SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC

AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MARTIAL LAW
 MARTIAL LAW

OBJECTIVE

At the end of the session, learners are expected to:

• Effectively communicate, using various techniques and
genres historical analysis of a particular event or issue that
could help others understand historical issues
The Period of
Constitutional Authoritarianism
T H E MAR C O S R E G I M E & T H E N E W S O C I E TY ( 1 9 7 2 - 1 9 8 6 )
MARTIAL LAW
“…in its comprehensive
sense, includes all laws
that have reference to &
administered by the
military forces of the State.
They include the military
laws enacted by th e law-
making body for the
government of the armed
forces and the rules
governing the conduct of
military forces in times of
war & in place under
military occupation.”
MARTIAL LAW
“However, in its strict
sense, it is the law
which has application
when the military arm
does not supersede civil
authority but is called
upon to aid it in the
execution of its vital
functions.”

-Accdg. to the Constitution

Writ of Habeas Corpus is used to bring a prisoner or other detainee
before the court to determine if the person’s imprisonment or
detention is lawful.
“A habeas petition proceeds as
a civil action against the State
agent (usually a warden) who
holds the defendant in custody.
It can also be used to examine
any extradition processes
used, amount of bail, and
the jurisdiction of the court.”

WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS

A. The Political Milieu in 1972 (Prelude)
• Communist Party of the Philippines (Jose Maria Sison)
December 1968
• 1969 Elections
• Battle of Mendiola / The First Quarter Storm
• Moro National Liberation Front
• Terror Bombing Incidents & Other Crimes
• The Ambush of J u a n Ponce Enrile (09-22-1972)
Communist Party of the Philippines
1969 Presidential Elections
The Battle of Mendiola (The 1 st Quarter Storm)
The Battle of Mendiola (The 1 st Quarter Storm)
The Battle of Mendiola (The 1 st Quarter Storm)
The Moro National Liberation Front
Terror Bombing Incidents
• Joe’s Department Store on Carriedo Street, Manila
• The constitutional site @Q.C.
• The Manila Water Works and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA)
• City Hall building of Manila
PLAZA MIRANDA BOMBING
PLAZA MIRANDA BOMBING
The “Ambush” of Juan Ponce Enrile
The “Ambush” of Juan Ponce Enrile
B. The New Social Order
• Declaration of Martial Rule (Proc. No. 1081) 09-21-1972
• Martial Law Features (P-L-E-D-G-E-S)
• Foreign Relations during the Marcos E r a
Declaration of Martial Rule
Declaration of Martial
Martial Law Features (P.L.E.D.G.E.S)
P – Peace & Order
L – Land Reform
E – Economic Development
D – Development of Moral Values
G – Government Reforms
E – Educational Reforms
S – Social Services
On Peace and Order
• The suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
• The arrest of anti-Marcos individuals
• Strict media censorship
• Rallies & demonstrations, public meetings & assemblies, labor
strikes are prohibited
• Curfew
• Travel Ban
• The surrender of firearms and other explosives
On Land Reform

Presidential Decree No. 27

Emancipation of Tenants from
the Bondage of the Soil,
Transferring to Them the
Ownership of the Land They
Till and Providing the
Instruments and Mechanism
Thereof.
On Economic Development
• National Economic & Development Authority (NEDA)
• Bolster develop the Phil. geothermal plant in Tiwi, Albay, Mt.
Makiling & Mt. Banahaw in Laguna
• Discovery of oil in the west coast off Palawan (Nido-Cadiao
Malintoc oilfields)
• Construction of the 1 st nuclear plant in the Phil. (Morong,
Bataan)
• Infrastructure projects (water ports, airports, bridges, dams,
irrigation, communication facilities & school buildings
San Juanico Bridge
Philippine Heart Centre
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
On Government Reforms
• Reorganization Plan
• Restructuring and creating new departments
• Metro Manila Commission
• The Elections to the Interim Batasang Pambansa
• The Local Elections of 1980
• The Barangay as the Basic Political Unit
On Educational Reforms
• Technological and vocational courses
• Educational Decree No. 6-A (10-Year Educational Program)
On Social Services
• Ministry of Social Services and Development
• Philippine Medical Care Commission
• Social Security System (SSS)
• Government Service Insurance System (GSIS)
• Pagtutulungan sa Kinabukasan: Ikaw, Bangko, Industria a t
Gobyerno (PAG-IBIG)
On Philippine Tourism

• P.D. No. 189 (Department of Tourism)

• Balikbayan Program
• Miss Universe Beauty Pageant in
Manila
• Thrilla in Manila (Mohammad Ali vs Joe
Fraiser)
The Government & the Labor Market
• Labor Code (May 1, 1974)
• Overseas Employment Development Board
• National Seaman Board
• 11 regional skills training centres (National Manpower And
Youth Council)
A Policy for our Muslim Brothers
• The use of local Muslim
dialect in elementary
schools
• Scholarships to colleges &
universities
• Development of Mindanao
• Golden Mosque in Quiapo, Manila
• Islamic Studies Institute (UP)
• Islamic Affairs Ministry
• Tripoli Agreement (Autonomous
region
Foreign Relation during the Marcos E r a
• Assured the safety of the U.S. military bases (Subic Naval Base
& Clark Air Base)
• ASEAN + Opened diplomatic relations with 14 more countries
(Yugoslavia & Romania)
• On 1975, opened diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic
of China
• On 1976, with Minister Romulo, opened relations with U.S.S.R
• Exchanged ambassadors with 54 countries and had consulates in
23 countries
C. The Lifting of Martial Law
• Amnesty International & local church organizations
• 8,000 cases of salvaging (a local term for summary executions) &
kidnapping combined
• 50,000 individuals arrested on mere suspicion of subversion
• P.D. 1784 (01-15-1981)
• Proclamation No. 2045 (01-17-1981)
• Writ of Habeas Corpus still suspended
D. The Apex of the Marcos Regime
• The Visit of Pope John Paul II in the Philippines
• The election of Ronald Reagan
• Amendment proposals to the 1973 Constitution by the Batasang
Pambansa (National Assembly)
• Proclamation No. 2077 (04-17-1981)
• P.D. No. 1053 (failure to vote = imprisonment)
• Ferdinand Marcos Re-elected for 6 years
• The White House-Malacaňang Bond
President Ronald Reagan
R. Reagan & F. Marcos
E. The Beginning of the End

• Economic Crisis
• Large Budgetary Deficits
• External Debt Accumulations
• Foreign Loans
• Cumulative Capital Flights
• Issue of CORRUPTION
F. The Ninoy Assasination

• 1983 – rumours of a demised Marcos sparked

• Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. as Marcial Bonifacio
• August 21, 1983 – China Airlines Flight 811 – Arrival of Aquino
• Blamed Ronaldo Galman
• Justice Corazon Agrava – Investigation of the double murder
(Nov 3, 1983 – Aug 20, 1984)
The Ninoy Assassination
The Ninoy Assassination
The Ninoy Assassination
Rolando Galman
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino’s Funeral
Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino’s Funeral
Aquino Center a t Tarlac & Manila Memorial P a r k a t Paraňaque
G. The Fall of the Marcos Regime
• United Nationalist Democratic Organization + CPP
• Aquilino Pimentel’s Partido Demokratikong Pilipino (PDP) +
Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN)
• Increasing anti-government oppositions, protests,
demonstrations, rallies emerged (CorazonAquino)
• Oct 23, 1984 – Justice Agrava’s & Fact-Finding Board’s report re:
Aquino-Galman murder case
• Tanodbayan (Ombudsman)
• Feb 22, 1985 – Court Proceedings re: The Crime of the Century
Aquilino Q. Pimentel, Jr.
Anti-Marcos Protests & Demonstrations
Anti-Government Protests
The Trial of the Century: Aquino-Galman Murder Case
The Trial of the Century: Aquino-Galman Murder Case
The Trial of the Century: Aquino-Galman Murder Case
Aquino-Galman Court Proceedings
H. The Snap Presidential Election
• Pressure on the Marcos regime
• Salvador Laurel
• KBL – Manila Hotel – Announced Arturo Tolentino as running
mate of Marcos
• Dec 2, 1985 – P a m a r a n Court’s final verdict on Aquino-Galman
case
• Cabinet Bill No. 7 (Snap Election on Feb 7, 1986)
• Dec 3, 1985 – Corazon Aquino’s call for candidacy
Salvador Laurel
Arturo Tolentino
I. The Opposition Unites
• Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos-
Tolentino
• The campaign period
• Defections on Marcos camp
• NAMFREL & COMELEC
• Tallying of votes – Incidents &
Issues
• Feb 20, 1986 – Marcos-Laurel
proclaimed as snap election
winners
Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos-Tolentino
Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos Tolentino
Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos Tolentino
Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos Tolentino
Aquino-Laurel vs Marcos Tolentino
1986 Snap Election
1986 Snap Election
1986 Snap Election
Issues & Incidents Tallying the Votes
Issues & Incidents Tallying the Votes
Issues & Incidents Tallying the Votes
• Agoncillo, Teodoro. 2006. History of the Filipino People. National Bookstore. Mandaluyong City
• Bernas, Joaquin. 2006. Commentaries on the 1987 Constitution. Rex Bookstore. Quezon City
• De La Costa, Horacio. 1992. Readings in Philippine History. Bookmark. Makati
• De Leon, Hector (2010) Textbook on Philippine Constitution. Rex Bookstore. Quezon City
• http://www.philippine-history.org/
• http://www.op.gov.ph
• http://www.ovp.gov.ph
• http://www.news.ops.gov.ph
• http://www.senate.gov.ph
• http://www.congress.gov.ph
• http://www.comelec.gov.ph
• http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph
• http://www.csc.gov.ph
• http://www.bir.gov.ph
• http://www.dar.gov.ph
EDSA PEOPLE POWER
 EDSA PEOPLE POWER

OBJECTIVE
At the end of the session, learners are expected to:
• Effectively communicate, using various techniques
and genres historical analysis of a particular event or
issue that could help others understand historical issues
The EDSA People Power
(February 22-25, 1986)
• J u a n Ponce Enrile & Lt. Gen. Fidel Ramos’ resignation a t Camp
Aguinaldo (Feb 22. 1986)
• Coup d’etat – Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) – Col,
Gregorio Honassan
• The Radio Veritas broadcast re: protect the mutineers (EDSA) –
Jaime Cardinal Sin
• Marcos’ call for Gen. Prospero Olivas & Col. Alfredo S. Lim
• Feb 25, 1986 – C. Aquino’s oath-taking @Club Filipino,
Mandaluyong
• The Marcoses’ escape to Guam –> Hawaii (1989 death of Marcos)
Juan Ponce Enrile & Fidel Ramos
Juan Ponce Enrile & Fidel Ramos
General Fabian Ver
Juan Ponce Enrile & Fidel Ramos
Juan Ponce Enrile & Fidel Ramos
Col. Gregorio “Gringo” Honasan
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
EDSA People Power Revolution
Pres. Corazon Aquino’s Oath-taking
Pres. Corazon Aquino’s Oath-taking
F. Marcos’ Oath-taking
Escape to Hawaii
• In EDSA I, the people protested the massive election
fraud during the Snap Presidential Elections held
during the first week of February 1986.
• Many supporters of Corazon Aquino were not able to
vote because their names were allegedly deleted from
the registered voter's list.
• Members of the Commission on Election walked-out
from their work because according to them, then
president Ferdinand Marcos were forcing them to
declare him the winner.
• EDSA I lasted for 5 days (February 21-25, 1986)
• There are tanks and heavily armed soldiers
• EDSA I was more of a solemn crusade
• People wore something yellow during EDSA I
• Yellow symbolizes democracy which was being cried
for in 1986
• Ferdinand Marcos left Malacanang and went to Hawaii
• In EDSA II, the people protested the pro-Estrada senators' barring
of a set of evidences that will convict the president in the on-going
impeachment trial. This is what the people claimed as "suppression
of truth.“
• People of EDSA II have lost faith on the integrity of the
impeachment court and are predicting an acquittal verdict by a
majority of the senators. The people then gathered in EDSA to
continue the battle in the streets rather than in the court.
• EDSA II lasted for 4 days only (January 17-20, 2001).
• Estrada left the palace but stayed in the country.
• There was EDSA flyovers and EDSA Shrine
• There were no presence of tanks and heavily armed
soldiers during EDSA II
• People wore something black during EDSA II
• Black was worn in 2001 because of the "death" of
justice in the Impeachment trial.
• EDSA II was more like a party or a celebration.
• In both EDSA I and EDSA II, Jaime Cardinal Sin called
on the people to gather at EDSA through Radio
Veritas.
• Both ended peacefully.
• Both were supported by the religious sectors.
• Agoncillo, Teodoro. 2006. History of the Filipino People. National Bookstore. Mandaluyong City
• Bernas, Joaquin. 2006. Commentaries on the 1987 Constitution. Rex Bookstore. Quezon City
• De La Costa, Horacio. 1992. Readings in Philippine History. Bookmark. Makati
• De Leon, Hector (2010) Textbook on Philippine Constitution. Rex Bookstore. Quezon City
• http://www.philippine-history.org/
• http://www.op.gov.ph
• http://www.ovp.gov.ph
• http://www.news.ops.gov.ph
• http://www.senate.gov.ph
• http://www.congress.gov.ph
• http://www.comelec.gov.ph
• http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph
• http://www.csc.gov.ph
• http://www.bir.gov.ph
• http://www.dar.gov.ph