CHAP.

1 First-Order ODEs

PROBLEM SET 1.1

CALCULUUs 1720 MODELING, APPLICATIONS
Solve the ODE by integration or by remenmbering a These problems will give you a first impression of modeling
differentiation fornnula. Many more problenms on modeling follow throughout this
I. 2 sin 2m -=0
chapter.
17. Half-life. The half-life measures exponential decay.
It is the time in which half of the given amount of
4. 1.Sr radioactive substance will disappear. What is the half-
5. v= 4t *cos N life of " Ra (in years) in Example 5?
18. Half-life. Radium Ra has a half-life of about
Y cosh 5.13 3.6 days.
0.2
(a) Given I gram, how much will still be present after
I day?
-15 VERIFICATION. INITIAL VALUE (b) After I year?
PROBLEM {IVP} 19. Free fall. In dropping a stone or an iron ball, air
(a) Verify that y is
solution of the ODE. (b) Determine
a resistance is practically negligible.
trom y the particular solution of the IVP.
Experiments
(c) Graph the show that the acceleration of the motion is constant
solution of the IVP. (equal to g = 9.80 m/sec = 32 ft/sec, called the

9. y+4y = 1.4. y ce +0.35, y(0) = ; acceleration of gravity). Model this as an ODE for
10. + 5 = 0. y0) = T
y(t), the distance fallen as a function of time t. If the
ce2.5a
motion starts at timet 0 from rest (i.e., with
=

11. y + e*, y= (x +t c)e, y0) = velocity

12. yy = 41, 2 4 2 = cy > 0), (1) =4
U
=y =
0), show that you obtain the familiar law of
free fall
13. y y- y1+ce MO)=0.25 y g2
14. tan x =
2y -8, y =
csin^x4, yT) =0
+ 20. Exponential decay. Subsonic flight. The efficiency
15. Find of the engines of subsonic
two constant solutions of the ODE in Prob. 13 by airplanes depends on air
inspection. pressure and is usually maximum near 35.000 ft.
Find the air pressure y(t) at this
16. Singular solution. An ODE may sometimes nave an height. Physical
additional solution that cannot be obtained from the information. The rate of change y' (x) is proportional
to the pressure. At 18,000 ft it is
general solution and is then called a singular solution. half its value
yo = y(0) at sea level. Hint. Remember from caleulus
The ODE y xy +y 0 is of this kind. Show
-
=

that if y e,
by differentiation and substitution that it has the
=
then y =

ke =
ky. Can you see

general solution y = cx - c and the singular solution

without calculation that the answer should be close
to yo/4?
y =x/4. Explain Fig. 6.

4 4

Fig.6. Particular solutions and singular

solution in Problem 16