Chapter 2.

- Equations of First Order and First Degree | 71

Disregarding the constant of integration, we take

as one of the solutions of the reduced equation.

Next take

y=vy1 = veb dy du
da dr
and the given equation changes to
,du = sin z
da
5 1
or, sin z dr = e-5r
26
sin z
26 COS z)
)+c.

General solution is
5 1
sin z COS T.
26 26

JUse of Integrating Factors (IV)

Example 2.6.4 Solve:
dy
+y(z sin z+ cosz) = 1. [C.H. 1993)
da
Solution: We write the equation in the standard form:
dy +
T sin z+ cos 1
da (2.6.4)

ILF. = el sin tcos dz

cOs eJ dz+f
e - log cos z+logz = el8
COS T

Multiplying (2.6.4) by the I.F. COS T.

we obtain

d
=sec c.
da COS&

Integrating,
sec² &d +e, or, y = tan T+c
COS T
or, -[tan z+
Or, TY = sin z + c COS T,
Chapter 2. Equations of First Order and First Degree 73

VI. Equations Reducible to Linear Form

Bernoulli's Equation.
The equation
dy
dr
+ Py = Qy", [C.H. 1998)
in which P and Q are functions of z alone or constants, is known as
the Bernoulli's equation. It may be brought into the inear form by a
change of dependent variable. Write the equation as
ndy + Py= Q
-n
(dividing by y")
da
Let z =y. Then
dz =(1-n)y-ny
de da

So the equation becomes

1 dz dz
1-n da +Pz= Q, or, da
+ P(1- n)z = Q(1 -n),

which is a linear equation in z. Its LF. is e(l-n) JP dz

Multiplying by the I.F. we obtain

da
zell-n)sP az = Q(1-n)ell-n) fP da,
Integrating,

the genetal solution is

y=e-(l-n) fP dz =<c+/(-n)el-»)fPa
dy
Example 2.6.6 Solve: zy da

Solution: This is an example of Bernoulli's equation. For, we can

write
dy
da
ay = -ey'. (Bernoulli's equation)
 | 85
Chapter 2. Equations of First Ordr and First Degree

29. (a) (46+1) y = 2a(sin a + 26 cos z) + ce-20",

(b) y = sin a + ccos z.
1
30.(a) , = (2r + c)e-*
(b) siny=(1+¢)e* + c(1 + *).
31. (a) e*=v(c- r).
(b) y° ( + ce*) =A|
32. (a) =y(3sin z +c).
(b) 2r = log y (1 + 2cr).
(c) W.O. cos y= sin-sin g+ 4 + ce-2 sinz
35. (a) y= r*+¢log z + ¢2,
(b) y= + 2Va² +1.
(c) y =z" (e*- e).
1
(d) ysin"z sin z+1.
3

2.7 Rules for determining Integrating

Factors
In article 2.5.1 we discussed the rules for finding integrating factors of
a homogeneous equation (Theorens 2.5.1 and 2.5.2). We propose to
give hefe a few more rules:
1 aM
Rule Il. If N is a function of z alone, f(z), (say),
ôy
then es f(z) dz is an integrating factor of M dr + N dy = 0.
[C.H. 1996, '99)
Proof. Suppose
1 /aM N
= f(r).
Hence,
aM aN
+Nf(r).
Multiplying by the integrating factor, we have
OM ON
-efs(z) da esle) de + Nf(z)e/ I=) dr
Oy
Or,
 86 ] An Introduction to Differential

Taking
M'= Meffir) dr N'= NeJ ) dr,
we see that M'da+ N'dy 0is exact, since
ON'
9M'

That is, I(e) de

(M da + N du)e JE is
satisfies the condition for exactness.
Note 2.7.1 It is easy to see (proceeding backwards) that if the conditi
for an eract equation is satisfied by
dz = 0,
(M dz +N dy)ess(z)
then ON
9M
Ôy )/N= fe).
Example 2.7.1 If in the differential equation
SN
M dz + N dy = 0, =f(z);
show that u = el (2) dt is an I.F. of the equation. Hemce show tha
efP dz is an I.F. of dy + P(z)y=Q(). (C.H. 1996, 9
da

Solution: The first part is rule IIof a¡rt. 2.7.

From the second part, we have
dy + P(z)y dr = Q() dz
or, 1.dy + {P(r)y - Q(¢)} dr = 0.

Here M = P()y - Q(¢) and N= 1.

Also
OM ON
NOy =1{P() - 0} =P(r).
Hence eJP de is an I.F. of the given
equation.
Example 2.7.2 Solve: ( +zy') dr + 2y°dy = 0.
Chapter 2. Equations of First Order and First Degree | 87

Solution: Writing M =+ ry, N= 2y, we seethat

9M 9N
= 4ry', = 0.

Hence the equation is not exact.

However,
1 /8M AN 1
Oy
(4zy' - 0) = 2r = f(r),
2y3
and hence eJ () dz = el 2r dz pr is an IE
Multiplying by the I.F. the equation becomes
(a° + zy') dz +e2ydy = 0
or, 22e? dz + 2r de + e -4y° dy =0 Multiply by 2]
or,

Or, e? (-1) +ey=c

OI, (-1+y) =cis the required solution.
[To evaluate 2r°e" dz, put z = z and use integration by parts.]
1 OM aN
Rule lI. If is a function of y alone, say oy),
Ôy
then eJ O) dy is an integrating factor of M dz + N dy = 0.
Proof. Exactly similar to Rule 1. In fact
(M da +C dy)e Joy) dy =0
is exact if and only if

ßy
N
-e-Jou) dy
i.e., iff, -e-Jo) dy Molu)e-Jo) dy

e.,hi, M
= ou).
Example 2.7.3 Solve:
(2ry'e + 2ry° + u)' dz + (r°y'e -'y'-3z) dy = 0.
[C.H. 2004]
 An Introduction to DiTrerential
Solution: Here
9N
Equation Ch
SM
= 8ry'e + 2ry'e +Gay? + 1, =2ry'eV - 2r2

the equation is not exact.

However,
9M ON is
=8ry'e + 8ry' + 4
oy
1 9M 9N 8ry°e + 8zy² + 4 4
and
M oy y (2ry³ev + 2zy? + 1)
1
e-Jdy = e-4 log y elogy = is an I.F.

Multiplying by the I.F. the equation becomes

+ dy = 0.

We may now use the four steps indicated in article 2.2 to solve
exact equation. Thus,

da = r'e + +
3
(y is supposed to be constant).
3z
2. dy = ev + +

(z is supposed to be constant)

3. u=re++

(All the terms of 2 are already obtained in 1)

4. The required solution is, therefore,
t
+ (arbitrary constant)

Rule IV. If Mr - Ny #0, then 1 factor

is an integrating
of the equation Mdr + Ndy = 0,Mz - Ny Mand N(functions oft
where
and y) can be written in the form
(C.H.1994
M=yh(y), N=rfa(ey).
Chapter 2. Equations of First Order and First Degree | 97

10. e + /y+z/y = c.
11. (2**y'+ 4zy +y)e
12. z²-y-1= cz.
13. 2² + y' = cy.
14. 3y - 2r'e'/e = cr?
15. 5a-yf -12z y-=c.
16. 6/(zyv) - y = c.
17. 42°y =5+ cz7y12/7.
18. z»y+°y =c.
19. 4zy +y° = c.
20. y+2= cz/y"/3.
21. W.0. Ex. 2.7.1 art 2.7.
22. W.0. Ex. 2.7.3 art 2.7.

2.7.1 Solutions by Special Devices:

Miscellaneous Exercises

º Example 2.7.7 Solve: dy/dz = (y +3z)".

dz/di and hence
Solution: Put y + 3z = 2, whereby, dy/dz + 3=
dz da =
=z+3, or, z243
da

Integrating
1 tan-l3+3
1 tan- l
L+c =
V3 V3 V3

b Example 2.7.8 Sowe: (zy? - el/)dz - z'y dy = 0. (C.H. 1986)

Solution:

zy(z dy -y dz) + el/dr = 0

1
Or, Ya()+e de =0. (2.7.8)
Dif Eqn -7
98 ] An Introduction to
Dif erential
Since \Equatr,
dr

We have after integration of (2.7.8)

or, 3y- 2r?,1/* =6cz?

as the required solution.

º Example 2.7.9 Solve: z²(z dr + y dy) + y(z dy - y dr) = 0

Solution: The equation is

This suggests that we are to substitute

a²+y² = r, = tan 8;
or, =T COs b, y=r sin .

Thus,
da = cos dr - r sin d0
and dy = sin dr + r cos do.

The equation, then, reduces to

1
d()
2 + ye'd(tan 0) =0
or, r' cos . dr + sin cos esec do =0
or, dr + secO tan 8 de = 0.

Integrating
T+ secb=c, or, r+r/r = c.
i.e.,r(r+ 1) = , or, (r° +y') (r + l)² = cr
Chapter,2.Equations of First Order and First Degree | 99

Example 2.7.10 Solve: (4r'y -6) dz +ady = 0.

[C.H. 1999, 2001]

Solution: This is same as

6
(* dy + y dæ) + 3y dr = da.

The first termsuggests that we should put zy=z. Then

6 dz 3 6
d(ry) + 3 de = g2 , or,
da
+-z=

This is a linear equation and ILF. = e/3/e) da = elog =.

Solution is

= | 6z dz, or, zy 3z² +c.

º Example 2.7.11 Show that a constant a can be found so that
(r+y)° is an integrating factor of
(4z' + 2zy + 6y) dz + (22 +9y +3z) dy = 0
and hence solve the equation.

Solution: Multiplying by the I.F. (z +y)", we have

(z+y)°(4a + 2zy + 6y) dz + (z + y)° (2a +9y + 3z) dy = 0.
The equation is exact, if
M
Oy
or, a(z +y) (4r + 2zy + 6y) + (z + y)"(2z + 6)
= alr +y) 4 (2 + 9y + 3z) + (z+ y) (4z + 3).
Simplifying, we have, a = 1.
Now, the equation becomnes an exact equation of the form:

(a+y) (472 + 2ay +6y) dr + (a +v) (2r° +9y +3+) dy = 0

or, (4z + 6ay + 2ry' + 6zy + 6y) dz
+ (2r + 2r'y + 32² + 12ry + 9y) dy = 0
whose solution is:
a+ 2a'y+'y' +,3r'y + 6ry' +3y = c.
 100 |
An Introduction to Differential
Example 2.7.12 Show that {*a (a?-y)) is an
of the differential equation (z'+ y?) dz- 2ry dy = 0 and
Equaio
integratng jactnN
the equation. hence sOlhe
1
Solution: Multiplying by the I.F. z(¢? -y?)
#0, we have

(a² +y) dz - 2ry dy =0

z (z? - y?)
(2.79
which isof the form M da + N dy = 0, where
and N=
-2ry
M=

Now
aM 4cy
8y (z?-y2)?
and the resulting equation becomes exact.
Hence {z (a2 - y)}is an I.F. of the given equation.

M dz da, taking y as a constant

2ry
-) dz = log ¢-y) -loga.
2y
dy = - dy
= log (z-y), taking z as a constant.
Next reject the terms which have already occurred.
General solution is

log ("-y) - log z = loge

=C, or, " - y = cz.

ASecond Method
Now (2.7.9) is same as

(2-y) dz - (2z dz - 2y dy)

(2?-y2) =0, or,
Chapter 2. Equations of First Order and First Degree | 101

Integrating, we have
1
or, - cz
2- y?
as the required solution.
Example 2.7.13 Find an integrating factor of the differential equa
tion (y + 2r"y) dz + (2z - y) dy = 0 and hence solve it.
(C.H. 1990]

Solution:
First Method: One can use Rule V; namely, zhyk is an I.F. of
r°y (my dr + nz dy) + z°y (m1y dz + n1z dy) if h, k satisfy
h+1+ a k+1+B
(mn1 - myn #0).
h+1+ 1 k+1+B1

The given equation can be written as

y(y dz -z dy) + z (2y dz + 2r dy) = 0.
Here a =0,B = 1, m= 1,n = -1, aË =2,B1 =0,mË = 2, n1 = 2.
h+1 k+2 or, k + h+3= 0 1
1 -1 ' h=-5/2, k= -2
h+3 k+1 or, k-h 2= 0
or, 2
2

The equation when multiplied by the I.F. z-5/2 y-1/2 becomes

-5/2y/2(y dz - z dy) +y/(2y dz + 2z dy) = 0
Or, da -z/y2dy}
+{2a-1/2yP dz +2a/"yi/2 dy} =0
or, -(ya) +4(=ya) =0.
On integration we get
-;-/y"+ 2r/y2= constant
ie., 6/y --/2y/2 = C (reqd. solution)
 102 |
An Introduction to
Second Method: (Without using the Differential
formula for h and k).
Multiplying the given equation by y we get
Equati
a"y (y+ 22y) da +ay (2r -
i.e., of the form M *y) dy = 0.
dz + N då = 0.
If y is an I.F., then

i.e., r^(k+2)y*+1 +2rh+2(k+

1)y* = 2(h+
Comparing the coefficients 3)z"Ty*-y*(+1)
k+2= -(h+ 1) and 2(k + 1) == 2(h +3)
i.e., k+h+3=0 and k- h 2=0.
Phis again gives h= -2 k=-;
and now proceed as above.
Example 2.7.14 Prove that
(2ry -y² -y) dae +(2ry -g?- (z+y+ 1)* integrating factor :
) dy = 0 and hence solve it.
[C.H. 1993, 2001
Solution: Multiplying by (a +y + 1)4 we get

2xy -y-y 2ry - z?

(z +y + 1)4 da + (z+y+ 1)4 dy = 0
i.e., of the form: M dz +N dy
=0.
If (z + y + 1) be an
OM/8y = N/8z, where I.F., then the equation is exact and s
8 2xy -y
(z +y t
(2r - 2y - 1)(z +y+ 1) 4( +
y+ 1)³ (2*y -y
( +y+ 1)8
{(2r - 2y - 1)( +y + 1) 4(2ry - -y-y)}}
(z +y + 1)5
=(2z+ 2y
ÔN -8zy + z+y -1) /( +y+ 1)°
222
oz r l(+y+
t=*+24°
1)4
2y -8zy +a +y -1
(z +y+ 1)5
Chapter 2. Equations of First Order and First Degree | 103

Thus, 1/(r +y+ 1)' is an I.F. Integrating

2ry -y-y dr (as if y is
/M ds = (T +y + 1)4 constant)
dr
=
2y| (z +y + 1)4 de - vly +1) (z +y+ 1)4
a+y+ 1l -(y +1) dz
=

(z+y+ 1)4 dr - y(y +1) | (z +y + 1)4

da dz
= 2y (z +y + 1)3
- 3y(y + 1) (z+y+ 1)4
(z +y+ 1)-2 ty+1l)-3
2y +1)
- 3y(y -3
-2

+
vly+1) and N dy
(z+y+ 1)2 (z+y+ 1)3
dy (as if z is constant)
(z +y+1)!
z(e +1)
+
(z +y + 1)2 (z +y+ 1)3

-(a +y) + z(z + 1) + yly + 1) = , or, cy F

Solution:
( +y+ 1)2 (z+y+ 1)3
k(e+y + 1)°, where k is an arbitrary constant.

Example 2.7.15 Show that (1/3*y') is an integrating factor of

[C.H. 2003]
y(zy + 2ary')dz + z(zy - z'y')dy = 0.
Solution: Multiply by I.F. as in the previous example. Then
1 1 aM 1
1 2
M= N= 3a?y?
3a?y 3' 3ay? 3y Oy

Pkact. Hence the LF. is verified.

(² + zy)
Example 2.7.16 Prove that e** is an integrating factor of[C.H.
dz + 2y3 dy = 0 and hence solve it. 1995]

Solution: Multiplying e (² + ry) dz + 2e"ydy =0 is of the form

M dz + N dy = 0 where M =e ( ²+ ry) and N = 2ey and
(0M/8y) = 4cy'e* =9Nf8z. Exact.
104 ] An Introduction to

Thus, e is an I.F. of the given equation.

Dif erential
Ch
d, taking y as a constant
dr +yae dz (put g?
=u)
= dr +

|N dy = taking as a Constant.
2 1

1
Generalso<ution e dz+;y'e =C (reject the rebe
terms).
Example 2.7.17 Solve: (2ry +e)ydz -edy = 0.
(C.H. 20
Solution:
eydz - edy
+2zdr =0, or, + 2zdr=0.

Integrating +=c is the general solution.

Examples ll(0)
(Textual Questions)
1. (a) State the existence theorem for the
dy ordinary differential equat
= f(u,y).
de (C.H. 1993, 295, 2001, "
(b) Determine the necessary and sufficient condition for a ditferent
equation of first order and first degree to be
eract.
(C.H. 1998,202
(c) If Mdz + N
dy = has one thenpro
that there exists an 0infinity ofand
integrating
only onefactors.
solution,(C..H.194
2
(a) If in the
differential eguation M dz + N dy = 0;
1 OM ÔN\
Oy |= f(r);