which an artwork’s artistic value is determined solely by its form, or how it is made.
Formalism evaluates works on a purely visual level, considering medium and

compositional elements as opposed to any reference to realism, context, or content.
Art is often examined through the interaction of the principles and elements of art. The
principles of art include movement, unity, harmony, variety, balance, contrast, proportion
and pattern. The elements include texture, form, space, shape, color, value and line. The
various interactions between the elements and principles of art help artists to organize
sensorial pleasing works of art while also giving viewers a framework within which to
analyze and discuss aesthetic ideas.
Other definitions for Art:
• 13th Century French word – skill as a result of learning or practice

• Latin word ars – ability or practical skills
• (Plato) – brings life in harmony with the beauty of the world
• (Dewey) – an attitude of spirit; a state of mind
• (Oscar Wilde) – most intense mode of individualism that the world has known
• (Elbert Hubbard) – not a thing – it is a way
There are many common definitions of art. Few to quote:
• any creative work of a human being

• a form of expressing oneself
• resides in the quality of doing; the process is not magic
• an act of making something visually entertaining
• an activity that manifests the beauty
• the mastery, an ideal way of doing things
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• not a thing — it is a way (Elbert Hubbard)

• the most intense mode of individualism that the world has known
• discovery and development of elementary principles of nature into beautiful forms suitable
for human use (Frank Lloyd Wright)
Why is Art Important?
Helen Frankenthaler, 1956: A

photograph of the American artist
Helen Frankenthaler in her studio in
1956.
Art is important because it’s part of all of us.

“I want to touch people with my art. I want them to say ‘he feels deeply, he feels
tenderly.’” Vincent Van Gogh
You see it everywhere you go. Some of it’s not-so-good and sometimes it stops you in
your tracks.
But creativity and the act of making art are more important to our planet than you think.
Can you imagine a world without art?
It’s horrifying.
Sure, earth has many beautiful wonders and mother nature produces some stunning
artwork. But there’s something about the individuality of humans and our creative minds.
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Art is everywhere we go, and we must continue to cultivate creativity in our communities
to ensure that it stays alive.
If you’re wondering why you should even care.
Here are 10 reasons why art is important to our world and why you should never stop
being creative.
1. It’s natural human behavior
Art is important because it’s no different than why you need food to live, why we laugh,
or why it feels so good to be loved.
It’s part of us.
Humans have been creating since the beginning of time.

Whether it was using berries for paint, wood for carving, humans have always had a
natural affinity to being creative and making art.
It’s in our DNA and it’s something we know from the day we’re born. Give a child a crayon
and paper and watch them light up.
But not every career path endorses the arts, so it can be tough to stay creative as you
grow up. But taking on a hobby is a great way to maintain that artistic fire that burns inside
of you.
And since creativity is a natural human behavior, you should never stop doing it!
2. It’s a language
“A picture is worth a thousand words”
Art speaks its own language whether it’s a painting, sculpture, dance routine or your
favorite song. Art is able to say things that words sometimes can’t.
It’s an international language that anyone from anywhere can understand and be inspired
by.
3. Art tells a story
Art is important because it’s a way of documenting and preserving our history.
Historic art tells a story about society and how our cultures were. Giving us insight and
different perspectives.
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Today, art is everywhere.

From billboards, street signs and massive murals, they tell stories too. Whether its
advertising or purely for appreciation, creativity is everywhere.
4. Therapeutic
Art is a great way to calm yourself and decrease stress levels.
If you make regular time in your schedule for creativity, you’ll instantly start to see results
in how you feel.
The therapeutic effects of art are so profound that it’s also used in more serious cases by
certified professionals to help people deal with mental illness and other emotional
challenges.
“Art therapy integrates psychotherapeutic techniques with the creative process to improve
mental health and well-being.” – VeryWellMind
5. Evoke emotions from people
Art is important because it has the power to move people and sometimes an entire nation.
Think of films or songs that have gone viral around the world and created either
awareness or inspired others to do great things.
Without the songs you listen to while you exercise or work, you might not be able to
accomplish whatever it is you’re working on.
That’s some powerful stuff. Considering its just music and without it, you can’t get work
done!?! But we’ve all been there.
6. Increases creativity
Art and creativity go hand in hand with one another.
The more you work on your art the more creative you’ll get.
Also, looking at art and exposing yourself to other creative mediums will inspire more
ideas, and have you thinking differently.
It’s a beautiful cycle.
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7. It makes people happy when they create

As a child, you couldn’t be more content when your mother stationed you somewhere
with all the arts and crafts supplies. You were all set for the day!
And, that feeling is still present among older artists. That’s why they continue to do what
they do.
It makes them happy.
Same goes for people who don’t create art regularly. You just have to make the effort.
Try attending a paint night, or pottery class. I promise you’ll have the greatest time and
want to go back.
8. Vital to human development
Art is important because creativity is the foundation of a child’s education.

It helps to develop motor skills, eye-hand coordination and has a large impact on their
social and emotional growth.
It also enhances their cognitive development which can have a positive effect on math
skills and other related subjects.
Promote creativity in your child’s life in as many ways as you can. Give them every
opportunity possible to be artistic and to sharpen their skills.
They will thank you later in life.
9. It makes drab places look amazing.
Nothing is more beautiful than when a city or property owner commissions an artist to put
their artwork on an area seen by millions.
Art can take to the most unpleasant-looking places and turn it into an awe-inspiring work
of creativity.
Why settle for a boring old brick wall when you could have a mural that gets people talking
and coming back again and again.
Which takes me to my last point.
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10. It’s good for the economy

When artists make money from their hard work, it all comes full circle.
They spend more money on art supplies, frequent surrounding places like bars, pubs,
restaurants, and events, making it good for the economy, small businesses and more.
Also, when a community is bustling with creativity and has a vibrant art scene filled with
attractions, tourists will come from all over to see.
Artists and creativity are vital to society and should be supported in every way possible.
Just stop and think for a second how sad and boring our world would be without creativity.
Nobody wants that.
Four Common Essentials of Art
• Art has to be human-made

• Art must be creative, not imitative
• Art must benefit and satisfy the man
• Art is expressed through an individual medium or material by which the artist
communicates himself to his audiences.
What are the assumption of Arts?
Three assumptions on art are its universality, its not being nature, and its need for
experience. Without experience, there is no art. The artist has to be foremost, a perceiver
who is directly in touch with art.
What are the four assumptions of Arts?
§ Art is everywhere.
§ Art is not nature.
§ Art is imitating and creating.
§ Art perfects nature.
§ Art message is universal.
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What Is Art Appreciation?
Appreciation of the visual arts goes beyond

staring at a painting hanging on the wall of a
museum—art is in everything and everywhere
you look.
Opening your eyes to the world of art is

essential in understanding the world around
you. Art is more than pretentious museums;
only a few enter and comprehend. Instead, art appreciation is:
• Gaining the knowledge to understand the art.

• Acquire the art methods and materials to discuss art verbally or by the written word.
• Ability to identify the movements from ancient cultures to today's contemporary art.
Learning how to appreciate art is a necessary cultural foundation enabling people to

critically analyze art, art forms, and how cultures used art. All it takes to understand the
art is just to look!
Art appreciation centers on the ability to view art throughout history, focusing on the
cultures and the people, and how art developed in the specific periods. It is difficult to
understand art without understanding the culture, their use of materials, and a sense of
beauty. Art is conveyed by the simple act of creating art for art's sake. Every person is
born with the innate desire to create art, and similar to other professions, training is
essential in honing skills to produce art. Art education broadens a person's
comprehension, development, and visions of art. Art brings an understanding of diversity,
how people lived in the past, and connects the issues concerning contemporary life and
art today.
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The history of the world is similarly the history of art, continually intertwined. For millions
of years, as humans roamed the earth, evolution, and environment shaped many different
cultures depending on location, weather, natural resources, and food. These cultures
formed the foundation of all art today. Art appreciation analyzes art using the methods
and materials, allowing people to make connections to the context of art and the
interactions of societies.
It is difficult to understand the art without understanding the culture.
The Importance of Art Appreciation
Art appreciation is extremely relevant

for multiple reasons. It is a good way
to understand the history behind the
work, and the period from which the
piece originated. Artists often reflect
the problems that they face, and the
issues of the society in their work. By
analyzing and putting ourselves in the
mind of the artist, we can better study
how differently society functioned
then, compared to now. We can
empathize and relate to the problems
they faced on a personal level.
Art is meant to stimulate thought and

conversation between its viewers. By reflecting on a piece of art, we delve into our own
experiences and nostalgia, thus a piece of art means something different to every person
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that comes across it. Art appreciation helps open up the mindset of the people, by
listening to different perspectives and views as well as interpretations of the art, it
encourages thoughtful conversation and the understanding that there is more than one
approach to everything.
For many people, art is meant to express something that we ourselves feel unable to
express or convey. Through its visual medium it evokes feelings of joy, sadness, anger
and pain. That is why art appreciation is so important in bringing that one final element to
complete the work, and that is our interpretation. Our perspective brings the artwork to
life as it changes for every person around it.
It is important to foster art appreciation and analysis, as it helps us value the art in how it
appeals to us and what it means to each person. It delves into the history and the story
behind the art, as well as a look into the lives of the artists. It enables one to critically
analyze a work, along lines of design, mastery and techniques. Most importantly,
however, art appreciation stimulates though and analysis, provokes an individual to look
past what meets the eye and open our mind to the views of others.
Functions of Art
1. Personal
2. Social
3. Cultural function
4. Aesthetic Function
5. Spiritual function
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Essential Philosophical Perspectives of Art
1. (Plato) Art is nemesis – Art is an imitation of an imitation

2. (Aristotle) Art as representation – the aim of art is not to represent the outward
appearance of things but their inward significance
3. (Kant) Art for art's sake – that art has its reason for being. It is an autonomous
creation
4. Art as an escape – the sacred level of art not only transforms something into art
but also transforms the artist at the very core of his or her being
5. Art as functional – meant to be used, enrich lives, be spiritually potent, educate,
support or protest existing power structures, entertain, and so on.
CATEGORIES / CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
Visual Arts (2D; 3D)

1. Painting – the application of
pigment (color) on any flat two-
dimensional surfaces
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2. Sculpture – the carving, modeling, casting, constructing, and assembling of

materials and object into primarily three-dimensional works of art
The thinker, thinking about the gates of hell
3. Architecture – Architecture, the art and technique of designing and building, as

distinguished from the skills
associated with construction. The
practice of architecture is employed to
fulfill both practical and expressive
requirements, and thus it serves both
utilitarian and aesthetic ends.
Performing/Combined Arts
1. Music
2. Dance
3. Film
4. Theater
5. Literary
6. Performance Poetry
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CATEGORIES / CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART
Digital Arts – art made with the assistance of electronic devices, or intended to be
displayed on a computer, is the most important element in digital art.
This digital painting was created

with the use of MS paint and
Photoshop, among other software.
1. Digital painting appeared in the 1990s and embrace traditional painting techniques
like watercolors, oil painting, and impastos. While the artist develops a graphical design
with the use of a computer, tablet or stiletto, the process itself is similar to painting with
traditional materials and result in painterly aesthetics. Digital paintings also share features
that are specific to computer art visuals like the repetition and distortion of elements and
can result in abstract imagery.
2. Digital photography includes the use of images taken from reality through
photographs, scans, satellite-imaging, and
other possible records of what exists. This
segment often mixes what is and what is not,
blurring boundaries and distorting our
understanding of truth.
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What is The Purpose of Digital Photography?
Digital photography has pretty much the same purpose as film photography.
For many people, the ability to capture life’s important moments is the primary reason for
taking photographs.
The invention of photography also makes it possible for people to see public figures as
realistically as they can be, far better than paintings.
Types of Digital Photography
a. Commercial Photography
Commercial photography is often
taken to be used as advertising
material.
Commercial photography is
usually used to promote or sell
products.
Professional photographers are

hired to take photos of the
products.
Later, the photos are used as

campaign materials such as
brochures, pamphlets, billboards, and other types of advertising campaigns.
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b. Documentary Photography
Just as it sounds, documentary

photography is primarily focused on
documenting life moments and events.
The moments captured may vary from

personal events like weddings and
birthdays to moments such as political
events or festivals.
The purpose is to capture the moment

so it will not just fade away.
We can thank the documentary

photographers of the past for capturing
some of the most important moments in
modern history.
c. Journalism Photography
Journalism photography has almost

the same purpose as documentary
photography.
The difference between the two is

documentary photography is usually
taken to document moments, while
journalism photography has another
purpose, which is to deliver the news.
That’s why journalism photography

must answer the what, when, where,
who, why, and how’s.
The goal of journalism photography is to make people understand what happened at that
moment in relation to the news.
Journalism photography can complete a story or article, but it should be able to stand on
its own too.
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d. Editorial Photography
Editorial photography is usually used for

publications such as magazines.
It may include fashion and products and

events, but it focuses on the story.
It’s the difference between editorial

photography and product photography or
commercial photography.
Editorial photography is not created to just

sell products, but more to tell stories and for more educational and informative purposes.
e. Art Photography
Art photography is a form of photography used by

artists to show ideas, concepts, messages, and
emotions through a picture.
It’s the same as other forms of art, but the artist

uses photographs as their media.
Art photography can vary significantly depending

on the artist. As a form of art, this kind of
photography can also have genres such as
abstract, conceptual, portraits, black and white,
and many more.
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3. Digital installations closely

relate to the sculptures for their 3D nature
but offer a new typology in their relation to
the viewer. Mostly, this type of artworks can
be interactive — that is responding to
visitors’ inputs (e.g., body movements,
voices, touch). Alternatively, these art
pieces can be immersive, presenting
viewers with a new spatial environment or
altering the nature of their surroundings.
Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) are typical examples of the technologies
promoting this kind of experience. Nonetheless, these installations require expensive
material, logistical, computational, and architectural planning. Ultimately, this art form is
now suited to museums, and institutional and public spaces, offering the vast areas and
infrastructures for people to experience the medium entirely.
Applied Arts – the application of design and decoration to everyday objects to make
them aesthetically pleasing.
The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and
essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing.The term is used
in distinction to the fine arts, which are those that produce objects with no practical use,
whose only purpose is to be beautiful or stimulate the intellect in some way. In practice,
the two often overlap. Applied arts largely overlaps with decorative arts, and the modern
making of applied art is usually called design.
Examples of applied arts are:
• Industrial design – mass-produced objects.

• Architecture – also counted as a fine art.
• Ceramic art
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• Automotive design
• Fashion design
• Calligraphy
• Interior design
• Graphic design
• Cartographic (map) design
Activity/Evaluation:
I. Do the 5 types of photography, identify each type, and make a short explanation for
each type. Pass it in the google drive that I will be providing you.
Generalization:
The meaning of art is often culturally specific, shared among the members of a given
society and dependent upon cultural context. The purpose of works of art may be to
communicate political, spiritual or philosophical ideas, to create a sense of beauty (see
aesthetics), to explore the nature of perception, for pleasure, or to generate strong
emotions. Its purpose may also be seemingly nonexistent.
As you can see, art is important to our planet and essential to humans.
No creativity = No Art
People should make time in their busy schedule to be creative and enjoy it. Whether it’s
baking a cake you saw on social media, attending a pottery class or simply taking a picture
of nature.
Get out there and let your mind have some fun
References:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/what-is-art/
https://www.imaginated.com/glossary/what-is-digital-photography/
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Week 3-4
Lesson 2
Subject and Content of Art
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, 90-95% of the students should be able to:
1. Give the subjects used in art
2. Explain the methods in presenting the subjects in arts
3. Reproduce a representational or objective art
Introduction:
This topic covers the subject of art, which is dynamic and forceful as man's way of life,
culture, and imagination. The subject and content of art never comes to an end and is
never thoroughly worn out and exhausted. The subject's clearness and simplicity are
vital since the content of the artwork is the soul of every artistic creation or masterpiece.
The subject presented discloses the passion, sincerity, and conviction of every artist
and serves as an extension of his emotions, ideas, or beliefs.
Pre-Assessment: Write OA or Objective Art or NOA or Non-Objective Art on the blank

provided.
_____ 1. Still life _____ 4. Portrait
_____ 2. Landscapes _____ 5. Mythology and Religion
_____ 3. Abstract Painting
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Let’s start developing a vocabulary of terms, phrases, concepts, and approaches in order
to articulate your opinion of the visual world - developing a visual literary and being a
critical thinker.
Remember that being a critical thinker doesn’t mean you’re giving negative criticism.
Criticism ≠ negative
Subject matter vs. content
Subject matter: An artwork’s

subject matter is what the images
or object literally represents.
Content: The content is what the

artwork means.
Look at these three trees. Each is a tree. Yet

two are conceptual: pencil on paper; lines into
letters that we associate with sounds.
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And when we look back at

Magritte’s The Treason of
Images…He’s right. This is
not a pipe. It’s an image of a
pipe.
An image of things are not

the same as the thing.
The Subjects of Art
What is a subject of art?
The subject of art is the matter to be described or to be portrayed by the artist. This
may refer to any person, object, scene or event.
Two Kinds of Art as to Subject:
1. Representational Art or Objective Art
They are those arts which depict

(represent) objects that are commonly
recognized by most people. They attempt
to copy, even if in a subjective manner,
something that's real. It uses “form” and is
concerned with “what” is to be depicted in
the artwork.
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Representational artwork aims to represent actual objects or subjects from reality.

Subcategories under representational art include Realism, Impressionism, Idealism, and
Stylization. ... Considering that the other two types, abstract and non-objective, are
relatively new types of art, this makes perfect sense.
Examples:
A. Still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically
commonplace objects which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or
shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pipes, and so on)
in an artificial setting.
B. Portraiture (portrait) is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic

representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant.
C. Landscapes, Seascapes, Cityscapes
Methods of Presenting Art Subjects
1. Realism
It often refers to the artistic movement,

which began in France in the 1850s.
The popularity of realism grew with the
introduction of photography - a new
visual source that created a desire for
people to produce things that look
“objectively real”.
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Undistorted by personal bias, realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and
revolted against exaggerated emotionalism. Simply speaking, it is a method of portraying
an art subject according to the objective reality.
It depicts what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear, what the sense faculty may
receive. Example was the painting of Zeuxis, 5th century painter. The subject of his
painting was a grape. When he unveiled his painting of grapes, they appeared so real,
luscious and inviting that the birds flew down from the sky to peck at them.
2. Abstraction
Its etymology is derived from Latin “abstractus

"drawn away," or Latin past participle
“abstrahere:” from ab(s)- "away" + trahere
"draw," which means "withdrawn or separated
from material objects or practical matters." It is
totally the opposite of realism.
In abstract art, the artist does not show the

subject at all as an objectively reality, but only
his idea, or his feeling about it (exaggerated
emotionalism). It is all about what the artists feel
and what mood they might want to portray.
Abstract art is all shapes, no real-life images,
scenery, or objects
Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in Space.” He was so impressed

by the grace of a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body as it flew through the air. His
sculptural work does not look like a bird for it is supposed to convey an impression of a
bird’s grace and speed.
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Forms of Abstraction:
A. Distortion
This is clearly manifested when the

subject is in misshapen condition, or the
regular shape is twisted out. It is a form os
emphasizing detail to the point that
something is no longer “correctly”
depicted.
Example is Pablo Picasso’s The Old

Guitarist. See how the left shoulder is
hitched up so high and the other shoulder
barely exists; how spidery his hands are;
and how his head is twisted around
unnaturally.
Another is Henry Moore’s sculptural works

and the ancient Egyptian paintings and
sculptural works are good examples of this
kind.
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B. Elongation.
It refers to that which is being lengthened, a

protraction or an extension. El Greco "Christ
Crucified," a sculpture by Giambologna from around
1588, an elegant but somewhat formulaic work in
which the elongated body of Christ seems to float
almost birdlike off the cross, is an example of this.
C. Mangling
This may not be a commonly used way

of presenting an abstract subject, but
there are few artists who show subject
or objects which are cut, lacerated,
mutilated, torn, hacked or disfigured.
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D. Cubism
It began in the early 1900s when artists such

as Georges Braque (French) and Pablo
Picasso (Spanish) began painting in such a
way that was far removed from traditional art
styles. The Cubists tried to create a new way
of seeing things in art. Many of their subjects,
be they people or landscapes, were
represented as combinations of basic
geometric shapes - sometimes showing
multiple viewpoints of a particular image. Cubist pictures are therefore often described as
looking like pieces of fractured glass.
E. Abstract Expressionism
Abstract Expressionism is a modern art

movement that flowered in America after
the Second World War and held sway
until the dawn of Pop Art in the 1960's.
With this movement New York replaced
Paris as the center of the art world. In a
painting, the artists applied paint rapidly,
and with force to their huge canvases in
an effort to show feelings and emotions,
painting gesturally, non-geometrically,
sometimes applying paint with large brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it into
the canvas.
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Abstract Expressionism was influenced by the Existentialist philosophy, which

emphasized the importance of the act of creating, not of the finished object. What matters
for the artist are the qualities of the paint itself and the act of painting itself.
3. SYMBOLISM
A symbol is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or quality. Symbolism

systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of art
more subjective (rather than objective) and conventional.
For example, a flag is a symbol of a country and it depicts the value of nationalism; a lion
to represent courage and a
lamb to represent meekness.
The logos and emblems of
business firms and the coat of
arms of bishops are also
examples of symbolism.
Lucerne’s Lion Monument, a
famous masterpiece of the
early 19th century, is dedicated
to the memory of the heroic
fight and final defeat of the
Swiss Guards in Paris in 1792.
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In the Philippines, we have the “Spolarium” of Juan Luna. The painting shows fallen
gladiators being dragged to an
unseen pile of corpses in a chamber
beneath the Roman arena. It
expresses his anger over the
abuses and cruelties of the colonial
rule of the Spanish authorities over
the people of his native country. The
4 sculpture in the EDSA Shrine
depicts the brave-ness and courage
of the Filipinos against the tyrant
dictator, Ferdinand Marcos.
4. FAUVISM
It is derived from the French “les fauves,”

which means “the wild beasts.” It is an
artistic movement of the last part of the 19th
century which emphasized spontaneity and
use of extremely bright colors. To a fauvist,
for example, a tree trunk need not be brown.
It could be bright red, purple or any other
color. Henri Matisse, French artist, was
known for his use of colour and his fluid,
brilliant and original draughtsman ship. As a
draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but
principally as a painter, Matisse is one of the
best-known artists of the 20th century. He
was initially labeled as a Fauve (wild beast).
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5. DADAISM
The term “dada” is a French

word, which means a “hobby-
horse.” A hobby-horse is a child’s
toy consisting of a wooden horse
mounted on a stick. With this
etymology, we could say that
Dadaism is system of art which is
per se “nonsensical.” Some
would say it is not an art because
it strives to have no meaning at
all. It started as a Post-World War
cultural movement against the
barbarism of the war. It is a
reaction to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils they saw in
society. It tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry
recitals and art exhibitions.
6. FUTURISM
Futurism came into being with the

appearance of a manifesto published by the
poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti on the front
page of the February 20, 1909, issue of Le
Figaro. It was the very first manifesto of this
kind. Marinetti summed up the major
principles of the Futurists. He and others
espoused a love of speed, technology and
violence.
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Futurism was presented as a modernist movement celebrating the technological, future

era. The car, the plane, the industrial town were representing the motion in modern life
and the technological triumph of man over nature.
7. SURREALISM
It is an offshoot or a child of dada.

It is also known as “super realism,”
which revolves on the method of
making ordinary things look
extraordinary. It focuses on real
things found in the imagination or
fantasy or it has realistic subjects
that are found in the unconscious
mind; depicting dreamlike images
of the inner mind.
Two Types of Surrealism
1. Veristic Surrealism
It allowed the images of the subconscious to be undisturbed so that the meaning could
be understood through analysis. They follow images of the subconscious until
consciousness could understand the meaning.
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Examples:
Rene Magritte would show a

nighttime sky, then a daytime
foreground,
or Salvador Dali would melt clocks to

show how unreal how time and space
were; slice of a cheese with a face on
it.
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2. Automatism or Abstract Surrealism
Images of the subconscious should not be

burdened by meaning, so they are represented
in an abstract form. It is focused more on
feelings and less analytical.
Surrealistic Techniques:
1. Scale – changing an object’s scale, or relative size.
Example: ordinary small size of glass to a big extraordinary size.
2. Levitation – Floating objects that don’t normally float.
Example: Stone Floating
3. Juxtaposition – Joining two images together in impossible combinations.
Example: Car running and on top of it is a horse running with a man riding.
4. Dislocation – Taking an object form its usual environment and placing it in an

unfamiliar one.
Example: a face wrapped by a piece of cloth; an electric burner inside the car.
5. Transparency – Making objects transparent that are not transparent.
6. Transformation – Changing objects in unusual way.
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8. IMPRESSIONISM
It is also sometimes referred to as

optical realism due to its interest in
the actual viewing experience,
including such things as the effect of
color, light and movement on the
appearance of the objects depicted
in the artworks.
Impressionism focused on directly

describing the visual sensations
derived from
nature. Devotees of Impressionism

were not concerned with the actual depiction of the objects they painted. Instead they
were concerned with the visual impressions aroused by those objects.
The Impressionists created one of the most important artistic movements of the
nineteenth century and it got its start in France. The theme of the Impressionism
movement teaches, “the human eye is a marvelous instrument”. The worldwide impact of
Impressionism was large and lasting.
2. Non-representational Art or Non-objective Art –
They are those arts without any reference to anything outside itself (without
representation). It is nonobjective because it has no recognizable objects. It is abstract
in the sense that it doesn’t represent real objects in our world. It uses “content” and is
concerned with “how” the artwork is depicted. Non-objective art is abstract or non-
representational art. It tends to be geometric and does not represent specific objects,
people, or other subjects found in the natural world.
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One of the best-known non-objective artists is Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), a

pioneer of abstract art. Though paintings like his are most common, non-objective art
can also be expressed in other media as well.
Defining Non-Objective Art
Quite often, non-objective art is used as a synonym for abstract art. However, it is a style
within the category of abstract work and the subcategory of non-representational art.
Characteristics of Non-Objective Art
Kandinsky's "Composition
VIII" (1923) is a perfect
example of non-objective
painting. The Russian
painter is known as one of
the pioneers of this style,
and this particular piece
has the purity that best
represents it.
You will notice the careful

placement of each
geometrical shape and line, almost as if it were designed by a mathematician. Though
the piece has a sense of movement, no matter how hard you try, you will not find meaning
or subject within it. Many of Kandinsky's other works follow this same distinct style.
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Other artists to look for when studying

non-objective art include another
Russian constructivist painter, Kasimir
Malevich (1879–1935), along with the
Swiss abstractionist Josef Albers (1888–
1976). For sculpture, look to the work of
Russian Naum Gabo (1890–1977) and
British Ben Nicholson (1894–1982).
Within non-objective art, you will notice

some similarities. In paintings, for
instance, artists tend to avoid thick texture techniques like impasto, preferring clean, flat
paint and brushstrokes. They may play with bold colors or, as in the case of Nicholson's
"White Relief" sculptures, be completely devoid of color.
You will also notice a simplicity in perspective. Non-objective artists are not concerned
with vanishing points or other traditional realism techniques that show depth. Many artists
have a very flat plane in their work, with few things to indicate that one shape is nearer or
farther away from the viewer.
The Appeal of Non-Objective Art
What draws us to enjoy a piece of art? It is different for everyone, but non-objective art
tends to have a rather universal and timeless appeal. It does not require the viewer to
have a personal relationship with the subject, so it attracts a broader audience over many
generations.
There is also something appealing about geometry and the purity of non-objective art.
Since the time of the Greek philosopher Plato (ca 427–347 BCE)—whom many would
say inspired this style—geometry has fascinated people. When talented artists employ it
in their creations, they can give new life to the simplest of forms and show us the hidden
beauty within. The art itself may seem simple, but its impact is great.
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Sources of the Subject of Art
• Nature
• History
• Greek and Roman Mythology
• Religion
• Sacred oriental texts
Content in a work of art - refers to what is being depicted and might be helpful in deriving
a basic meaning. It appears in the visual arts in several forms, all of which may be
figurative (realistic) or abstract (distorted). Among them are portraits, landscapes, still-
life’s, genre art, and narrative art. In addition, Content is the message given by the piece
of art. It involves the subject, the techniques used to make the piece, the colors used, and
anything that was used by the artist to make a statement and give a message.
Content is inextricably linked with form, which refers to the visual aspects of art. It is
communicated through the following:
1. The art’s imagery
2. The symbolic meaning
3. The environment where it is used
4. The beliefs, customs, and values of the culture that uses it
5. The writings that explain the work
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Main Differences Between Subject vs Content
Have you now a better knowledge about the differences between subject and
content? Let’s recap what we’ve learned so far:
Basis of
Subject Content
Comparison
The main object in an

Definition The meaning of the work of art
artwork
Determination Very recognizable Must be analyzed
Is one of the parts of a Involves and unifies all parts of

In the work of art
work of art the artwork
Context of Art
Context consists of all of the things about the artwork that might have influenced the
artwork or the maker (artist). These would include when the work was made; where it was
made (both culturally and geographically); why it was made; and possibly some other
details or information. Contextualism—looking at the cultural context of an artwork—can
deepen and/or improve our understanding of an artwork, but it may or may not change
our first impressions; and it doesn’t really have an effect on formal analysis. With some
additional contextual information about the time, the culture, and the maker/artist of an
artwork, we can become more informed. All artworks exist in a context—more accurately,
all artworks exist in multiple contexts.
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Historical Context
Time is the most basic and first context we consider. When we say, “When in time?” the
question is also related to where in time—and has considerations related to context.
Art and Artist Context
The context for the artist or creator includes:
• Their culture, their worldview (where they grew up; family values; etc.)
• Their place; geography (e.g., city, rural, home, traveling)
• Their “worldview,”religion, beliefs, etc.
Viewer Context
Context also has to do with the viewer.
For example: When a person in Paris in the 1890s looked at a Van Gogh painting, how
that painting looked and felt and seemed to her was very different from an American
viewer looking at the same painting today. When thinking about a viewer’s context, it’s
useful to think about the following, since all of them can affect how person sees or
responds to an artwork:
• Time
• Culture
• Nationality
• Gender
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Generalization:
Pieces of art are at least composed of 3 parts: subject, form, and content, and normally it
is easy to confuse the subject and the content. But now you know that they are 2 different
things.
The content involves all the parts of a work of art, and this includes the subject, making it
a part of the content. This means that the content can be seen as a macro element on
the piece, whereas the subject can be seen as a microelement on the artwork.
Activities:
1. The group will make different abstract arts. The kind of abstract will be assigned by
your professor. This is an individual work, however, the leader will compile the works of
his members and submit it to the google drive that your professor will be sending to you.
Themes will be through the drawing of lots. There should be an explanation for the art
done.
Online References and Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aUFB9hQncQ&feature=youtu.be
https://www.google.com/search?q=american+gothic&source=
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Son_of_Man
https://threatstack.com/artist/vincent-van-gogh/sorrowing-old-man-ele
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Week 5-6
Lesson 3
Artists and Artisans
Objectives:
1. Differentiate an artist with an artisan.

2. Discuss the stages of art-making.
3. Show inclination in the arts with the use
of collage
Introduction:
In much of the world today, an artist is considered to be a person with the talent and the
skills to conceptualize and make creative works. Such persons are singled out and prized
for their artistic and original ideas. Their art works can take many forms and fit into
numerous categories, such as architecture, ceramics, digital art, drawings, mixed media,
paintings, photographs, prints, sculpture, and textiles. Of greater importance, artists are
the individuals who have the desire and ability to envision, design, and fabricate the
images, objects, and structures we all encounter, use, occupy, and enjoy every day of
our lives.
Today, as has been the case throughout history and across cultures, there are different
titles for those who make and build. An artisan or craftsperson, for example, may produce
decorative or utilitarian arts, such as quilts or baskets.
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Often, an artisan or craftsperson is a skilled worker, but not the inventor of the original
idea or form. An artisan or craftsperson can also be someone who creates their own
designs, but does not work in art forms or with materials traditionally associated with the
so-called Fine Arts, such as painting and sculpture. A craftsperson might instead fashion
jewelry, forge iron, or blow glass into patterns and objects of their own devising. Such
inventive and skilled pieces are often categorized today as Fine Craft or Craft Art.
In many cultures throughout much of history, those who produced, embellished, painted,
and built were not considered to be artists as we think of them now. They were artisans
and craftspeople, and their role was to make the objects and build the structures for which
they were hired, according to the design (their own or another’s) agreed upon with those
for whom they were working. That is not to say they were untrained. In Medieval Europe,
or the Middle Ages (fifth-fifteenth centuries), for example, an artisan generally began
around the age of twelve as an apprentice, that is, a student who learned all aspects of a
profession from a master who had their own workshop. Apprenticeships lasted five to nine
years or more, and included learning trades ranging from painting to baking, and masonry
to candle making.
At the end of that period, an apprentice became a journeyman and was allowed to
become a member of the craft guild that supervised training and standards for those
working in that trade. To achieve full status in the guild, a journeyman had to complete
their “masterpiece,” demonstrating sufficient skill and craftsmanship to be named a
master.
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PRE-ASSESSMENT
Direction. Classify the person if Artist or Artisan. Put a check (✔) in the space
provided
PERSON ARTIST ARTISAN

1. painter
2. dressmaker
3. sculptor
4. beautician
5. choreographer
6. tailor
7. dancer
8. carpenter
9. writer
10. blacksmith
An artisan is essentially a manual worker who

makes items with his or her hands, and who
through skill, experience and talent can create
things of great beauty as well as being functional.
Before the industrial revolution virtually

everything was made by artisans, from smiths
(goldsmiths, blacksmiths, locksmiths, gunsmiths)
to weavers, dyers carpenters, potters, etc.
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An artist on the other hand is dedicated only to the creative side, making visually pleasing
work only for the enjoyment and appreciation of the viewer, but with no functional value.
In Bali this distinction is often very blurred since

many farmer’s paint, many sculptors farm or
have other jobs. Most walls are carved; most
houses have decorative motifs. Art is
everywhere. To the Balinese the act of creation
of beautiful things is second nature. All the
ladies of a village will make the amazing
decorations for temples, and the elaborate
offerings, thinking nothing of spending three
days making things which will be only used for a few hours.
Key Components of the Art Market
1. Curator - a manager or overseer, and keeper of a cultural heritage institution.
2. Art Dealer - a person or a company that buys and sells works of art.
3. Art Buyer - refers to a professional who is knowledgeable in art, who may scout
talents for an advertising agency seeking to employ an art director, or who may
look for an art for a collection or a company.
What is the Creative Process in Art?
Simply put, the creative process is the way ideas, art, or creative thinking comes about.
Contrary to popular belief, this creative process does have structure. It always begins by
gathering inspiration and ultimately culminates with the finished product. While the
creative process steps in the middle are apt to change according to the person—we all
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have our unique approach and way we process creativity—helpful,

guiding structure exists here, as well.
We believe that familiarizing yourself with stages of the creative process allows you to
more easily unlock your best ideas. It gives you the creative elbow space to figure out
what satisfies your spirit and what turns you off, and it provides you full permission to dive
into the deepest corners of your imagination. It encourages you to scrap ideas that don’t
work without damaging your ego and, most importantly, to bring you closer to yourself
and create something you’re proud of.
The 5 Stages of the Creative Process
The creative process model has traditionally been broken down into the following five
stages of creativity: preparation, incubation, insight, evaluation, and elaboration (although
creatives’ definition of each step, and occasionally the names, can vary).
1. Preparation:
The Inspiration Phase
Preparation. While this might sound

a bit like you’re cramming for an
excruciating exam you’ve got to
take in the morning, the first stage
of the creative process is where
your best ideas are born.
Finding inspiration on Instagram
Think of it as if you’re taking an exciting journey into the creative space that appeals most
to you. In today’s modern world, that might look like exploring a specific hashtag on
Instagram—#gouache, #linedrawing, #classicalmusic, #ontheeasel, or #roughsketch.
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It could also look like deep diving into autobiographies of artists who inspire you, perusing
artist websites and their virtual galleries, watching documentary films on the topic,
listening to music, or reading through poetry.
Wherever this stage takes you, commit to it wholly and truly relish in it. Take notes.
Observe what (and how) these other creatives have created, jot down ideas as they come
to you, colors that inspire you, sounds that move you, and words that catch you by
surprise.
2. Incubation: Absorbing and Processing
Now is the time to let all that information and inspiration you just breathed in soak into
your very core. In this stage of the creative process, it may not even feel like you’re really
doing anything since it’s your subconscious that’s actually doing all the work. In that
sense, you can liken this step of the creative process to allowing a piece of steak marinate
overnight in a juicy bath of flavors. To the naked eye, the meat is just sitting there, but in
reality, a delicious transformation is occurring.
3. Insight: The “Eureka” Moment
In the previous stage, we alluded to a lightbulb flickering on, sending a person into a full-
fledged creative frenzy they couldn’t possibly suppress. This moment is traditionally
referred to as the “insight” stage of the creative process, or what some have playfully
dubbed the “Eureka!” moment. (It’s also occasionally called the illumination stage in the
creative process.)
4. Evaluation: Putting Your Idea Through the Wringer
Not to be the bearer of bad news, but the creative development process would be remiss
without acknowledging that not every creative idea is a great (or even good) idea worth
pursuing. This is the phase where you really dig deep—as tricky and painful as it might
be to your ego—and ask yourself if this is an idea that’s ultimately worth working on.
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Questions to Ask Before Starting a Project
• Has this been done before?

• How will I do this in a way that hasn’t been done yet?
• Will I actually enjoy this?
• Why does this idea or project matter to me, specifically?
• Am I challenging myself?
5. Elaboration: Putting Pen to Paper (So to Speak)
Onto the last of the stages of creativity: Once your project idea has passed the scrutiny
test, it’s finally time to “elaborate.” Or in easier-to-understand terminology, it’s officially
time to put pen to paper, ink to canvas, and clay to wheel. This is the phase where you’re
actively creating something and bringing your idea to life.
According to Robert Fritz, the creative process is as follows.
1. Conceive the result one wants to create
2. Know what currently exists.
3. Take actions.
4. Develop one's creativity.
Three Stages in the Creative Process
1. Germination (Ideas)
This stage is characterized with a burst of energy. A new idea, a new job, the first days
of your diet, when your team sets a new goal, the first weeks of a new relationship. As
Fritz explains it, “During the initial stages excitement, keen interest, and freshness
abound. It is a time for generating action. Great insight, realization, enthusiasm, change,
and a sense of power often occur.”
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This feeling cannot be sustained though and the initial excitement of your creative
endeavour will dissipate. What can happen for some people is that when this feeling
dwindles is that they think that the project is no longer important because it no longer
excites them. This is a BIG mistake as the germination stage is only the beginning of your
creation.
2. Assimilation
The most crucial stage of the creative process is assimilation. The initial energy that you
got in germination is over and you are now in the stage of growth and development.
Fritz surmises “During the assimilation stage, you are internalising the vision, making it a
part of yourself. You begin to have insights, ideas, connections, and added momentum.
Your creation begins to take shape. It becomes more and more tangible.”
This stage can feel awkward because there is a gap between where you want to be and
where you are and without the initial excitement of the germination stage to carry you,
you have to pull all of your inner will to persevere while your creations develop, or you do,
to its desired end result.
This is where you can become easily discouraged and drop your venture.
3. Completion
The final stage of the creative process is completion, which in its simplest form means
finishing your creation and bringing it to full fruition. Some of you may be raising your
eyebrows here, but it can actually more complicated than you think.
There are people who never finish what they begin.
Completion is also about learning to live with your new creation. Some people will feel
uncomfortable with having what they want.
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A good example of this is women in the workplace. Women quite consistently undervalue
themselves in the workplace and apply for jobs only when they are certain they are
qualified.
That undervaluing of themselves is a reflection of not being able to accept or receive what
they want because they feel that they are not yet worthy of it.
Similarly, there are artists who want to become self-sufficient and famous for their work
but they aren’t willing to show their work. There is a gap between what they want and
what they are willing to do, therefore, they aren’t able to “receive” what they want.
Therefore, in the completion stage, you should complete your creation, acknowledge what
you have created and then let it go and flourish in the world.
Three Stages in Art Making
1. Pre-production / Subject development
2. Production or Medium Manipulation
3. Post-production (completion) or exhibition
Medium and Technique
In art, "medium" refers to the substance

the artist uses to create a piece of artwork.
For example, the
medium Michelangelo used to create
"David"(1501-1504) was marble,
Alexander Calder's stabiles employ
painted steel plates, and
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Marcel Duchamp's infamous "Fountain" (1917)

was made with a porcelain medium.
The word medium can be used in other contexts

within the art world as well. Let's explore this
simple word and its sometimes confusing array of
meanings.
"Medium" as a Type of Art
A broad use of the word medium is used to describe a specific type of art. For instance,
painting is a medium, printmaking is a medium, and sculpture is a medium. Essentially,
every category of artwork is its own medium.
The plural of medium in this sense is media.
"Medium" as an Artistic Material
Building off the type of art, medium can also be used to describe a particular artistic
material. This is how artists describe the specific materials that they work with to create
a piece of art.
Painting is a perfect example of how this is distinguished. It is very common to see

descriptions of the type of paint used as well as the support it was painted on.
For example, you'll see notations following the titles of paintings that read along the lines
of:
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• "Gouache on
paper" - It is a type
of art that is
executed with
opaque
watercolors mixed
with gum.
• "Tempera on board" - a
method of painting with
pigments dispersed in an
emulsion miscible with water,
typically egg yolk. The method
was used in Europe for fine
painting, mainly on wood
panels, from the 12th or early
13th century until the 15th,
when it began to give way to
oils.
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• "Oil on canvas" - Oil painting,

painting in oil colours, a medium
consisting of pigments suspended in
drying oils. The outstanding facility with
which fusion of tones or colour is
achieved makes it unique among fluid
painting mediums; at the same time,
satisfactory linear treatment and crisp
effects are easily obtained. Opaque,
transparent, and translucent painting all
lie within its range, and it is unsurpassed
for textural variation.
• "Ink on bamboo"
The use of the word medium applies to all types of artwork as well. Sculptors, for instance,
may use metal, wood, clay, bronze, or marble for their medium. Printmakers may use
words like woodcut, linocut, etching, engraving, and lithography to describe their medium.
Artists who use multiple media in a single piece of art typically call it "mixed media," which
is common for techniques like a collage.
The plural for medium in this sense is media.
Technique is the instrument or method used in the application of media, including any
reproductive method. It is the artist’s ability and knowledge or technical know-how in
manipulating the medium (use of lines, shapes points, etc.)
Exploring the World of Art Techniques
• Oil pastels.
• Watercolors.
• White colored pencil.
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• Pointillism with acrylics.
• Drawing with pencils.
• Colored pencils.
• Mosaics with paper.
• 3D art with cardboard.
Generalization:
We have now covered the essential artistic elements. Each one has its own
characteristics and limitations. Used together they add variety and complexity, becoming
the building blocks in creating works of art. We’ll rely on them to describe different kinds
of artworks in the learning activities for this module. This will give you the practice and
experience you’ll need to use description as an objective way to discuss the art you
experience
Activity:
Paint using a tempera that show your inclination to art and pass it to your leaders, the
leaders will compile it and pass it through the google drive.
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Week 7-8
Lesson 5
The Principles of Art
Objectives:
1. Tell the importance of the principles

of art
2. Recognize that the principles of art

are the guidelines governing how the
artist organizes the visual elements to

create a work of art
3. Analyze and judge an artwork by

examining the different principles
involved
4. Produce or make a simple artwork

using the different principles of art
Introduction:
The topic tackles the principles of art, such as balance, harmony, proportion, emphasis,
variety, movement, and rhythm, they will both be utilized to prepare and
examine artworks for better outputs, understanding, and appreciation of the art
forms.
The principles of art (or the principles of design) are essentially a set of criteria which are
used to explain how the visual elements are arranged in a work of art.
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These principles are possibly the closest thing we have to a set of objective criteria for
analyzing and judging art.
Art is a notoriously gray area when it comes objectively defining what is great and what
is not. An artist of one era may be mocked during his lifetime, yet revered after his passing
(such as Vincent van Gogh).
The principles of art help combat this gray area to some extent. They allow us to
communicate what makes a great painting great with an element of objectivity and
consistency.
Pre-Assessment:
Identification:
______ 1. What S is a kind of balance also called “formal balance?”
______ 2. What A is a kind of balance that is also called “informal balance?”
______ 3. What R is a kind of balance when the elements or objects in an artwork are
positioned around a central point?
What are the principles of Art?
1) Balance
Balance is concerned with the visual

distribution or weight of the elements in a
work of art. A painting could be balanced if
one half is of the same visual weight as the
other half. Or, you could have a small area of
heightened significance which is balanced
against a much larger area of less
significance, like in the painting below. In the
painting below, notice how the dark areas
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used for the boat and foreground appear balanced against the much
larger area of soft, tinted colors.
There are three different types of balance:
1. Symmetrical,
2. Asymmetrical
3. Radial
In the picture, the human figure in this

diagram is symmetrically balanced; the
same on the left and right sides of a central
axis. The tree is asymmetrically balanced;
its branches are not distributed equally on
each side but their total weight is balanced
left and right. The sun is an example of
radial balance; all its rays are equal in length from the center.
This silver cross is symmetrically balanced: it's right and left

side show the same decoration and cut-outs. The bird is
perfectly centered, each wing extending into an arm of the
cross.
Jhon Goes In Center

Warrior's Cross
1991
German silver
The Minneapolis Institute of Arts
The Christina N. and Swan J. Turnblad Memorial Fund
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This sculpture is asymmetrically balanced.

The weight of the shape on the right side is
balanced by the number of smaller objects
on the left side, and the space that they
seem to enfold.
Two-dimensional works of art such as

paintings, prints and photographs use the
principle of balance to organize objects and
shapes in a composition. This diagram shows
how art elements balance around a center
point just as a see-saw balances. If the art
elements do not balance, the visual scale will
tip and give the viewer the sensation that parts
of the composition are falling out of the picture.
The mother and child in this painting are placed

at the center of the composition, directly on the
central vertical and horizontal axes. The
symmetrical balance is reinforced by matching
figures on either side of the throne and by the
artist's equally strong emphasis on horizontal
divisions of the composition.
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2) Proportion
Proportion concerns the relationship between the sizes of different parts in an artwork.
For example, the width compared to the length, the area of the sky compared to the land
or the area of foreground compared to the background.
Some proportions are considered

to be visually pleasing, such as
the rule of thirds and the golden
ratio.
In the painting below by Giovanni

Boldini, notice how the
proportions of the female
subject's hands, face, feet and
torso are all accurate. If Boldini
painted the hand too large
compared to the rest of the
subject's body, there would be an
issue of proportion.
3.) Emphasis
Emphasis is a way of using

elements to stress a certain area
in an artwork. Emphasis is really
just another way to describe a
focal point in your artwork. In the
painting below, there is strong
emphasis on the moon through
the use of color contrast.
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4.) Contrast
Contrast is everything in art. Without it, an artwork would be nothing but a blank surface.
Contrast can come in many forms:
• Texture contrast:
A contrast between smooth and
textured. Many of Vincent van
Gogh's paintings are great
examples of texture contrast in
action.
• Color contrast:
A contrast between light and dark,

saturated and dull or
complementary colors (hue
contrast). For example, in the
painting below, the highly
saturated red contrasts against
the relatively dull colors in the rest
of the painting.
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• Detail contrast:
A contrast between areas of

detail and blander areas, like
in the painting on the side.
• Shape contrast:
A contrast between different shapes
(rectangles and circles). For example, in
the painting there are the curving shapes
created by the winding paths, water and
trees contrast against the rectangular
shapes of the buildings.
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• Interval contrast:
A contrast between long and short

intervals. In the painting below, notice the
variation in the lengths of the intervals
between the trees. The interval contrast
can be used to create a sense of rhythm
in your artwork.
5.) Harmony and Unity
Harmony is a bit vague compared to some of the other principles. Generally speaking, it
refers to how well all the visual elements work together in a work of art. Elements which
are in harmony should have some kind of logical progression or relationship.
If there is an element which is not in

harmony with the rest of an artwork, it
should stick-out and be jarring to look at.
Kind of like an off-note in a song.
You will usually be able to tell just from

judgment if all the elements are in
harmony. It will just look right. However, if
the painting looks off, then it can be difficult
to tell if that is because there is no
harmony between the elements or if there
is some other issue.
Monet’s Water Lilies Series
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Unity refers to some kind of

connection between all the visual
elements in a work of art. Like
harmony, this is a bit of a vague
term which is difficult to objectively
use to analyze art. The painting
below demonstrates a strong
sense of unity through the use of a
similar hues used throughout the
painting. Even though there is a
strong contrast between the light
and dark areas, there is a sense of
unity created through the use of
similar hues (dark yellows, oranges and greens are used in the foreground and light
yellows, oranges and greens are used in the background).
6.) Variety
Variety refers to the use of differing

qualities or instances of the visual
elements. Variety can be used to break
up monotonous or repetitive areas.
Below is a painting with lots of variation

in color, shape and texture, yet not so
much that it loses any sense of
harmony.
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Beside is a painting with comparatively

less variance. The result is a much
calmer painting.
6.) Movement
Your paints cannot physically move, but you can arrange the paints in a way which gives
the illusion or suggestion of movement.
One of the most effective techniques for creating movement in your painting is to use bold
and directional brushwork. By doing this, you can suggestively push your viewer around
the painting as you please. You could also suggest movement through repetition or
pattern. Below are two examples of paintings which demonstrate a great sense of
movement.
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7.) Scale
Refers to the size of an object compared to

the rest of the surroundings.
For example, the size of a man compared to

the tree he is sitting under or the size of a
mountain compared to the clouds. Scale is
different to proportion in that scale refers to
the size of an entire object whereas proportion
refers to the relative size of parts of an object.
For example, the scale of a man relative to the
rest of the painting may be correct, but the
proportion might be wrong because his hands are too large.
8.) Rhythm
In art and design refers to

a relationship between
elements that creates a
sense of harmony.
Rhythm can be seen in
patterns, in relationships
between colors and
shapes, and in repetitions
of lines and forms.
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Kinds of Rhythm
1.Repetition
Repetition is simply repeating a single

element many times in a design.
For example, you could draw a line

horizontally and then draw several
others next to it. Repetition can be
useful in web and app design. For
example, you’d expect the logo of a
business to be repeated on every page
and in the same place. Menu items are also often repeated in the same place on a page.
This helps provide a consistent user experience. By repeating elements, we as designers
not only deliver according to our users’ expectations in this way, but we also improve their
experience. Our being consistent makes the users more comfortable.
2. Pattern
Patterns are simply a repetition of

more than one design element
working in concert with each other. A
seamless pattern is one where every
element within a design (no matter
how often it’s repeated) combines to
form a whole. This is most common in
backgrounds on web and app pages.
It’s also popular in carpet and
wallpaper design.
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3. Rhythm
When you repeat elements, the intervals

between those repetitions can create a
sense of rhythm in the viewer and a sense
of movement. Musicians create rhythm in
the spacing between notes, effectively
making these “silent” gaps play off the
notes. Designers insert spacing between
elements to make rhythm. There are,
broadly speaking, five types of visual
rhythm
5 Types of Rhythm
1. Random rhythm
Repeating elements with no specific regular interval creates random rhythms. The
spacing could be a millimeter here, a centimeter there, while the elements could be all
over the place. Think of falling snow, pebbles on a beach, traffic movements: they are all
examples of random rhythms in action.
2. Regular rhythm
Like the beating of a heart, the regular rhythm follows the same intervals over and over
again. You can easily make a regular rhythm just by creating a grid or a series of vertical
lines. The user’s eye will instantly recognize a regular rhythm, scanning it for any
irregularities in the process. Remember, the eye “likes” to be drawn to outstanding
elements. Therefore, there is a risk that when you’re using a regular rhythm in a design
that it can become monotonous (like the dripping of a tap).
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3. Alternating rhythm
You can repeat more than one element in a design. In an alternating design, you use a
1-2-1-2-1-2 pattern. Think of the black and white squares on a chessboard: that’s an
alternating rhythm in play.
4. Flowing rhythm
A flowing rhythm shows the repeated elements following bends, curves, and undulations.
In nature, you can see this in the waves on a beach or sand dunes.
a. Regular rhythm - a repetition of elements that are evenly spaced. b. Irregular rhythm -
elements are repeated, but not exactly the same. c. Progressive rhythm - as elements
repeat, they increase or decrease in size.
5. Progressive rhythm
We can make a progressive rhythm simply by changing one characteristic of a motif as

we repeat it. We could draw a series of circles, one above the other, making each lower
one larger.
Generalization:
I hope this post clarifies to you what the principles of art are and how you can use them
to help understand and communicate your thoughts about art.It is also important to
understand that a great painting does not have to tick all the boxes in terms of the
principles of art. Most of the great paintings will only demonstrate a few of the principles.
So do not think of the principles of art as a set of overarching rules which you must comply
with. They are merely a way to help us understand and communicate our thoughts about
art. The principles of art allow us to place some kind of objective reasoning behind why a
great painting is great. This is important as it keeps us from falling into a vague space
where art is no longer able to be defined or critiqued (much like what has happened with
modern art).
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Activity: Group Project
This will be presented online.
Materials: Sheets of scrap paper, pencil, ruler, eraser, 1/8 illustration board, watercolor
paint, several brushes, tempera pain and mixing tray
Procedures:
1. On scrap paper, practice making block letters of different sizes and shapes. Focus
only on the letters of your name or nickname.
2. Working lightly in pencil, create a design with the letters on the sheet of drawing
paper. Arrange for some of the letters to overlap and some to go off the page. Fill the
entire sheet of paper.
3. Using a ruler, divide your paper into eight equal parts. Number the 8-boxed areas
lightly in pencil in any order you like.
4. Using the pencil and eraser, draw in or erase lines to rearrange the shapes in area 1,
so they have formal balance. Fill in some of the shapes with pencil.
5. Using a variety of hues of tempera, paint the shapes in area 2.
6. Using no more than three hues, paint the shapes in area 3. Repeat one of these
colors over and over to create harmony.
7. Identify the most interesting shape in area 4. Using the brightest hue, paint this are to
give emphasis to this shape. Paint other shapes with dull hues.
8. Using the pencil and eraser, rearrange the shapes in area 5 to create rhythm. Use
watercolor to paint the shapes.
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9. Using watercolors, paint the shapes in area 6. Increase the proportion of one of the
colors you use. Notice how doing this emphasizes that color.
10.Using the pencil and eraser, rearrange the shapes in area 7 to create a sense of
movement in any direction. Use watercolors to paint the shapes, Pick colors that will
add to the feeling of movement.
11.Rearrange similar shapes in area 8. Paint the nearest shapes. Paint the other
shapes, adding white to lighten the value of the hue. In this way, the shapes will
appear to create rhythm.
Online References:
https://drawpaintacademy.com/principles-of-art/
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/repetition-pattern-and-rhythm
https://www.theartist.me/infographics/10-principles-of-art/
https://drawpaintacademy.com/principles-of-art/
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Week 10
Lesson 6
Painting as Visual Art
Objectives:
1. Identify the different elements, techniques and media tools in painting
2. Present the historical development of painting using timeline graphic organizer
3. Create a painting activity creatively
Introduction:
Painting is one of the fine arts that depict various intrinsic values of man through
imaginative aggregation of lines and color. It expresses the artist’s perceptions and
feelings on a particular selected subject.
It is also a branch of the visual arts in which color, derived from any numerous organize
or synthetic substances, is applied to various surfaces to create images with decorative
value, representational value, or both.
Painting is often called the most important form of visual art. It is about putting colours on
a canvas or a wall. Painters express their ideas through a mixture of colours and different
brush strokes. Painting is also one of the oldest forms of visual art.
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Pre-Assessment:
Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. A type of painting media with pigment dissolved in water
a. Fresco b. Water color c. Tempera
2. A type of painting media refers to the art of applying oil-based color to a surface to
create or other design.
a. Oil b. Encaustic c. Fresco
3. A type of painting with water color on plaster, while the plaster is still fresh or wet.
a. Fresco b. Water color c. Tempera
4. A method of painting on a wooden panel with color dissolved in water or mixed in a

paste, with egg, casein gum or glycerine solution.
a. Mural painting b. Portrait c. Tempera
5. It refers to the decoration of walls or ceiling by various technique.
a. Mural painting b. Mosaic c. Stained glass
What is painting as a visual art?
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface
(support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other
implements, such as knives, sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.
Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass,
lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or concrete, and may incorporate multiple other materials
including sand, clay, paper, gold leaf as well as objects.
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Furthermore, painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. It
can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting),
photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative content, symbolism, emotion or be
political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is
dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas; examples of this kind of painting range from
artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to Biblical scenes.
History of Painting
Like drawing, painting has its

documented origins in caves and on
rock faces. The finest examples,
believed by some to be 32,000 years
old, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux
caves in southern France. In shades of
red, brown, yellow and black, the
paintings on the walls and ceilings are of
bison, cattle, horses and deer.
Paintings of human figures can be found in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the great temple
of Ramses II, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted being led by Isis. The Greeks contributed
to painting but much of their work has been lost. One of the best remaining
representations is the mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based
on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century
BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.
The invention of photography had a major impact on painting. In the decades after the
first photograph was produced in 1829, photographic processes improved and became
more widely practiced, depriving painting of much of its historic purpose to provide an
accurate record of the observable world. A series of art movements in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries— Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism,
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Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism —challenged the Renaissance view of the

world. Eastern and African painting, however, continued a long history of stylization and
did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the same time.
The Styles and Movements
Painting Styles
• Realism
• Impressionism
• Expressionism
• Fauvism
• Abstractionism
• Dadaism
• Pointillism
• Cubism
• Futurism
• Surrealism
An artist uses tools in painting.
What Does Painting Tool Mean?
A painting tool is a tool or function in a graphics editing or painting program used to

change the area of the canvas or image by adding paint strokes or filling the areas with
color. The most common painting tools are the brush and the pencil, which can be found
in just about any type of drawing or painting program, from simple ones like MS Paint to
professional graphics software such as Photoshop.
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ART TOOLS AND MATERIALS FOR DRAWING AND PAINTING
Here are the best art tools and materials for drawing and painting.
1. Graphite pencils
2. Brushes
3. Paint
4. Kneaded eraser
5. Painting or drawing paper pads
6. Painting knife or a palette knife
7. Painting palette
8. Masking tape
9. Sponges
10. Stencils
11. Brayer
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Painting Media and Techniques
1. Acrylics
Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion
and plasticizers, silicon oils, defoamers, stabilizers, or metal soaps. Most acrylic paints
are water-based, but become water-resistant when dry.
Qualities:
• Binder: acrylic polymer

• Vehicle (solvent): water
• Ground: prepared(gesso) or raw canvas, paper, wood, glass, etc.
• Dries fast/permanent
• Opaque/transluscent/transparent
• Versatile media - can mimic oil, tempera, and watercolor
2. Oils
Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that consists of particles of pigment suspended in
a drying oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may be modified by the
addition of a solvent such as turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to
increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film.
Qualities:
• Binder: linseed oil

• Vehicle (solvent): turpentine, mineral spirits
• Ground: prepared canvas, paper, wood,
• Drys slow/permanent
• Opaque/transluscent/transparent
• Versatile media
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3. Tempera
Also known as poster board paint, tempera paint is great for crafts and art projects
because it's fast drying, long lasting, and easy to clean. It's also not likely to flake, streak,
or crack. Tempera paint is water-soluble, and the majority of tempera paint available is
non-toxic. The paint's creamy consistency helps it flow smoothly onto paper, cardboard,
cloth, wood, or canvas and provides excellent coverage, which allows kids to use a variety
of creative painting techniques.
Qualities:
• Binder: gum arabic and water

• Ground: paper, prepared wood panel
• Drys fast/water soluble
• opaque
• dry, matte surface
Egg Tempera: egg yolk can be added to make it enamel-like and permanent
4. Watercolor
Watercolor paint is a translucent medium suitable for many purposes: in the classroom,
for illustration, botanical painting, as studies, and as final works of art.
Watercolor paint is made from a color pigment dispersed in a suspension that binds the
pigment and allows it to adhere to a surface when dry. In commercial watercolor paints,
the binder is either natural gum arabic or synthetic glycol. Every manufacturer has their
own unique suspension composition, called the backbone composition. While watercolor
paint is water-soluble, due to the water-soluble binder, pigments, themselves, do not
dissolve in water.
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Qualities:
• Binder: gum arabic and water

• Ground: paper
• Drys fast/water soluble
• transparent to transluscent
Types of watercolor
A. Transparent water colors come in tubes or pans.
B. Opaque watercolor - also called gouache, is usually obtained in tubes, but are also
familiar in the form of poster paints.
5. Fresco
Fresco is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster. Water is
used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the
setting of the plaster, the painting
becomes an integral part of the wall.
Lifted from the Italian word ‘fresco’

(‘fresh’), the term refers to wall
paintings generally made on wet
plaster so that the coloured pigment is
absorbed into the surface of the wall,
resulting in brilliant, vibrant colours.
Fresco is an ancient tradition of
painting that came to prominence
during the Italian Renaissance and has been revived by various artists since.
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Three types of fresco painting have emerged throughout the history of art –
1. Buon Affresco (True Fresco),

2. Mezzo Fresco (Medium Fresco) And;
3. Fresco Secco (Dry Fresco).
Buon fresco, the most common fresco

method, involves the use of pigments mixed
with water (without a binding agent) on a thin
layer of wet, fresh, lime mortar or plaster
(intonaco). The pigment is absorbed into the
wall as described above. By contrast, secco
painting is done on dry plaster and therefore
requires a binding medium, (eg. egg tempera,
glue or oil) to attach the pigment to the wall, as in the famous mural painting known as
The Last Supper by Leonardo Da Vinci.
Mezzo-fresco involves painting onto

almost but not quite dry intonaco so
that the pigment only penetrates
slightly into the plaster. By 1600 this
had largely replaced buon fresco on
murals and ceilings.
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Fresco-secco is a wall
painting technique where
pigments mixed with an
organic binder and/or lime are
applied onto a dry plaster.
The paints used can e.g. be
casein paint, tempera, oil
paint, silicate mineral paint. W
6. Encaustic
Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax

painting, involves using heated encaustic
medium to which colored pigments have been
added for creating artworks. Molten medium is
applied to a surface—usually prepared wood,
though canvas and other materials are
sometimes used.
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Techniques and Styles in Painting
• Cloisonnism
Cloisonnism is a style of post-Impressionist

painting with bold and flat forms separated by dark
contours. The term was coined by critic Edouard
Dujardin on the occasion of the Salon des
Indépendants, in March 1888.
• Constructivism
Constructivism was an artistic and architectural

philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in
1915 by Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko.
Abstract and austere, constructivist art aimed to
reflect modern industrial society and urban space
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• Cubism
• Expressionism
Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and

painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning
of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely
from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for
emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas
• Fauvism
• Futurism
• Impressionism
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement

characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible
brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on
accurate depiction of light in its changing
qualities
• Pointillism
Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small, distinct

dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image.
Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique
in 1886, branching from Impressionism
• Realism
• Symbolism
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Related Techniques in Painting
• Collage
Collage is a technique of art creation,

primarily used in the visual arts, but in
music too, by which art results from an
assemblage of different forms, thus
creating a new whole
• Ceramics
A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-

resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made
by shaping and then firing an inorganic,
nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high
temperature. Common examples are
earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
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• Tapestry
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by

hand on a loom. Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in
which all the warp threads are hidden in the completed
work, unlike most woven textiles, where both the warp
and the weft threads may be visible.
• Graphic Arts (Relief Printing,

Intaglio Printing, Planographic
Painting, Stencil / Monotype
A category of fine art, graphic art

covers a broad range of visual
artistic expression, typically two-
dimensional, i.e. produced on a flat
surface.
• Acrylic
Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint

made of pigment suspended in
acrylic polymer emulsion and
plasticizers, silicon oils,
defoamers, stabilizers, or metal
soaps.[ Most acrylic paints are
water-based, but become water-
resistant when dry.
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Depending on how much the paint is diluted with water, or modified with acrylic gels,
mediums, or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor, a gouache,
or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media
Acrylic
• Body Art (Tattooing)
A Tattoo is a permanent mark or design on

the body made by introducing indelible ink
into the dermis layer of the skin. Tattooing
has been a popular form of bodily
decoration since the era of Neolithic art: the
oldest known example of tattooed skin
belongs to a mummified man of the Chilean
Chinchorro culture.
• Handicrafts
A handicraft, sometimes more precisely

expressed as artisanal handicraft or
handmade, is any of a wide variety of
types of work where useful and
decorative objects are made completely
by one’s hand or by using only simple,
non-automated related tools like
scissors, carving implements, or hooks.
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Generalization:
The visual arts are art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature, such as
ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video,
filmmaking and architecture. These definitions should not be taken too strictly as many
artistic disciplines involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also
included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic
design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art. The current usage of the term
"visual arts" includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts, but this
was not always the case
Activity evaluation :
Painting Activity (Individual) - Leaf Spattering
Instruction: Read, understand and make a 1-minute video showing this process and a
picture of the outcome of your painting. Pass it to your leader. The leader in turn will
compile it and submit it through the google drive that will be provided by the professor.
Materials: A leaf or any twigs having leaves or flowers (should be dried and pressed
for four days), watercolor (ink, dyes, or enamel paints may also be used), used
toothbrush, pins, old newspaper, wire screen or used comb.
Procedures:
1. Place a good clean sheet of paper flat on the table, or floor. On the paper, put the
stems of the leaves that have been dried and pressed for four days. Arrange them
very well in the middle of the paper.
2. Pin those parts of the leaves which do not come directly in contact with the paper.
(The paints will settle on the parts of the paper that are exposed.)
3. Dip the toothbrush in watercolor or paint. Hold the wire screen or the comb over
the paper and rub the toothbrush steadily over it.
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4. Continue rubbing as the wire screen or comb is moved gradually all over the paper.
See to it that the brush is not overloaded with watercolor or paint for it will create
coarse drops on the paper. This will spoil your work.
5. Stop when enough paint has been dropped on the surface of the paper. “Enough”
means neither too light nor too dark. When the drops are too light, the shapes and
outlines of the leaves and stems on the paper will appear distinct. When too much
paint has been laid on, the drops of paint will come in contact with each other, thus
producing ugly splashes.
6. Put the end of the handle in the toothbrush on the point of contact between the pin
and the paper. Remove the pins one by one. Allow the paper to dry.
7. Remove the stem from the paper. The splatter painting is now done.
Online References:
https://www.english-online.at/art-architecture/visual-arts/visual-art-forms.htm
https://www.britannica.com/art/painting
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Week 11-12
Lesson 7
Sculpture as Visual Art
Objectives:
1. List down the different meanings and

elements of sculpture
2. Present the sculptures according to

materials and methods of treatment
3. Make an artwork made of soap, paper,

clay, wood using the elements of
sculpture
Introduction:
A new awareness of sculpture as an art separate from painting may be experienced as

we explore the historical development of sculpture. Like painting, sculpture is a visual art,
but it is something more than merely visual. Sculpture appeals to the tactile sense of
touch. It is not only intended to be seen; it is also to be touched, or, if it cannot be touched,
at least the participant feels an implicit invitation to touch.
Sculpture is three-dimensional art, having length, width, and height. Sculpture can be
performed on just about any material that can be chiseled bit by bit.
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In comparison, painting expresses art through a surface. An artist can also paint on any
surface that he desires like a canvas or even a wall. It is two-dimensional and doesn’t
interject into space.
Pre-Assessment: Modified True or False: Write True, if the statement is correct and
False, if not. Write your answer on the blank provided.
_________1. Painting and sculpture are closely related to each other.
_________2. Both painting and sculpture are visual arts and space is an element.
_________3. Painting is a three-dimensional piece of art.
_________4. Sculpture is a two-dimensional piece of art.
_________5. Art is an expression of oneself.
SCULPTURE AS A VISUAL ART
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of
the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally
used carving and modelling, in stone, metal, ceramics,
wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has
been an almost complete freedom of materials and
process.
The Kiss (1889), by Auguste Rodin.

This influential marble cast (of which there are three copies)
typifies Rodin's unique ability to express intense emotion
through the physicality of sculpture.
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What is Sculpture?
The most enduring and, arguably, the greatest form of fine art known to man, sculpture
has played a major role in the evolution of Western culture. Its history and stylistic
development are those of Western art itself. It is a key indicator of the cultural
achievements of Classical Antiquity, and became an important influence on the
development of Renaissance art in Italy.
Together with architecture, it was the principal form of monumental religious art which for
centuries (c.400-1800) was the driving force of European civilization. Even today,
although continuously evolving, sculpture is still the leading method of expressing and
commemorating both historical figures and events.
Well-Known Sculptors and Their Works

There are several prominent names in the sculpting world, but here are some prominent
artists worth mentioning because of their trailblazing work:
• Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti

Simoni. Michelangelo dominated art in
the European enclave for centuries until
Picasso made an impact. He was not
only a sculptor but a painter and an
architect. Michelangelo is the typical
artist who is temperamental, moody,
and melancholic. You won’t expect what
his emotion is next. He had an
obsession with the male human body
form, which he conveyed as his
expression of human beauty, sensibility,
and spirituality.
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He also portrayed the male physique as the ultimate standard for all things: perfect
symmetry, muscular, confident, and near divine and godly. But he also made works of art
that portrayed the flaws, imperfections and weaknesses of the human image. He
constantly borrowed from Greek and Roman ideals, being a Renaissance man. David is
one of his famous sculptures. It is made out of marble and depicts the prominent Biblical
personality of the same name. Michelangelo completed David in three long years. It was
a commissioned work that was supposed to be lined up with other sculptures in a different
location. Instead, it was prominently displayed solo in a public square in Florence, Italy.
• Donatello di Niccolò di Betto Bardi. Donatello perfected his sculpting on several

materials like stone, bronze, wood, and terra cotta. Other famous artists in his heyday of
the early Renaissance were reinventing other art forms while he was trailblazing
sculpture. He created works that
combined reality and emotion and
were aesthetically beautiful. But at
the same time, these sculptures
were full of energy and meaning and
looked as if they could come to life at
any moment. Donatello’s life-sized
Magdalene Penitent sculpture is an
amazing work of the depiction of the
imperfect Mary Magdalene as a
disheveled and starving woman who
the masses can relate to as well as a
character with a divine level due to
her relationship with Christ.
Donatello’s understanding of body anatomy was evident with the realistic depiction of the
effects of food deprivation on the face and body of the sculpture
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Elements of Sculpture
1. Subject - tells what the sculpture is all about
2. Medium - the materials used by artist in the completion of his work
3. Texture - the touch of the skin against the surface or the body of a given sculpture
4. Space - the portion or area where the piece stands
The Stages of Creating a Sculpture
The best way to start collecting art sculptures is to learn how sculptors create their
works. Sculpting requires mastering all the stages of making a sculpture. These steps
differ considerably depending on the type of material used, such as bronze, steel, wood,
resin, etc.
1. Assembling: Assembling various objects together to form a unique sculpture whose

value will exceed the aesthetic value of the separate elements.
2. Modelling: The process of shaping materials, either by adding or removing material.
3. Moulding: Making a mould to take the impression of a modelled work or a living
model and making one or more plaster or wax casts from this mould.
4. Carving: A technique that involves cutting or scraping away from a bloc of material to
give it a specific shape. There are two carving techniques: - Direct carving, without
using a preliminary sketch or a model. - Indirect carving with the help of a pointing
machine, which duplicates the model faithfully based on exact measurements.
5. Casting: Technique that involves all the operations occurring before and after casting
molten metals in a mould.
6. Ronde-bosse: A technique that produces three-dimensional sculptures that are not
attached to a background but rest on a base.
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Classification of Sculptures According to Materials and Methods of Treatment
Sculptors use various materials and techniques in their creations, and their choices reflect
on the resultant objects. Here are the standard methods in place as at now:
1. Clay Sculpture
Clay has many advantages to an artist. One it

is widely available. Two, it is inexpensive. And
three, it is versatile such that the sculptor can
create unique objects using the material. Also,
clay provides an avenue where an artist can
portray an idea before working on the final
design. It also allows people to transfer designs
from one object to the other in the form of
molds.
2. Wax Modelling
Wax modeling allows an artist to come up with a

unique design. Sometimes, the use of wax acts
like a step to achieving another design. Take an
example of bronze sculpting. The artists
sometimes use models made of wax in their
creative processes.
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3. Stone Carving
This form of sculpting is common in architectural

pieces as well as the making of figures. The type
of stone used depends on the region. Take marble
as an example. It was common in Italy and resulted
in stunning designs. The downsides of using it
were that it was quite brittle. However, with
supports in place, working with it became easier.
Artists often use columns or tree trunks to support
the heavy weight of the stones.
4. Wood Carving
As is the case with stones, the region played an essential role

in the selection of the tree in use. Softwoods are easier to
carve as they are less dense. However, where an artist wants
to create a durable piece, hardwoods are the best option. They
also enable the artist to carve out finer details than they would
with a softwood. Carving on wood is similar to that in stone. It
starts with splitting a tree trunk before roughly creating the
design with an ax before using shaping tools on the wood.
Once the carving takes place, the artist smoothens the surface and decides on the
finishing which can involve glass embellishing, painting or gilding.
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5. Ivory Carving
Ivory often refers to the hard-white

substance in the tusks of
mammals, but its definition also
extends to materials of a similar
nature. The design attained by the
artist depends on the source of the
ivory as the successful layers
influence the shape of the
sculpture. Also, the size of the
tusks will affect the design. African
tusks get preference owing to their
large dimensions in the ranges of two meters.
6. Semi-Precious Stones and Shell Carvings
Other than the materials stated above, artists also

work with gemstones and hard stones in their
designs. Example include rock crystals. They also
use softer materials such as corals and shells. When
working with hard stones, they use metal tools,
abrasive powders, and diamond drills to work on the
shapes.
For the soft mineral materials such as amber, they

lean on the use of chisels and knives which can
easily cut into the masses, thus helping them bring
the forms to life.
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The use of soft materials is not only about the ease of carving, but it also extends to
symbolism in that they are representative of medicinal benefits. The hard elements are
characteristic of purity and light, as was the case in medieval times.
7. Bronze Casting
Bronze is a sturdy and durable material as it is a

combination of tin and copper and often has traces
of zinc or lead. The advantage of using it is that it
allows the artist to feature captivating details
through the use of casting molds, resulting in
objects such as sculptures, tools, and weapons. Its
use started back in Europe before spreading
throughout the globe in the medieval times and the
eras that followed.
Casting takes place in two ways. There is the use of powdery sand molds and those made
of wax, and it all depends on whether the artist wishes to reuse the molds.
8. Repousse Sculpture
Repoussé, method of decorating metals in which parts of

the design are raised in relief from the back or the inside
of the article by means of hammers and punches;
definition and detail can then be added from the front by
chasing or engraving. The name repoussé is derived from
the French pousser, “to push forward.”
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This ancient technique, which has been used extensively throughout the history of
metalworking, achieved widespread popularity in Europe during the 16th, 17th, and 18th
centuries
Generalization:
Sculpture is a great pretender; a fabrication that points to our need for storytelling and
artifice. We have art so we won’t die of truth. Sculpture networks ideas, articulates
subjectivities and creates communities. Sculpture reflects its place – its society – its time.
Moreover, Sculpture is an important form of art because it exceeds the limitations of 2d

art, this helps artists express themselves in other creative ways. In history, sculpture was
used to appreciate the human life more. It was used to honor heroes and a lot of times
display social status.
Activity /Evaluation- Individual Project.
Make sure you provide a short video on how you did your sculpture and the outcome of
your sculpture. Pass it to your leaders.
1. Carve a sculpture and fill in the blank of what is asked for
Subject: ___________________________ Medium: ___________________________

Texture: ___________________________ Process Used: ______________________
Classification: ______________________
2. Write a very short description
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Online References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitent_Magdalene_(Donatello)
https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-importance-of-sculpture-in-society/
http://lincolncathedralquarter.co.uk/sculpture/the-importance-of-sculpture/
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Week 13
Lesson 8
Architecture as a Visual Art
Objectives:
1. State some definitions of

architecture
2. Differentiate and explain each

architecture by describing the
architectural
representative of cultures and of the

artistic style of some countries
3. Recognize the local and foreign

architects and their works
Introduction:
What is architecture as an art? Since works of arts are expressions of what is seen and
felt, then the study of architecture can give us some hints as to the values and sensitivities
of the culture of a particular place.
Architecture is an art form that reflects how we present ourselves across the earth’s
landscape, and, like other expressive mediums, it changes with styles, technologies and
cultural adaptations.
Furthermore, Architecture not only provides worldly needs of shelter, workspace and
storage but also represents human ideals in buildings like courthouses and government
buildings and manifestations of the spirit in churches and temples. Traditional architecture
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has survived over thousands of years in one form or another, while contemporary design
offers new approaches in how we use materials and technology to shape the look of our
environment.
Pre-Assessment:
Identify the country where the following architectural works are found. Write your answer
on the blank.
1. Burj Khalifa
2. Taj Mahal
3. Petronas Towers
4. Linked Hybrid
5. Leaning Tower of Pisa
6. Statue of Unity
7. Sydney Opera House
8. Gardens By the Bay
9. Metropol Parasol
10. Hagia Sophia
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Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and spaces for human use.
Architectural design is an art form realized through considerations of spatial design and
aesthetics. Related to sculpture, architecture creates three-dimensional objects that
serve human purposes and forms visual relationships with the surrounding areas.
Related to sculpture, architecture creates three-dimensional objects that occupy a given

space and create a visual relationship with the space around them. The differences
between the sculpture and architecture are in their scale and utility. Early human
structures provided shelter from the elements. As hunter- gatherer societies transitioned
to farming they made more permanent shelters, eventually formed communities, towns
and cities. For thousands of years,
architecture reflected the specific
environment and materials available in any
given region, including rock caves or huts of
wood, soil and brick. Many were
assemblages of materials like grasses,
leaves and animal hides. Nomadic people
still utilize these materials.
Turkman woman standing at the entry to a grass and hide covered yurt. Collection of the Library of Congress Prints
and Images File
In simple design terms, architecture adheres to the dictum that "form follows function".
Architecture's function reflects different human needs. For example, warehouses take the
shape of large squares or rectangles because they need only to enclose a space that
protects and stores products and materials in the most efficient manner. A home is
designed with other functions in mind, including cooking, resting, cleaning and
entertaining. So the interior design of a home includes specialized areas for these
different functions.
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A church or school design would have their own set of spatial requirements because they
provide for large groups of people at once.
Architecture solves problems concerning the use of space, interior design and the
landscape that surrounds it. The limitations imposed on architecture by the laws of
physics are solved to a large extent by engineering. The greatest limitations on design
are the physical loads exerted by a structure's weight. Compression loads refer to vertical
weight and shear loads travel at an angle or horizontally. Buildings need stable
foundations and framing systems that support the spanning of open space.
Types of Architecture
The design of a building is one of the first things that will capture your attention. If a
building is architecturally remarkable, it often becomes a landmark that defines a city and
is visited by tourists from all over the world.
Memorable buildings often follow certain architectural styles that are immediately
identifiable. Many of these design elements are still being utilised by architecture and
design consultants adopting timeless principles of good design as an inspiration for their
design projects.
1. Greek and Roman Classical Architecture
Timeline: 850 BC to 476 AD
This type of architecture refers to the style that

was prominently used in ancient Greece and
Rome. This architectural style adhered to the
concept of building structures utilising a set
template. Classical architecture is often
expressed by the temple, an oblong enclosure or
surrounded by columns.
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The Greek order of columns, Doric, Ionic and Corinthian, are some of the more identifiable
elements of classical architecture. These guidelines were followed by Roman architects,
with the Corinthian being the more favored style used in many Roman buildings.
Some of the most popular examples of classical architecture are the Acropolis complex
in Athens and the Colosseum in Rome.
2. Gothic Architecture
Timeline: 1150 to c. 1530
Some of the most famous churches in

Europe feature the Gothic style of
architecture. This architectural type that
dominated for hundreds of years began
in France and was then adapted
throughout the continent. This is a style
of stonework/masonry building that is characterized by three main features: sharply
pointed arch, ribbed and vaulted columns, and flying support.
One of the most famous examples of French Gothic architecture is the Notre-Dame in
Paris, France. Other prominent examples of structures that used Gothic architecture are
Canterbury Cathedral in England, Cologne Cathedral in Germany, Milan Cathedral in
Italy, Basilica of St. Denis in Paris, and Salisbury Cathedral in England.
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3. Baroque
Timeline: Late 16th Century to 18th

Century
This style of architecture originated in

Italy and was said to be a more emotional
and dramatic style designed to appeal to
the senses. Baroque architecture usually
includes curving forms such as ovals, as
well as concave and convex forms that
suggest motion. Distortion is also another
key aspect in this style where you will see
figures that are broken, elongated or manipulated to make them stand out.
Some of the examples of buildings with the Baroque style are the Palace of Versailles in
France, St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, St. Peter’s Square in Vatican, and Schönbrunn
Palace in Vienna.
4. Neoclassical Architecture
Timeline: 18th Century to early 19th Century
As the name suggests, Neoclassical architecture

is the revival of Classical architecture. The style
is very reminiscent of the Greek and Roman
forms. This resulted in 18th-century buildings
somewhat resembling Greek and Roman
temples.
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Neoclassical architecture is defined by clean, elegant lines, uncluttered appearance, free-

standing columns and massive buildings. Some of the more popular examples are the
Bank of England Building in Liverpool, the White House in the United States, and the
General Post Office in Dublin.
5. Victorian Architecture
Timeline: 1837-1901
This style of architecture refers to buildings

that were constructed during the reign of
England’s Queen Victoria. Unlike other styles,
Victorian architecture is not limited to a single
particular design but is used as a broad term
that saw the revival of Gothic, Romanesque,
and Tudor elements.
The Victorian style was applied to residential house designs during the industrial
revolution. Many homes in the UK, US, and Australia utilised this style. One characteristic
that most Victorian homes share is the “dollhouse” look having elaborate trims, vivid
colours, and asymmetrical designs.
Some of the more prominent Victorian buildings are the Palace of Westminster and Royal
Albert Hall in London, Osborne House in the Isle of Wight, Balmoral Castle in Scotland,
and Postcard Row in San Francisco, California.
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6. Modern Architecture
Timeline: 1900s to 1960s
This architectural style is an umbrella

term that encompasses several different
styles that became prominent during the
first half of the 20th century. This is a
minimalist style that was practised by
many architects until after World War 2.
The modernist style prioritise simplicity

of form, clean structure, lack of ornamentation, and function over form. This style also
took advantage of the advances in steel, glass and concrete. Some of the best known
architects of the 20th century flourished during this era including Frank Lloyd Wright and
Le Corbusier.
It follows that some of the most iconic examples of Modern architecture include Frank
Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater house in the United States, Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye in
France, and Ludwig Mies van Der Rohe’s Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin.
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7. Post-Modern Architecture
Timeline: 1960s to 1990s
As a reaction to the austerity and

rigidity promoted by Modern
architecture, the Post-Modernist
architects launched this design
movement in the 1960s. The post-
modern designs incorporated artistic
ornamentation and decorative elements into the building’s façade as opposed to just the
clean lines upheld by modernist styles.
The Post-modernist style refused to be boxed to just one type so designs often drew
inspiration from a mix of architectural styles. For some buildings, this combination often
resulted to a somewhat hybrid and whimsical design.
The Vanna Venturi House in Pennsylvania, USA designed by Robvert Venturi is one of
the first prominent structures of the post-modern architecture movement. Two famous
structures designed by architect Frank Gehry, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain
and the Dancing House in Prague are also notable examples. In the UK, the SIS Building
and the No 1 Poulty in London are some examples.
8. Neofuturist Architecture
Timeline: 2007 to Present
Neofuturism is an architectural style that is seen as a

more idealistic approach to the future. The designs
increasingly take advantage of new technologies to
build seemingly impossible forms and innovative
structures that have never been done before.
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Neofuturist architecture is identified with structures that seem to defy natural physics
which were only previously seen in sci-fi movies.
One of the best-known architects of Neofuturist architecture is ground-breaking Iraqi-

British architect Zaha Hadid. In 2004, she was the first female architect to be awarded the
Pritzker Prize in Architecture which was considered the Nobel Prize in the architecture
world. She was also a two-time recipient of the Riba Stirling Prize- the UK’s most
prestigious architecture award.
Hadid, who passed away in 2016 at the age of 65, was known for her distinctive projects
including The New Riverside Museum in Glasgow, Serpentine Sackler Gallery in Hyde
Park, the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Stadium in Japan, the 2022 FIFA World Cup Stadium in
Qatar, and the Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Azerbaijan.
Other Architecture Types Worth Mentioning:
1. Egyptian Architecture
Ancient Egyptian architecture was

mostly that of the monumental temple
and tomb, and featured obelisks,
battered walls, pylon-towers,
pyramids, cavetto (or gorge) cornices,
large columns with lotus, papyrus,
palm, and other capitals, hypostyle
halls, courts, vast processional axes
(called dromos) flanked by sphinxes, stylized sculpture, and hieroglyphs. It was an
architecture of the columnar and trabeated type.
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The early stone-built funerary complex at Saqqara (c.2630–c.2611 BC) had many
buildings including a stepped pyramid, processional hall with reeded and fluted engaged
columns, courts, and a vast wall containing the whole: it was designed by Imhotep.
Stepped pyramids were superseded by the smooth-sided type, of which the Gizeh
pyramids (mid-third millennium BC) are exemplars. The big temple complex at Deïr-el-
Bahari (middle of the second millennium BC) was designed with three main levels
approached by ramps and having long façades of plain square columns that were greatly
influential in C20 Neo-Classicism and Rational architecture. The temple-groups of Karnak
and Luxor were also started around the same time, and their remaining ruins are still
impressive. There are many surviving buildings of the Graeco-Roman period (332 bc–
395 bc), including the Philae and Edfu temples.
2. Early Christian Architecture
Early Christian art and architecture or

Paleochristian art is the art produced by
Christians or under Christian patronage
from the earliest period of Christianity to,
depending on the definition used, sometime
between 260 and 525. In practice,
identifiably Christian art only survives from
the 2nd century onwards
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3. Byzantine Architecture
Byzantine architecture is a style of building that

flourished under the rule of Roman Emperor Justinian
between A.D. 527 and 565. In addition to extensive use
of interior mosaics, its defining characteristic is a
heightened dome, the result of the latest sixth-century
engineering techniques.
Byzantine architecture dominated the eastern half of the Roman Empire during the reign
of Justinian the Great, but the influences spanned centuries, from 330 until the fall of
Constantinople in 1453 and on into today's church architecture.
4. Romanesque Architecture
Romanesque architecture is an
architectural style of medieval Europe
characterized by semi-circular arches. ...
The style can be identified right across
Europe, despite regional characteristics
and different materials. Many castles
were built during this period, but they are
greatly outnumbered by churches.
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5. Renaissance Architecture
Renaissance architecture is the

European architecture of the period
between the early 14th and early
16th centuries in different regions,
demonstrating a conscious revival
and development of certain elements
of ancient Greek and Roman thought
and material culture.
Renaissance architecture, style of

architecture, reflecting the rebirth of
Classical culture, that originated in Florence in the early 15th century and spread
throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style. ... Filippo Brunelleschi is
considered the first Renaissance architect.
6.Philippine Architecture
The architecture of the classical period of

the Philippines is based on vernacular
architecture for most of its centuries and
Islamic architecture in some coastal areas
at the south, plus the interior of Lanao,
after the 13th century.
The bahay kubo is the term for huts built

out of nipa.
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These types of edifices were characteristic of the way that indigenous people of the
Philippines built homes prior to the arrival of the Spanish colonizers. They are still in use
today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the
different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although most homes built along the
shorelines conform to being stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries
such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.
Group work.
• Group I will visit the Las Pinas City Hall virtually

• Group II will visit the Bamboo Organ Church virtually
• Group III will visit the SM Southmall virtually
• Group IV will visit the DFCAM-Main virtually
• Group V will visit the DFCAM-IT virtually
Observe the types of architectural designs employed in the buildings / or houses found in
these places. Document your observations by taking pictures to be presented in class
together with a narrative on their output.
Generalization:
The question “what is architecture?” is one of the most basic but also one of the most
challenging stuff architects ask themselves. It is a philosophical question that repels a
complete answer yet incites an intellectual examination.
Architecture is a passion, a vocation, a calling — as well as a science and a business. It

has been described as a social art and also an artful science. Architecture must be of the
highest quality of design. Architecture provides, in the words of Marcus Vitruvius, the
great Roman architect and historian, “firmness, commodity and delight.
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Additionally, architecture is everywhere. Each and every building: home, school, office,
hospital and supermarket were designed for their particular purpose.
It is of vital importance that these buildings, and in turn the environments they form and
the neighborhoods and cities they are a part of, are designed to be the best possible
buildings for their specific context, use and the people who use them.
Online References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts#:~:text=Architecture%20is%20the%20process
%20and,and%20as%20works%20of%20art.
https://www.barker-associates.co.uk/service/architecture/most-recognised-architectural-
styles
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Week 14
Lesson 9
Dance as a Performing Art
Objectives:
1. Enumerate the kinds of dances clearly
2. Perform a movement or sequence of movements to

explain the dance or dance steps
3. Demonstrate the dance steps chosen gracefully
Introduction:
Dance is a form of performing arts that refers to the art of moving the body rhythmically
and usually in accordance to music. It is used as a form of social interaction and
expression, or it is commonly presented in a performance or spiritual setting. It is also
seen as a form of nonverbal communication, a type of communication where words are
not used. Definitions of what dance is really all about usually varies in each culture,
society or person.
Dance is considered not only to be the oldest of the arts but also as the mother of all arts.
Throughout the ages, the dancing body has inspired the musician, the sculptor, and the
painter. In like manner, the drama of many countries started in their dances. The
beginnings of music have been traced to the dance. (Sanchez, et al.)
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Pre-Assessment:
True or False: Identify if the statement is true or false.
_________ 1. Choreography refers to the setting of background, or the place of action to

make the dance more artistic and beautiful.
_________ 2. Costume refers to skill in executing movement.
_________ 3. Dance is the mother of all arts.
_________ 4. Dance is the oldest of all arts.
_________ 5. Force is an energy which is always present when motion occurs.
DANCE AS A PERFORMING ART
Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised

or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance
can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements,
or by its historical period or place of origin.
An important distinction is to be drawn between the contexts of theatrical and participatory

dance, although these two categories are not always completely separate; both may have
special functions, whether social, ceremonial, competitive, erotic, martial, or
sacred/liturgical. Other forms of human movement are sometimes said to have a dance-
like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, cheerleading, figure skating, synchronized
swimming, marching bands, and many other forms of athletics
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Kinds of Dance
Dance has been a part of human culture since the very earliest communities and
civilisations, with recorded evidence of dancing being found dating back to 30,000 years
ago.Since then, different dances have changed, merged and evolved into what we know
today as the most well-known dance genres.
Here is a list of the most popular types of dance:
1. Ballet
Ballet dance developed during the Italian

Renaissance, before evolving in France and
Russia into a concert dance meant for public
performance. This is in the form of a ballet,
in which the dance is choreographed with
classical music.
Ballet productions vary between using

elaborate costumes and staging and using
minimal costuming and bare staging. Ballet is now a widespread, highly technical form of
dance with many subgenres including classic, romantic, neoclassical and contemporary.
2. Ballroom
Ballroom dance is a type of partner dance

originating at the end of the sixteenth century in
France. Commonly used as shorthand for any
partner dance, ballroom has today evolved into
two main subgenres – standard/smooth and
Latin/rhythm.
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Dances within these categories include the waltz, tango and foxtrot, and pasodoble,
bolero and samba. Ballroom is a popular form of competitive dance, or dance sport, with
competitions being held all over the world.
3. Contemporary
Developed during the mid-twentieth century, contemporary dance is now one of the most
popular and technical forms of dance
studied and performed professionally,
especially in the US and Europe.
Drawing on classical, modern and jazz

dance styles, contemporary dance has
evolved to incorporate many
characteristics of a broader range of
dance forms.
Known for its emphasis on strong torso

and legwork, contract and release, fall
and recovery and floor work, it is often known for unpredictable and disordered changes
in speed and rhythm throughout a performance.
4. Hip Hop
Hip-hop dancing refers to a range of

street dances that developed in relation
to hip hop music and culture. Hip-hop
dancing dates back to the early 1970s in
New York and California, evolving out of
Funk and the development of break beat.
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Main styles of hip-hop dancing include Breaking, Locking and Popping, with derivative
styles emerging out of these including Memphis Jookin’, Turfing, Jerkin’ and Krumping.
These were often popularised and made mainstream after being featured in music videos
of the time.
Today, hip-hop is performed in outdoor spaces, in dance studios and competitively.
5. Jazz
Jazz dancing has its roots in seventeenth-century African traditions, brought to the
Americas via the Atlantic slave trade as slaves continued dancing traditions in Brazil, the
US and elsewhere on the
continents.
Known for its improvisational and

dramatic body movements, the
jazz dancing grew in popularity in
early twentieth-century jazz
clubs.
Today, jazz dancing builds on

African American vernacular
dance styles that emerged along
with Jazz music in the US. Swing, the Lindy Hop, the Shimmy and the Charleston are
popular kinds of jazz dances.
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6. Tap Dance
Tap dancing is a type of percussive

dance characterised by the “tap” of
shoes hitting the floor as the
person dances. Tap dancers often
wear metal “taps” on the heel and
toe of a shoe to accentuate the
sound.
Often performed as part of musical

theatre, tap dancing often focuses
on choreography and formations, with more than one tap dancer performing at once.
Tap dancing includes a range of dances including flamenco, rhythm, classical, broadway
and postmodern tap.
As a percussive dance style, tap dancers are looking to achieve a crisp, hollow sound to
accentuate their performance. This unique characteristic of tap dancing requires a
specialist floor for optimal performance.
7. Folk Dance
Folk dancing is celebrated worldwide

with people of different cultures and
religions using various forms of folk
dance to portray emotions, stories,
historical events or even aspects of daily
life.
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Folk dances are commonly held at public events, where people can participate regardless
of whether they are professional or complete beginners. Such dances are also
accompanied by traditional music to further enhance the cultural experience.
8. Irish Dance
Originating in Ireland, this form of traditional

dance has been popular for hundreds of
years amongst Irish people and other
countries worldwide. Popularised by shows
such as Riverdance, Irish dancing is
famously known for its fabulous display of
footwork and dance formations.
Most Irish dancing events are traditionally

accompanied by signing and music. During festivals, dances are held to showcase talent
and to compete for trophies or medals.
Whilst most people may recognise Irish dancing as being a group performance, there are
many well-known forms of solo Irish dances, such as the step dance.
9. Modern Dance
Considered as being a broad genre of dance, modern

dance primarily arose from western countries such as
the USA and Germany during the late 1900s. While
most forms of dance are structured and feature set
steps, the purpose of modern dance is to rely on the
dancer’s interpretation of the music and feeling to guide
movements.
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Modern dance was initially born out of dislike for the limitations of traditional dances such
as ballet, which often oppressed dancers with rigid rules and techniques.
Currently, modern dance is enjoyed across the world with participants having the ability
to practice ballet dancing without having to place strict focus on their techniques or
turnout. Instead, dancers can choose a piece of music and use unconventional
movements to convey emotions or to tell a meaningful story.
10. Swing Dance
Swing is a variation of jazz dance which developed between the 1920s to the 1940s as a
response to the growing popularity of swing jazz in America. With the evolution of music
that occurred during the Jazz era, dance also began to change with the likes of swing
music encouraging faster, more rigorous movements.
Popular forms of swing dance include the Lindy Charleston, the Jitterbug, Lindy Hop and
the Balboa, many of which are still performed today. Swing dancing would commonly be
accompanied by Big Band musicians who often played upbeat melodies which were
smooth and easy to listen.
Swing dancers will feel at home on our range of vinyl dance floors
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Elements of Dance
• Theme - refers to the message conveyed by the dance

• Design - refers to the plan or organization of movement in time and space
• Movement - refers to the actions of dancers as they use their bodies to create or
organize a pattern.
Elements of Movement
1. Space - the area of movements.
2. Time - duration of movements.
3. Duration - length of time expanded by a movement
4. Force - dynamic of movements
5. Techniques - refers to the skill in executing the movements
6. Music - refers to the melodious sound that motivates the movement of the dancers.
7. Costume and Props - refer to the visual elements which are reflective of the
customs, beliefs, and the environment of the people that enhance the effect of a dance.
8. Choreography - refers to the form, arrangements and organization of dance steps

and movements.
9. Scenery - refers to the setting of the background; the place of action to make the
dance more artistic and beautiful.
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Generalization:
Art is an ever-changing mixture of the intellectual and the emotional, the physical and the
spiritual, which makes a virtue of subjectivity. It offers a unique means by which we can
explore ourselves and our position in the wider world and is a way to exchange with other
people about what we see and feel and think and sense. Art is a way of opening dialogue
within and between individuals and communities.
Dance is a fully-fledged art form, belonging to the ‘performing arts’, a goal in itself and a
means of allowing a human being to express his inner feelings, thoughts and experiences.
Dance is a natural form of self-expression: the body expresses itself naturally and so
therefore does the spirit. We are all free willed beings, no matter what our personal
situation may be. Through dance, our body expresses how free we actually are, while
also highlighting the restrictions our minds impose on it.
Dance is the art form in which human movement becomes the medium for sensing,
understanding, and communicating ideas, feelings, and experiences.
Group Activity: Long Test (50 points)
Each group will present a video clip of two kinds of dances. The group may choose
the two (2) kinds of dances from the kinds of dances. It will be uplosaded on the google
drive.
Online References:
https://asia.harlequinfloors.com/en/news/popular-types-of-dance-list-of-top-
dance-genres
http://www.dancefacts.net/dance-types/types-of-dances/
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Week 15
Lesson 9
Music as an Auditory Element of Art
Objectives:
1. Categorize the different kinds of

music accordingly
2. Play some musical instruments

according to its family audibly
3. Compose a song adopting the tune

of a popular song (song parody)
creatively
Introduction:
Music, in some form has existed since prehistoric times. Indeed, it is suggested that music
may be the primordial art form -- the form in which men and women first expressed their
feelings and longings about the mysteries of life and the way in which they first questioned
the meaning of things. Music may have evolved first from sounds uttered for pure pleasure
and from sounds uttered in imitation of nature, then finally perhaps from these to
heretofore sound of human questioning. As technology allowed, music became an
expression of both humankind’s unceasing quest for self and of the individual’s growing
awareness of self.
Music is a form of art that uses sound organised in time.
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Music is also a form of entertainment that puts sounds together in a way that people like,
find interesting or dance to. Most music includes people singing with their voices or
playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, drums or violin.
Pre-Assessment:
Identification: Identify what are these musical instruments.
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Lesson Presentation
MUSIC AS AN AUDITORY ELEMENT OF ART
Music is the art of arranging sounds in time

to produce a composition through the
elements of melody, harmony, rhythm, and
timbre. It is one of the universal cultural
aspects of all human societies.
Music is an art concerned with combining

vocal or instrumental sounds for beauty of
form or emotional expression, usually
according to cultural standards of rhythm,
melody, and, in most Western music, harmony.
Both the simple folk song and the complex electronic composition belong to the same
activity, music. Both are humanly engineered; both are conceptual and auditory, and
these factors have been present in music of all styles and in all periods of history,
throughout the world.
Music is an art that, in one guise or another, fills every human society. Modern music is
heard in a bewildering profusion of styles, many of them contemporary, others
engendered in past eras. Music is a protean art; it lends itself easily to alliances with
words, as in song, and with physical movement, as in dance. Throughout history, music
has been an important adjunct to ritual and drama and has been credited with the capacity
to reflect and influence human emotion. Popular culture has consistently exploited these
127
possibilities, most conspicuously today by means of radio, film, television,

musical theatre, and the Internet.
Music is everywhere to be heard. But what is music? Commentators have spoken of “the
relationship of music to the human senses and intellect,” thus affirming a world of human
discourse as the necessary setting for the art. A definition of music itself will take longer.
As Aristotle said, “It is not easy to determine the nature of music or why anyone should
have a knowledge of it.”
Early in the 20th century, it was regarded as a commonplace that a musical tone was
characterized by the regularity of its vibrations; this uniformity gave it a fixed pitch and
distinguished its sounds from “noise.”
Although that view may have been supported by traditional music, by the latter half of the
20th century it was recognized as an unacceptable yardstick. Indeed, “noise” itself and
silence became elements in composition, and random sounds were used (without prior
knowledge of what they would be) by composers,
Musical Elements and the Relationships
THE ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
You are embarking on an adventure through musical time, and this journey will be more
pleasurable if you first become familiar with some basic musical concepts. Keep in mind
that most new experiences require some initial adjustment and insight. The process is
similar to visiting a distant country for the first time: You are instantly immersed in a
different culture and surrounded by people who speak an unusual language or follow
unfamiliar customs. This new experience could be either very exciting—or quite
unbearable—depending on your perspective. If you were not prepared for this journey,
your naive responses and actions might bring you embarrassment or instill the anger of
others. Worst of all, you would get very little from a potentially rewarding experience.
These new ideas will be introduced gradually, systematically and actively, so for now,
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focus on learning the fundamental elements of music and their related

terms Listen carefully for these aspects in the music you hear, and—in time—you will
attain a heightened understanding that will open your ears, mind and soul to the deeper
levels of musical thought.
ELEMENT - Basic Related Terms
• Rhythm: (beat, meter, tempo, syncopation)

• Dynamics: (forte, piano, [etc.], crescendo, decrescendo)
• Melody: (pitch, theme, conjunct, disjunct)
• Harmony: (chord, progression, consonance, dissonance, key, tonality, atonality)
• Tone color: (register, range, instrumentation)
• Texture: (monophonic, homophonic, polyphonic,imitation, counterpoint)
• Form: (binary, ternary, strophic, through-composed)
MUSIC AS AN AUDITORY ELEMENT OF ART
Music - is the art of combining sounds into a coherent perceptual experience, typically
in accordance with conventional patterns and aesthetic purpose.
Musical Elements and the Relationships

1. Notation - it is a kind of shorthand. It specifies the pitch of notes, their length, the
degree of loudness with which they are to be performed, their articulation, and
the speed at which a piece is to be played.
a. Pitch - refers to the relative highness or lowness of a tone.
b. Time - explains the relative lengths of various notes.
2. Sound - is that which is heard in a music.

a. Range - refers to the inexhaustive levels of voice.
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b. Dynamics - refers to the comparative loudness and softness of

music.
c. Tone / Color / Timbre - gives a characteristic flavor to musical action and is
an important means of conveying expressive values.
d. Harmonic Color - it refers to the effects created by combinations of tones
sounded together.
e. Texture - refers to the interaction of musical lines.
3. Movement and Arrival - the marks or punctuations of a musical composition.

a. Rhythm - refers to the organization of musical time.
b. Melody - refers to the musical line
c. Harmony - refers to the specific relationships of musical tones.
The Classical Music

1. Cantata - a work for choir or chorus and usually with an orchestra
2. Concerto - a long piece of music usually in several movements, for a solo
instrument and an orchestra
3. Madrigal - a piece of music for several singers in which each singer has a separate
part and may sing different words from other singers.
4. Minuet - originally a dance that became a piece of instrumental music
5. Nocturne - a short piano piece with a quiet reflective mood. Nocturne means “night
piece”
6. Oratorio - a large work for a big choir or chorus or even two choirs, several solo
singers, and an orchestra
7. Passion - an oratorio based on the biblical stories of the suffering, death, and the
resurrection of Christ
8. Serenade - a piece of music intended for evening performance
9. Sonata - a piece that is played rather than sung, but mainly a long work for one
or two instruments with several movements
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10. Symphony - a long work for orchestra, sometimes including a

chorus and solo singers in several movements.
Modern Genres of Music
A music genre is a conventional category that identifies some pieces of music as

belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. Music can be divided into different
genres in many different ways. The artistic nature of music means that these
classifications are often subjective and controversial, and some genres may overlap.
1. Electronic Dance Music:

Generally referred as EDM, this form of music
is produced by DJs who add dozens of tones
to a piece to create unique music. You can
hear them in clubs or even live, depending
upon your accessibility for the same. In the
early twenties, electronic dance music was
known in the form of Jamaican dub music, the
electronic music of Kraftwerk, the disco music
of Giorgio Moroder, the Yellow Magic
Orchestra and many more.
2. Rock Music:
131
Originated as “Rock &

Roll” in the United States, Rock music
has been rocking the world since the
1950s. It is a form of music that
started actually around string
instruments, but now uses other
modern instruments too making it a
little difficult to give it an accurate
definition. Its loud and strong beats
make it popular among the youths.
Some of the rock stars who have popularized the culture include Little Richard, Bill Haley
and Chuck Berry while rock bands like Pink Floyd, The Doors, Metallica, Nirvana and
Megadeth are the modern bands who have taken the culture by storm.
3. Jazz:
Identified with swing and blue notes, Jazz has
its roots both in the West African and European
culture. It is said that Jazz is “One of America’s
original art forms” and boasts a unique
combination of creativity, coactions and
interactivity. Originating in the late 19th to early
20th century, Jazz has also played an
important role in introducing the world to a
number of women performers like Ella
Fitzgerald, Betty Carter, Abbey Lincoln and
Ethel Waters.
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4. Dubstep:
The use of instruments attracting music
lovers for its bass and rhythm, this falls
in the electronic music genre. People
consider it to be a darker form of music,
but since its birth in the late 1990s, this
genre has successfully made its place
in the industry.
5. Rhythm and Blues:
Vocalists like Rihanna, Mariah Carey,

Beyoncé, Usher and the legendary
Michael Jackson have all made it huge
in the music industry with their love for
this form of music. Originated in the
1940s, this African-American music is a
combination of hip hop, funk, dance,
pop and soul focusing on themes like
relationships, sex and freedom.
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6. Techno:
You may have listened to a number of techno
music while clubbing, but it is Detroit techno
that is considered to be the foundation of this
form of music. Unlike the days of its
emergence, the use of technology today has
greatly enhanced the quality of techno style
music and popularizing it among people day
by day.
7. Country Music:
Another popular genre of American
music which originated in the 1920s,
Country music has its roots from
American folk and western music. It is
formed using simple forms of
instruments ranging from electric and
steel guitars to drums and mandolin or
mouth organ. Some very popular
country music singers include Shania
Twain, Johnny Cash Taylor Swift and
Kenny Rogers.
134
8. Electro:
A perfect blend of hip hop and electronic
music, electro or electro-funk uses drum
machine, vocoder and talkbox helping it
to distinguish itself from another similar
form of music, Disco. Notable artists who
have been into this form of music include
Arthur Baker, Freeez, Man Parrish and
Midnight Star
9. Indie Rock:
Falling in the genre of alternative rock music, Indie Rock
originated in the 1980s and has gradually changed the
music industry. After a decade, it also gave birth to a
couple of sun-genres in related styles such as math rock,
emo, noise pop, post rock and lo-fi.
10. Pop Music:
135
“Pop” is a term derived from “Popular” and thus

Pop Music is known to be a genre of popular
music. With its roots in the rock & roll style, this
form can include any form of music ranging
from urban and dance to rock, country and
Latin.
Instruments highly used are electric guitars,

synthesizer drums as well as bass and one can listen to this form of music by listening to
songs by Britney Spears, Madonna, Beyonce Lady Gaga and of course the “King of Pop”,
Michael Jackson.
11. Reggae
Reggae, style of popular music that
originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s
and quickly emerged as the country’s
dominant music. By the 1970s it had
become an international style that was
particularly popular in Britain, the
United States, and Africa. It was
widely perceived as a voice of the
oppressed.
136
The Orchestral Instruments
1. Woodwind Instruments
The woodwind family of instruments includes, from

the highest sounding instruments to the lowest,
the piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, clarinet, E-
flat clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon and
contrabassoon.
2. Brass Instruments
A brass instrument is a musical instrument that

produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air
in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the
vibration of the player's lips. Brass instruments
are also called labrosones or labrophones, from
Latin and Greek elements meaning 'lip' and
'sound'.
3. Percussion Instruments
137
A percussion instrument is a musical

instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped
by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or
rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck
against another similar instrument. Excluding zoo
musicological instruments and the human voice, the
percussion family is believed to include the oldest
musical instruments.
4. String Instruments
String instruments, stringed instruments, or

chordophones are musical instruments that
produce sound from vibrating strings when a
performer plays or sounds the strings in some
manner.
Some Classical Musicians
1. Johann Sebastian Bach

2. Bela Bartok
3. George Friedrich Handel
4. Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky
5. Ludwig Beethoven
6. Wolfgang Mozart
Some Filipino Musicians
1. Julian Felipe
138
2. Levi Celerio
3. Cecil Licad
4. Resti Umali
5. Angel Pena
6. Antonio Molina
7. Antonio Buenaventura
8. Lucrecia R. Kasilag
9. Lucio San Pedro
10. Ryan Cayabyab
Generalization:
Music, above all, works in sound and time. It is a sonic event—a communication just like
speech, which requires us to listen, process, and respond. To that end, it is a part of a
continuum of how we hear all sounds including noise, speech, and silence. Where are
the boundaries between noise and music? Between noise and speech? How does some
music, such as rap, challenge our original notions of speech and music by integrating
speech as part of the music? What do you think?
Each group will draw a lot for the kind of music genre that they will present. The song
should be an original composition with musical accompaniment. Video record the
presentation and upload it in the google drive.
139
140

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Final Art Appreciation Module

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Dr. Filemon C.

Aguilar Memorial College of Las Piñas

Compiled and Written

PROFESSOR JOANNE CHRISTINE N. SOLON

Art is a highly diverse range of human

The oldest documented forms of art are

Art may be characterized in terms of mimesis (its representation of reality), expression,

Formalism evaluates works on a purely visual level, considering medium and

Other definitions for Art:

• 13th Century French word – skill as a result of learning or practice

There are many common definitions of art. Few to quote:

• any creative work of a human being

• not a thing — it is a way (Elbert Hubbard)

Why is Art Important?

Helen Frankenthaler, 1956: A

Art is important because it’s part of all of us.

1. It’s natural human behavior

Humans have been creating since the beginning of time.

Today, art is everywhere.

7. It makes people happy when they create

Art is important because creativity is the foundation of a child’s education.

10. It’s good for the economy

Nobody wants that.

Four Common Essentials of Art

• Art has to be human-made

What are the assumption of Arts?

What are the four assumptions of Arts?

What Is Art Appreciation?

Appreciation of the visual arts goes beyond

Opening your eyes to the world of art is

• Gaining the knowledge to understand the art.

Learning how to appreciate art is a necessary cultural foundation enabling people to

It is difficult to understand the art without understanding the culture.

The Importance of Art Appreciation

Art appreciation is extremely relevant

Art is meant to stimulate thought and

Essential Philosophical Perspectives of Art

1. (Plato) Art is nemesis – Art is an imitation of an imitation

CATEGORIES / CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART

Visual Arts (2D; 3D)

2. Sculpture – the carving, modeling, casting, constructing, and assembling of

The thinker, thinking about the gates of hell

3. Architecture – Architecture, the art and technique of designing and building, as

CATEGORIES / CLASSIFICATIONS OF ART

This digital painting was created

What is The Purpose of Digital Photography?

Types of Digital Photography

Professional photographers are

Later, the photos are used as

Just as it sounds, documentary

The moments captured may vary from

The purpose is to capture the moment

We can thank the documentary

Journalism photography has almost

The difference between the two is

That’s why journalism photography

Editorial photography is usually used for

It may include fashion and products and

It’s the difference between editorial

Editorial photography is not created to just

Art photography is a form of photography used by

It’s the same as other forms of art, but the artist

Art photography can vary significantly depending

_ 1. Still life _ 4. Portrait

_ 2. Landscapes _ 5. Mythology and Religion