WC Practical All

Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology
Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

B.E. IV year, Semester VII – I.T.
Wireless Communication
Laboratory Experiment List AC year 2021-22
Sr. No. List of Experiment and Laboratory Activities Signature

Date
1. Installation of MATLAB on Student PC or Notebook and
24-25 getting started with Hands on Experience on MATLAB
June, 2021 Software.
Activities:
A. Students shall install the MATLAB on their PC or
notebook and verify and validate the installation
with screenshot and prepared document.
B. Student shall start Hands On experience on
MATLAB tool as per document provided by
Instructor and prepared screenshot document.
2. To Study and Understand Different Wireless
1-2 July, Communication Technology and prepared Comparative
2021 Analysis.
Activities:
A. To study and prepared statistics of Mobile radio
standard around the world (North America / Japan
/ Europe).
B. To Study and prepared statistics of Mobile
Communication System with reference to Mobile
Station and Base Station.
C. To study and prepared technical specification of
GSM & IS-95 CDMA one 2G technology.
D. To Study and prepared analysis of technical
features of emerging 2.5G and 3G data
communication standard.
E. To Study and prepared analysis of IEEE 802.11b/g
channel for DSSS and FHSS WLAN Standard.
F. To Study and Prepared comparative analysis of
different Mobile Communication Standard.
3. To Study and Understand the Cluster, Frequency Reuse

8-9 July, and Co-Channel Scheme for the cellular Communication.
2021 Activities:
A. To implement and execute a MATLAB program to
divide the given area into equal hexagons and
create clusters.
B. To locate co-channel cells using Activity A
clustering method.
4. To Study and Understand the behavior of power with

15-16 July, distance and path loss exponent for Cellular Mobile
2021 Communication System.
Activities
A. To implement MATLAB code for the simulation
for the behavior of power with distance and path
loss exponent.
B. Consider transmitter is producing 100 W of power,
it is applied to a unity gain antenna with 900 Mhz
carrier frequency, find the receive power in dBm
for a free space distance (d0) of 100 m and path
loss exponent as n=1.
C. The same power (100 W) is applied to a unity gain
antenna with a 900 Mhz carrier frequency,
calculate the received power in dBm with
MATLAB programming with input parameter of a
free space distance for 100 m, 200 m, 500 m, 1 km,
5 km, and 10 km. Also plot the distance Vs
Received power with MATLAB plot command.
Data to be consider, Transmitted Power (Pt ) = 100, initial
distance (d0) = 100, Path loss exponent (n) = 2, 3, 4.
Transmitter antenna gain (Gt , Gr) = 1, frequency of
transmission (f) = 900 Mhz.
5 All ABSENT
22-23 July,
2021
5. Aim: To study, understand and implement MATLAB
29-30 July, simulation program for the Frequency Re-Use ratio for
2021 cellular mobile communication.
Activities:
a. Write a program to calculate Frequency re-use
ratio (FRR) using user specified inputs: Co-
channel distance, radius of cell and path loss
exponent.
b. Use this FRR to calculate Signal-to-Interference
Ratio for the worst case i.e. MS is located at the
cell boundary.
c. Also calculate S/I for cell sectoring specified by
user.
6. Aim: To Study, understand and analyze the Co-channel
5-6 and Adjacent Channel Interference for Cellular Mobile
August, Telephone scenario.
2021 Activities:
A. To Study and understand the MATLAB Demo
Simulink Block Set for the Co-channel and
Adjacent Chanel.
B. Understand and Analyze the Significance of the
offset, Gain and Interfere block of Simulink
DEMO.
C. Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel
Interfere, Single and Multiple Co-channel interfere
with Variable of Gain Parameters.
D. Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel
Interfere, Single and Multiple Adjacent channel
interfere with Variable of Gain Parameters.
E. Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel
Interfere, Single and Multiple Co & Adjacent
channel interfere together with Variable of Gain
Parameters.
12-13 Progressive Assessment Examination
August,
2021
19-20 Progressive Assessment Examination
August,
2021
7. Aim: To Study and understand the diffraction loss and
26-27 Knife –edge diffraction propagation model for large scale
August, propagation loss.
2021 Activities
A. To implement and Execute MATLAB program for
analytical calculation of Knife-edge diffraction gain and
plot the graph with respect to Fresnel diffraction
parameters V
8. Aim: To Study and Understand different indoor and
2-3 outdoor Propagation models for the Cellular Mobile
September, Communication.
2021 Activities:
A. To Develop and implement MATLAB Code of
Propagation path loss using Okumar’s and HATA
Model Path loss Equations and plot the graph for
Distance Vs Propagation path loss for comparative
analysis.
B. To study and understand the Analysis of Different
Path loss model for the Urban, Suburban and Rural
Area.
9. Aim: To study and understand the multipath effect for

9-10 cellular mobile communication.
September, Activities
2021 1. To study multipath fading for Rayleigh/Rician
technique using MATLAB Simulink block sets
model.
2. To study and understand the analysis of Multipath
fading effect for Rayleigh/ Rician technique for
QPSK modulation by using MATLAB Simulink
block sets model.
3. To study and understand the Impulse response
performance for Multipath fading for Rayleigh /
Rician technique for QPSK modulation method
using MATLAB Simulink Model block set.
10. AIM: To study and understand the fading effect for

September, Activities:
2021 1. To Develop and implement MATLAB code for
analytical calculation of fade time (duration) using
fadetime equations.
2. To plot the graph for fadetime against the velocity
for analytical analysis.
11. AIM: To study and understand the fading effect for

September, Activities:
2021 1. To Develop and implement MATLAB code for
analytical calculation of fade time (duration), error
per second using equations.
2. To plot the graph for fadetime against the BER for
analytical analysis.
Shivani Varu Wireless Communications (3171608) 190423116010
LAB 1(Practical-1)
AIM: Introduction to MATLAB as a language/tool
MATLAB 2011a install

PROGRAM 1: -
A] Enter two variables and find the arithmetic operation between. (make program generalize)
PROGRAM 2: -
B] Write a generalize MATLAB program for Matrix operations.

Shivani Varu Wireless Communication 190423116010
LAB 2(Practical-2)
Exp2: To Study and Understand Different Wireless Communication Technology

and preparedComparative Analysis.
Activity:
A. To study and prepared statistics of Mobile radio standard around the world
(NorthAmerica / Japan / Europe).
B. To Study and prepared statistics of Mobile Communication System with
reference toMobile Station and Base Station.
C. To study and prepared technical specification of GSM & IS-95 CDMA one
2Gtechnology.
D. To Study and prepared analysis of technical features of emerging 2.5G
and 3G datacommunication standard.
E. To Study and prepared analysis of IEEE 802.11b/g channel for DSSS and FHSS
WLANStandard.
F. To Study and Prepared comparative analysis of different Mobile
CommunicationStandard.
Activity A
Standard Type Year of Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel

Introductio Access Band Channel Bandwidth
n Bandwidth
North America
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30KHz
MHz
CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824- GMSK 30KHz
894MHz
GSC Paging 1970 Simplex Several FSK 12.5KHz
Europe
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900MHz FM 25KHz
NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890- FM 12.5KHz
960MHz
ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA Several 4-FSK 25KHZ
Japan
JTACS Cellular 1988 FDMA 860- FM 25KHz
925MHz
NEC Paging 1979 FDMA Several FSK 10KHz
NTT Paging 1979 FDMA 280MHz FSK 12.5KHZ
Activity B
Service Infrastructure Range Complexity Cost of Carrier Functionality

Needed Covered Hardware Frequency
Mobile Station
Cordless Less Less Moderate Less 1-3 Ghz Transreceiver
Phone
Cellular High High High Moderate < 2 GHz Transceiver
Phone
Paging High High Low Low < 1 GHz Receiver
System
Base Station
Cordless Less Less Less Medium 1-3 Ghz Transceiver
Phone
Cellular High High High High < 2 GHz Transceiver
Phone
Paging High High High High < 1 GHz Transmitter
System
Activity C
Parameter GSM IS -95 CDMA one

Uplink Frequency 890-915 MHz (Europe) 824-849 MHz ( US Cellular)
1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz ((US PS))
Downlink Frequency 935-960 MHz (Europe) 1930- 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 1930-
1990 MHz (US PCS) 1990 MHz (US PCS)
Duplexing FDD FDD
Multiple Access TDMA CDMA
Carrier Sepration / Physical 200 kHz 1.25 MHz
Channel Bandwidth
Channel Data Rate 270.833 kbps 1.2288 Mchips/sec
Voice Channel per carrier 8 64
Modulation Scheme GMSK with BT = 0.3 BPSK with Quadrature
Spreading
Number of users / Physical 8 64
channel
Power radiated by mobile
station
Activity D
Data Channel Duplexing Need Change in Needs

Technology Bandwidth ne Infrastructure ne
wSpectrum wHandset
HSCSD 200 KHz FDD No Requires Yes New HSCSD
software handsets
upgrade at base provide 57.6
station. Kbps on HSCSD
networks, and
9.6 Kbps on
GSM networks
with dual mode
phones. GSM-
only phones
will not work in
HSCSD
networks.
GPRS 200 KHz FDD No Requires new Yes New GPRS
packet overlay handsets work
including routers on GPRS
and gateways. networks at
171.2 Kbps, 9.6
Kbps on GSM
networks with
dual mode
phones. GSM-
only phones
will not work in
GPRS networks.
EDGE 200 KHz FDD NO Requires new Yes New
transceiver at handsets work
base station. on EDGE
Also, software networks at
upgrades to the 384 Kbps, GPRS
base station networks at
controller and 144 Kbps, and
base station GSM networks
at 9.6 Kbps
with trimode
phones. GSM
and GPRS-only
phones will not
work in EDGE
networks.
Activity E
Country Frequency Range DSSS Channel FHSS Channel

GHz Available Available
United States 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 11 2 through 80
Canada 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 11 2 through 80
Japan 2.4 to 2.497 GHz 1 through 14 2 through 95
France 2.4465 to 2.4835 GHz 10 through 13 48 through 82
Spain 2.445 to 2.4835 GHz 10 through 11 47 through 73
Reminder of Europe 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz 1 through 13 2 through 80
Activity F
Parameters 1G 2G 2.5G 3G 4G
Speed 2.4 – 14.4 kbps 14-16Kbps 2-4Mbps 2-4Mbps 200-400Mbps,
Network PSTN PSTN PSTN and Packet network internet
Architecture packet network
Bandwidth 8KHz 8KHz 8KHz 5MHz 20MHz

Modulation FM/PM GMSK, 8PSK GMSK, 8PSK QPSK, 16QAM 64QAM
Scheme
Technology Analog celluar Digital celluar Digital celluar Broad Unified IP and
technology technology technology bandwidth seamless
CDMA, IP combination of
technology broadband,
LAN/WAN/PAN
and WLAN
Application Voice Voice calls , Higher data High security, Speed, high
communication short messages rates international speed handoffs,
roaming global mobility
Limitations Poor spectral Limited data Less compatible Real Battery use is
efficiency, rates, difficult with the performance more, required
major security to support smartphone fail to match complicated
issue demand for function. type, failure of and expensive
internet and e- WAP for hardware
mail. internet access
LAB 3(Practical-3)
AIM: To Study and Understand the Cluster, Frequency Reuse and Co- Channel
Scheme for the cellular Communication.
Activities:
A. To implement and execute a MATLAB program to divide the given area into equal hexagons
and create clusters.
B. To locate co-channel cells using Activity a clustering method.
Theory :
A Cell is the basic geographical unit of a cellular system commonly represented as a hexagon.The term
cellular comes from the hexagonal or honeycomb shape of the coverage area. Each cell has a BS
transmitting over a cell. Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and man made structure .
The true shapes of cell are not hexagonal. The coverage area of cell is called the footprint. The BS
simultaneously communicates with many mobile using one channel (pair of frequencies) per mobile.
One frequency is for the forward link (Base station to the mobile) and other frequency is for the
reverse link (Mobile to the Base station). Each cell size varies depending on landscape, subscriber
density and demand within particular region. Cells can be added to accommodate growth e.g.;
creating new cells by overlaying, splitting, or sectoring existing cells. This technique increases the
capacity of the system. Sectoring existing cells and then using directional antenna can also increase
capacity.
Cluster :
A cluster is a group of cells. No frequencies are reused within a cluster. Frequencies used in one cell
cluster can be reused in another cluster of cells. A large number of cells per cluster arrangement
reduces interference to the system.
Frequency Reuse :
Frequency reuse is a technique of allocating channels to the cellular system. Because of the
unavailability of the spectrum at the cellular band, channels frequencies must be reused. Cells are
assigned group of channels that are completely different from those of neighboring cells. Cells with
the same number have the same set of frequencies, if the number of available frequency is 7, the
frequency reuse factor is 1/7, which implies that each cell is using 1/7 of available frequencies .
Frequency reuse introduces interference into the system. In the cellular concept, frequencies
allocated to the service are re-used in a regular pattern of areas, called 'cells', each covered by one
base station. In mobiletelephone nets these cells are usually hexagonal. In radio broadcasting, a
similar concept has been developed based on rhombic cells. To ensure that the mutual interference
between users remains below a harmful level, adjacent cells use different frequencies. In fact, a set
of C different frequencies {f1, ..., fC} are used for each cluster of C adjacent cells. Cluster patterns and
the corresponding frequencies are re-used in a regular pattern over the entire service area.The total
bandwidth for the system is C times the bandwidth occupied by a single cell. In the practice of cell
planning, cells are not hexagonal as in the theoretical studies.
Computer methods are being used for optimised planning of base station location and cell
frequencies. Pathloss and link budgets are computed from the terrain features and antenna data. This
determines to coverage of each base station and interference to other cells.
Fig: Concept of Frequency reuse and formation of clusters
Program:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
t=(0:pi/3:2*pi);
%define angle between 0 to 2pi, interval 60* r=2;
%generalized equation to plot line on x,y axis
cx=r*sqrt(3)*cos(pi/2+i*pi/3);
cy=r*sqrt(3)*sin(pi/2+i*pi/3);
%to draw line at an angle of 60x=1,2,3,4,5,6 on x,y axis ax=cx+r*cos(t);

ay=cy+r*sin(t);
%plot first hexagon
plot(ax,ay);
grid on;
for i=0:10
%generalized equation to plot line on x,y axis
cx=r*sqrt(3)*cos(pi/2+i*pi/3);
cy=r*sqrt(3)*sin(pi/2+i*pi/3);
%to draw line at an angle of 60x=1,2,3,4,5,6 on x,y axis ax=cx+r*cos(t);

ay=cy+r*sin(t);
%plot first hexagon

plot(ax,ay);
%shift the co ordinate and plot cluster of other hexagons hold on;
plot(-9+ax,ay-1.8);
hold on;
plot(9+ax,ay+1.8);
hold on;
plot(6-ax,ay-6.9);
grid on;
%give label
text(-0.2,0,'A');
text(-0.2,3.5,'B');
text(-3.2,1.75,'C');
text(-3.2,-1.75,'D');
text(-0.2,-3.5,'E');
text(2.9,-1.75,'F');
text(2.9,1.75,'G');
text(5.8,-7,'A');
text(5.8,-3.5,'B');
text(2.9,-5.2,'C');
text(2.9,-8.7,'D');
text(5.8,-10.5,'E');
text(8.9,-8.7,'F');
text(8.9,-5.2,'G');
text(8.9,1.75,'A');
text(8.9,5.2,'B');
text(5.8,3.5,'C');
text(5.8,0,'D');
text(8.9,-1.75,'E');
text(11.9,3.5,'F');
text(11.9,0,'G');
text(-9.2,-1.75,'A');
text(-9.2,1.75,'B');
text(-12.2,0,'C');
text(-12.2,-3.5,'D');
text(-6.2,- 3.5,'F');
text(-9.2,-5.2,'E');
text(-6.2,0,'G');
end
OUTPUT :
LAB 4(Practical-4)
AIM: To Study and Understand the behavior of power with distance and path loss
exponent for Cellular Mobile Communication System.
Activities:
A. To implement MATLAB code for the simulation for the behavior of power with distance and
path loss exponent.
B. Consider transmitter is producing 100 W of power, it is applied to a unity gain antenna with
900 Mhz carrier frequency, find the receive power in dBm for a free space distance (d0) of 100
m and path loss exponent as n=1.
C. The same power (100 W) is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 Mhz carrier frequency,
calculate the received power in dBm with MATLAB programming with input parameter of a
free space distance for 100 m, 200 m, 500 m, 1 km, 5 km, and 10 km. Also plot the distance Vs
Received power with MATLAB plot command.
Data to be consider, Transmitted Power (Pt ) = 100, initial distance (d0) = 100, Path loss exponent (n)
= 2, 3, 4. Transmitter antenna gain (Gt, Gr) = 1, frequency of transmission (f) = 900 Mhz.
Theory :
In its simplest form, the Friis transmission equation is as follows. Given two antennas, the ratio of
power available at the input of the receiving antenna, Pt , to output power to the transmitting
antenna, Pt, is given by
Pr=PtGtGr ( λ/ 4 π R )^2 /L
Where Gt and Gr are the antenna gains (with respect to an isotropic radiator) of the transmitting and
receiving antennas respectively, lambda is the wavelength, and R is the distance between the
antennas. The inverse of the third factor is the so-called freespace path loss. To use the equation as
written, the antenna gain may not be in units of decibels, and the wavelength and distance units must
be the same. If the gain has units of dB, the equation is slightly modified to:
log(Pr) =log(PtGt Gr ( λ/ 4 π R )^2) / L

log(Pr) =log(Pt)+log(Gt)+log(Gr)+log(( λ/ 4 π R )^2)+log(1/L) Pr=Pt+Gt+Gr+20log( λ/ 4 π R ) -
L
(Gain has units of dB, and power has units of dBm or dBW)
Algorithm :
(A) Received Power
Step1 : Enter the frequency of operation,transmitted power Pt, Gains of the Transmitter and recevier
Antenna (GtAnd Gr), Ref.
Distance R expressed in d0 and the path loss Exponent(n1 to n4).
Step2 : Calculate received power
Pr=(Pt*Gt*Gr*lambda^2)/((4*pi*d0)^2*L)
Pr_dBm=10*log10(Pr/10^-3)
(B) Received Power at different distance
Step1 : Enter the frequency of operation, transmitted power Pt, Gains of the Transmitter and recevier
Antenna (Gt And Gr), Ref. Distance d0 and the path loss Exponent(n1 to n4).
Step2 : Initialize R i.e. [100,200,300,400,800,1200,1600,1800,2000] Step3 : Initialize
L i.e.[1,2,3,4].
Step4 : Calculate received power at differnt distances
(C) Power received at difference distance with reference distance point
Step1 : Enter the received power from(A) arPr, distance from antenna as (D), and path loss(L).
Step2 : Initialize D i.e. [100,200,300,400,800,1200,1600,1800,2000] Step3 : Initialize
L i.e.[1,2,3,4].
Pr=Pr*(d0/D)^L;
Program :
clear all; close all;

clc;
Pt=100; d0=100;
L=1;
Gt=1; Gr=1;
f=900*10^6;
lambda=3*10^8/f;
%% power received at difference distance with reference distance point
D=input('enter the value of D = '); n=input('enter the value of

n = ');
m = length(D)
l = length(n);
for i=1:l for

j=1:m
Pr_d(i,j)=Pr*(d0/D(j))^n(i);
Pr_dBm=10*log10(Pr_d/10^-3); end
end
plot(D,Pr_dBm,'-o');
grid on; hold all; title('Received Power');
xlabel('Distance'); ylabel('Power Recieved
in dBm');
legend('n=2','n=3','n=4');
Output:
LAB 5(Practical-5)
AIM : To study, understand and implement MATLAB simulation program for the Frequency
Re-Use ratio for cellular mobile communication.
Activities :
A. Write a program to calculate Frequency re-use ratio (FRR) using user specified inputs: Co-channel
distance, radius of cell and path loss exponent. B. To locate co-channel cells using Activity a clustering
method.
C. Also calculate S/I for cell sectoring specified by user.
Theory :
Frequency re use implies that in a given area there are several cells that use same frequencies these are called
co-channel cells. And the interference of signals from these cells is called co-channel interference.
To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to
provide sufficient isolation due to propagation
When the size of each cell is approximately the same and the BSs transmit the same power, the co-channel
interference ratio is independent of the transmitted power and becomes a function of the radius of the cell
(R) and the distance between the centers of the nearest co-channel cells (D)
The parameter Q is called the co-channel reuse ratio is related to the cluster size.
For a hexagonal geometry Q=D/R=√(3N)
A small value of Q provides larger capacity since the cluster size is small whereas a large value of Q improves
the transmission quality, due to smaller level of co-channel interference
Fig: Co-channel re-use ratio for some values of N
When the transmit power of each BS is equal and path loss exponent is the same throughout the coverage
area, SIR for a mobile station can be approximated as
Where,
D/R- co-channel reuse ratio
𝑖0 - number of interfering cells
N- cluster size n- path loss component
Using exact cell geometry layout for a seven cluster cell, with MS at the cell boundary, the MS is at a distance
D-R from the two nearest co-channel interfering cells, and is exactly D and D+R from the other two
interfering cells in the first tier
Assuming n=4 , the SIR for the worst case scenario can be approximated as
The above S/I is for omnidirectional antennas.
For 60 degree sectoring :-
S/I = 1/(Q-1)-n
For 120 degree sectoring :-
S/I = 1/(2*(Q-1)-n)
1) Provide output as a table with N, n and sectoring angle (single entry) user specific.
Program :
clc; clear all; close all;

fprintf('To find S/N, please enter...');
N=input('Cluster Size N: '); %4,7,12 n=input('Path loss
component n: '); %2,3,4 s=input('Sectoring
(360(omni),120,60): '); fprintf('\n'); Q=sqrt(3*N);
fprintf('Frequency Reuse Ratio: %.2f\n',Q);
I0=s/60; snr=(Q^n)/I0;
snrDB=10*log10(snr);
fprintf('SNR: %.2f, (%.2fdB)\n',snr,snrDB);
si=2*((Q-1)^(-n)) + (2*Q^(-n)) + ((Q-1)^(-n));
siDB=10*log10(si);
fprintf('Worst Case SNR: %.2f, (%.2fdB)\n',si,siDB);

fprintf('\n\n%4s%8s%9s%10s%10s%13s\n','N','n','s','FRR','SNR','Worst_SNR'
);
fprintf('=====================================================\n'
);
fprintf('%4d %7d %9d %8.2f %9.2f %9.2f\n',N,n,s,Q,snr,si);
Output :
2) Provide output as a table with summary table for all possible values of n, N, sectors.
Program :
%SNR Table
clc; clear all; close all;
fprintf('S/N Table\n'); N=[4 7 12];

n=[2,3,4]; s=[360,120,60];
w1=8; %for width of table field n w2=8; %for width of table
field s fprintf('%4s%8s%8s%8s\n','N','n','s','SNR');
fprintf('============================\n');
for iN=N fprintf('%4.0f',iN); w1=8; for in=n
fprintf('%*.0f',w1,in); w1=12; w2=8;
for is=s
Q=sqrt(3*iN);
I0=is/60; snr=(Q^in)/I0;
snrDB=10*log10(snr); if(is==360)
fprintf('%*s%8.2f\n',w2,'omni',snrDB);
else fprintf('%*.0f%8.2f\n',w2,is,snrDB);
end w2=20;
end
end
end
Output :
3) Comment on S/I ratio.

LAB 6(Practical-6)
AIM : To Study, understand and analyze the Co-channel and Adjacent Channel Interference
for Cellular Mobile Telephone scenario.
Activities :
A. To Study and understand the MATLAB Demo Simulink Block Set for the Co- channel and Adjacent
Chanel.
B. Understand and Analyze the Significance of the offset, Gain and Interfere block of Simulink DEMO.
C. Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel Interfere, Single and Multiple Cochannel interfere with
Variable of Gain Parameters.
D. Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel Interfere, Single and Multiple Adjacent channel
interfere with Variable of Gain Parameters.
E. Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel Interfere, Single and Multiple Co & Adjacent channel
interfere together with Variable of Gain Parameters.
Theory :
• Two major types of system-generated interference :

o Co-Channel Interference (CCI) o Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)
• Co-Channel Interference caused by frequency reuse o Many cells in given coverage area use
same set of channel frequencies to increase system capacity (C)
o Co-channel cells → cells that share same set of frequencies o VC & CC traffic in co-channel
cells are interfering sources to neighboring (not adjacent!) co-channel cells
• CCI depends on :
o R : cell radius
o D : distance from BS to center of nearest co-channel cell
• D / R then spatial separation relative to cell coverage area
o Improved isolation from co-channel RF energy

• Q = D / R : co-channel reuse ratio o For hexagonal cells → Q = D / R = (3N)1/2
• Signal to Interference ratio → S / I (not S / N or SNR!!)
•
S : Rx power from desired signal

Ii : Interference power from ith co-channel cell i0 : # of co-channel
interfering cells
• Average Rx power at distance d
P0 : Rx power at close-in reference point d0 : close-in

reference distance n : path loss exponent
• Worst-case S / I on o mobile is at cell edge o lowest signal power

o highest interference power
• Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) o Caused by imperfect Rx filters that allow energy from
adjacent channels to leak into passband of desired signal
o ACI can affect both forward & reverse channel links o Reverse Link → mobile-to-base o
Interference @ base station Rx from nearby mobile Tx when desired mobile Tx is far away
from base station
• Forward Link → base-to-mobile o Interference @ desired mobile Rx from nearby base Tx when
secondary mobile Rx is far away from base station
• Near/Far Effect o Interfering source (Tx) is near some Rx when other source is far away
• ACI is primarily from mobiles in same cell o Some cell-to-cell ACI does occur as well → secondary
source
MATLAB Simulink Block diagram for Experiment of Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel
Interference.
A) To Study and understand the MATLAB Demo Simulink Block Set for the Co-channel
and Adjacent Channel.
• Transmitted Signal
• Received Signal
B) Understand and Analyze the Significance of the offset, Gain and Interfere block of
Simulink DEMO.
(I ) Co -channel Interference
• Received Constellation
• Tranmissited Signal:
• Received Signal
(II) Adjacent channel Interference
• Received Constellation
• Transmitted Signal:
• Received Signal
C) Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel Interfere, Single and Multiple Co-
channels interfere with Variable of Gain Parameters.
(i) No-channel Interference
Offset 1 Offset 2 Gain 1 (dB) Gain 2 (dB) BER
0 0 -30 -30 300288
0 0 -10 -20 300288
0 0 -10 -30 300288
(ii) Single-channel Interference
0 0 -30 -30 300288
0 0 -10 -20 300288
0 0 -10 -30 300288
(i) Multi-channel Interference
0 0 -30 -30 300288
0 0 -10 -20 300288
0 0 -10 -30 300288

D) Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel Interfere, Single and Multiple
Adjacent channels interfere with Variable of Gain Parameters.
(i) No-channel Interference
1.3 1.9 -30 -30 300288
1.3 1.9 -10 -20 300288
1 2 -10 -30 300288
ii) Single-channel Interference
1.3 1.9 -30 -30 300288
1.3 1.9 -10 -20 300288
1 2 -10 -30 300288
(i) Multi-channel Interference
1.3 1.9 -30 -30 300288
1.3 1.9 -10 -20 300288
1 2 -10 -30 300288

iii) Observe the BER behavior for the No- Channel Interfere, Single and Multiple Co &
Adjacent channel interfere together with Variable of Gain Parameters. compare
constellation for above. (make figure comparison)
(i)
No-channel Interference
Offset 1 : 0
Offset 2 : 0
Gain 1 : -30dB
Gain 2 : -30dB
Ii)
Single-channel Interference
Offset 1 : 0
Offset 2 : 0
Gain 1 : -10dB
Gain 2 : -20dB
iii)
Multiple-channel Interference
Offset 1 : 0
Offset 2 : 0
Gain 1 : -10dB
Gain 2 : -30dB
(iv)
No-channel Interference
Offset 1 : 1.3
Offset 2 : 1.9
Gain 1 : -30dB
Gain 2 : -30dB
(v)
Single-channel Interference
Offset 1 : 1.3
Offset 2 : 1.9
Gain 1 : -10dB
Gain 2 : -30dB
(vi)
Multiple-channel Interference
Offset 1 : 1.3
Offset 2 : 1.9
Gain 1 : -10dB
Gain 2 : -20dB
LAB 7(Practical-7)
AIM: To Study and understand the diffraction loss and Knife – edge diffraction
propagation model for large scale propagation loss.
Activities :
A. To implement and Execute MATLAB program for analytical calculation of Knife-edge

diffraction gain and plot the graph with respect to Fresnel diffraction parameters V.
Theory :
The path loss due to diffraction in the knife edge model is controlled by the Fresnel Diffraction
Parameter which measures how deep the receiver is within the shadowed region. A negative value
for the parameter shows that the obstruction is below the line of sight and if the value is below -1
there is hardly any loss. A value of 0 (zero) means that the transmitter, receiver and tip of the
obstruction are all in line and the Electric Field Strength is reduced by half or the power is reduced
to one fourth of the value without the obstruction i.e. a loss of 6dB. As the value of the Fresnel
Diffraction
Parameter increases on the positive side the path loss rapidly increases reaching a value of 27 dB
for a parameter value of 5. Sometimes the exact calculation is not needed and only an approximate
calculation, as proposed by Lee in 1985, is sufficient.
• Fresnel Diffraction Parameter (v) is defined as:
v = h*sqrt(2*(d1+d2)/(lambda*d1*d2))
where,
 d1 is the distance between the transmitter and the obstruction
along the line of sight
 d2 is the distance between the receiver and the obstruction
along the line of sight
 h is the height of the obstruction above the line of sight and lambda
is the wavelength
Algorithm :
Step 1 : Initialize v (5:0.01:5).

Step 2 : For 1 : length of v.
(a) v(n) <= -1
Gn = 0
(b) v(n) <= 0
Gn = 20*log10(0.5-0.62*v(n))
(c) v(n) <= 1
Gn = 20*log10(0.5*exp(-0.95*v(n)))
(d) v(n) <= 2.4
Gn = 20*log10(0.4-sqrt(0.1184-(0.38-0.1*v(n))^2))
(e) elsewhere
Gn = 20*log10(0.225/v(n))
Step 3 : For 1 : length of v. v_vector=v(n):0.01:v(n)+100

F(n)=((1+1i)/2)*sum(exp((-1i*pi*(v_vector).^2)/2))
F=abs(F)/(abs(F(1)))
F =20*log10(F)
Step 4 : Plot Step 2 (Gn) and Step 3 (F) graph w.r.t. diffraction loss(dB) and Fresnel Diffraction
Parameter.
Code :
clc clear all close all
%v=-5:0.1:5 h=-30; d1=1000;

d2=1000; lambda = 0.3;
v=h*sqrt(2*(d1+d2)/(lambda*d1*d2))
for n=1:length(v);
if v(n) <= -1
G(n)=0; elseif v(n) <= 0

G(n)=20*log10(0.5-0.62*v(n)); elseif v(n) <= 1

G(n)=20*log10(0.5*exp(-0.95*v(n))); elseif v(n) <= 2.4
G(n)=20*log10(0.4-sqrt(0.1184-(0.38-0.1*v(n))^2));
else
G(n)=20*log10(0.225/v(n));
end
end
subplot(121);
plot(v, G, 'b');
xlabel('Fresnel Diffraction Parameter');
ylabel('Diffraction Loss (dB)');
for n=1:length(v);
v_vector=v(n):0.01:v(n)+100;
F(n)=((1+1i)/2)*sum(exp((-1i*pi*(v_vector).^2)/2));
end
F=abs(F)/(abs(F(1))); subplot(122);
plot(v, 20*log10(F),'r');
xlabel('Fresnel Diffraction Parameter'); ylabel('Diffraction Loss (dB)');
Output
LAB 8(Practical-8)
AIM: To Study and Understand different indoor and outdoor Propagation models
for the Cellular Mobile Communication.
Activities :
A. To Develop and implement MATLAB Code of Propagation path loss using Okumar’s and
HATA Model Path loss Equations and plot the graph for Distance Vs Propagation path loss
for comparative analysis.
B. To study and understand the Analysis of Different Path loss model for the Urban, Suburban
and Rural Area.
Theory :
Okumara's Model:
• The model is ideal for using in cities with many urban structures but not many tall blocking
structures. The model served as a base for the Hata Model.
• Okumura model was built into three modes. The ones for urban, suburban and open areas. The
model for urban areas was built first and used as the base for others.
• Coverage:
Frequency = 150–1500 MHz
Mobile station antenna height: between 1 m and 3 m
Base station antenna height: between 30 m and 1000 m
Link distance: between 1 km and 100 km
• L50(dB)=LF+Amu( f ,d )−G(hte)−G(hℜ)−G AREA

Where, L50 = 50th percentile value of propagation path loss
Amu( f ,d ) = Median Attenuation relative to free space
G(hte) = Base station antenna height gain factor
G(hℜ) = Mobile antenna height gain factor
GAREA = Gain due to type of environment
Hata Model :
The Hata model is for urban areas, which is also known as the Okumura–Hata model. This model
incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and develops it further to realize the
effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering caused by city structures. This model also has two
more varieties for transmission in suburban areas and open areas.
• Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or other type of
cellular communications.
• This particular version of the Hata model is applicable to the radio propagation within urban
areas.
• This model is suited for both point to point and broadcast transmissions and it is based on
extensive empirical measurements taken.
• PCS is another extension of the Hata model. The Walfisch and Bertoni model is further advanced.
• Mathmetical Formulas:
• For urban areas:
L50(dB)=69.55+26.26log( fc)−13.82log(hte)−a(h ℜ)+(44.9−6.5log(hte))log(d )
Walfisch Model:
• This semi-empirical model is a combination of the models from J. Walfisch and F. Ikegami. It was
further developed by the COST 231 project.
• It is now called Empirical COST-Walfisch-Ikegami Model.
• The model considers the buildings in the vertical plane between the transmitter and the receiver.
Street widths, buildings heights as well as transmitter and receiver heights are considered.
• As only these characteristic values are considered for the computation, the WalfischIkegami
model is a statistical model. But the model distinguishes between two situations, the "line of
sight" (LOS) and the "none line of sight" (NLOS) situation.
LOS Situation:
For the LOS-case the prediction is very easy, as only one equation with two parameters is
necessary.
Lp=42.6+26.1g( d /km )+20.1g ( f /MHz )
NLOS Situation:
The NLOS equations are more complicated. The loss in the NLOS case is the sum of the free space
loss l, the multiple screen diffraction loss l and the rooftop- tostreet diffraction loss lrts.
The free space loss:
Lp=32.44+20.1g ( f /MHz )+20.1g( d/ km )

Algorithm :
Step-1: Initialize hte (100

hre (10) fc (900*10^6) d
(1:0.01:20) c (3*10^8)
Step-2: Calculate L(dB) of different pathloss model.
(A) Okumura’s Model

L50 = Lf + 43 - Ghte - Ghre - 9
(B) Hata Model
(i) Urban
urban = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(fc) + (44.9

- 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d)
- 13.82*log10(hte) - ahre
ii) Suburban
suburban = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(fc) + (44.9

- 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d)
- 2*(log10(fc/28)).^2 - 5.4
iii) Rural
rural = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(fc) + (44.9
- 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d)
- 4.78*(log10(fc)).^2 + 18.33*(log10(fc))
- 40.94
(C) Extended Hata Model

(i) Suburban
Cm = 0
L50 = 46.3 + 33.94*log10(fc) - 13.82*log10(hte)
- ahre + (44.9 - 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d)
+ Cm
(ii) Urban
Cm = 3
L50 = 46.3 + 33.94*log10(fc) - 13.82*log10(hte)
- ahre + (44.9 - 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d)
+ Cm
Step-3: Plot all Pathloss Propagation Model with L(dB) and D(km).
Code :
clc clear all close all
hte = 100; %Base Station height hre = 10; %Mobile Station

height fc = 900*10^6; d = 1:0.01:20;
c = 3*10^8;
%% Okumura's Model
% L50 = Lf + Amu(f,d) - G(hte) - G(hre) - G(area)
% Free Space Propagation pathloss Lf = 10*log((c/fc)/4*pi*d)
% Gain Factor of Base Station height Ghte = 20*log(hte/200)
% Gain Factor of Mobile Station height Ghre = 20*log(hre/3)
L50 = Lf + 43 - Ghte - Ghre - 9
plot(L50,'r') hold on;

%% Hata Model
ahre = 3.2*(log10(11.75*hre)).^2 - 4.97;
%Suburban suburban = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(fc) + (44.9 - 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d) -

13.82*log10(hte) - ahre - 2*(log10(fc/28)).^2 - 5.4

plot(suburban,'b') hold on;
%Urban
urban = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(fc) + (44.9 - 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d) -
13.82*log10(hte) - ahre
plot(urban,'--b') hold on;
%Rural rural = 69.55 + 26.16*log10(fc) + (44.9 - 6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d) -

13.82*log10(hte) - ahre - 4.78*(log10(fc)).^2 + 18.33*(log10(fc)) - 40.94; plot(rural,':b')
hold on;
%% Extended Hata Model
%Suburban
Cm1 = 0;
L50es = 46.3 + 33.94*log10(fc) - 13.82*log10(hte) - ahre + (44.9 -
6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d) + Cm1;
plot(L50es,'g') hold on;
%Urban
Cm2 = 3;
L50eu = 46.3 + 33.94*log10(fc) - 13.82*log10(hte) - ahre + (44.9 -
6.55*log10(hte))*log10(d) + Cm2;
plot(L50eu,'--g') hold on;
legend('Okumuras Model ','Hata Model for suburban','Hata Model for

Urban','Hata Model for Rural','Extended Hata Model for Suburban','Extended Hata Model for
Urban') grid on; xlabel('--> d(km)') ylabel('--> L(dB)') title('Pathloss Propagation Model')
Output :
LAB 9(Practical-9)
AIM : To study and understand the multipath effect for cellular mobile
communication.
Activities :
1. To study multipath fading for Rayleigh/Rician technique using MATLAB Simulink block sets
model.
2. To study and understand the analysis of Multipath fading effect for Rayleigh/ Rician technique
for QPSK modulation by using MATLAB Simulink block sets model.
3. To study and understand the Impulse response performance for Multipath fading for Rayleigh
/ Rician technique for QPSK modulation method using MATLAB Simulink Model block set.
Theory :
Rayleigh fading :
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal,
such as that used by wireless devices. Rayleigh fading is a reasonable model when there are many
objects in the environment that scatter the radio signal before it arrives at the receiver. The central
limit theorem holds that, if there is sufficiently much scatter, the channel impulse response will be
well-modeled as a Gaussian process irrespective of the distribution of the individual components. If
there is no dominant component to the scatter, then such a process will have zero mean and phase
evenly distributed between 0 and 2π radians. The envelope of the channel response will therefore be
Rayleigh distributed.
Rician fading :
Rician fading is a stochastic model for radio propagation anomaly caused by partial cancellation of a
radio signal by itself — the signal arrives at the receiver by several different paths (hence exhibiting
multipath interference), and at least one of the paths is changing (lengthening or shortening). Rician
fading occurs when one of the paths, typically a line of sight signal, is much stronger than the others.
In Rician fading, the amplitude gain is characterized by a Rician distribution. Rayleigh fading is the
specialised model for stochastic fading when there is no line of sight signal, and is sometimes
considered as a special case of the more generalized concept of Rician fading.
Simulink Matlab Model :
Output :
Case 1 : For Bernoulli Binary Probability = 0.5
• Impulse Response :
• Frequency and Impulse Response :

• After Rayleigh Fading :
• After Rician Fading :

Case 2 : For Bernoulli Binary Probability = 0.7 (Initial seeds = 50)

For QPSK : Phase offset is π/2.
• After Rayleigh Fading :

LAB 10(Practical-10)
AIM : To study and understand fading effect for cellular mobile communication
Activity.
Activities :
1. To develop and implement MATLAB code for analytical calculation of fading time
(duration) using fade time equation.
2. To plot graph for fade time against the velocity for analytical analysis.
Code :
% Avg Fade Duration vs. Mobile Velocity
v1=0;
v2 =1:10:120
c=3*10^8;
f=900*10^6; %set modulation freq
lambda = c/f;
fm = v2/lambda; % find max doppler freq
roh = [0.01 0.1 0.5 1];
fadetime= zeros(length(fm),length(roh));
for j=1:4
for i=1:length(fm)
fadetime(i,j) = (exp(roh(j)*roh(j))-1)/(roh(j)*fm(i)*((2*pi)^0.5))
end
end
plot( v2, fadetime(:,1),v2, fadetime(:,2),v2, fadetime(:,3),v2,fadetime(:,4));
legend('Roh=0.01','Roh=0.1','Roh=0.5','Roh=1');
xlabel( 'Velocity' );
ylabel('Avg Fade Duration');
title(' Avg Fade Duration vs. Mobile Velocity');
axis([min(v2) max(v2) 0 max(fadetime(:,2)) ]);

Output :

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Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

Sr. No. List of Experiment and Laboratory Activities Signature

3. To Study and Understand the Cluster, Frequency Reuse

4. To Study and Understand the behavior of power with

9. Aim: To study and understand the multipath effect for

10. AIM: To study and understand the fading effect for

11. AIM: To study and understand the fading effect for

AIM: Introduction to MATLAB as a language/tool

MATLAB 2011a install

B] Write a generalize MATLAB program for Matrix operations.

Exp2: To Study and Understand Different Wireless Communication Technology

Standard Type Year of Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel

Service Infrastructure Range Complexity Cost of Carrier Functionality

Parameter GSM IS -95 CDMA one

Data Channel Duplexing Need Change in Needs

Country Frequency Range DSSS Channel FHSS Channel

Bandwidth 8KHz 8KHz 8KHz 5MHz 20MHz

Fig: Concept of Frequency reuse and formation of clusters

%to draw line at an angle of 60x=1,2,3,4,5,6 on x,y axis ax=cx+r*cos(t);

%plot first hexagon

%to draw line at an angle of 60x=1,2,3,4,5,6 on x,y axis ax=cx+r*cos(t);

%plot first hexagon

log(Pr) =log(PtGt Gr ( λ/ 4 π R )^2) / L

(A) Received Power

(B) Received Power at different distance

(C) Power received at difference distance with reference distance point

clear all; close all;

D=input('enter the value of D = '); n=input('enter the value of

for i=1:l for

Fig: Co-channel re-use ratio for some values of N

The above S/I is for omnidirectional antennas.

For 60 degree sectoring :-

For 120 degree sectoring :-

clc; clear all; close all;

fprintf('Worst Case SNR: %.2f, (%.2fdB)\n',si,siDB);

fprintf('S/N Table\n'); N=[4 7 12];

3) Comment on S/I ratio.

• Two major types of system-generated interference :

o Improved isolation from co-channel RF energy

S : Rx power from desired signal

• Average Rx power at distance d

P0 : Rx power at close-in reference point d0 : close-in

• Worst-case S / I on o mobile is at cell edge o lowest signal power

(II) Adjacent channel Interference

(i) No-channel Interference

Offset 1 Offset 2 Gain 1 (dB) Gain 2 (dB) BER

0 0 -30 -30 300288

0 0 -10 -20 300288

0 0 -10 -30 300288

(ii) Single-channel Interference

Offset 1 Offset 2 Gain 1 (dB) Gain 2 (dB) BER

0 0 -30 -30 300288

0 0 -10 -20 300288

0 0 -10 -30 300288

(i) Multi-channel Interference

Offset 1 Offset 2 Gain 1 (dB) Gain 2 (dB) BER

0 0 -30 -30 300288

0 0 -10 -20 300288

0 0 -10 -30 300288

(i) No-channel Interference

Offset 1 Offset 2 Gain 1 (dB) Gain 2 (dB) BER

G(n)=20log10(0.5-0.62v(n)); elseif v(n) <= 1

% Free Space Propagation pathloss Lf = 10log((c/fc)/4pi*d)

ahre = 3.2(log10(11.75hre)).^2 - 4.97;

%Suburban suburban = 69.55 + 26.16log10(fc) + (44.9 - 6.55log10(hte))*log10(d) -

13.82log10(hte) - ahre - 2(log10(fc/28)).^2 - 5.4

%Rural rural = 69.55 + 26.16log10(fc) + (44.9 - 6.55log10(hte))*log10(d) -