1-Since life ---- on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events ---- to large and

sudden drops in biodiversity

A)had begun / were leading

B)has begun / led
C)began / have led
D)will begin / are leading
E)is beginning / will have led

2------ with available food sources in regions of habitation, human groups ----- a range of diets, from
purely vegan to primarily carnivorous.

A)Varying / have adopted

B)To vary / adopt
C)Varied / had adopted
D)To have varied / were adopting
E)Having varied / are adopting

3- Red blood cells are cells present in blood ---- transport oxygen

A)due to
B)with a view to
C)in addition to
D)in order to
E)prior to

4-According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD ----
the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island

A)though
B)since
C)even if
D)in case
E)when

5-By 2014, the Icelandic economy has made a significant recovery, in large part ---- a surge
in tourism

A)despite
B)due to
C)besides
D)as of
E)in case of

6-The right to free movement of persons ---- EEA member states and the relevant provisions on
safeguard measures are identical ---- those applying between members of the EU

A)between / to
B)among / with
C)from / on
D)against / into
E)towards / by
7-Faster recharging lithium batteries were developed ---- scientists found out that adding charged
metal atoms to tunnel structures improves their performance

A)although
B)when
C)as long as
D)now that
E)even if

8-The global human population has experienced dramatic growth at least twice throughout history,
the first ---- took place around 10,000 years ago.

A)where
B)in which
C)whether
D)that
E)of which

9- ---- NASA stopped using the Space Shuttle in 2011 , the Soyuz spacecraft has been the only way
for astronauts to reach the International Space Station

A)Although
B)Unless
C)As if
D)Since
E)In case

10-Researchers from a number of EU member states ---- forces to investigate the effects of
underwater noise ---- by shipping

A)have joined / generated

B)had joined / generating
C)joined / to generate
D)join / having been generated
E)will join / to be generated

11-Machine translation systems that convert sign language ---- text help people ---- hearing
difficulties

A)from / on
B)off / under
C)into / with
D)out of / in
E)over / by

12-Robots ---- easier to program and more flexible to use, which enables a single factory ---- many
different product

A)have become / manufacturing

B)became / having manufactured
C)will become / to be manufactured
D)are becoming / to manufacture
E)had become / manufactured
13-The International Space Station is a global project ---- proves ---- different states are able to work
together in space exploration

A)that / how
B)in which / whether
C)what / for which
D)which / that
E)who / the fact that

14-Today, only billionaires can afford a private flight into space, ---- by 2150 the cost of such a flight
will probably be no more than that of a first class airline ticket

A)but
B)thus
C)otherwise
D)so that
E)as though

15-Quantum computers might be more powerful than traditional computers, ---- some applications
will require more computing power than one quantum computer can provide on its own.

A)whether
B)in which
C)additionally
D)yet
E)thereby

16-Gravity is the basic driving force behind the motions of many massive objects in the universe ----
the fact that it is the weakest force in the universe

A)because of
B)in addition to
C)despite
D)with the aim of
E)as to

17-Climate change is thought to cause major disasters and thousands of deaths ---- the recent
measures

A)though
B)much as
C)since
D)besides
E)even after

18-Observational data ---- that black holes ---- at the centre of many galaxies

A)indicate / may exist

B)indicated / could be existing
C)has indicated / must have been existed
D)will indicate / should exist
E)had indicated / might have existed