31026316-BTS3X Technical Manual-System Principle (V3.30)

Chapter 1 System Structure ...........................................................................
1-1
1.1 Physical Structure .................................................................................. 1-1
1.1.1 BTS30 ............................................................................................ 1-1
1.1.2 BTS312 .......................................................................................... 1-3
1.1.3 BTS3012A ...................................................................................... 1-4
1.2 Logical Structure .................................................................................... 1-5
1.3 Meaning of Keywords ............................................................................. 1-8
Chapter 2 Common Subsystem ..................................................................... 2-1
2.1 TMU ........................................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-1
2.1.2 Principle of Structure ...................................................................... 2-1
2.2 TDU ........................................................................................................ 2-4
2.2.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-4
2.2.2 Functions ....................................................................................... 2-4
2.3 ASU ........................................................................................................ 2-5
2.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-5
2.3.2 Functions ....................................................................................... 2-5
2.3.3 Interfaces ....................................................................................... 2-5
2.4 PAT ........................................................................................................ 2-6
2.4.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-6
2.4.2 Functions ....................................................................................... 2-6
2.4.3 Interfaces ....................................................................................... 2-6
2.5 TES ........................................................................................................ 2-6
2.5.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-6
2.5.2 Functions ....................................................................................... 2-7
2.6 ABB ........................................................................................................ 2-8
2.6.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-8
2.6.2 Functions ....................................................................................... 2-8
2.6.3 Location ......................................................................................... 2-8
2.7 ABA ........................................................................................................ 2-9
2.8 PSU ........................................................................................................ 2-9
2.8.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-9
2.8.2 AC/DC Module ............................................................................... 2-9
2.8.3 DC/DC Module ............................................................................... 2-10
2.9 PMU ....................................................................................................... 2-11
2.9.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 2-11
2.9.2 Functions ....................................................................................... 2-11
2.10 FMU...................................................................................................... 2-12
2.10.1 Overview ...................................................................................... 2-12
2.10.2 Functions ..................................................................................... 2-12
Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem ...................................................... 3-1
3.1 TRX ........................................................................................................ 3-2
3.1.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 3-2
3.2 RETR...................................................................................................... 3-5
3.2.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 3-5
3.3 CDU ........................................................................................................ 3-8
3.3.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 3-8
3.4 ECDU ..................................................................................................... 3-9
3.5 EDU ........................................................................................................ 3-10
3.5.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 3-10
3.6 RCDU ..................................................................................................... 3-11
3.7 REDU ..................................................................................................... 3-11
3.8 SCU ........................................................................................................ 3-11
3.8.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 3-11
3.9 ESCU ..................................................................................................... 3-12
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem ...................................................... 4-1
4.1 Antenna .................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2 Feeder .................................................................................................... 4-3
4.3 Lightning Arrester ................................................................................... 4-3
4.4 TTA......................................................................................................... 4-3
4.4.1 Overview ........................................................................................ 4-3
4.4.2 Structure ........................................................................................ 4-4
4.4.3 Functions ....................................................................................... 4-4
Chapter 5 System Bus Structure .................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Classification of Bus ............................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Bus Structure.......................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 DBUS ..................................................................................................... 5-3
5.4 CBUS ..................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.1 CBUS1 ........................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.2 CBUS2 ........................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.3 CBUS3 ........................................................................................... 5-5
5.5 Clock Bus ............................................................................................... 5-5
5.6 FHBUS ................................................................................................... 5-7
HUAWEI
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station

Technical Manual – System Principle
V300R003
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station
Technical Manual
Volume System Principle
Manual Version T2-030216-20041112-C-3.30
Product Version V300R003
BOM 31026316
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. provides customers with comprehensive technical support
and service. Please feel free to contact our local office, customer care center or company
headquarters.
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
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© 2004 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All Rights Reserved
No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Trademarks
, HUAWEI, C&C08, EAST8000, HONET, , ViewPoint, INtess, ETS, DMC,

TELLIN, InfoLink, Netkey, Quidway, SYNLOCK, Radium, M900/M1800,
TELESIGHT, Quidview, Musa, Airbridge, Tellwin, Inmedia, VRP, DOPRA, iTELLIN,
HUAWEI OptiX, C&C08 iNET, NETENGINE, OptiX, iSite, U-SYS, iMUSE, OpenEye,
Lansway, SmartAX, infoX, TopEng are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co.,
Ltd.
All other trademarks mentioned in this manual are the property of their respective
holders.
Notice
The information in this manual is subject to change without notice. Every effort has
been made in the preparation of this manual to ensure accuracy of the contents, but
all statements, information, and recommendations in this manual do not constitute
the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
About This Manual
Version
The product version corresponds to the manual is M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base
Transceiver Station V300R003.
Organization
The manual describes system principle of BTS3X (including BTS30, BTS312,

BTS3012A).
There are five chapters in the manual.
Chapter 1 System Structure introduces the physical structure and logical structure of
BTS3X.
Chapter 2 Common Subsystem introduces the theory of all the boards of the
common subsystem.
Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem introduces the theory of all the boards of
the signal processing subsystem.
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem introduces the basic knowledge of all the
parts of the antenna & feeder subsystem.
Chapter 5 System Bus Structure introduces the theory of the system bus structure.
Intended Audience
The manual is intended for the following readers:

z Technical marketing specialists
z Operation and maintenance personnel
Conventions
This manual uses the following conventions:

I. General conventions
Convention Description
Arial Normal paragraphs are in Arial.
Arial Narrow Warnings, Cautions, Notes and Tips are in Arial Narrow.
Boldface Headings are in Boldface.
II. Symbols
Eye-catching symbols are also used in the manual to highlight the points worthy of
special attention during the operation. They are defined as follows:
Caution, Warning, Danger: Means reader be extremely careful during the

operation.
Note, Comment, Tip, Knowhow, Thought: Means a complementary description.

Technical Manual － System Principle
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 System Structure ......................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Physical Structure .............................................................................................................. 1-1
1.1.1 BTS30 ..................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1.2 BTS312 ................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.1.3 BTS3012A ............................................................................................................... 1-4
1.2 Logical Structure ................................................................................................................ 1-5
1.3 Meaning of Keywords ........................................................................................................ 1-8
Chapter 2 Common Subsystem ................................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 TMU ................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1.2 Principle of Structure............................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 TDU.................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.2.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.3 ASU.................................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.3.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.3.3 Interfaces................................................................................................................. 2-5
2.4 PAT .................................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.4.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.4.3 Interfaces................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5 TES .................................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.5.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-6
2.5.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.6 ABB.................................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.6.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.6.2 Functions................................................................................................................. 2-8
2.6.3 Location................................................................................................................... 2-8
2.7 ABA.................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.8 PSU.................................................................................................................................... 2-9
2.8.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 2-9
2.8.2 AC/DC Module ........................................................................................................ 2-9
2.8.3 DC/DC Module ...................................................................................................... 2-10
2.9 PMU ................................................................................................................................. 2-11
2.9.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 2-11
i
2.9.2 Functions............................................................................................................... 2-11

2.10 FMU ............................................................................................................................... 2-12
2.10.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 2-12
2.10.2 Functions............................................................................................................. 2-12
Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem ................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 TRX.................................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2 RETR ................................................................................................................................. 3-5
3.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-5
3.3 CDU ................................................................................................................................... 3-8
3.3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 3-8
3.4 ECDU................................................................................................................................. 3-9
3.5 EDU ................................................................................................................................. 3-10
3.5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-10
3.5.2 Principle of Structure............................................................................................. 3-10
3.6 RCDU............................................................................................................................... 3-11
3.7 REDU............................................................................................................................... 3-11
3.8 SCU ................................................................................................................................. 3-11
3.8.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 3-11
3.8.2 Principle of Structure............................................................................................. 3-11
3.9 ESCU ............................................................................................................................... 3-12
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem.................................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Antenna.............................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.2 Feeder................................................................................................................................ 4-3
4.3 Lightning Arrester .............................................................................................................. 4-3
4.4 TTA .................................................................................................................................... 4-3
4.4.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 4-3
4.4.2 Structure.................................................................................................................. 4-4
4.4.3 Functions................................................................................................................. 4-4
Chapter 5 System Bus Structure ................................................................................................. 5-1

5.1 Classification of Bus .......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 Bus Structure ..................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 DBUS ................................................................................................................................. 5-3
5.4 CBUS ................................................................................................................................. 5-4
5.4.1 CBUS1 .................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.2 CBUS2 .................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.4.3 CBUS3 .................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.5 Clock Bus........................................................................................................................... 5-5
ii
5.6 FHBUS............................................................................................................................... 5-7
iii
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 1 System Structure
Chapter 1 System Structure
1.1 Physical Structure
BTS3X series base transceiver stations include BTS30, BTS312 and BTS3012A. The
following is the details of the cabinets of the three types of BTSs.
1.1.1 BTS30
The typical full configuration of a single BTS30 cabinet is shown in Figure 1-1. The
BTS30 cabinet consists of switch box, RF frame, fan box, common resource frame
and air inlet.
1-1
Figure 1-1 Typical full configuration of BTS30 cabinet
1) Switch box
Power distribution switches in the switch box individually controls the power supply of
CDU, TRX, TMU and FAN.
2) RF frame
RF frame is composed of the upper and lower frames. The upper one can be
configured with CDU, EDU or SCU to realize the functions such as combining of
signal transmitting, dividing of receiving and transceiving duplex etc. The lower one is
for the configuration of TRX to perform all functions related to TRX processing,
including base band processing, RF processing, power amplification and power
supply.
3) Fan box
1-2
Fan box is located under RF frame. FMU is configured in it. The mixed-flow fan is
adopted for the fan box. It supports individual hot-pluggability. FMU controls the
operation of the fan, and reports alarms when failure occurs to the fan.
The fan box and air inlet together consist the ventilation circuit for the heat dissipation
of RF frame.
4) Common resource frame
Common resource frame contains PSU, PMU, TMU, TES and TEU. It provides power
supply for the entire cabinet and controls the coordinating operation of the entire BTS
system.
1.1.2 BTS312
The typical full configuration of a single BTS312 cabinet is shown in Figure 1-2. The
BTS312 cabinet consists of switch box, small fan box, RF frame (upper), air trough,
RF frame (middle), big fan box, RF frame (lower), common resource frame and air
inlet.
The function of each frame in BTS312 cabinet is the same as that in BT30 cabinet.
There is a little difference about the cabinet structure between these two. There are
three RF frames: the upper one, middle one and lower one. The structure of the three
frames is the same. In this frame, the two slots on the left is for CDU, EDU or SCU,
while the four slots on the right are for TRX/RETRs. In addition, due to the increase of
the number of TRX/RETRs, the number of the PSU slots in Common Resource frame
is two more than that in BTS30 cabinet.
1-3
Figure 1-2 Typical full configuration of BTS312 cabinet
1.1.3 BTS3012A
The full configuration of a single BTS3012A cabinet with a transformer is shown in

Figure 1-3. BTS3012A cabinet consists of main equipment cabinet (right) and
auxiliary equipment cabinet (left). The structure of main equipment cabinet is the
same as that of BTS312 cabinet. The auxiliary equipment cabinet can be configured
with a transformer, a regulator and a built-in storage battery box etc.
1-4
Figure 1-3 Full configuration of a single BTS3012A cabinet
1.2 Logical Structure
The system structures of BTS3X series (BTS30, BTS312 and BTS3012A) are
basically consistent with each other. They all consist of three parts: common
subsystem, signal processing subsystem and antenna feeder subsystem. Figure 1-4
illustrates the logical structure of BTS30/312 when the built-in optical transmission
board (TEU) is configured.
1-5
External Alarm
Abis Um
TDU CBUS/TBUS/DBUS
TTA TTA
CDU
ABB&ABA TRX
FHBUS
E1 TTA TTA
BSC TMU CDU
TRX
Fiber(Optinal)
TEU TES TTA TTA
PMU CDU
PSU TRX
FMU
Common Subsystem Signaling Processing Subsystemt Antenna Feeder Subsystem
ABA: Abis Bypass Assistant board ABB: Abis Bypass Board

TDU: Timing Distribution Unit TMU: Timing/Transmission and Management Unit
TEU: Transmission Extension Unit TES: Transmission Extension power Supply unit
PSU: Power Supply Unit PMU: Power and Environment Monitoring Unit
FMU: Fan Monitor Unit TRX: Transceiver Unit
CDU: Combiner and Divider Unit TBUS: Timing bus
CBUS: Control bus DBUS: Data bus
FHBUS: Frequency Hopping bus
Figure 1-4 Logical structure of BTS30/312
In the figure above:

1) The boards presented with dotted line are optional;
z There are two TMU slots in BTS30/312 for active and standby TMU slots. The
standby TMU can be configured according to actual needs.
z TEU and TES provide the function of built-in optical transmission. ABB provides
the Abis bypass function. Since ABB & ABA takes the slot of TEU & TES, it is
possible to select only one of these two functions.
z For Tower Amplifier (TA), normally the triplex TA is configured.
2) TEU is the common name of the boards realizing multiple optical transmission
modes. It includes ASU and PAT for 155M SDH optical transmission and passive
optical transmission;
3) TRX can also be replaced by RETR.
4) CDU can also be replaced by ECDU, EDU, RCDU, REDU, SCU and ESCU.
5) The system structure of BTS3012A is similar to that of BTS30/312, and they
differ only in the structure of the common subsystem. Figure 1-5 illustrates the
logical structure of the common subsystem when ABB is configured. For the
BTS3012A, the ABB is optional, while TEU, TES, ABA and standby TMU is not
supported.
1-6
Abis
TMU
E1
ABB
PSU PMU
FMU
Common Subsystem
Figure 1-5 Logical structure of BTS3012A common subsystem
Note:
Abis transmission bypass function is to bypass (performed by ABB) the Abis transmission line from the
site (excluding the last level) with power failure in chain networking. If the ABB is located at the last level
site with power failure in the chain networking, ABB is responsible for looping back the Abis transmission
line.
I. Common subsystem
Common subsystem consists of TMU, PSU, PMU, FMU, ABB, TEU, TES and TDU
etc. It realizes the following functions:
z Managing and controlling other subsystems and modules, as well as collecting
alarm information
z Providing various basic clocks for other subsystems
z Supporting the communication with O&M
z Supporting signal processing and resource management
z Providing power supply and power supply monitoring management for the entire
equipment
z Providing multiply internal transmission interfaces
II. Signaling processing subsystem
Signaling processing subsystem consists of TRX, RETR, CDU, ECDU, EDU, RCDU,
REDU, SCU and ESCU. It is responsible for:
z Channel coding/decoding, interleaving/de-interleaving
z Voice ciphering/deciphering
1-7
z Rate adaptation
z Mutual mapping between logical channel and radio channel
z Inter-cell handover and intra-cell handover
z Upward/Downward frequency conversion, sampling, filter and amplifying of
signals
III. Antenna feeder subsystem
Antenna feeder subsystem includes antenna, feeder, jumper, lightning arrester and TA
(optional). It is responsible for:
z Transmitting RF signal
z Receiving signal from MS
z Amplifying uplink receiving signal
z Avoiding the damage of lightning current
1.3 Meaning of Keywords
For better understanding of the system working principle, the meanings of the
following keywords are given.
z Synchronous cells
Synchronous cells refer to the cells adopting the same clock source. The clock
frequency and clock phase of each synchronous cell is strictly consistent with others.
Synchronous cell can be either an omnidirectional cell or a group of directional cells
using the same clock source.
z Combined cabinet
Combined cabinet is a configuration mode to increase the number of BTSs for the
quick expansion of BTS capacity. If BTS30/312 adopts combined cabinet
configuration mode, single cabinet can be expanded to multiple cabinets. The original
cabinet is now called main cabinet (containing TMU), and the extended cabinets are
called extension cabinets (no TMU contained). The extension cabinets share the TMU
with the main cabinet. The signals of clock, data and O&M are sent from main cabinet
to extension cabinets via kinds of cables. In this case, all cabinets can be regarded as
a cabinet group.
BTS30 supports 3-cabinet combination (1 main cabinet + 2 extension cabinets).

BTS312 supports 2-cabinet combination (1 main cabinet + 1 extension cabinet).
BTS3012A does not support combined cabinet.
If the combined cabinet cannot satisfy the needs of capacity expansion, the combined
group mode can be adopted. In this mode, the single cabinet group can be expanded
to multiple cabinet groups. The original cabinet group is called main cabinet group
(containing 2 TMUs, called main TMUs), and the extended cabinet groups are called
extension cabinet groups (containing 1~2 TMUs, called extension TMUs). The signal
1-8
of clock and O&M is sent from the main cabinet group to the extension cabinet groups
via cables, and then from the main cabinet of each group to the extension cabinets.
The maximum number of cabinet groups is three.
1-9
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 2 Common Subsystem
Chapter 2 Common Subsystem
The common subsystem, by providing reference clock, power supply, transmission

interface, maintenance interface and external alarm collecting interface, realizes the
management of the entire BTS. This chapter introduces the working principle of the
boards in common subsystem.
2.1 TMU
2.1.1 Overview
Timing/Transmission and Management Unit (TMU) is the entity in charge of BTS timing,
transmission and management. The major functions are:
z Supporting multi-channel multiplexing, which furthers the utilization of the limited
resource; supporting flexible networking mode, including star networking, tree
networking and chain networking of BTS.
z Providing MMI and O&M link, and realizing software downloading, fault
management, configuration management, performance management and security
management.
z Providing the centralized provisioning and hot backup of the clock.
z Providing the input port for external alarm signal and collecting the external alarm.
2.1.2 Principle of Structure
The system structure of TMU includes modules such as BIU, OMU, MCK and EAC, as
shown in Figure 2-1.
2-1
Active TMU Standby TMU

DBUS
External clock
Abis BIU BIU
BSC
Local Maintenance MMI CBUS

OMU
Console
EAC MCK MCK
Environment RS485 TBUS,CBUS,DBUS

monitoring instrument TDU
BSC: Base Station Controller TMU: Timing/Transmission and Management Unit

BIU: BTS Interface Unit OMU: Operation and Maintenance Unit
TDU: Timing Distribution Unit EAC: External Alarm Collection
MCK: Main clock module DBUS: Internal Data bus
CBUS: Internal Control bus TBUS: Internal Timing bus
Figure 2-1 TMU structure
1) BIU
Functions of the BIU are as follows:
z Realizes the conversion and counter conversion from digital signal (on BTS
internal HW) to HDB3 code (on transmission E1);
z Exchanges the timeslots on HW, so as to realize the flexible configuration of
timeslots.
z Extracts clock from higher level and supports the input of external clock; outputs
accurate clock with phase-locking, frequency dividing; synchronizes data
transmission of the internal bus; or in the case of no higher level clock available,
(E1 or BSC failure), generates free run clock, synchronizes the data transmission
of internal bus, and generates alarm to report to OMU.
z A BIU can provide four channels of E1. In a cabinet the BIUs of two TMUs are the
extension of each other. Eight channels of mutually extended E1 data can realize
full exchange.
z The interfaces of E1 cable on BIU are for the connection to BSC or BTS of
higher/lower level. Supports star, tree and chain connection of BTS.
2) OMU
OMU is the core control and processing unit of TMU. It can be used to configure the
performance parameter of various units of BIU and MCK, receive fault alarm, and
implement alarm management; With the internal control bus and the communication
between TRX, CDU, PMU and TES), it is possible to realize the O&M operation to the
entire system, centralize downloading and saving of various unit software and loading
the software to each unit; support connection to the MMI of PC.
2-2
The Flash Memory of OMU can store two different versions of BTS software, one of
which is the one currently used. OMU can load one of the two versions to each board
according to the request of BSC as the current operation software. If the software of
BTS is to be upgraded, BSC can load the new software to OMU for saving via O&M
Link (OML). The new software is used as the substitute of the previous version. At the
same time, the previous version is also backed up in OMU in case of upgrading failure.
3) MCK
MCK has an OCXO conforming to AAA standard and a phase-locked and frequency
dividing circuit. OCXO output standard 13 MHz system reference clock. According to
the system configuration, MCK can work under free run mode or software
phase-locking mode. With the frequency dividing to the reference clock, it can output
the reference clock (SREF) with the stability higher than 5%10-8 ppm, and provides the
Frame Clock (FCLK), 1/8bit Clock (OBCLK) and Frame No. (FN), etc.
Clock is the "calendar" and "pulse" of TDMA system, therefore its reliability is very
crucial. The clock source of a synchronous cell is provided by the MCK on TMU of main
cabinet. The MCKs of two boards are the hot backup of each other. When the main
board is faulty, the switchover will be implemented to activate the standard board, and
report it to OMU.
The frequency, period and duty ratio of various system clocks are listed below:
z 13 M: 13 MHz, duty ratio: 50%;
z SREF: 13 MHz/4 = 3.25 MHz, period: 307.7 ns, duty ratio: 50%;
z OBCLK: 13 MHz/6 = 2.167 MHz, period: 461.5 ns, duty ratio: 50%;
z FCLK: 13 MHz/6/10000 = 216.7 Hz, period 4.615 ms, duty ratio: 50%;
z The FN increases by 1 after each frame clock period.
The time sequence of clock signal is shown in Figure 2-2.
13MHz
OBCLK
FCLK
FN D31 D30
Figure 2-2 Time sequence of clock signal
4) EAC
This module collects the external alarm signals, and reports the signals to OMU.
2-3
2.2 TDU
2.2.1 Overview
The major function of the Timing Distribution Unit (TDU) is to receive the clock from
TMU: SREF (3.25 MHz), OBCLK (2.16 MHz), FCLK (216.7 Hz) and FN, and transfer to
each TRX in the cabinet and each unit in other cabinets. TDU also transfers other
signals, such as alarm signal.
BTS3012A has no TDU, because it does not support combined cabinet and needs no
bus drive.
2.2.2 Functions
The major function of TDU is:

1) Providing clock signal channel in a synchronous cell
Each cabinet is configured with a TDU. The clock signal generated from the main
cabinet (SREF, OBCLK, FCLK and FN) is sent the TDU in each cabinet. After driving
the clock signal, TDU will send the signal to the TRX in local cabinet. The transmission
structure of clock signal is shown in Figure 2-3.
Figure 2-3 Transmission structure of clock signal
2) Transferring the 120 Ω E1 signal for local cabinet

TMU provides four E1 interface circuits. There are totally eight trunk E1 interfaces
available from the active and standby TMU. They are connected to the set top with
coaxial cables. The data signal from BSC is first sent to TDU via the 120 Ω E1 interface
on the set top, and then transferred by TDU to TMU.
3) Providing alarm channels
TDU provides 24 channels of switch variable alarm input, 8 channels of analog variable
input and 8 channels of control variable output signal. It also supports the connection
2-4
between RS_485 bus and external equipment, such as environment monitoring

equipment.
4) Providing bus connection
TDU provides inter-cabinet data bus DBUS (DBUS1 and DBUS2) in a synchronous cell
and the connection between control bus CBUS (CBUS1, CBUS2 and CBUS3) and
frequency hopping bus FHBUS. The signals from uplink cabinet are transferred by TDU
via signal bus to each TRX board in the cabinets.
2.3 ASU
2.3.1 Overview
Apart from E1 transmission, BTS30/312 also provides built-in transmission system

which supports external optical transmission interfaces, such as 155 M SDH optical
interface, PON optical interface. The SDH transmission mode is realized with Huawei's
OptiX 155/622 Access SDH Unit (ASU).
BTS3012A should be configured with external optical transmission equipment. It does

not support ASU.
2.3.2 Functions
Functions of the ASU are as follows:

z It provides photoelectric conversion function.
z It can be configured as Terminal Mulitplexer (TM), Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) or
regenerator (REG) according to networking demands.
z It can be configured as loop network, chain network and P2P network topology
structure. It can also be configured together with OptiX 155/622H and OptiX
155/622B as the complex network structure such as star, tangent ring, dual ring or
chain in ring.
z It provides the crossing function for the first four inter-E1 64 kbit/s subrates.
z It provides four E1 interfaces with the function of Re-timing.
2.3.3 Interfaces
The external interfaces of the ASU include:

z Line optical interface: 2 (interface type: SC/PC)
z 2 Mbit/s electrical interface: 4 ~ 8 (E1)
z Order wire interface: 1
z Ethernet interface: 1
z User RS232 interface (P2P): 1
2-5
z NM interface: Ethernet/RS232
2.4 PAT
2.4.1 Overview
Apart from E1 transmission, BTS30/312 also provides built-in transmission system

which supports external optical transmission interfaces, such as 155 M SDH optical
interface, PON optical interface. The PON transmission mode is realized with Huawei's
PAssive transmission Unit (PAT).
BTS3012A should be configured with external optical transmission equipment. It does

not support PAT.
2.4.2 Functions
Functions of PAT are as follows:

z Realizing order wire communication together with local transmission equipment.
z Realizing the far end photoelectric conversion, multiplexing and de-multiplexing of
data and 1~4 channels of 2 Mbit/s service free upload/download, processing and
reporting of order wire.
z Realizing far end delay control and ranging.
z Providing various loopback functions. There are two segments of loopbacks: E1
loopback and 2M loopback. Each segment of loopback has two directions: near
end loopback and far end loopback.
2.4.3 Interfaces
The external interfaces of PAT are:

z 2 Mbit/s electric interface: 4 (E1)
z Order wire interface: 1
z User RS232 interface (P2P): 1
z Maintenance serial port: 1
z Print serial port: 1
2.5 TES
2.5.1 Overview
Transmission Extended Power Supply Unit (TES) provides various working power and
communication transference for TEU. The power supply provided includes +5 V DC, -5
V DC and 75 V AC ringing current to ensure the normal operation of TEU and the
2-6
built-in transmission of BTS. TES can communicate with TEU, TES and TMU. It is a
bridge for TEU to report message to TMU.
2.5.2 Functions
Functions of the TES are as follows:

z One TES can provide power supply and communication transference to at most
two TEUs.
z It provides DC power supply to TEU, including +5 V DC and –5 V DC.
z It realizes the communication between TMU and TEU.
z It provides ringing current to TEU. The ringing signal is 75 V AC/25 Hz sinusoidal
wave AC signal.
The structure of TES is shown in Figure 2-4.
TES
+24 V DC input
1st +5 V DC output
For first TEU
Power supply
2nd +5 V DC output
module For second TEU
-5 V DC output
For both TEUs
75 V AC ringing current output
For both TEUs
To TMU communication serial port

Communication
module To TEU communication serial port
Figure 2-4 TES structure
I. Power suppy module
The power supply module of TES includes DC/DC conversion circuit and DC/AC
conversion circuit. DC/DC conversion circuit converts the +24 V DC to 2 channels of +5
V DC and 1 channel of –5 V DC. DC/AC conversion circuit converts the +24 V DC to 1
channel of 75 V AC ringing signal.
II. Communication module
Communication module realizes the communication between TES and TMU, TES and
TEU as well as getting the PCB version No. and cabinet No.
2-7
The serial port communication between TES and TMU conforms to RS485 criteria. It is
connected to the CBUS3 of TMU. TES is connected to CBUS via level conversion
circuit. The parallel communication mode between TES and TEU adopts the P2P mode.
The parallel level is TTL.
2.6 ABB
2.6.1 Overview
In practice, chain networking is usually adopted at BSS. This networking mode has the
advantage of simple structure and low cost. The disadvantage is that when power
failure occurs at a site, all services of the downstream sites will be interrupted. Abis
Transmission Bypass Board (ABB) provides of Abis interface bypass as a solution to
the problem above.
2.6.2 Functions
ABB is applied in the environment of BTS chain networking. It is in charge of the BTS
transmission trunk. When power failure occurs at a certain level (in the middle) of BTS
in the chain networking, ABB will bypass the Abis transmission line off this site, and
directly connect it to the downstream BTS. In this way, even if power failure occurs the
middle level site in chain networking environment, the services of the downstream site
will not be affected. See Figure 2-5.
ABB ABB ABB

BSC
TMU TMU TMU
Site1 Site2 Site3
Figure 2-5 ABB working principle
ABB can also perform loopback at the transmission line, so that in the case of power
failure at the last level BTS, ABB will loopback the E1 signal for BSC to detect the
quality of the entire transmission link.
2.6.3 Location
The ABB shares the same slot with the TEU, therefore the size of the board and the
interface definition is consistent with that of TEU. Since BTS30 has only one TEU slot,
ABB is to take the slot of TEU. BTS312 has two TEU slots, but ABB can only select the
TEU slot 0. In BTS3012A, there is a fixed slot for the ABB.
2-8
2.7 ABA
I. Overview
Abis Bypass Assistant Board (ABA) realizes the communication between ABB and
TMU, so it should be used to cooperate with ABB. ABB communicates with TMU via
CBUS3. But the slot of ABB does not provide the connection with CBUS3. Therefore,
ABA is used to provide the connection between them. Via ABA, part of the signals from
ABB (e.g. the signals of ABA on position) can be transmitted to CBUS3 on the
backplane of common resource frame.
II. Location
ABA shares the same slot with TES both in BTS30 and BTS312 cabinet, therefore the
size of the board and the interface definition is consistent with TES.
Note:
This method of bus communication is unfit for BTS3012A, so there is no need to configure ABA on
BTS3012A.
2.8 PSU
2.8.1 Overview
Power Supply Unit (PSU) is the built-in power supply module. BTS3X supports multiple
power supply input modes, so PSU is divided into AC/DC unit and DC/DC unit
accordingly. Different power supply modes can be configured for BTS3X according to
different power supply module:
z In the case of 220 V AC, AC/DC unit is configured;
z In the case of +48 V DC, DC/DC unit is configured;
z In the case of +24 V DC, there is no need to configure power supply unit.
A PSU provides power supply for two TRXs. The configuration of power supply module
adopts N + 1 current equalizing hot backup.
2.8.2 AC/DC Module
The input power supply of AC/DC unit is 220 V AC, and the output one is +26 V DC
2-9
220 V AC is input through AC lightning protection board and then the AC EMI filter at
the set top. The power cable is led along the cabling trough to the 220 V AC input bus
bar on the motherboard. The principle framework of AC/DC power supply is shown in
Figure 2-6.
AC input lightning protection power distribution unit A1441Z
Input bus bar 220 V AC Input
PSU PSU PSU PMU
Out bus bar
26 V DC Output
DC ditribution copper bar
Figure 2-6 Power distribution of AC/DC power supply module
2.8.3 DC/DC Module
The input power supply of DC/DC is +48 V DC, and the output one is +26 V DC.
-48 V DC is input through the AC EMI filter at the set top. The power cable is led along
the cabling trough to the -48 V DC input bus bar on the motherboard. The principle
framework of AC/DC power supply is shown in Figure 2-7.
Input bus bar -48 V DC Input
PSU PSU PSU PMU
Out bus bar
26 V DC Output
DC ditribution copper bar
Figure 2-7 Power distribution of DC/DC power supply module
2-10
2.9 PMU
2.9.1 Overview
The major functions of Power Supply Management Unit (PMU) are power supply
management and alarm collection. If AC/DC unit is configured for PSU, PMU supports
the power supply management function. If DC/DC unit is configured, it is necessary to
set the capacity of PMU battery as 0, i.e. the battery management function is not used.
2.9.2 Functions
PMU monitors the control variable signal, switch variable signal, current, voltage
analog variable on real-time basis:
1) Control variable signal
z Even and float charging management and current limited control of battery
z Control over protection load (On/Off) of battery
2) Switch variable signal
z AC mains signal and over/under voltage signal (12 V DC/10 mA)
z N % AC/DC module(s) provides N % fault status variables (12 V DC/10 mA) for
PMU. (N is the number of PSU configured. For example, if four PSUs are
configured for BTS30, then four fault status variables will be provided for PMU.)
z Fan monitoring status variable (normally 12 V DC/10 mA)
z Cabinet internal smoke detection (alarm: 24 V/10 mA), water proof (alarm: 12 V/10
mA), access control (normal; 12 V/10 mA)
z On/off status variable of the battery fuse (-0.3 V DC < normal voltage difference <
0.3 V DC)
3) Current and voltage analog variable signal
z Battery group current (A)
z Total load current (A)
z Main bar voltage (V)
4) Environment variable analog signal
z Cabinet internal temperature (with sensor) (C)
z Cabinet internal humidity (with sensor) (RH%)
PMU monitoring is illustrated in Figure 2-8.
2-11
External alarm collection

Access waterlogging Temprature
Smoke
& Humidity
Batteries
PMU FMU
FUSE
Load
AC/DC AC/DC AC/DC AC/DC
AC Power Supply
Figure 2-8 PMU monitoring
2.10 FMU
2.10.1 Overview
Fan Monitoring Unit (FMU) is located in Fan Box. It is used to manage and control the
fans in fan box so as to guarantee the radiation of the entire BTS.
2.10.2 Functions
The functions of FMU are:

1) Feeding of fans
This part of circuit consists of two parts: power supply filter and voltage reduction. It is
used to process the working power needed from system power supply to fan, and
provides the feeding of fan.
2) Rotational speed control of fan
Voltage-controlled mode is used to control the fan rotational speed, so that the fan will
maintain the rotation at a constant speed within the variation range of voltage to satisfy
the needs of radiation.
3) Alarm monitoring
There are two types of fan failure: stalled and short circuited. The symptom of these two
cases is the same: the fan stops running. FMU monitors the rotational speed of the fan
to decide the working status of the fan. If the fan is faulty, the alarm signal will be sent to
PMU.
2-12
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem
Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem
Signal processing subsystem includes boards such as TRX, CDU, EDU, ECDU and
SCU. It realizes the conversion from digital signal to RF signal, including base band
processing and RF processing, as well as signal combining before transmitting and
signal dividing after receiving.
The process of BTS transmitting signals is shown in Figure 3-1.
Abis
TMU TRX CDU Antenna
Figure 3-1 The process of BTS transmitting signals
The process of BTS receiving signals is shown in Figure 3-2.
Abis
TMU TRX CDU Antenna
Figure 3-2 The process of BTS receiving signals
There are many optional boards in signal processing subsystem. For function and slot
of each board, see Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Function of optional boards
Optional boards Slot The feature of configuration
RETR TRX slot When the BTS needs the EDGE function, RETR is necessary.
ECDU CDU slot Maximum power input of the single port of ECDU reaches 100W.
For enlarging coverage and lowering combining loss, but the

EDU CDU slot following conditions should be satisfied: number of TRXs in each
sector 2; no need for large capacity upgrading.
Support EGSM band with the frequency range of 880-890 MHz
RCDU CDU slot (uplink) and 925-935 MHz (downlink). The maximum power
input of the single port of ECDU reaches 100W.
For the BTS working in the EGSM band with the frequency
REDU CDU slot range as 880-890 MHz (uplink) and 925-935 MHz (downlink),
and requiring to achieve low loss.
For lowering the consumption of feeders when there are too
SCU CDU slot many TRXs configured for a cell. The following conditions
should be satisfied: number of TRXs in a cell ƒ 4.
3-1
Optional boards Slot The feature of configuration

For cooperating of ECDU, implementing more than four carries,
ESCU CDU slot
which thus improves the BTS transmit power.
3.1 TRX
3.1.1 Overview
Transceiver Unit (TRX) adopts modularized structure. It includes base band processing
unit and RF processing unit. TRX receives signal from MS via antenna, and then
demodulates the signal received into signaling information and voice information for
sending forward. The downlink signaling information and voice information is sent to
antenna after TRX processing, and then transmitted to MS.
TRX also receives various management and configuration information issued from
TMU, and reports its own status and alarm information to TMU.
TRX has two types: 40W TRX and 60W TRX.
The structure of TRX is shown in Figure 3-4, which includes baseband signal
processing unit (TBPU) and RF signal processing unit (RPU).
3-2
DBUS
FH_BUS
CBUS
TDP PAU Transmitting

SCP DSP CUI
Main receiving
RCU
Diversity receiving
TIMING_BUS
Clock processing part
TBPU RPU
SCP: Signaling Processing Part DSP: Digital Signal Processor

CUI: Carrier Unit Interface Controller TDP: Transmitter Driver and PLL unit
PAU: Power Amplifier Unit RCU: Receiver Unit
TBPU: Transceiver Baseband Processing Unit RPU: Radio frequency Process Unit
DBUS: Data bus CBUS: Control bus
FHBUS: Frequency Hopping bus TBUS: Clock bus
Figure 3-3 TRX logical structure
I. TBPU
TBPU includes Signaling Processing Part (SCP), Digital Signal Processor (DSP) and
Carrier Unit Interface Controller (CUI). Since GSM adopts TDM system, the operation
of TRX relies on various clocks. This is the purpose of clock processing part in TRX.
1) SCP
SCP processes the signaling protocols of various interfaces of BTS, including the L2
protocol LAPDm between BTS and MS, L2 protocol LAPD between BTS and BSC and
L2 protocol DCL between BTS and OMU. It also processes the L3 non-transparent
messages. SCP also loads programs to DSP and processes the alarms from the entire
TRX module.
2) DSP
DSP realizes the functions such as signal coding/decoding, interleaving/de-interleaving,
and voice/data communication with TRAU of BSC. It sends the signaling from the MS to
SCP, receives the signaling from SCP, and implements the corresponding
coding/decoding according to the relative protocol. The downlink data are sent to RF
signal processing unit RPU via CUI.
3) CUI
CUI is the interface module between DSP and RPU. It is used to realize the FH function
of TRX. FH by CUI can be decided in the system configuration. If the system is
3-3
operating under RF FH mode, CUI operates under non-FH mode, and FH is

implemented by RPU; if system operating under base band FH mode, FH will be
implemented by CUI. In addition, CUI also samples and filters the uplink intermediate
frequency signals from RPU, and then sends them to DSP for demodulation and
diversity combining.
4) Clock Processing Part
The clock of TRX is from the clock bus of TMU. To ensure high reliability, the clock bus
operates in active/standby mode. These clocks include frame clock, 1/8-bit clock and
FN. The clock processing part of TRX first selects the active or standby clock, and then
generates the TS NO. and bit clock necessary for TRX through frequency dividing
counter.
II. RPU
RPU includes Receiver Unit (RCU), Transmitter Driver and PLL unit (TDP) and Power
Amplifier Unit (PAU).
1) RCU
RCU provides diversity receiving function. The receiver consists of two channels of
full-independent paths. The input signal of the two channels mainly comes from main
set and diversity antenna. When the signal received from one channel is in poor quality
due to complicated radio transmission condition, there will be different signal qualities if
the other channel receives signals from other paths. BTS receives signals from two
channels: main set and diversity. It is possible to provide 3~5 dB of diversity gain to
improve communication quality after demodulation with combining algorithm.
Each channel of receiving path is made up of a primary down-conversion circuit. The

receiving signal is sent to frequency mixer to generate a mid-frequency signal. After
being amplified to a certain level, it is sent to the base band part for digital
demodulation.
2) TDP
TDP includes transmitting excitation unit, frequency synthesizer and loop test unit.
z Transmitting excitation unit
Transmitting is in direct modulation mode. Transmitting excitation unit modulates the I
and Q signals sent from TBPU into the RF signals needed for transmitting with the
quadrature modulator. The modulated signal provides PAU with a certain power level.
Transmitting excitation unit also provides the dynamic and static power control for BTS.
The static power control is defined during network planning to decide the maximum
transmitting power of BTS. Dynamic power control is implemented during the process
of communication. The static power levels are Level 0~9, among which, Level 0 is 46
dBm, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. The levels of dynamic power control are Level
0~15, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. To lower the noise level in radio environment,
3-4
and improve network capacity and QoS, it is necessary to lower the transmitting power
of BTS as much as possible without harming the QoS, so that each TCH is at the lowest
dynamic power level, and the transmitting power of idle channels is closed.
Transmitting excitation unit also supports PA over-power alarm signal. An alarm will be
generated when the output power of PA exceeds the set level by 3 dB.
z Frequency synthesizer
Frequency synthesizer is crucial to the entire transceiver. It generates various local
oscillation of transceiving up/down-conversion, such as transmitting oscillation,
receiving oscillation and loop test local oscillation. Both transmitting local oscillation
and receiving local oscillation have two loops for FH loop switching.
z Loop test unit
Loop test unit is designed for TRX loop test. It attenuates part of the signals coupled at
the output terminal of PAU to the receiving band, and then sends them to the receiver
after coupling. Its major function is to test the operation of TRX transmitting channel
and receiving channel.
3) PAU
PAU amplifies RF signals. It also provides the feedback sampling signals controlled by
transmitting APC and the following alarm signals:
z Over-heat alarm: when the temperature of PA is over 85 C, PAU reports the
over-heat alarm via base band unit, and automatically closes PAU.
z Over-standing wave alarm: when the output standing wave exceeds 3.5, PAU
reports this alarm to base band unit.
3.2 RETR
3.2.1 Overview
RGSM EDGE Transceiver (RETR) adopts modularized structure. It includes base band
processing unit and RF processing unit. RETR receives signal from MS via antenna,
and then demodulates the signal received into signaling information and voice
information for sending forward. The downlink signaling information and voice
information is sent to antenna after RETR processing, and then transmitted to MS.
RETR also receives various management and configuration information issued from
TMU, and reports its own status and alarm information to TMU.
Figure 3-4 shows the structure of RETR, including EDGE Baseband Radio-frequency
Unit (EBRU), Edge Power Amplifier Unit (EPAU) and Edge RETR Power Supply Unit
(ETPS).
3-5
FH _ BUS
DBUS
CBUS
TDP EPAU Transmitting

SCP DSP CUI
Main receiving
RCU Diversity receiving
TIMING_BUS
Clock
processing part
EBRU
SCP: Signaling Processing Part DSP: Digital Signal Processor

CUI: Carrier Unit Interface Controller TDP: Transmitter Driver and PLL unit
EPAU: EDGE Power Amplifier Unit RCU: Receiver Unit
TBPU: Transceiver Baseband Processing Unit RPU: Radio frequency Process Unit
DBUS: Data bus CBUS: Control bus
FHBUS: Frequency Hopping bus
Figure 3-4 RETR logical structure
EBRU includes Signaling Processing Part (SCP), Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Carrier
Unit Interface Controller (CUI), Receiver Unit (RCU) and Transmitter Driver and PLL
unit. Since GSM adopts TDM system, the operation of RETR relies on various clocks.
This is the purpose of the presence of the clock processing part in RETR.
I. SCP
SCP processes the signaling protocols of various interfaces of BTS, including the L2
protocol LAPDm between BTS and MS, L2 protocol LAPD between BTS and BSC and
L2 protocol DCL between BTS and OMU. It also processes the L3 non-transparent
messages. SCP also loads programs to DSP and processes the alarms from the entire
RETR module.
II. DSP
DSP realizes the functions such as signal coding/decoding, interleaving/de-interleaving,

and voice/data communication with TRAU of BSC. It sends the signaling from the MS to
SCP, receives the signaling from SCP, and implements the corresponding
coding/decoding according to the relative protocol. The downlink data are sent to RF
signal processing unit RPU via CUI.
3-6
III. CUI
CUI is the interface module between DSP and RPU. It is used to realize the FH function
of RETR. FH by CUI can be decided in the system configuration. If the system is
operating under RF FH mode, CUI operates under non-FH mode, and FH is
implemented by RPU; if system operating under base band FH mode, FH will be
implemented by CUI. In addition, CUI also samples and filters the uplink intermediate
frequency signals from RPU, and then sends them to DSP for demodulation and
main/diversity combining.
IV. RCU
RCU provides main/diversity receiving function. The receiver consists of two channels
of full-independent paths. The input signal of the two channels mainly comes from main
set and diversity antenna. When the signal received from one channel is in poor quality
due to complicated radio transmission condition, there will be different signal qualities if
the other channel receives signals from other paths. BTS receives signals from two
channels: main set and diversity. It is possible to provide 3~5 dB of diversity gain to
improve communication quality after demodulation with combining algorithm.
Each channel of receiving path is made up of a primary down-conversion circuit. The

receiving signal is sent to frequency mixer to generate a mid-frequency signal. After
being amplified to a certain level, it is sent to the base band part for digital
demodulation.
V. TDP
TDP includes transmitting excitation unit, frequency synthesizer and loop test unit.
Transmitting excitation unit
Transmitting is in direct modulation mode. Transmitting excitation unit modulates the I

and Q signals sent from TBPU into the RF signals needed for transmitting with the
quadrature modulator. The modulated signal provides PAU with a certain power level.
Transmitting excitation unit also provides the dynamic and static power control for BTS.
The static power control is defined during network planning to decide the maximum
transmitting power of BTS. Dynamic power control is implemented during the process
of communication. The static power levels are Level 0~9, among which, Level 0 is 46
dBm, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. The levels of dynamic power control are Level 0
~ 15, and the decrease step is 2 dBm. To lower the noise level in radio environment,
and improve network capacity and QoS, it is necessary to lower the transmitting power
of BTS as much as possible without harming the QoS, so that each TCH is at the lowest
dynamic power level, and the transmitting power of idle channels is closed.
Transmitting excitation unit also supports PA over-power and under-power alarm signal.
An alarm will be generated when the output power of PA exceeds the set level by 3 dB.
3-7
Frequency synthesizer
Frequency synthesizer is crucial to the entire transceiver. It generates various local

oscillation of transceiving up/down-conversion and some oscillation reference, such as
transmitting oscillation, receiving oscillation, loop test local oscillation. Both transmitting
local oscillation and receiving local oscillation have two loops for FH loop switching.
Loop test unit
Loop test unit is designed for RETR loop test. It attenuates part of the signals coupled
at the output terminal of PAU to the receiving band, and then sends them to the receiver
after coupling. Its major function is to test the operation of RETR transmitting channel
and receiving channel.
Clock processing part
Clocks of the RETR are derived from the clock bus of the TMU. To ensure higher
reliability, clock bus adopts active/standby work mode. The clocks include frame clocks,
1/8 bit clocks and FN. The clock processing part in the RETR first selects master clocks
or slave clocks, and then generates the timeslot number and bit clocks required by the
RETR through frequency divider counting.
VI. EPAU
EPAU amplifies RF signals. Its maximum output power level is 46 dBm. It also provides
the feedback sampling signals controlled by transmitting APC and the following alarm
signals:
z Over-heat alarm: when the temperature of PA is over 85 C, PAU reports the
over-heat alarm via base band unit, and automatically closes PAU.
z Over-standing wave alarm: when the output standing wave exceeds 3.5, PAU
reports this alarm to base band unit.
3.3 CDU
3.3.1 Overview
Combiner and Divider Unit (CDU) realizes the combining and filtering of transceiving
duplex and transmitting signal, as well as the filtering, low-noise amplification and
dividing of receiving signal. It also provides TA feeding. CDU uses the bridge combiner
(broad band combiner) at 3 dB power loss to enable multiple transmitting signals and
receiving signals to share the same antenna unit. In practice, the mode of transmitting
2-in-1 or receiving dual channel 1-into-4 (or single channel 1-into-8) can be adopted. In
addition, CDU also has a diversity receiving tributary.
3-8
CDU supports the P-GSM band (GSM900 and GSM1800), and the maximum input
power of its single port is 60 W.
The structure of CDU is shown in Figure 3-5.
CDU
Transmitting input
Combiner Duplexer Test coupler TA feeder
Receiving output
Divider low noise amplifier Alarm and control unit
Receiving output
Divider low noise amplifier Receiving fiter TA feeder
Figure 3-5 CDU structure
Besides the basic combining and dividing function, CDU also has the following
functions for alarm test:
1) Standing wave test: monitor the status of antenna feeder. When finding that the
standing wave exceeding the preset threshold 1.5:1, CDU reports minor alarm,
and the corresponding indicator on the front panel is on. When finding that the
standing wave exceeding the preset threshold of 2.5:1, CDU reports critical alarm,
and the corresponding indicator on the front panel is on, then the transmitting
signal will be closed one minute later.
2) Low-noise amplifier faulty alarm: fault signal is from the power supply current of
low-noise amplifier. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds a certain
range or no current detected.
3) TA alarm: when TA is operating, CDU judges the working status of TA according
to its working current. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds a certain
range or no current is detected.
4) Control function: power attenuation control of the main receiving channel and
diversity receiving channel (dynamic range: 15 dB, step: 1 dB). It realizes the
function of TA feeding switch, which automatically closes TA feeding upon TA
alarm.
3.4 ECDU
The functions and external interfaces (including dimensions) of ECDU are the same as
that of CDU. It implements combination of transmitted signals, dividing of received
3-9
signals, and duplex functions. The difference is that the maximum power input of the
single port of ECDU reaches 100W.
3.5 EDU
3.5.1 Overview
Enhanced Duplex Unit (EDU) is designed for wide coverage featuring low loss. It
realizes the combining and filtering of transceiving duplex and transmitting signal, as
well as the filtering, low-noise amplification and dividing of receiving signal for
TRX/RETRs. It also provides TA feeding. Each TRX/RETR uses independent antenna,
and transmitting combiner is not needed. The receiving mode is 1-into-2.
EDU supports the P-GSM band (GSM900 and GSM1800), and the maximum input
power of its single port is 60 W.
The structure of EDU is shown in Figure 3-6.
Transmitting input
EDU
Duplexer Test coupler TA feeder
Receiving output
Divider Low noise amplifier
Receiving output Alarm and control unit
Divider Low noise amplifier
Transmitting input
Duplexer Test coupler TA feeder
Figure 3-6 EDU structure
Besides the basic combining and dividing function, CDU also has the following
functions for alarm test:
z Standing wave test: monitor the status of antenna feeder. When finding that the
standing wave exceeds the preset threshold of 2.5:1, CDU reports minor alarm,
and the corresponding indicator on the front panel is on.
z Low-noise amplifier faulty alarm: fault signal is from the power supply current of
low-noise amplifier. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds a certain
3-10
z TA alarm: when TA is operating, CDU judges the working status of TA according

to its working current. The alarm is generated when the current exceeds a certain
z Control function: power attenuation control of the main receiving channel and
diversity receiving channel (dynamic range: 15 dB, step: 1 dB). It realizes the
function of TA feeding switch, which automatically closes TA feeding upon TA
alarm.
3.6 RCDU
RCDU is the same as ECDU in structure, functions, peripheral interfaces, peripheral

interface dimension and maximum input power. It can also combine transmitted RF
signals, divide received RF signals and implement reception and transmission duplex.
The difference between RCDU and ECDU lies in the bands supported by them. The
band supported by RCDU ranges from 876 to 901 MHz (uplink) and 921 to 946 MHz
(downlink). For the BTS working in the EGSM band with the frequency range of
880-890 MHz (uplink) and 925-935 MHz (downlink), RCDU is optional.
3.7 REDU
REDU is the same as EDU in structure, functions, peripheral interfaces, peripheral

interface dimension and maximum input power. It can also implement 1-to-2 division of
received signals and implement reception and transmission duplex. The difference
between REDU and EDU lies in the bands supported by them. The band supported by
REDU ranges from 876 to 901 MHz (uplink) and 921 to 946 MHz (downlink). If the BTS
works in the EGSM band with the frequency range as 880-890 MHz (uplink) and
925-935 MHz (downlink) and it is required to achieve low loss, REDU is optional.
3.8 SCU
3.8.1 Overview
Simple Combiner Unit (SCU) is a transmitting unit of four carriers in one (4-in-1). It
realizes broad band combining with 3 dB power loss bridge. The cooperation of SCU
and CDU can realize the combining transmitting of multi-carriers, thus realizing number
of CDUs and lowering cost.
Figure 3-7 shows the structure of SCU.
3-11
SCU
1
Combiner
2
Transmitting input Transmitting output
Combiner
3
Combiner
4
Figure 3-7 SCU structure
3.9 ESCU
ESCU is the same as SCU in structure, functions, peripheral interfaces and peripheral
interface dimension. It can also implement 4-in-1 combination of transmitted signals.
The differences between ESCU and SCU lie in:
z Bands supported by them. The band supported by ESCU ranges from 921 to 960
MHz (900M ESCU) and 1805 to 1880 MHz (1800M ESCU).
z Maximum input power supported by their single port. The single port of ESCU
supports the maximum input power of 100 W.
The 900M ESCU can be used with 900M CDU, ECDU, EDU, RCDU and REDU while
the 1800M ESCU can be used with 1800M CDU, ECDU and EDU. When ESCU works
with the cooperation of ECDU, it can implement more than four carriers, which thus
improves the BTS transmit power and effective radiated power of antenna ports and
enlarges the coverage of BTS.
3-12
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem
The antenna & feeder subsystem includes antenna, feeder, jumper, lightning arrester
and Tower Top Amplifier (TTA). Their connection relationship is shown in Figure 4-1.
Antenna
Antenna
support
Jumper from
antenna to TTA Jumper from
lightning arrester
TTA to cabinet top
Lightning
arrester
Feeder
Jumper from
TTA to feeder BTS3X
cabinet
Figure 4-1 Connection of antenna & feeder subsystem
Antenna & feeder subsystem is the path of RF signal transceiving. It transmits the
modulated RF signal, and receives the signal from MSs.
4.1 Antenna
Antenna is the origination point of transmission and the termination point of receiving.
The type, gain, directional diagram and front-to-rear ratio of antenna have great effect
on system performance. These elements should be planned on the basis of subscriber
number and coverage. The following will detail on the key indices of antenna.
I. Classification
Antenna can be classified into omni-directional antenna, unipolarized directional

antenna and dual polarized directional antenna. Dual polarized directional antenna is
usually used to substitute unipolarized directional antenna to reduce the number of
4-1
antennas. A dual polarized directional antenna equals to two unipolarized directional

antennas.
II. Gain
Gain of antenna indicates the capability of an antenna in focusing and radiating the
power to a certain direction. Usually the higher the gain of the antenna is, the stronger
the field strength will be along the wave radiation direction and the wider the antenna
will cover. But there may be blind spot nearby.
III. Directional diagram
The directional diagram of antenna describes the radiation strength on different

directions. In the telecom field, it is normally described with horizontal azimuth angle
and declination angle as the coordinate. BTS antenna is described with azimuth angle.
Usually there are situations: omni-directional antenna and directional antenna. The
coverage of omni-directional antenna is horizontal round coverage. The main lobe
width of directional antenna is 120°, 90°, or 65°. The declination angle of antenna is
normally realized with mechanical or electrical adjusting. The currently applied
declination angles for BTS directional antenna are 0° and 2°, etc. It is possible to realize
large scale angle adjustment with pitch controller (such as 0°~10°).
IV. Polarization
Polarization is used to describe the direction of the electric field radiated by the antenna.
Antenna used in mobile communication system includes unitpolarized antenna and
dual polarization antenna. The two polarization directions of the dual polarization
antenna are vertical to each other. The dual polarization antenna can reduce the
number of antennas hoisted.
V. Diversity technology
The electric wave transmission in a city has the following features:

1) The strength mid-value slightly varies with the change of place and time. The rule
of changing conforms to lognormal distribution, which is called slow fading.
2) Due to multi-path transmission, the instantaneous value of field strength features
selective fading along transmission path. The fading rule conforms to Rayleigh
distribution, which is called fast fading.
Both fast and slow fading has negative effect on mobile communication quality. In some
cases, they may even cause communication interruption. Diversity technology is a
measure to settle the problem of fading. If the correlation between two channels of
fading signals is low, the suitable diversity receiving and combining technology can be
adopted to eliminate the fading effect of signal transmission. Diversity can be classified
into polarization diversity and space diversity, etc.
4-2
Two antennas are used at BTS to realize diversity receiving. Two directional antennas
or two unipolarized directional antennas can be used to realize space diversity
receiving. One dual polarized directional antenna can realize polarization diversity
receiving.
VI. Distance between antennas
To avoid the negative effect of transmitter on receiver, enough distance between

antennas or between the two polarization directions of dual polarized antenna should
be planned. In GSM system, the distance between adjacent antennas is 30 dB or
above.
4.2 Feeder
A transceiving path is mainly made up of feeder. There are two selections: 7/8" feeder
and 5/4" feeder. A unipolarized directional antenna or omni-directional antenna needs a
feeder. A dual polarized directional antenna needs two feeders.
Since feeder insertion loss has a great impact on the noise factor of receiver and the
transmitting power of BTS, it is required to reduce the insertion loss of feeder as much
as possible. The low loss RF feeder is usually adopted for BTS. If the length of the
feeder is smaller than 60 m, the 7/8" feeder can be used. If the length is greater than 60
m, 5/4" should be considered to lower the feeder loss.
4.3 Lightning Arrester
Lightning arrester is used to avoid damaging the equipment caused by the influence
current through the conductor in the feeder. A feeder should be configured with a
lightning arrester. There are usually two types of arrester: one directs the current to the
ground according to microwave principle, and the one is discharge tube arrester, which
will become a conductor when the voltage between both ends of the discharge tube
reaches a certain value. BTS3X adopts the latter one. The arrester of BTS30 and that
of BTS312 are usually installed near the cabinet, while that of BTS3012A is installed in
the cable inlet of the auxiliary equipment cabinet
4.4 TTA
4.4.1 Overview
Tower Top Amplifier (TTA) is a low-noise amplification module installed on the tower. Its
function is to amplify the uplink signal from MS before the transmission loss occurs
along the feeder. This helps improve the receiving sensibility of the BTS system and the
4-3
uplink coverage of the system while lowering the transmitting power of MS and
improving the session quality.
TTA is optional. Usually the triplex TTA is configured. It is installed close to the antenna.
This type of TTA consists of triplex filter, low-noise amplifier and feeder. The triplex filter
is actually the combination of two duplex filters. The signal from the antenna is first
filtered off the external interference at the triplex filter, and then is amplified by the
low-noise amplifier, and finally sent to the indoor unit.
4.4.2 Structure
Figure 4-2 shows the structure of triplex TTA.
Triplex TTA
Transmitting filter
BTS By pass
TTA feeder
Receiving Low noise Receiving

filter amplifier filter
DC
Figure 4-2 Triplex TTA structure
4.4.3 Functions
Functions of the TTA are as follows:

z The noise factor of TTA is very low.
z TTA has a wide dynamic range, which is full adaptable to the change of strength of
signal received by antenna caused by different distance between MS and BTS.
z TTA has the alarm bypass function.
z TTA is fed with feeder, so it has the feeding detection device.
z TTA adopts strict water-proof sealing and is adaptable to a wide range of working
temperature (-40C~70C).
z TTA can sustain strong lightning strikes.
4-4
M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station Chapter 5 System Bus Structure
Chapter 5 System Bus Structure
5.1 Classification of Bus
BTS3X adopts the advanced bus management mode to allocate the resources for BTS
so that the cooperative efficiency between boards and components can be higher. The
inter-cabinet bus is used to transmit the clock signal, control signal, data signal and
status signal between cabinets.
BTS bus can be logically classified into data bus, control bus, clock bus and FH bus.
While physically speaking, there are only two types of bus cables: clock cable and data
cable.
z Clock cable has 25 PIN DB connectors. It contains clock bus and CBUS1;
z Data cable has 37 PIN DB connectors. It contains CBUS2, CBUS3, DBUS1,
DBUS2 and FHBUS.
5.2 Bus Structure
See Figure 5-1 for BTS30 bus connection.
Clock bus
CBUS1
TMU0 TMU1 TMU0 TMU0
CBUS2 CBUS2 CBUS2

DBUS1,2 DBUS1,2 DBUS1,2
TRX0 TRX17 TRX0 TRX17 TRX0 TRX17
FHBUS FHBUS FHBUS
CBUS3 CBUS3 CBUS3
CDU PMU CDU PMU CDU PMU

0 ～8 0~2
TES (1) 0～8 0~2 0 ～8 0~2
BTS30 main cabinet group BTS30 extension cabinet group BTS30 extension cabinet group
(1) Environmental monitoring instrument

Figure 5-1 BTS30 system bus connection
BTS312 system bus connection is shown in Figure 5-2.
5-1
Clock bus
CBUS1
TMU0 TMU1 TMU0 TMU0

CBUS2 CBUS2 CBUS2
DBUS1,2 DBUS1,2 DBUS1,2
TRX0 TRX23 TRX0 TRX23 TRX0 TRX23
FHBUS FHBUS FHBUS
CBUS3 CBUS3 CBUS3
CDU PMU CDU PMU CDU PMU

0～11 0~1
TES (1) 0～11 0~1 0～11 0~1
BTS312 main cabinet group BTS312 extension cabinet group BTS312 extension cabinet group
(1) Environmental monitoring instrument

Figure 5-2 BTS312 system bus connection
BTS3012A system bus connection is shown Figure 5-3.
Clock bus
CBUS1
TMU
CBUS2
DBUS1,2
TRX0 TRX11
FHBUS
CBUS3
CDU
PMU
0～ 2
BTS3012A cabinet
Figure 5-3 BTS3012A system bus connection
The following is the detailed introduction to the various buses using BTS30 as the
example. The principle of data buses of BTS312 is similar to that of BTS30. The buses
of BTS3012A are connected through their backplanes instead of TDUs.
5-2
5.3 DBUS
Data Bus (DBUS) is for the data connection between TMU and TRX. Each TMU
provides 2 full duplex DBUS link and TRX connection, called DBUS1 and DBUS2.
The physical feature of DBUS is differential RS485, TDMA synchronous bus and
distribution of 32 timeslots is similar to that of PCM.
The active TMU has DBUS connections to each TRX in the same cabinet. The active
and standby links are led from the main cabinet to the 18 TRXs in the local cabinet
group. There is no DBUS connection between cabinet groups. For BTS3012A, DBUS
connection only exists between TMU and TRX in a single cabinet.
For example, the signal connection between BTS30 cabinets is shown in Figure 5-4.
Figure 5-4 DBUS connection between BTS30 cabinets
The intra-cabinet signal connection of BTS30 is shown in Figure 5-5.
Cable Inner cable Inner cable

TDU transfer TDU distribution distribution
Upper cabinet CMB J25
JP6 JP5 (connect with TMU)
TRB
Inner cable
Cable Inner cable JC3
distribution
distribution
Lower cabinet TDU transfer TDU TRB (connect with 6 TRXs)
JP8 JP7 JC1
Figure 5-5 DBUS connection path
For the upper cabinet, JP6 should be installed with a matching head. For the lower
cabinet, JP8 should be installed with a matching head.
5-3
5.4 CBUS
5.4.1 CBUS1
Control Bus (CBUS) 1 is for the communication between the TMUs of this same site. It
adopts RS485 semi-duplex bus, asynchronous transmission. The link layer conforms to
HDLC protocol. The bus rate is 256 kbit/s.
Since only the PCM link in main cabinet group has the operation and maintenance
signaling of BTS. The master TMU in main cabinet group is to send the operation and
maintenance signaling to the slave TMUs in the two extension cabinet groups, as
shown in Figure 5-6.
Figure 5-6 CBUS1 connection between BTS30 cabinets
The connection of the intra-cabinet signal of BTS30 is shown in Figure 5-7.
Cable Inner cable

distribution
Upper cabinet TDU transfer TDU CMB J24
JP3 JP2 (connect with TMU)
Cable Inner cable
transfer distribution
TDU TDU CMB
Lower cabinet
JP4 JP2 J24
Figure 5-7 CBUS1 connection path
5.4.2 CBUS2
CBUS2 is for the control link between TMU and TRX.
The physical feature is differential RS485 interface, semi-duplex bus. The link layer
conforms to HDLC protocol. The bus rate is 2 M. The 2 M clock of DBUS is used as the
clock of CBUS2. There is no CBUS2 connection between cabinet groups.
5-4
The connection relationship between CBUS2 cabinet groups and the connection path
are similar to that of DBUS.
5.4.3 CBUS3
CBUS3 is for the connection between TMU and some low rate control parts, such as
CDU, PMU and environmental monitoring instruments.
The physical feature is differential RS485 interface. The link layer conforms to DLC
protocol, differential transmission and master/slave communication. The bus rate is 9.6
kbit/s. There is no CBUS3 connection between cabinet groups.
Figure 5-8 Connection of CBUS3 between BTS30 cabinets
The connection of the intra-cabinet signal of BTS30 is shown in Figure 5-9.
Cable TDU
transfer Alarm box Inner cable
JP18
Cable TRB distribution
TDU CDU
Upper cabinet transfer JP1
JP6 Inner cable Inner cable Inner cable
Cable TDU distribution CMB J25 distribution TRB TRB distribution
transfer CDU
JP5 (connect with TMU and PMU) JC3 JP2
Inner cable
TRB distribution
CDU
JP3
Cable Inner cable Cable
TDU transfer TDU distribution TRB transfer
Lower cabinet
JP8 JP7 JC1
Figure 5-9 CBUS3 connection path
5.5 Clock Bus
It is used for transmitting the scheduling of GSM system. System scheduling is

generated at the master TMU in the main cabinet group, and is transmitted to each
5-5
TRX in the same site via clock bus, so that all TRXs of the same site achieve
synchronization at the same system reference clock.
To avoid the interference of the clocks generated from TMUs in other cabinet groups to
the clock bus between cabinets, BTS30/312 cabinet adopts the control realized with
TDU DIP switch setting. For the main cabinet of the main cabinet group, the S1 and S2
on the TDU DIP are both set as ON. The TMU clock is sent via the inter-cabinet clock
bus with the drive of TDU. For other cabinets, the S1 and S2 of TDU DIP are both set as
OFF to cut the connection between the TMU of local cabinet and inter-cabinet clock
bus. The clock of local cabinet adopts the one from the inter-cabinet clock bus. The
clock signal process is shown in Figure 5-10.
A-bis Boards in the main

TMU TDU cabinet
Boards in the
extension cabinet
Figure 5-10 BTS clock signal process
The clock bus connection is shown in Figure 5-11.
Figure 5-11 Clock bus connection BTS30 cabinets
The connection of intra-cabinet signal of BTS30 is shown in Figure 5-12.
5-6
Inner cable
Cable Inner cable distribution
transfer distribution (Connect with 6 TRXs)
Upper cabinet TDU TDU TRB Matching
JP3 JP1 JC2
Cable
transfer Cable Inner cable
TDU transfer TDU distribution CMB
Lower cabinet
JP4 JP2 J24
Figure 5-12 Clock bus connection path
5.6 FHBUS
Frequency Hopping Bus (FHBUS) is used in baseband FH. FHBUS physically shares
the same cable with CBUS2, CBUS3 and DBUS. The difference is that FHBUS
connects only to TRX.
FHBUS is an 8 bit parallel bus, semi-duplex, and conforms to RS-485 criteria. FHBUS
is for the connection between all TRXs in the same cabinet group (for BTS30, at most
18; for BTS312, at most 24). There is no FHBUS connection between cabinet groups.
C C C C C C C C C
D D D D D D D D D
U U U U U U U U U
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
P P P P T T P P
S M S MM M S M
U U U UU U U U
Extension cabinet Main cabinet Extension cabinet
Figure 5-13 FH bus connection between BTS30 cabinets
The connection of intra-cabinet signals of BTS30 is shown in Figure 5-14.
5-7
Cable Inner cable Inner cable

TDU transfer TDU distribution CMB distribution
Upper cabinet
JP6 JP5 J25
Inner cable TRB
Cable Inner cable distribution JC3
Lowercabinet TDU transfer TDU distribution TRB (connect with 6 TRXs)
JP8 JP7 JC1
Figure 5-14 FH bus connection path
For the top level of cabinet, JP6 should be installed with a matching head. For the last
level of cabinet, JP8 should be installed with a matching head.
5-8

31026316-BTS3X Technical Manual-System Principle (V3.30)

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Chapter 1 System Structure ...........................................................................

M900/M1800 BTS3X Series Base Transceiver Station

Volume System Principle

Manual Version T2-030216-20041112-C-3.30

Product Version V300R003

Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.

Address: Administration Building, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.,

Bantian, Longgang District, Shenzhen, P. R. China

Postal Code: 518129

All Rights Reserved

No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

, HUAWEI, C&C08, EAST8000, HONET, , ViewPoint, INtess, ETS, DMC,

The manual describes system principle of BTS3X (including BTS30, BTS312,

There are five chapters in the manual.

The manual is intended for the following readers:

This manual uses the following conventions:

Caution, Warning, Danger: Means reader be extremely careful during the

Note, Comment, Tip, Knowhow, Thought: Means a complementary description.

Chapter 1 System Structure ......................................................................................................... 1-1

Chapter 2 Common Subsystem ................................................................................................... 2-1

2.9.2 Functions............................................................................................................... 2-11

Chapter 3 Signal Processing Subsystem ................................................................................... 3-1

Chapter 4 Antenna & Feeder Subsystem.................................................................................... 4-1

Chapter 5 System Bus Structure ................................................................................................. 5-1

5.6 FHBUS............................................................................................................................... 5-7

Chapter 1 System Structure

1.1 Physical Structure

Figure 1-1 Typical full configuration of BTS30 cabinet

Figure 1-2 Typical full configuration of BTS312 cabinet

The full configuration of a single BTS3012A cabinet with a transformer is shown in

Figure 1-3 Full configuration of a single BTS3012A cabinet

1.2 Logical Structure

Common Subsystem Signaling Processing Subsystemt Antenna Feeder Subsystem

ABA: Abis Bypass Assistant board ABB: Abis Bypass Board

In the figure above:

Figure 1-5 Logical structure of BTS3012A common subsystem

II. Signaling processing subsystem

III. Antenna feeder subsystem

1.3 Meaning of Keywords

BTS30 supports 3-cabinet combination (1 main cabinet + 2 extension cabinets).

Chapter 2 Common Subsystem

The common subsystem, by providing reference clock, power supply, transmission

2.1.2 Principle of Structure

Active TMU Standby TMU

Local Maintenance MMI CBUS

EAC MCK MCK

Environment RS485 TBUS,CBUS,DBUS

BSC: Base Station Controller TMU: Timing/Transmission and Management Unit

Figure 2-2 Time sequence of clock signal

The major function of TDU is:

Figure 2-3 Transmission structure of clock signal

2) Transferring the 120 Ω E1 signal for local cabinet

between RS_485 bus and external equipment, such as environment monitoring

Apart from E1 transmission, BTS30/312 also provides built-in transmission system

BTS3012A should be configured with external optical transmission equipment. It does

Functions of the ASU are as follows:

The external interfaces of the ASU include:

Apart from E1 transmission, BTS30/312 also provides built-in transmission system

BTS3012A should be configured with external optical transmission equipment. It does

Functions of PAT are as follows:

The external interfaces of PAT are:

Functions of the TES are as follows:

2.5.3 Principle of Structure