How to Titrate Zinc Chloride

Timothy Banas has a master's degree in biophysics and was a high school science
teacher in Chicago for seven years. He has since been working as a trading systems
analyst, standardized test item developer, and freelance writer. As a freelancer, he has
written articles on everything from personal finances to computer technology.
By Timothy Banas, eHow Contributor

updated: May 07, 2010

Chemists use titrations to determine unknown concentrations.

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) dissolves completely in water with each molecule of it yielding two chloride
ions. Chemists can use silver nitrate and a procedure called titration to measure the number of
chloride ions that are in a solution, and thus determine the concentration of the zinc chloride. Silver
and chloride ions react in a 1 to 1 ratio; since each molecule of zinc chloride releases two chloride
ions, the number of zinc chloride molecules present in the solution will be half the number of silver
nitrate molecules required to titrate it.

Difficulty:
Moderate

Instructions
things you'll need:

 Safety goggles, gloves, apron

 Fume hood
 Dropper
 Unknown zinc chloride solution
 Silver nitrate (solid)
 Indicator solution (Potassium chromate)
 Balance
 Burette
 500 milliliter (mL) beaker
 100 mL beaker

o 1

Measure 2.55 grams of silver nitrate on your balance and dissolve it in 300 mL of water
in your 500 mL beaker. Stir the mixture until the silver nitrate dissolves completely. This
will create a 0.05 Molar (M) silver nitrate solution that you will use to titrate the zinc
chloride solution.

o 2

Fill your burette with the silver nitrate solution that you just made.
o 3

**Handle zinc chloride underneath a fume hood**

Put 30 mL of your unknown zinc chloride solution and 3 drops of indicator solution to
your 100 mL beaker. Then place the beaker underneath the burette.

o 4

Twist the valve on your burette to allow a slow stream of silver nitrate to flow into the
zinc chloride solution. Swirl the zinc chloride as you add the silver nitrate and close the
valve on the burette as soon as you see a faint peach color appear and stay in the zinc
chloride. This color means that all of the chloride ions have been bonded to silver ions
and the titration is complete.

o 5

Multiply the number of liters used to achieve the peach color by the concentration of
the silver nitrate to obtain the number of moles used to reach the equivalence point.
For example, suppose you used 9 mL (0.009 L) of silver nitrate to reach equivalence.
Moles of silver nitrate = 0.009 L x 0.05 moles/L = 0.00045 moles of silver nitrate
Since silver nitrate reacts with chloride ions in a 1 to 1 ratio, we know that there are
0.00045 moles of chloride in the solution. And since each mole of zinc chloride will
release 2 moles of chloride ions when it is dissolved, we know that the 30 mL sample
of zinc chloride solution contains 0.000225 moles of zinc chloride, half the amount of
chloride ions.

o 6

Divide the number of moles of zinc chloride present in the 30 mL sample by the volume
of the sample to calculate the molarity of the unknown zinc chloride solution. In the
example:
Molarity of zinc chloride = 0.000225 moles / 0.3 L = 0.0075 M
The concentration of the unknown zinc chloride solution would be 0.0075 M.

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Tips & Warnings

 Zinc chloride should never be consumed or come into contact with your skin, so wear your
protective gloves and goggles. Also, zinc chloride fumes are toxic, so it should be handled
under a fume hood

How to Convert Zinc Oxide to Zinc Chloride

Allan Robinson has written numerous articles for various health and fitness sites.
Robinson also has 15 years of experience as a software engineer and has extensive
accreditation in software engineering. He holds a bachelor's degree with majors in
biology and mathematics.
By Allan Robinson, eHow Contributor
Zinc (ZnO) is a white powder at room temperature that is almost insoluble in water. It's an inorganic
compound that is used to make many products such as cement, ceramics, glass, plastics and
rubber. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is most often used as flux for soldering and is also a common reagent
in industrial chemistry. Zinc chloride can be prepared commercially from zinc and it can also be
obtained from zinc compounds in the laboratory.

Difficulty:
Moderate

Instructions
o 1

Define zinc oxide as ZnO. Some metals will combine with different numbers of oxygen
atoms, meaning that a metal oxide can actually refer to more than one compound. Zinc
normally combines with only one oxygen atom, so the term "zinc oxide" refers specifically to
one compound (ZnO).

o 2

Mix the reagents. The reagents are zinc oxide and hydrochloric acid (HCl), which you can
readily obtain from a chemical supplier. Place the zinc oxide power into a container of
hydrochloric acid.

o 3

Observe the reaction. Unlike many other chemical reactions, zinc oxide and hydrochloric
acid react readily under standard conditions and do not require a catalyst.

o 4

Examine the reaction that converts zinc oxide to zinc chloride. This is shown with the
following equation: ZnO + 2 HCl ' ZnCl2 + H2O. The oxygen atom from the zinc oxide
 combines from the hydrogen of two HCl molecules to form water. The zinc atom then
combines with the two chloride atoms to form zinc chloride.

o 5

Purify commercial samples of zinc chloride. The reaction in Step 4 typically produces other
products besides zinc chloride. The sample is typically purified by extracting it into hot
dioxane, filtering it while it is still hot and allowing the precipitate to cool.

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Zinc Oxide Side Effects

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variety of online destinations, including Peternity.com. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in
communication from the University of Rochester.
By Alexis Writing, eHow Contributor
1.

o Understand the Side Effects of Zinc Oxide

Zinc oxide is a chemical compound. Represented by its chemical formula, ZnO, zinc oxide
manifests itself generally as white hexagonal crystals or zinc white, a powdery substance
that can be put to use in a number of industries. One of its primary uses is in the paint,
rubber and plastic industries where it is used as a thinner or filler. It is also used extensively
in the cosmetic industry. It is used in emollients and creams as it has the ability to block
ultraviolet rays. However, despite these uses, ZnO is a chemical that produces a few side
effects that can range from moderate to dangerous. Zinc oxide is one of the derivatives of
zinc and most of the side effects occur when it is taken internally.

2. Allergies
 o When zinc oxide is used in cosmetic products such as creams or lotions, it can cause
an allergic reaction. Some consumers have reported mild to severe cases of rash and hives.
Other signs of an allergic reaction to zinc oxide include stinging, itching, burning, tingling and
darkening of the skin.

Side Effects of Overdose

o Taking prescribed quantities of zinc oxide is usually harmless to the human body.
However, when taken in larger than required doses, zinc oxide can cause problems. The
general dosage of zinc is fixed at 40 mg a day. When zinc is consumed orally in excess of 4
to 10 times the approved limit over a period of time, problems include reduction of high
density lipids and the body's natural immunity. This happens when zinc oxide prevents the
body from absorbing other important nutrients such as magnesium, copper and iron. An
overdose of zinc oxide in children can also lead to such complications as diarrhea, jaundice,
vomiting, fatigue, fever, chills, coughing, lethargy and kidney problems.

Other Side Effects

o Other important side effects of zinc oxide taken in oral form or as a a component to
medications include chest pains, tightening of the chest, difficulty in breathing and swelling of
the mouth, lips, tongue or face. Vomiting, nausea and an unpleasant metallic flavor in the
mouth are also potential side effects of oral ingestion.

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Uses for Zinc Chloride

Patrick Wilson earned a bachelor's degree in music education from Western Illinois
University in 2000. He then taught public school instrumental music for seven years
before entering the world of professional writing. In 2008, Wilson became a content
writer for websites as well as a freelance blogger. Wilson has contributed to such
websites as eHow, COD and Answerbag.
By Patrick Wilson, eHow Contributor
1.
 o A lesser-known salt, zinc chloride has other functions as well as providing nutrition.

Once known as "butter of zinc," zinc chloride is a versatile chemical suitable for aiding many
aspects of daily life. Zinc chloride easily binds itself to water, known as hygroscopy, so it is
an ideal compound for maintaining water purity. Zinc chloride is also a conductor of
electricity, making it a useful electrical compound, and it supplements the amount of zinc in
both plants and animals, making it an important dietary compound.

2. Water Treatment
o Zinc chloride reduces the speed of corrosion of other metals. It is because of this
property that cooling tower owners use zinc chloride to prevent the interior of the tower from
corroding as quickly. Zinc chloride is also present in drinking water as well as gas and oil
wells.

Agriculture

o In order to attain optimum plant growth, sufficient levels of zinc must be present.
Farmers who live in areas where zinc is not as abundant can expose their crop to zinc
solutions. Manufacturers combine zinc chloride with other chemical compounds known as
chelating agents to create these zinc solutions.

Flux

o Metal workers use zinc chloride in a flux before soldering or welding two pieces of
metal together. A flux containing zinc chloride is a cleaning agent that removes any oxides or
other impurities from the metal surfaces. Cleaning the metal with a zinc chloride flux
increases the bond of two soldered metal pieces.

Dry-Cell Batteries

o Manufacturers of dry-cell batteries use a zinc chloride paste to conduct the electricity
and provide electrical power. The zinc chloride also acts to absorb moisture and inhibit
corrosion. The low production cost of dry-cell batteries makes them perfect for devices that
receive intermittent use, such as flashing barricade lights, navigation aids and electronic
watches.

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What Is Zinc Chloride?

Eric Bagai is a senior writer in the high-technology field, to which he can offer more than
seven years of experience as a copywriter. He has written several articles for eHow and
holds a Master of Arts in creative writing from Oregon State University.
By Eric Bagai, eHow Contributor

updated: May 05, 2010

Zinc chloride (also called soldering flux) is a water-soluble chemical compound. Besides wood
preservation, zinc chloride is used in various industrial applications, such as cement and paper-
parchment production. It is an anhydrous salt, which can be prepared by reacting hydrogen chloride
gas with hot zinc. In scientific laboratories, zinc chloride is a prominent catalyst and dehydrating
agent.

1. Properties
o Zinc chloride is a white crystalline granule. It usually has an acrid smell but is
sometimes odorless. Zinc chloride is stable when stored and used under normal conditions,
but when heated to decomposition, it can release toxic chlorine and zinc oxide fumes. Zinc
chloride fumes when it establishes contact with cyanides, sulfides or potassium, which can
cause fires or explosions. Its fumes are corrosive to metals.

Industrial Applications

o Zinc chloride is used in dry cell batteries both as an electrolyte, moisture absorbent
and corrosion inhibitor. It is used in fluxes for soldering, galvanizing and tinning. As an
excellent emulsion breaker, zinc chloride is used to separate oil from water. It is also used as
a packer fluid in oil and gas wells. Zinc chloride is put to use as an inhibitor in potable water
treatment plants, cooling towers, and gas and oil wells.

Sources of Exposure

o Exposure sources of zinc chloride in the workplace include working conditions

including copper plating of iron, etching metals and soldering with fluxes having zinc chloride
as well as galvanizing iron, arc welding of steel and iron pipes, vulcanizing and reclaiming
methods in rubber manufacture and in the manufacture of smokescreen for military
purposes. Proper ventilation and personal protective gear are necessary for ensuring the
workers and other people in the area are not exposed to toxic fumes of zinc chloride.

Potential Health Hazards

o Zinc chloride can destroy tissues of the upper respiratory tract and mucous
membranes, in inhaled. If zinc chloride is ingested into the human system, symptoms such
as burning sensation, cough, laryngitis, shortness of breath, wheezing, headache and
vomiting will manifest. When zinc chloride fumes contact skin, it can lead to skin burn,
 ulceration and irritation. If the fumes contact eyes, it can lead to reddish eyes, blurred vision
and pain. If zinc chloride solution is slashed accidentally on the eye, it can damage the eyes.
If it comes repeatedly into contact with skin or inhaled, it can result in ulcerations of the skin
and occupational asthma.

Storage

o Zinc chloride can be stored in properly closed containers under cold to warm
environment, in a temperature range of 2 to 40 degree Celcius. Damaged containers can be
dangerous. Containers of zinc chloride can be dangerous even when empty because
residues will remain as particles in the form of solids or dust.

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How to Separate Zinc Chloride From SiO2

Sarah Coennen writes about the medical industry, health, fitness, alternative medicine,
and animals. She has been a freelance writer since 2009. Sarah currently has over 200
articles published on eHow.
By Sarah Coennen, eHow Contributor
Zinc chloride is a chemical compound known for its hydration properties. It is used in textile
processing, chemical synthesis and metallurgical fluxes. Zinc chloride is white or colorless and is
water soluble. SiO2 is the elemental abbreviation for silicon dioxide. Silicon dioxide, which is
basically sand, is a very hard material used in electronics manufacturing. Separating zinc chloride
from silicon dioxide is surprisingly easy.

Difficulty:
Moderately Easy

Instructions
things you'll need:

 Saucepan
  Whisk or spoon
 Paper towels

o 1

Put about a half cup of the zinc chloride and silicon dioxide compound into a saucepan.

o 2

Add some water, and stir until the compound is mixed well with the water. The water should
just cover the solution of zinc chloride and silicon dioxide.

o 3

Strain the compound through several paper towels. The substance in the water is the zinc
chloride, and the substance on the paper towels is the silicon dioxide.

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Tips & Warnings

 The chemical symbol for zinc chloride is ZnCl2.

 If the mixture is not dissolving well, try putting it on a heat source on medium heat.
 Chemicals can be dangerous if ingested. Do not ingest.

How to Determine an Unknown Chloride Titration

Timothy Banas has a master's degree in biophysics and was a high school science
teacher in Chicago for seven years. He has since been working as a trading systems
analyst, standardized test item developer, and freelance writer. As a freelancer, he has
written articles on everything from personal finances to computer technology.
By Timothy Banas, eHow Contributor

updated: May 05, 2010

 The process of titration can determine unknown concentrations of solutions.
Chemists perform a procedure called a titration to determine the concentration of a solute in a
solution. Chloride ions result from dissolving common table salt in water. Silver nitrate is commonly
used as a titrant for determining an unknown sodium chloride concentration. The silver and chloride
ions react in a 1 to 1 molar ratio (from the chemical equation in reference 1), which makes the
calculations involved in this particular titration relatively easy.

Difficulty:
Moderately Challenging

Instructions

things you'll need:

 Dropper
 Unknown chloride solution
 Silver Nitrate (solid)
 Indicator solution (Potassium chromate)
 Balance
 Burette
 500 milliliter (mL) Beaker
 100 mL Beaker
 Safety goggles, gloves, apron

o 1

Use your balance to measure 2.55 grams of solid silver nitrate. Add this quantity to your 500
mL beaker and add water until the beaker is filled to the 300 mL mark. Stir the solution until
all of the silver nitrate is dissolved. This will create a 0.05 Molar (M) silver nitrate solution.

o 2

Load your titration burette with 0.05 silver nitrate.

o 3

Add 30 mL of your unknown chloride solution to your 100 mL beaker. Add 3 drops of
indicator solution to the beaker, then place it underneath the burette.

o 4

Release a slow stream of silver nitrate from the burette into the beaker, swirling the chloride
solution all the while. Immediately stop adding silver nitrate when a transparent peach color
appears in the chloride solution and does not disappear. This color change indicates that the
 solution has reached the equivalence point where the amount of silver ions is equal to the
amount of chloride ions.

o 5

Multiply the molarity of the silver nitrate by the number of liters used to achieve the peach
color in the chloride solution. For example, suppose the burette indicates that you used 15
mL of silver nitrate to reach the equivalence point. The calculation would look like this:
Moles of silver nitrate used = 0.05 moles/L x 0.015 L = 0.00075 moles
Since the silver and chloride ions react in a 1 to 1 ratio, this reveals that there are 0.00075
moles of chloride in the solution.

o 6

Calculate the molar concentration of the chloride solution by dividing the number of moles
present by the volume of the solution in liters.
Chloride solution concentration = 0.00075 moles / 0.03 L = 0.025 M
In this example, the unknown chloride solution has a molar concentration of 0.025 M.

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Tips & Warnings

 Always wear your safety gear while working with chemicals.

What Is Hazardous Effect of Zinc Chloride?

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He has several articles published on eHow.com, specializing in chemistry, physics and
natural science topics. Charmaine holds a Master of Science in physical therapy from
the University of Georgia.
By Mike Charmaine, eHow Contributor
 Picture of zinc chloride powder.
Zinc is a commonly occurring metallic element. It can be combined with chlorine to create the
compound zinc chloride. Zinc chloride irritates skin and can cause serious damage when inhaled or
ingested.

1. Exposure
o Contamination from hazardous waste sites and use of zinc chloride at work can are
common avenues of exposure.

Inhalation

o Inhaling zinc chloride fumes can harm the respiratory system, causing soreness,
coughing and shortness of breath. Symptoms may not appear for a few hours after
exposure. Exposure to high concentrations of fumes can cause adult respiratory distress
syndrome, which can be fatal.

Ingestion

o Ingested zinc chloride is corrosive. It causes a burning sensation and a sore throat,
abdominal pain and vomiting.

Environmental Effects

o Zinc chloride is highly toxic to marine life.

Precautions

o Workers should wear protective gloves and goggles when working with or near zinc
chloride. Breathing protection and respirators may be necessary if exposure to fumes or dust
is likely. Zinc chloride should be kept separate from food and animal feed, and it should not
be introduced into the environment.

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References