Wind-Moment Design

for Unbraced Frames

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Contents
• Introduction
• Basis of Recommendation
• Range of Application
• Design for Ultimate Limit State
• Design for Serviceability Limit State
• Design Example
– Portal Method of Analysis

1
 Introduction

Definitions:
Braced frame:
– Frames not providing lateral stability.
– Consider only gravity load

Unbraced frame:
– Frames providing lateral stability.
– Consider gravity load and horizontal load.

Basic Methods of Providing Lateral

Stability

Bracing
member

Bracing in simple construction

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Basic Methods of Providing Lateral
Stability

Masonry
infill

Bracing in simple construction

Basic Methods of Providing Lateral

Stability

Rigid
connection

Rigid-frame action in continuous construction

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 Wind-Moment

Where a steel frame is unbraced,

unbraced the
resistance to wind is provided by the
rotational stiffness of the connection.
This approach is called:
“ i d
“wind-moment” t” or
“wind-connection” method

Wind-Moment

Assumption of the method:

i) Under gravity load, the connections act
as a pins.
ii) Under wind load, the connections
behave as rigid joints,
joints with points of
contraflexure at the mid-height of
columns and mid-length of beams.

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 Wind-Moment Method

Frame idealisation

Frame under gravity load Frame under wind load

Basis of Recommendations

• Have been used to design a range of multi-

storey and single storey plane frame.
• The behaviour of the frame was determined
by exact computer analysis.
g of the frames for ULS and
• Check the strength
sway stiffness for SLS.
• Choose appropriate load combinations.

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 Basis of Recommendations

• Range of study
Minimum Maximum
Number of storeys 2 8
Number of bays 1 4
Bay width 4.5 m 9.0 m
Storey height (bottom storey) 4.5 m 6.0 m
Storey height (elsewhere) 3.5 m 5.0 m
Dead load on floors 3.50 kN/m2 5.00 kN/m2
Imposed load on floors 4.00 kN/m2 7.50 kN/m2
Dead load on roof 3.75 kN/m2 3.75 kN/m2
Imposed load on roof 1.50 kN/m2 1.00 kN/m2
Basic wind speed 37 m/s 52 m/s

Range of Application

• Frame layout is restricted to:

– the frame consists of principally of horizontal beams and vertical
columns
– the frame does not exceed 8 storeys
– the number of bays does not exceed 4
– the width of each bay is constant over the height of the frame
– frames
f are effectively
ff i l braced
b d against
i out-of-plane
f l sway at rooff level
l l andd
each floor level.
– beam grids may comprise only primary beams or arrangement of
primary and secondary beams.

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 Range of Application

Grid of primary and secondary beams

Out - of plane
plane frame

Range of Application

Frame relative dimensions

Minimum Maximum
Bay width:storey height 0.75 2.00
(bottom storey)

Bay width:storey height 0.90 2.50

(above bottom storey)

Greatest bay width:smallest bay width 1.00 2.00

Clear span:storey height 1.80 5.00

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 Range of Application

• Structural section
– Grade 43 or 50 steel or steel having similar structural
properties.

– Hot - rolled I- or H section for horizontal members.

– Universal column ((UC)) for vertical members.

– Sections should be orientated such that loads in the plane

of the frame tend to cause bending about the major axis.

Range of Application

• Beam-to-column connections
– Extended end-plate or flush end-plate connections should

be used.

– End plates should be in Grade 43 steel or similar.

– Bolts should be Grade 8.8 or similar.

• Column bases
– Should be rigidly connected to foundations.

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 Range of Application

• Loading
– Total unfactored dead and imposed load on any
floor should not exceed 12.5 kN/m2.
– wind load should be based on a basic wind speed
of 37 m/s.
– wind load should not be such that it controls the
design of any beam.

Design for ULS

• Load
L d combinations
bi ti
– 1.4 (Dead load) + 1.6 (Imposed load) + notional
horizontal forces*.

– 1.2 (Dead load + Imposed load + Wind load)

– 1.4 ((Dead load + Wind load))

* should be taken as 0.5% of factored dead + imposed

load (clauses 5.6.3, 5.1.2.3)

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 Design for ULS - Beams

• Design
es g oof bea
beams
s
– Section should be Class 1, Plastic (Clause 3.5)
(must be able to form plastic hinges to prevent
premature failure by local buckling).

– The moment capacity

p y should be limited to 90%
of the plastic moment of resistance (to provide
restraint to the columns in accordance with
Clause 4.7.2)

Design for ULS - Columns

• Effective
ect e lengths
e gt s for
o compression
co p ess o
resistance, Pc :
– For in-plane behaviour (bending about major axis)
LE = 1.5 L
– For out-of-plane behaviour (bending about minor
axis)
i )
LE = 1.0 L
- assuming the frame being effectively held against
out-of-plane sway.

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 Design for ULS - Columns

• E
Equivalent
i l slenderness
l d ffor b
buckling
kli
resistance moment, Mb :
– The slenderness λLT should be taken as
λLT = 0.5 (L/ry)

• Class of section
– Sections should be Class 1, Plastic

Design for ULS - Columns

• Overall buckling check :

– The following relationship should be satisfied:

Fc M x My
+ + ≤1.0
Pc M Py Z y
bs

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 Design for SLS

• Check for deflection

– Common limit for deflection = 1/300 th of the
height.
– It is recommended to analyse the frame as an
elastic rigid-jointed frame to determine sway
de ec o s
deflections.
– The calculated deflections should be increased by
50% as an approximate allowance for connection
flexibility. If the increased value are
acceptable, the design is complete.

Work Example

Portal method of analysis

- Refer to handout given... -

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