Name ; Nurasmah

Nim ; 1888203033
MAKE SUMMARY FROM CHAPTER 1 UNTIL CHAPTER 4
Elements of Fiction

1. Characterization is a means by which writers present and reveal characters – by direct

description, by showing the character in action, or by the presentation of other characters
who help to define each other.
2. Characters in fiction can be conveniently classified as major and minor, static and
dynamic. A major character is an important figure at the center of the story’s action or
theme.
3. Irony is not so much an element of fiction as a pervasive quality in it. It may appear in
fiction in three ways: in a work’s language, in its incidents, or in its point of view.
4. Plot, the action element in fiction, is the arrangement of events that make up a story.
Many fictional plots turn on a conflict, or struggle between opposing forces, that is
usually resolved by the end of the story.
5. Point of view refers to who tells the story and how it is told. The possible ways of telling
a story are many, and more than one point of view can be worked into a single story.
However, the various points of view that storytellers draw upon can be grouped into two
broad categories:
Third-Person Narrator (uses pronouns he, she, or they):
1. Omniscient
2. Limited omniscient
3. Objective
First-Person Narrator (uses pronoun I):
The narrator presents the point of view of only one character’s consciousness, which
limits the narrative to what the first-person narrator knows, experiences, infers, or can
find out by talking to other characters.
6. Setting is the physical and social context in which the action of a story occurs. The major
elements of setting are the time, the place, and the social environment that frames the
characters.
7. Style is the way a writer chooses words (diction), arranges them in sentences and longer
units of discourse (syntax) and exploits their significance. Style is the verbal identity of a
writer, as unmistakable as his or her face or voice. Reflecting their individuality, writers’
styles convey their unique ways of seeing the world.
8. A symbol is a person, object, image, word, ore vent that evokes a range of additional
meanings beyond and usually more abstract than its literal significance. Symbols are
devices for evoking complex ideas without having to resort to painstaking explanations.
9. Theme is the central idea or meaning of a story. Theme in fiction is rarely presented at
all; it is abstracted from the details of character and action that compose the story.
10. Tone is the author’s implicit attitude toward the reader, subject, and/or the people, places,
and events in a work as revealed by the elements of the author’s style. Tone may be
characterized as serious or ironic, sad or happy, private of public, angry or affectionate,
bitter or nostalgic, or any other attitudes and feelings that human beings experience.
 PLOT

A. Definiton of Plot
Plot is the storyline or structure of events in the story. Plot is a very important basic framework.
The flow regulates how actions must relate to one another. How an event isrelated to other events, how
the characters are described and play a role in these events are all bound in a unity of time.
B. Elements of Plot ( Events, Conflicts and Climax )
Events, conflicts and climax are three elements that are very essential in thedevelopment of a
story line. The existence of a plot is determined by these three elements.
1. Events
Events can be interpreted as a transition from one state to another (Lexumburg etc.,1992: 150).
Events can be divided into three types, namely: Functional events, Relational events and The reference
event
2. Conflict
Conflict (incident) which incidentally is an event that is classified as important (so, it is a
functional event, the main or karnel), is an essential element in developing a plot. Conflict is divided into
two parts, namely: External conflicts or physical conflicts and Internal conflicts or inner conflicts
3. Climax
Conflict and climax are important in the structure of the plot because they are plot elements in
fiction. The climax, according to Staton (1965: 16) is when the conflict has reached the highest level of
intensity and when it is something that can not be avoided, meaning that based on the narrative and the
logic of the story, events at that time must occur and may not be. The climax is very decisive (the
direction) of the plot development, the climax may indeed not be spectacular.
C. Rules of Ploting (Plotting)
The rules of distribution in question include the issue of plausibility (plausibility), the element of
surprise (surprise), curiosity (suspense), and cohesion (unity).
E. Types of Plot
Flow or Plot is a series of events from the beginning to the climax as well as solutions that are
based on the sequence of time sequences or causal relationships that form the basis of the story.The
various storylines based on their structure are: Progress (progressive) ,Backward Plot (regressive),
Flashback Plot (Flashback), Mixed Flow (back and forth)
F. Principles of Plot Analysis
There are seven principles for analyzing literary workflows. According to Muhardi and
Hasanuddin WS (1992: 49) the seven principles of flow analysis are:
1) The elemental part of a flow is a unit of events. Each set of events informs the performer of the
place and time.
2) The perpetrator in a single event can have more than one person, allowing the perpetrator to
consist of multiple characters.
3) Events in fiction do not consist only of equal or equal units.
4) The lower unit of events in addition to the limitation of the events above, can only tell about the
perpetrator and the circumstances.
5) Each unit of events is not independent of itself, it is related to another unit ofevents.
6) In the process of analyzing the event planning becomes a chronological or quality relationship
needed for understanding the problem of fiction.
7) Event units may have similarities to other event units.
 CHARACTER
A. Definition of Character and Characterisation
A character is a person, animal, being creature, or thing story. Writer’s use character to performs
the actions and speak dialogue, moving the story along a plot line. Characterization is a literary device
that is used step-by-step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story.
B. Type of Character and Characterisation
Before we explore the types of character, however, we should know that there are two main ways
to classify them: by role, and by quality.
1. Role, Character role refers to the part that one plays in the story.
Types based on role include:

a. Protagonist, The protagonist is likely a pretty familiar concept for most of us: this is the
main character, the big cheese, the star of the show.
b. Antagonist, antagonist is a character, or a group of characters, which stands in opposition to
the protagonist, which is the main character.
c. Deuteragonist, This is the character who’s not exactly in the spotlight, but pretty close to it.
d. Tertiary, The reason that tertiary characters aren’t called “tertagonists” is because they’re
not important enough to really agonize anything or anyone.
e. Confidante, Confidants are often best friends, but they may also be a potential love
interest or even a mentor.
f. Love interest, Most novels contain romance in one form or another.
g. Foil, A foil is someone whose personality and values fundamentally clash with the
protagonist’s.

2. Character Types by Quality

Character quality has to do with what kind of character someone is. This doesn’t refer to
their temperament, such as being nice or mean, but rather their nature within the story, such as
being dynamic or static. Types based on quality include:

a. Dynamic/changing, character is one who changes over the course of story. 

b. Static/unchanging, Then on the other hand, there’s the static character — the one who
doesn’t change. Many static characters are simply flat, and having too many is usually a
symptom of lazy writing. However, certain kinds can serve a larger purpose in a story.
c. Stock, Stock characters aren’t necessarily flat either, though you do have to be careful
with them. Similar to archetypes, stock characters are those familiar figures that appear in
stories time after time: the chosen one, the joker, the mentor.
d. Symbolic, is used to represent something larger and more important than themselves,
which usually ties into the overall message of The book or series.
e. Round, The round character has a full backstory (though not always revealed in the
narrative), complex emotions, and realistic motivations for what they do.This doesn’t
necessarily mean they’re a good person — indeed, many of the best round characters are
deeply flawed.
 THEME
Theme

The theme is the subject matter of a story, the central idea, or the basis of the story. A
theme is not the plot of the story. It is the underlying truth that is being conveyed in the story.
Themes can be universal, meaning they are understood by readers no matter what culture or
country the readers are in. Common themes include coming of age, circle of life, prejudice,
greed, good vs. evil, beating the odds, etc.
Kinds of theme;
1. Physical Theme
Physical Theme is a theme that tends to relate to the physical condition of a young man.
This type of theme focuses on the reality of the human self as molecules, substances, and bodies.
Examples of physical themes are love themes.
2. Organic Themes
Organic themes are interpreted as themes about morals because this group of themes
includes matters relating to human morals whose appearance is about human relations, between
men and women.
3. Social Themes
Social themes include things that are outside of personal problems, for example political
issues, education, and propaganda.
4. Selfish themes
The egoism theme is a theme that concerns personal reactions that generally oppose
social influence.
5. The Godhead theme
The Godhead theme is a theme related to the condition and situation of humans as God's
creatures.
Sample Themes

In this case the sample theme is divided into 2 types,

1. Short themes consisting of words or phrases as examples, for example themes: romance,
struggle, friendship etc.
2. Long themes that contain Sentences for example: with enthusiasm for learning we will
find success. or Through this Cadre we deliver a superior generation.