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S Y N O P S I S . T h e h y d r o d y n a m i c pressure field of spatial flow toward horizontal tubular drains installed in unstable slopes
has been c o m p u t e d by m e a n s of a numerical finite difference formulation of the Laplace equation. T h e pore pressure
field induced by the change f r o m planar h y d r o d y n a m i c pressure without drains to spatial pressures obtained after intro
ducing the drains is c omputed. Pore pressure dissipation with time depends on compressibility, permeability of slope
material, slope geom e t r y , length and spacing of drains. It is c o m p u t e d by finite difference approximation of the three
dimensional Fourrier differential equation. T h e solution is used for parametric presentation of influence of c o m p r e s
sibility and permeability of slope material, slope geom e t r y , drain length and spacing on the delay of improving slope
stability. Results presented m a y be used to evaluate the appropriate drain g e o m e t r y in order to assure a satisfactory
safety factor of the slope in desired time after installation of drains.
INTRODUCTION
Drilled horizontal drains have been used, for m o r e than
40 years to stabilise sliding earth slopes (Stanton,1948).
In Yugoslavia they w e r e used for the first time in 1966 on
a slide in the valley of the river Rjecina. Later a slide on
the outskrits of Z a g r e b w a s stabilised with drilled hori
zontal drains (Nonveiller, 1970). The length and the s p a
cing of the drains in these applications w e r e inferred ini-
tuitively f r o m consideration of the geologic and hydraulic
conditions of the slope. The influence of the drains on the
m e a n h y d r o d y n a m i c pressure w a s conjectured in stability
analyses f r o m planar flow nets, since there w e r e no p r a c
tical solutions of the three dimensional h y d r o d y n a m i c
ground water flow in the drained slope. Solu;ions of spati
al flow have b e c o m e practical with numerical analyses.
S o m e typical cases w e r e solved with a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m
(Nonveiller, Tadic, 1978). K e n n e y et al. (1977) have publi
shed an experimental solution for two typical boundary
conditions of 3:1 slopes.
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as s h o w n on Fig. 1. O n the boundaries S^, S^, and L T h e h o m o g e n e o u s Laplace equation (1) is approximeted
in any node of the region a by the difference equation:
the potential H (x,y,z) is given in the f orm:
H / r j = ♦, (2 )
h~2 (H - 2H . . . + H . , .,) + h ~ 2 (H . . , -
x 1 i+ l,jk ljk l- l,jk y i,j+ l,k
w h e r e ♦is a k n o w n function, given in e very point (x,y,z)
on r .
- 2H H . . , . ) + h (K . . .
ljk i,j- l,k z ij,k + l
In our climatic conditions the surface S 2 of a slope of m o
derate or low permeability can be regarded as the m a x i
- 2 H . .. + H . . . .) = 0 (5)
m u m ground water surface, and stationary percolation in ljk ij,k - l
the slope can be a s s u m e d .
S4 is a n impervious base and and are boundary pla 1 < i <1-1, 1 < j <J - 1, 1 <k<K-l.
in w i c h H. . is the approximation of the function H(x,y,
nes with s y m m e t r i c reflection. O n these planes the b o u n 'iJ**
z) in the node (ih , ih , kh ).
d ary condition x y’ z
B (. h> : H - H . - 0
I ,J,K is the n u m b e r of intervals in the direction of x,y,z 1 ilk 1, -1 , k
Inserting Eq. (7) in (5) the fictitious layers of the net are
ij,k+l (2)
eliminated.
T h e s y s t e m of equations (5), (6), (7) contains only the
u n k n o w n values of the function H . i n the N internal nodes.
ijk
T h e resulting s y s t e m of linear algebraic equations is sol
ve d iteratively. F r o m the k n o w n values of the function in
the p ^ 1 iteration step the values in the (pfl)^1 step are
obtained f rom:
H„ P +J
ijk C{ h ~ x (HPi +l,jk + * 1 - 1 ,3 k> + \ 2 (lf,i,j+ l,k +
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T h e iterative computation is continued until the criterion: pressure dissipates. T h e process of consolidation is g o
verned by the diffusion differential equation:
z
2
**■
i j k1 -
(9) 3 U 32U 32U 3£7
ABC
ijk , + C — - + C ( 12 )
3x 2 y 3 y 2 3z 3t
e a specified small n u m b e r , is satisfied in two subse
FIL. T h e values of the potential head in the nodes are c o m <hx> % >
puted f r o m eq. (8), the m e a n values f r o m eq. (10). A
plotter subroutine is included for presentation of the equ- (14 )
1 (U 2 2V - ~ ' V a t " V
ipotentials f r o m eq. (10). ' V
C At
a
P r o b l e m s with one or several drains at different elevati With M =
2 '
(xyz),
ons can be solved. T h e case of a drainage trench in the 'V
plane is approximated by tubular drains of appropriate
the pore pressure in the central node at t i m e t+ At is
lenght at every z elevation in the B^ plane.
f r o m eq. ( 14):
C O N S O L I D A T I O N O F I N D U C E D PORE PRESSURE
U0 , t + L t \ (V 1 + U3> V U5 + V + V U2 + V
ling water toward the boundaries. W h e n the drain is in in which subscripts 0,t and d denote the stability factor
at time 0,t and infinite resp. (Fig. 7).
stalled pore pressure of magnitude U will develop and
the effective stress shall increase gradually as the pore
32-017129 497
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T h e abscissa s h o w s n o r malised time: s = S/H. - drain spacing over input hydraulic head
difference
9,= t-C -h 7 2 (17)
' v 1 1^ = L/S - drain length over spacing
in which t is the time, C the consolidation coefficient, 1^ = L/H. - drain length over input hydraulic head dif
v ’
ference.
H. the input head difference.
T h e influence of increasing drain length and reduced s p a
O n Fig. 8 the results are s h o w n with the parameters: cing is clear f r o m the d i a g r a m s on Fig. 6. T h e specific
drain length 1 needed to achieve a required safety fac
F=F :F , 0 = t-c .L-/H.-4”2 (18) tor increase 1^ decreases with longer drains at larger spa
t o * v ' 1 ^
cing. Longer drains are needed to achieve the s a m e d e
gree of stability increase in the flatter slope.
INFLUENCE OF LENGTH A N D SPACING OF TUBULAR "------ ^2?—f
D R A I N S O N S L O P E STABILITY
Pervious slope
1 0 _____________ 120_______________ , 20
Fig 5 A v e r a g e pressure head, drained slope 1:2,
drains on two and on 10 levels
T h e degree of stability increase achived with two and
with 10 shorter drains in a plane is s h o w n on Fig. (6a).
It is seen that with one long drain at the toe the safety
factor is increased m u c h m o r e than with several drains
of the s a m e total length placed at higher levels.
H 03 S (m )— - ^ S(m) —
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2 2
Slope of low permability S o i l type k m/s M kPa/m C m /s
V
T h e time needed to achieve the full efficiency of tubular Sand 10-1- io ~ 4 io 4 - i o 5 io ~ 2 - 10~3
drains in a slope of low permeability w a s studied for the
3 4
1:2 slope with 50,75 and 100 m long tubular drains on 10, Clay CL 10~8- 1o ' 9 5 .1 0 - 5.10 5. 1 0 ~ 6 - 5 . 1 0 ~ ?
20, 60 and 100 m spacing. T h e soil p a r a m e t e r s are as
Clay CH i o - 9- i o - 10 i o 4 - io 5 10-6 - 1o ~7
-3 2
before, and C = 1 0 m /s.
v
12,U=50m,Hj=50m, cv-IO~3mter
■F* 1,20 o
1,15 ^
a s.»*t
,
20
SJ
Fig 7 Stability gain vs normalised time 9_ for 50,75 and 100 m long drains
T h r e e d i a g r a m s on Fig 7 s h o w the results of the c o m p u t a Experience s h o w s that a safety factor increase of 1,2 is
tion in dimensionless p a r a m e t e r s according to Eqs. (16) needed for lasting stabilization of large slides, s o m e ini
and (17). tial effect is achieved with F = 1,1. Regarding the time
needed for completion of drainage w o r k s between one and
six months, it can be a s s u m e d that within that period of
Fig 8 s h o w s the results in p a r a m e t e r s according to Eq.
time a safety factor increase to 1,2 F( should be satisfa-
(18). In this presentation the time p a r a m e t e r 0 of all
ctory.
c o m p u t e d cases lays in a n a r r o w range. For informative F r o m Fig g w e have 9 = 16.10 (m ) an for 1,2 F
checks of the consolidation time, with consolidation coef -3 °
and 0^ = 3,7-10 for 1,1 F • F r o m :
ficient, drain length and spacing other than c o mputed,
the approximated time p a r a m e t e r 0 can be used.
cv = (H.- S ) 2 - (L • t)"1 . 0 2 ,
6
w e have with t = 2 ,63*10 s and t = 15,8-10 s for one and
for six m o n t h s resp. the following results for a 1:2 slope
with H. = 50 m , L = 100 m , S = 10 m :
l ’ ’
Table 2
2
C m /s for
-■* * pi ^7 ;1.6 F = 1 ,2 0 F = 1 ,1 0
iff1 Iff4 Iff1 to1 Iff' s-iff'd -5 -6
One 1 ,5 .1 0 3 ,5 .1 0
Fig 8 Safety factor increase F vs time p a r a m e t e r 0^ Six
„ „
2 ,5 .1 0
. -6
6 ,0 .1 0
- 7
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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
T h e author is indebted to J. Tadic, Eng. M a t h , w h o p r e
pared the Trofil p r o g r a m , V.Ceric, M r . Sc. Phys. w h o
prepared the Spacon p r o g r a m , to Z.Balija and V . S u n a r a
w h o prep a r e d the authomatic link of the p r o g r a m s and the
plotter subroutines, and to N.Petrovic, Civ.Eng. w h o
w o r k e d out the e x a m p l e s in the computing Centre of the
Civil Eng.Fac. Univ. of Zagreb. T h e w o r k w a s partly
financed b y the Scientific fund of Croatia and by funds
of the Civ.Eng.Facuity, Univ. of Zagr e b , w hich is
gratefully a c k n o w l e d g e d .
REFERENCES
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