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HEALTH 6
LESSON 1: Personal Health – Issues and Concerns...............................2

LESSON 2: Prevention and Management of Personal

Health Issues and Concerns..........................................................9

LESSON 3: Characteristics of a Healthy School and

Community Environment.............................................................17

LESSON 4: Keeping Homes, Schools and Communities

Healthy through Proper Waste..............................................................20

LESSON 5: The Coronavirus....................................................................26

LESSON 6: Diseases and Disorders Caused by Poor Sanitation...29

LESSON 7: Environmental Sanitation Practices....................................33

LESSON 8: Importance and Components of Consumer Health........39

LESSON 9: Medicines as Health Products..............................................46

LESSON 1: Personal Health – Issues and Concerns

ON THE DOT

1. Height and weight- You change in height and weight as you grow. Height refers
to how tall you are. You could measure your height using a ruler or a meter stick. It
is expressed centimeters or meters. Weight tells how heavy you are. A weighing
scale like the bathroom scale could be used to find your weight. Weight is
expressed in kilos. The change in height and weight could be seen clearly using a
graph.

2. Hearing- Problems the ears and with hearing are very common among children.
Most of them are caused by infections.

• Swimmer ‘s ear – is an infection of the auditory canal. It occurs often in children

who frequently go swimming. The infection can be caused by bacteria that
invade the constantly moist skin of the external earflap and the ear canal. The
ear may also itch or have a discharge. The infection is treated by applying an
antibacterial eardrop prescribed by the doctor.
• Impacted cerumen- is common often causes unpleasant symptoms and is
occasionally associated with serious squeal, including hearing loss, social
withdrawal, poor work function and perforated eardrums. Clinicians have sought
an effective means to remove impacted cerumen for centuries. For example,
softening earwax with the specific intention of facilitating removal dates to the
18th century. Since then, a large number of drugs to loosen impacted cerumen
have been routinely used in general practice and as over-the-counter
medications.
• Otitis media - refers to inflammation of the middle ear. When infection occurs, the
condition is called "acute otitis media." Acute otitis media occurs when a cold,
allergy, or upper respiratory infection, and the presence of bacteria or viruses
lead to the accumulation of pus and mucus behind the eardrum, blocking the
Eustachian tube. This causes earache and swelling. When fluid forms in the
middle ear, the condition is known as "otitis media with effusion." This occurs
in a recovering ear infection or when one is about to occur. Fluid can remain in
the ear for weeks to many months. When a discharge from the ear persists or
repeatedly returns, this is sometimes called chronic middle ear infection. Fluid
 can remain in the ear up to three weeks following the infection. If not treated,
chronic ear infections have potentially serious consequences such as temporary
or permanent hearing loss.

3. Vision – There are eye disorder that some people are born with and they could not
avoid them but do something to improve the eyesight. Below are a few of them.

• Astigmatism - This is an eye disorder caused by a defect in the curvature of the

cornea or lens of the eye. Most people with this defect can see clearly the things
directly in from of them, but seeing the objects above and below or objects to the
right or to the left sides or diagonally is not clear. Usually, prescribed eyeglasses
correct the problem.

• Myopia – When the eyeball is too long from front to back or the cornea is too
curved, the result can be myopia. This is better known as nearsightedness.

People with myopia can see close objects clearly, but objects at a distance look
blurry. In normal vision, the image o9f a distant object gets focused on the retina,
but in myopia, because of the greater length of the eyeball, the focused image
falls short of the retina and the result is a fuzzy image. Myopia tends to be
hereditary, developing at around age 12 and progressing until about age 20.
Rarely does the condition get any worse after age 30. Eyeglasses or contact
lenses easily correct nearsightedness.
• Hyperopia – is the refractive error in which an image of distant object becomes
focused behind the retina. It’s either because the eyeball axis Is too short, or
because the refractive power of the object is too weak. This is commonly known
as farsightedness. This condition makes close objects appear out of focus.
Hyperopia causes headaches, eye strain and/or fatigue. Squinting, eye rubbing,
lack of interest in school and difficulty in reading are often observed among
children with this condition, eyeglasses or contact lenses help to correct or
improve hyperopia by adjusting the focusing power to the retina.

• Strabismus or squint – refers to any condition in which the eyes do not point to
the same direction when looking at an object. There are three types of this
condition – walleye, cross-eye, and vertical strabismus. Surgery may needed to
correct these eye defects. Eye doctors may prescribe corrective glasses to
remedy these defects.

• Xerophthalmia or dry eyes, is a medical condition in which the eye fails to

produce tears. It may be caused by a deficiency in vitamin A and is sometimes
used to describe that lack, although there may be other causes.
Xerophthalmia caused by a severe vitamin A deficiency is described by
pathologic dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva becomes dry,
thick and wrinkled. If untreated, it can lead to corneal ulceration and ultimately to
blindness as a result of corneal damage.

4. Skin, Hair, and nail

• Sunburn – is red, painful skin that feels hot to the touch. It usually appears within
a few hours after sun exposure and may take several days or weeks to fade.
 Intense sun exposure that results in sunburn increases the risk of certain
complications and related skin diseases, like skin cancer. Anyone can prevent
sunburn and the related skin conditions by protecting the skin when outdoors,
even on cloudy days. In case of sunburn, several home remedies and treatments
can relieve the pain and speed up the healing of the skin.
• Dandruff – is the scalp skin that comes off in tiny flakes. When there is too little
oil, the skin becomes flaky and dry. When there is too much oil, dandruff is also
possible. It may have a slight yellow color. Hair washing twice or thrice a week
becomes necessary. Combs and brushes must be washed very well. The hair
should be brushed regularly. Wholesome diet and overall cleanliness will help.
Massaging the scalp every day improves circulation.
• Corns – are also areas of hard, thick skin. They are usually made up of a soft
yellow ring of skin around a hard, gray center. They often form on the tops of the
toes or in between toes. Like calluses, corns come from pressure or repeated
rubbing of the toes. Corns usually develop after one has worn shoes that are
tight around the toe area.
• Blister – is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside. Blisters from on
hands and feet from rubbing and pressure, but they form more quickly than
calluses. Anyone can get blisters on the feet the same day he/she wears
uncomfortable or poor-fitting shoes or get blisters on the bare hands when using
a hammer, a shovel, or even when riding a bike.
• Callus – is an area of thick skin. It is formed at points where there is repeated
rubbing for a long period of time. The skin hardens from the pressure overtime
and eventually thickens; forming a hard though grayish or yellowish surface that
may feel rough.
• Ingrown Toenails – is common condition in which the corner or side of one of the
toenails grows and presses into the soft flesh of that toe. The result is pain,
redness, swelling and sometimes, an infection. An ingrown toenail usually affects
the big toe.

5. Posture and spine disorders – it used to describe an abnormal forward curve in

the upper spine because of slouching and a C-shaped curve along the entire spine
which can be seen from the side when a person slouches forward in the sitting
position. It is also often to as the slouched posture.

• Scoliosis - is the medical term for sideways curvature of the spine which is
usually the result when a person uses one hand- to do most of his/her tasks.
It can also result in one leg being longer than the other.
• Lordosis – is an excessive forward curve in the lower spine and is usually
associated with a swayback posture. Common causes are obesity or
pregnancy where the weight of the abdomen drags the lower spine forward.
• Kyphosis – is a more extreme forward curvature of the upper spine and is due
to an abnormality in the structure of the spine. It is generally referred to as the
hunchback posture. It is usually accompanied by a corresponding forward
curve in the lower spine so that it looks like an S-shape when seen from the
right side.
 6. Oral/dental problems
a. Cavities - are holes in teeth caused by tooth decay. Cavities are also referred to
as caries. When a cavity advances deep into the tooth, it may produce increased
sensitivity to foods that are cold, hot, or sweet. But not all cavities will cause a
toothache. There are three things to consider in the treatment of dental cavities:
prevention, remineralization, and restoration.
b. Gingivitis - is a common and mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that
causes irritation, redness and swelling (inflammation) of your gums. Because
gingivitis can be mild, you may not be aware that you have the condition. But it's
important to take gingivitis seriously and treat it promptly. Gingivitis can lead to
much more serious gum disease (periodontitis) and eventual tooth loss. The
most common cause of gingivitis is poor oral hygiene. Good oral health habits,
such as brushing at least twice a day, flossing daily and getting regular dental
checkups, can help prevent gingivitis.
c. Periodontitis - also known as gum disease, is linked to heart attacks and strokes.
Gum disease is an infection in the gums surrounding the teeth. Gum disease is
also one of the main causes of tooth loss among adults. There are two major
stages of gum disease: gingivitis and periodontitis. Regular dental checkups
along with brushing at least twice a day and flossing daily play an important role
in preventing gum disease.
d. Molocclusion - of the teeth is a misalignment problem that can lead to serious
oral health complications. It’s also known as: crowded teeth, crossbite, overbite,
underbite, open bite. The teeth won’t be able to perform vital functions if they’re
misaligned. Depending on the classification of malocclusion, the symptoms of the
disorder may be subtle or severe. Typical symptoms of malocclusion include:
• improper alignment of the teeth
• alteration in the appearance of the face
• frequent biting of the inner cheeks or tongue
• discomfort when chewing or biting
• speech problems, including the development of a lisp
• breathing through the mouth rather than the nose
e. Halitosis – is the outcome of poor oral hygiene and infection of the gums. Proper
brushing of the teeth and oral care can get rid of bad breath. Colds, sinuses, throat
infections, or tonsillitis can also cause halitosis.

ON THE DOT

I. Identify the word or phrase described in each item. Write your answer on the blank.

1. It refers to the scalp skin that comes off in tiny flakes.

2. This is the medical term for sideways curvature of the spine.

3. The poor oral hygiene and infection of gums often result in

this bad odor from the mouth.
 4. This is the excessive forward curve in the lower spine and is
usually associated with a swayback posture.

5.This term is used to describe an abnormal forward curve in

the upper spine because of slouching.

6.It is also known as: crowded teeth, crossbite, overbite,

underbite, and open bite.

7. Is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside.

8. Also known as gum disease

9. Is common condition in which the corner or side of one of the

toenails grows and presses into the soft flesh of that toe.

10.Is red, painful skin that feels hot to the touch.

II. Write True if the statement is correct and False if incorrect.

1. Callus usually develops after one has worn shoes that are tight around
the toe area.

2. An ingrown toenail usually affects the big toe.

3. Blister is an area of raised skin with a watery liquid inside.

4. Flat back is the backward curvature of the lower spine.

5. Hair washing twice or thrice a week might not be necessary.

6. Intense sun exposure can result in sunburn.

7. Astigmatism is an eye disorder caused by the defect in curvature of the

cornea or lens of the eyes.

8. Myopia is the clouding of the lens of the eye that results in obscured
vision.

9. Strabismus is a common and mild form of gum disease __

10. Cavities are holes in teeth caused by tooth decay.

VENTURE

Air irritants are causes of dry eyes of people. What can you do to make the environment
free from irritants? List down at least three ways to make the environment clean.

1.
2.

3.
LESSON 2: Prevention and Management of Personal Health Issues and concerns

ON THE DOT

1. Developing self-management skills

a. Proper nutrition - depends on a balanced diet which has the right amount of
food nutrients your bodya needs. It is a combination of the three basic food
groups.

b. Proper hygiene
• washing the body often. If possible, everybody should have a shower or a bath
every day. However, there may be times when this is not possible, for example,
when people are out camping or there is a shortage of water
• If this happens, a swim or a wash all over the body with a wet sponge or cloth will
cleaning the teeth at least once a day. Brushing the teeth after each meal is the
best way of making sure that gum disease and tooth decay are avoided. It is very
important to clean teeth after breakfast and immediately before going to bed
• washing the hair with soap or shampoo at least once a week.
• washing hands with soap after going to the toilet.
 washing hands with soap before preparing and/or eating food. During normal daily activities,
such as working and playing, disease causing germs may get onto the hands and under the
nails. If the germs are not washed off before preparing food or eating, they may get onto the food

• changing into clean clothes. Dirty clothes should be washed with laundry soap
before wearing them again

• hanging clothes in the sun to dry. The sun's rays will kill some disease-causing
germs and parasites

• turning away from other people and covering the nose and mouth with a tissue or
the hand when coughing or
sneezing. If this is not done, droplets of liquid containing germs from the nose
and mouth will be spread in the air and other people can breathe them in, or the
droplets can get onto food.
c. Regular physical activity – This helps strengthen your bones, muscles, heart, and
lungs. Gymnastics, swimming, dancing, and playing are some forms of physical
activity.

d. Enough rest and sleep - get a plenty of rest- 8 to 10 – hours a night – so that you
are refreshed and ready to start the day energetically every morning. Lack of
sleep can leave you feeling rundown and can affect the natural defense of your
body, your immune system.
e. Good posture - is the position in which you hold your body upright against gravity
while standing, sitting or lying down. Good posture involves training your body to
stand, walk, sit and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting
muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities.
 f. Oral care - is important to maintaining healthy teeth, gums and tongue. Oral
problems, including bad breath, dry mouth, canker or cold sores, TMD, tooth
decay, or thrush are all treatable with proper diagnosis and care.

2. Undergoing Health Appraisal Procedures is a series of procedures to assess or

determine the health status of students. The health status of the student is determined
through the use of teacher’s observation, screening test, health histories, and medical,
dental, and psychological evaluations.

Procedures in health appraisal

1. Scoping - key health issues and public concerns are identified that should be
considered the assessment. Health determinants that may be include factors such
as the social, and physical environment (housing quality, crime rates, and social
networks), personal or family circumstances (exercise, risky-behavior, and
employment)

2. Appraisal – within the defined scopes, available evidence is gathered and used to
estimate the potential health gains or losses.

3. screening – determines the potential health implications of the policy

SCREENING TESTS

Monitoring one’s health is your responsibility. To do this you have to start with your
health status. It is very important to know your health status. If it is good, you should
know how to maintain. If it is not, you should know how to improve it. Regular health
screening and medical check- up can help you take 9 necessary actions to immediately
correct anything wrong. You can do your own screening test with the help of your
family, barangay health clinic personnel, school clinic health personnel or your family
doctor. To know your health and do the necessary actions to improve it, you must
submit to screening tests. It is very important to maintain your health.

In school the Health teacher and school health personnel conduct the screening test of
the students. Screening tests include vision testing, hearing testing, and the height and
weight taking. The screening test is done at the beginning and towards the end of the
school year. The results of the screening test will help the physician, nurse, dentist, and
the teachers to identify the students needing health counseling, referral, and follow-up.
The schools the health personnel can help assess and monitor the health status of
students and other school personnel through the school health service. It is done
through observations, screening tests and medical and dental examination. The school
physician, school dentist, school nurse, teachers, and other school personnel play an
important role in promoting and maintaining the wellness of all in the school.

SCREENING PROCEDURES

a. Height and weight – are being monitored during puberty to know the growth of a
child and also to get to its BMI to describe the body’s condition.

Procedure in Taking the Height

1. Remove your shoes or slippers.

2. Stand straight with the head, shoulders, and rear of the heels in contact with the
wallboard
3. Place the headpiece on top of the head vertically.
4. Record the height in centimeter to the nearest one-fourth.
5. Get the interpretation of the results based on the Filipino height and weight chart for
boys and girls.

Procedure in Taking the Weight

1. Remove your shoes and other heavy objects from your body and pockets
2. Stand straight on the middle of the weighing scale.
3. Balance the scale and read the weight properly to the tenth of a kilo and record it.
4. Get the interpretation of the results based on the Filipino chart of the height and
weight of boys and girls.

b. Self-breast examination – a procedure a woman can do to physically and

visually examine her breasts and underarm areas for changes. It has not been
shown that BSEs alone can accurately determine the presence of breast cancer.

Breast self-examination can be performed every month. Become familiar with how your
breasts usually look and feel so that you may notice any change from what is normal for
you:
 If you still menstruate, the best time to do BSE is when your breasts are
least likely to be tender or swollen, such as a few days after your period ends.
If you no longer menstruate, pick a certain day—such as the first day of each
month—to remind yourself to do BSE
c. Vision screening – School vision screenings are important and can help to
detect eye conditions that are defined as ―commonly occurring, meaning that they
occur in more than 1% of the target population.

Procedure in Vision Testing

1. Place the Snellen Chart in place with proper lighting.

2. Stand or sit when being tested. Stand in a 20-foot line distance from the Snellen
chart. Heel should touch the line or when sitting, the back of the line or when sitting,
the back of legs of the chair should touch the line.

3. Test with the eyeglass if the person is wearing an eyeglass.

4. Test both eyes first before testing the right and le eyes.

5. Cover one eye with cardboard while testing the other eye.

6. Point at the letter and let the student read it.

7. Record the result in fraction. The numerator represents the distance from the Chart
which is 20-feet and the denominator represents the lowest line. Read accurately. 8.
Do not memorize the letters written on the Chart

d. Scoliosis test - Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine curves to the side. It
is an abnormal lateral or side-to-side curvature of the spine. This condition commonly
develops during growth spurt of adolescents. It affects girls more often. This condition
can be corrected if treated early before the bones have fully developed. Early detection
can prevent scoliosis from progressing.
e. Hearing tests - are used to assess your ability to hear different sounds and
to determine if there are any problems.

Procedure in the Hearing Test

1. Stand 30 feet away from the tester facing the opposite direction. Cover one ear with
the hand.

2. The tester then whispers. The tester can whisper color, names of flowers, numbers,
or names of cities. Use only one of the them; do not mix any of these.

3. If the one being tested fails to hear from 30-feet distance, the tester can move to 25
feet near the one being tested. Repeat the whisper. If still, he/she fails to hear the
whisper, move closer up to ten feet then repeat the whispers.

4. Repeat the test to the other ear.

5. Record the distance where he/she was able to hear the whisper. Remember, the results of the
screening tests are important basis in assessing ones health status.

A VISIT TO THE BARANGAY HEALTH CENTER/CLINIC

• Go to your barangay health clinic or school health clinic and request the nurse to
help you get your height and weight, your visual acuity and to check your hearing
ability.
• Record your height and weight and ask the nurse about the interpretation of the
result. 13
• Ask the nurse about the services they provide to the people in the community to
help them maintain good health.

BRIDGING

A. Answer the following questions in your notebook after knowing the results of your
screening test.

- How do you feel about your height and weight and vision test, Scoliosis test and self-
breast examination?

_
_
- How can you use the results of the screening test to improve your present health
status?

_
_

- What is the importance of monitoring your health?

_
_
- How can the health services offered in your barangay help you attain good health?

_
_
Now, continue your health adventure trail. You will do another activity that will help you
monitor your health habits and practices.

B. MY HEALTH HABITS LOG

• Take note of your daily health habits and practices for one week.
• Record the activities you do in your notebook that affect the physical,
mental/emotional, and social side of your health triangle.
• Select the activities/habits/ practices that you would like to be part of your life.
• Evaluate the results of your practices for one week.
• Make a bar graph using the data from your daily log
record. Answer the questions below after your one week
observation log.

- What does your daily log of health activities/habits/practices show?

- If you will do the same activities again, are there activities that you wish you could
have not done? Why?

_
_
- What dimension of your health is properly managed?

_ _
_
- Which dimension needs improvement?

_
_ _

- Do you see yourself as a responsible person as far as managing your health is

concerned? Why?

_
_
C. Complete the following statements:

- I firmly believe that health _ _

- To attain good health, I must _ _

- A healthy person lives _

Write your answer to the following questions based on your understanding of the
lesson. Put these in your notebook .

1. What might happen if you will not monitor your health status?

2. What do your health triangle assessment and your screening test results reveal about
your health?

3. How could you use that data in attaining good health?

4. How do you know that you have a balanced health triangle?

 5. What are your strengths and weaknesses as far as health screening is concerned?

Lesson 3: Characteristics of a Healthy School and Community Environment

ON THE DOT

A community is made up of different families living together in a particular

area. These families from your neighborhood. Each family contributes to the
betterment of the community.

A healthy community enables its members to live and to maintain a quality life. It
provides healthcare services that focus on prevention and treatment of diseases;
develops roads and playgrounds; build school; and gives other services to meet
the needs of the people in the community.

A healthy community also allows members to share their time, talents and
resources with one another. These people participate in activities for the
improvement of the environment. They also help maintain the peace and order in
the neighborhood and improve the social condition of the community.

Community members get involved in activities for:

1. Cleanliness, beautification, and environment conservation

Community members help each other in promoting healthy, clean, and attractive
surroundings. They observe cleanliness at home and in the community.

A community member like you can help maintain cleanliness and orderliness. You
can do this by keeping the yards, the sidewalks, and other areas near your house
clean and orderly by sweeping and throwing garbage into the right bin. You should
also give your pets a bath regularly and disinfect the place where they usually
stay.

Community members should as well devise a sanitary means of disposing garbage through
waste segregation and installing efficient sewage system at home. Moreover, they should grow
and cultivate plants.

2. Health and sanitation

Health centers, clean water and drainage, and adequate sewerage system are
some facilities needed in promoting and protecting the health of people in
community.

As a community member you can help control or eliminate disease-causing pests

like rats, mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches. Join cleanup drives of streets, canals
and streams in your community.

Healthy School Environment

The physical school environment encompasses the school building and all
its contents including physical structures, infrastructure, furniture, and the use and
presence of chemicals and biological agents; the site on which a school is located;
and the surrounding environment including the air, water, and materials with which
children may come into contact, as well as nearby land uses, roadways and other
hazards. WHO defines a health-promoting school as ―one that constantly
strengthens its capacity as a healthy setting for living, learning and working.‖3 The
American Academy of Pediatrics defines a ―healthful school environment‖ as ―one
that protects students and staff against immediate injury or disease and promotes
prevention activities and attitudes against known risk factors that might lead to
future disease or disability.‖4 Provision of safe and sufficient water, sanitation, and
shelter from the elements are basic necessities for a healthy physical learning
environment. Equally important is the protection from biological, physical, and
chemical risks that can threaten children’s health (see Table 1). Infectious
diseases carried by water, and physical hazards associated with poor construction
and maintenance practices are examples of risks children and school personnel
face at schools throughout the world.

A. Read each statement. Check right if the statement is about creating good
relations within the community. Check wrong if not.
Right Wrong

1. Promote sanitation by throwing garbage into the right

bin.

2. Collect used old items like clothes or toys for donations.

3. Join the activities like tutorials, recreational exercise,

and other civic activities/ engagement.
 4. Earn and save money through livelihood projects during
vacation.

5. Omit donations for calamity victims in neighboring

barangays.

6. Help people cheerfully

7. Keep the community or neighborhood grounds and

surroundings clean and pleasant.

8. Complete tasks in the community that you have started.

9. Ignore neighbors whose faith or religious beliefs differ

from yours.

10. Throw trash anywhere

Write inside the eco bag a slogan about recycling or segregation of waste in your community.

Lesson 4: Keeping Homes, Schools and Communities Healthy through Proper

Waste

ON THE DOT

1. Identification and separation of waste

A. Biodegradable waste is a type of waste which can

be broken down, in a matter of weeks or few months,
into its base compounds by micro-
organisms and other living things, regardless of what
those compounds may be. Biodegradable waste can
be commonly found in municipal solid waste
 (sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste,or
BMW) as green waste, food
waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics.

Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, and slaughterhouse waste.

B. Non- Biodegradable - is a type of waste that

cannot be broken down into its base compounds by

micro-organisms, air, moisture or soil in a reasonable
amount of time. Non-biodegradable waste is an
environmental concern, as it threatens to overwhelm
landfills and create disposal problems.

Examples of Non-biodegradable are:

• Plastics

• Styrofoam

• Glass

• Cans
B. Hazardous waste- is a waste with properties
that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to
human health or the environment. The universe
of hazardous wastes is large and diverse.
Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, or
contained gases. They can be the by-products
of manufacturing processes, discarded used
materials, or discarded unused commercial
products, such as cleaning fluids (solvents) or
pesticides
However, materials can be hazardous wastes even if they are not specifically
listed or don't exhibit any characteristic of a hazardous waste. For example,
"used oil," products which contain materials on California's M-list, materials
regulated pursuant to the mixture or derived-from rules, and contaminated soil
generated from a "clean up" can also be hazardous wastes.

Proper Disposal of Household Hazardous Wastes

Communities should inform their residents about the potential effects of hazardous
household materials on water quality and inform them how to properly store,
handle, and dispose of the chemicals. Citizens are frequently unaware that their
bad habits lead to water pollution. Once informed of the environmental dangers
posed by chemicals, they can adjust their behaviors to protect water quality.

Citizens should also know how to properly apply hazardous materials, especially how much is
sufficient and how to avoid releasing materials into the environment. For example, many people
who change their own automobile oil think that the only time that oil might be released is during
draining and refilling. Approximately 75 percent of the 420 million oil filters are sold annually are
disposed of in landfills. If recycled, these oil filters would yield 17.8 million gallons of oil and
161,500 tons of steel. Furthermore, approximately 850 million gallons of collected used oil
could be reclaimed for use as a fuel supplement or lubricant (Arner, 1996)

To minimize the disposal of hazardous products, it is important that citizens know that
it is best to use only those products that are absolutely necessary, and to use nontoxic
alternatives whenever possible. For example, it is possible to clean ovens by applying
table salt to spills, then scrubbing with soda water. Also, approximately a cup of
baking soda combined with a cup of white vinegar and a cup of ammonia in a gallon of
warm water makes an excellent multipurpose cleaner. (See the alternative products
fact sheet for more information about less toxic alternatives.)

Disposal of home hazardous products also requires special attention. When use of
hazardous household products is unavoidable, municipalities should emphasize to
citizens that household hazardous wastes should not be flushed down the drain
because these drains lead to either a home septic system or a municipal treatment
plant, neither of which has adequate capability to remove hazardous chemicals
from wastewater. Toxic chemicals might also disrupt microbial processes in septic
tanks and treatment plants, reducing their effectiveness. Some of the toxins can
be removed, but a significant portion of these chemicals passes through treatment
processes and ultimately contaminates water resources. They should also be
informed that home hazardous products should never be poured on the ground,
into gutters, or down storm drains where they will eventually enter storm sewers
and be transported untreated into nearby waterbodies.

Benefits

Properly disposing of household hazardous wastes ensures that contamination

through leaks and spills does not occur. If toxic wastes are disposed of with
regular garbage, they could destroy landfill liners and compromise other disposal
areas.

2. Proper Waste Management

A. Waste reduction - (or prevention) is the preferred approach to waste

management because waste that never gets created doesn't have waste
management costs.

An example of waste reduction is reducing unnecessary packaging from

manufactured products and produce. If this excess packaging could be avoided,
no one would have to be concerned with the cost and effort of collecting
the excess packaging, separating it for recycling, breaking it down,
transporting it to manufacturers, and then integrating the recycled
materials back into the manufacturing process.

Waste reduction also helps conserve resources for future generations

and contributes to a cleaner environment.

Things that can be recycled in school and in the community

Carrier bags and twist ties. Carrier bags can be reused in

the shops or as bin bags around the house. Paper bags make
useful wrapping paper and twist ties can be used to secure loose
items
together, such as
computer wires.
Envelopes By sticking labels over the address you can reuse
envelopes.
Alternatively, old envelopes can be used as scrap paper to make notes on.
Jars and pots. By cleaning glass jars and small pots, you can use them as small
containers to store odds and ends.

Newspaper, cardboard and bubble wrap Make useful packing material when
moving house or to store items.

Old clothes – can be made into other textile items such as cushion covers or
teapot cosies.

Packaging Such as foil and egg cartons can be donated to schools and nurseries,
where they can be use in art and craft projects.

Scrap paper Can be used to make notes and sketches. Don’t forget to recycle it
when you no longer need it.

Tyres Old tyres can be given to your local petrol station where they will be
recycled. Or you could make a tyre-swing by tying a strong rope
around a tyre and attaching it to a tree.
Used wood Can be used in woodcrafts for making objects such as a spice rack
or a bird table. Alternatively it could be used as firewood.

Useful Tips

Old Electrical Equipment Donate old electrical equipment to schools

or community centers so that others can reuse them.

Donate Old Clothes and Books Other people can reuse your
unwanted clothes and books when you donate them to charity shops.

Car-boot Sale Have a car-boot sale and get rid of some unwanted
items. Other people may find a use for them, plus it gives you the
opportunity to earn some extra cash.
Rechargeable Batteries Rechargeable batteries can be reused many
times before they need throwing away, opposed to regular batteries
that create unnecessary waste.

Build a Compost Bin You can reuse many waste items, such as
eggshells and old tea bags, using a compost bin. This waste then
degrades and
turns into compost that can be used to help your garden grow.
 Grass Cycling After mowing your lawn, instead of throwing the grass
cuttings away, leave them in your garden. The nutrients from the
cuttings go back into the soil and act as a fertilizer.

2. Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different

elements.
Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside
collection schemes, or automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or
mechanical biological treatment systems. Hand sorting was the first method used
in the history of waste sorting.
Waste can also be sorted in a civic amenity site.
Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes
wood and related products, metals and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to
organic waste usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight
due to dampness. Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or
non-biodegradable waste.
Landfills are an increasingly pressing problem. Less and less land is available to
deposit refuse, but the volume of waste is growing all time. As a result,
segregating waste is not just of environmental importance, but of economic
concern, too.

3. Waste Management this involves ways that prevent the creation of waste in
the first place. Individuals, communities, School, businesses and industries all
have a role to play here. The benefits are immense and far outweigh the benefits
of other waste management methods. Environmentally, we save energy because
less energy is needed to produce, retrieve, process, and transport the stuff that
end up as waste, reducing our greenhouse emissions. Additionally, there are
fewer emissions from combustion facilities, and also less methane from landfills.
Most importantly, many of the raw materials needed to produce things such as
paper and plastic come from trees. Source reduction ensures that natural
resources are preserved.
Economically, we save money by reducing waste collection, transportation and
disposal costs.

Recycle

After source reduction, waste recycle in the usually considered. This involves the
collection, sorting, grading and processing of recyclable materials into new
materials again. For example, old newspapers can be processed into newsprint
(the kind of paper used in printing newspapers) and used again. Recyclable
materials include paper, plastics, glass and aluminum. These materials tend to
lose their quality if they go through recycling too many times. The environmental
benefits of source reduction also apply to recycling. Additionally, recycling plants
offer jobs and income to the people in the communities.
Disposal

This is the toughest part of waste management. , It is the part that often poses and
brings environmental problems. When waste is not recycled, they may be sent to
the landfills, incinerated, combusted to energy or composted. These are all major
processes with consequences if they are not done properly, and they also involve
some serious equipment. This means it is usually funded or operated by the state
or government.

BRIDGING

A. Identify the following. Write B for Bio-degradable, N for Non-Biodegradable, and

H for Hazardous waste.

1. Paper 6. Chemicals

2. Glass 7. Cans

3. Yard cutting 8. Used batteries

4. kitchen waste 9. expired medicines

5. Plastics 10. Styrofoam

B. List down at least 5 items that can be recycle and imagine what you can do
about it. Write it in the box.

C. Put a check( ) next to the answer that is most correct.

A. Which waste breaks down easily in the environment?

O a. A banana feels O c. Used batteries

O b. a plastic wrapper O d. A broken car

B. Janna drinks a box of apple juice. Which of this is not a waste from the product?

O a. Plastic wrapper O c. the apple juice

 O b. Apple seeds and stems O d. the straw

C. Which of this waste is toxic?

O a. Tree scraps from a paper mill O c. a half- empty box of rat

poison O b. an empty glass pickle jar O d. a broken ceramic plate VENTURE

A. Complete each sentence with a word from the list. Use a dictionary to help you.
dispose toxic raw materials manufactured

waste
1. The word describes any part of an object that is not used.

2. You _ of object when you throw them away.

3. Objects that are made from machines using many different raw materials are
called _ goods or products.

4. The word describes something that is harmful to living

things.

5. Matter from the earth that is used to make product is called

B. Match the product on the left to the waste that usually goes along with it.

1. Cereal a. plastic container

2. markers b. bottle or car

3. soda c. cardboard box, plastic bag

4. yogurt d. tree scraps

5. notebook e. cardboard box, plastic tubes

LESSON 5: The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far

A respiratory virus that originated in China has infected more than 900,000 people
worldwide.
A novel respiratory virus that originated in Wuhan, China, last December has spread
to six continents. Hundreds of thousands have been infected, at least 20,000 people
have died and the spread of the coronavirus was called a pandemic by the World Health
Organization in March.
What is a coronavirus?
 Coronaviruses are named for the spikes
that protrude from their surfaces, resembling a
crown or the sun’s corona. They can infect both
animals and people, and can cause illnesses of
the respiratory tract.

At least four types of coronaviruses cause very

mild infections every year, like the common cold.
Most people get infected with one or more of these
viruses at some point in their lives.

Another coronavirus that circulated in China in 2003 caused a more dangerous

condition known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS. The virus was
contained after it had sickened 8,098 people and killed 774.

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012, is
also caused by a coronavirus.

The new virus has been named SARS-CoV-2. The disease it causes is called Covid-19.

How dangerous is it?

It is hard to accurately assess the lethality of a new virus. It appears to be less
often fatal than the coronaviruses that caused SARS or MERS, but significantly more so
than the seasonal flu. The fatality rate was over 2 percent, in one study. But government
scientists have estimated that the real figure could be below 1 percent, roughly the rate
occurring in a severe flu season.
Children seem less likely to be infected with the new coronavirus, while middle-aged
and older adults are disproportionately infected.

Men are more likely to die from an infection compared to women, possibly because they
produce weaker immune responses and have higher rates of tobacco consumption,
Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure than women, which may increase the risk of
complications following an infection.

―This is a pattern we’ve seen with many viral infections of the respiratory tract — men
can have worse outcomes,‖ said Sabra Klein, a scientist who studies sex differences in
viral infections and vaccination responses at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of
Public Health.

How is the new coronavirus transmitted?

Experts believe that an infected animal may have first transmitted the virus to
humans at a market that sold live fish, animals and birds in Wuhan. The market was
later shut down and disinfected, making it nearly impossible to investigate which animal
may have been the exact origin.

Bats are considered a possible source, because they have evolved to coexist
with many viruses, and they were found to be the starting point for SARS. It is also
possible that bats transmitted the virus to an intermediate animal, such as
pangolins, which are consumed as a delicacy in parts of China, and may have then
passed on the virus to humans.

People infected with the virus produce tiny respiratory droplets when they breathe, talk,
cough or sneeze, allowing the virus to travel through the air.
Most respiratory droplets fall to the ground within a few feet. People who are in close
contact with those infected, particularly family members and health care workers, may
catch the virus this way.

Scientists don’t know how long the new coronavirus can live on surfaces, and
preliminary research suggests that hot and humid environments may not slow down the
pathogen’s spread. Warm weather does tend to inhibit influenza and milder
coronaviruses.

COVID-19 affects different people in different ways. Most infected people will
develop mild to moderate illness and recover without hospitalization.
Most common symptoms:
 fever  dry cough  tiredness
Less common symptoms:
 aches and pains
 sore throat
 diarrhea
 conjunctivitis
 headache
 loss of taste or smell
 a rash on skin, or discoloration of fingers or toe
Serious symptoms:
 difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
 chest pain or pressure
 loss of speech or movement
Seek immediate medical attention if you have serious symptoms. Always call
before visiting your doctor or health facility.
People with mild symptoms who are otherwise healthy should manage their
symptoms at home.
On average it takes 5–6 days from when someone is infected with the virus for
symptoms to show, however it can take up to 14 days.
How long will it take to develop a vaccine?
A coronavirus vaccine is still months away — and perhaps years. While new
technology, advancements in genomics and improved global coordination have allowed
researchers to act quickly, vaccine development remains an expensive and risky
process.
After the SARS outbreak in 2003, it took researchers about 20 months to get a vaccine
ready for human trials. (The vaccine was never needed, because the disease was
eventually contained.)
By the time of the Zika outbreak in 2015, researchers had brought the vaccine
development timeline down to six months.
Now, they hope that work from past outbreaks will help cut the timeline further.
Scientists at the National Institutes of Health and several companies are working on
vaccine candidates.
Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, said a preliminary clinical trial might get off the ground in as little as three
 30 | P a g e

months. But researchers would still need to conduct extensive testing to prove a
vaccine was safe and effective
Protect yourself and others around you by knowing the facts and taking
appropriate precautions. Follow advice provided by your local health authority.

To prevent the spread of COVID-19:

 Clean your hands often. Use soap and water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
 Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is coughing or sneezing.
 Wear a mask when physical distancing is not possible.
 Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
 Cover your nose and mouth with your bent elbow or a tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
 Stay home if you feel unwell.
 If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention.

Calling in advance allows your healthcare provider to quickly direct you to the right
health facility. This protects you, and prevents the spread of viruses and other
infections.

 Masks/Face Shield

Masks can help prevent the spread of the virus from the person wearing the mask to
others. Masks alone do not protect against COVID-19, and should be combined with
physical distancing and hand hygiene. Follow the advice provided by your local health
authority.

Shine Together
Activity 1. Answer the following questions.
1. What is Corona virus?
_
_
2. Give some symptoms of COVID-19.
_
_

3. How safety measure can we do to prevent the virus?

_
_

Performance.

Write a slogan about how to prevent COVID-19. Use any editing application
31 | P a g e

Lesson 6: Diseases and Disorders Caused by Poor Sanitation

What I Need to Learn

 Describe diseases and disorders caused by poor environmental sanitation
 Explain how poor environmental sanitation can negatively impact the health of an
individual
Essential Questions
1. What are the common diseases and disorders caused by poor environmental
sanitation?
2. What is the importance of good environmental sanitation to the health of the
community and the people living in it?
3. How can poor environmental sanitation negatively impact the health of an individual?

Take Off
Study the pictures. Which pictures tell about environmental sanitation? Tell something
about each picture and its effects on the environment and the people.

Learn Together
What effect does each picture in Take Off show on the environment and the
people? What is meant by environmental sanitation?

Environmental sanitation, also

known as public cleanliness, refers to a
set of actions geared towards improving
the quality of the environment and
reducing the amount of diseases. These
actions include using clean and safe
toilets, keeping water sources clean, and
disposing of garbage safely. The
management of water, solid wastes, and
industrial wastes, as well as the topic of
pollution and noise control, all fall under
the scope of environmental sanitation.

You live in an environment that is full of living organisms, both visible and
invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are an essential part
of the environment. Bacteria are everywhere in nature and they have an important role
 in maintaining life on the whole planet. Scientists believe that without bacteria, life would
seem impossible on Earth.

For example, good bacteria play an important role in the production healthy foods
like vegetables, fruit juices, and yogurts. These foods have good bacteria in them which
help in the digestion of foods, synthesize some important nutrients, enhance the
function of your immune system, and other beneficial effects. However, together with
good bacteria, the environment also contains harmful bacteria that cause diseases and
even death in humans. In addition to harmful bacteria, there are viruses, fungi, and
parasites that cause dis-eases. This is the reason why good environmental sanitation is
necessary to maintain a healthy community and its people.

Your well-being needs a healthy environment. Poor sanitation has negative

impacts on the environment and eventually on the health of the people living in it.
People living in crowded city slums and villages with poor sanitation means that wastes
lie on the streets, clogs the drains, and creates an immediate local hazard. This
condition also creates ideal conditions for the growth of disease-causing organisms.
When this type of environmental conditions continues to exist, the health of the people
suffers and diseases and disorders occur.

Some diseases and disorders due to poor sanitation are:

1. Respiratory Diseases
Poor environmental sanitation causes
outdoor and indoor pollution. Acute respiratory
infections, such as pneumonia and chronic
respiratory diseases, are linked to poor
sanitation. There is also increasing evidence that
poor environmental sanitation increases the risk
of tuberculosis. Respiratory infections are one of
the biggest causes of deaths in the world every
year. Half of these reported deaths are children.

2. Skin Diseases
 Poor environmental sanitation can also cause some skin diseases. Scabies is not
consideréd a serious condition but it is very common in poor, crowded communities
which may seriously impair the quality of life of affected children. It is a parasite
infestation of the skin caused by microscopic mites that burrow into the skin.

3. Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders

Diarrhea and cholera are two common gastrointestinal diseases caused by poor
sanitation and hygiene. Diarrheal diseases are the most common problem caused by
poor sanitation and contaminated water. Cholera is a bacterial infection throughout the
intestinal tract. It causes diarrhea and if not treated, it can cause severe dehydration and
death.
The kind of germs parasites, bacteria, viruses
depend on the geographic area where a person lives
and its level of sanitation and hygiene standards.
Ascariasis (roundworm infection), trichuriasis
(whipworm infection), and hookworm disease are
intestinal worm infections caused by poor sanitation.
They are all transmitted through soil contaminated
with bowel discharge containing infective eggs or larvae. Transmission may take place
near the home, or in a communal area with poor sanitation facilities and that is polluted
with human feces.

4. Neurological Impairments
Neurological impairments are a group of disorders that affect the central and
peripheral nervous system the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. Some of these
disorders are epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, cerebrovascular
diseases including stroke, migraine and other headache disorders, and multiple
sclerosis. A neurological impairment or disability may
affect a person's speech, motor skills, vision,
memory, muscle actions, and learning abilities.

One of the causes of neurological disorders in

children, aside from traumas, infections, heredity,
and tumors, is exposure to toxic chemicals,
particularly lead and mercury poisoning. Lead and
mercury are found in the environment. Lead may be
found in old houses and buildings where lead water pipes and lead paint may still be
present. Mercury can be found in the elemental state (dental amalgam, thermometers),
inorganic (industrial processes) and organic compounds (pesticides, wood
preservatives, some medicines, and contaminated fish). Lead and mercury can enter
your body through ingestion or swallowing, inhalation, or absorption through the skin or
mucus membranes.

Health and Everyday Life

Disease-causing organisms are part of human existence. They co-exist with

people every day in the environment. Infections or diseases happen when your body's
line of defense, like your immune system, is overpowered by the attack of germs. You
can avoid getting infected by any disease-causing organism by being consistent with
your daily health habits and personal hygiene practices. You should also, in your own
way, contribute to public cleanliness. Participate and maintain healthy practices at
home. Improving and maintaining good sanitation in your own home is a significant
contribution to the health of your community.

Shine Together
A. Knowledge
Activity 1
Identify what is being asked in each statement.
_1. A parasite infestation of the skin caused by microscopic mites that
burrow into the skin.
_2. A bacterial infection throughout the intestinal tract which causes
diarrhea
_3. An acute respiratory infection due to poor environmental sanitation
_4. A group of disorders that affect the central and peripheral nervous
system
_5. A set of actions geared towards improving the quality of the
environment and reducing the amount of diseases.
Activity 2
Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If not, write FALSE.
_1. The management of water, solid, and industrial wastes fall under the
scope of environmental sanitation.
_2. Poor sanitation has negative impacts on the environment and on the
health of the people living in it.
_3. One of the causes of neurological disorders in children is exposure to
noise and air pollution.
_4. Disease-causing organisms co-exist with people every day in the
environment.
_5. Respiratory infections are one of the biggest causes of deaths in the
world every year.

B. Understanding

I. What are the common diseases and disorders caused by poor environmental
sanitation?
2. What is the importance of good environmental sanitation to the health of the
community and the people living in it?
3. How can poor environmental sanitation impact the health of an individual?
LESSON 7: Environmental Sanitation Practices

What l Need to Learn

 Discuss ways to keep water and air clean and safe.
 Explain the effects of noisy environment
 Suggest ways to control/manage noise pollution
 Explain the effect of pests and rodents to one's health
 Identify some common diseases caused by pests and rodents
 Practice ways to prevent and control pests and rodents
Essential Questions
1. What is the importance of maintaining a healthy environment?
2. What are some effects of noisy environment?
3. What are the effects of pests and rodents on one's health?
4. How can you help prevent and control pests and rodents at home?

Take Off

Study the pictures. Tell something about each picture.

Which picture shows a good practice on environmental sanitation? Why?

Learn Together

You have learned that environmental sanitation improves the quality of the
environment and reduces the amount of diseases among the people. Public cleanliness
should be the primary concern of the leaders and residents in a community in order to
prevent the onset of health problems.
Here are some environmental sanitation practices that you and the leaders and
members of your community can practice.
Keep the water clean
Fresh water is one of the most important resources. When the water is polluted, it
is not only harmful to the environment but also to human health. Most of the water that
is used in homes, schools, and businesses come from rivers, lakes, and other surface
water sources. Before water reaches our homes, it is treated to remove chemicals,
particulates, and bacteria. This process makes water potable or safe to drink. This
clean, potable water is then used for cooking, drinking, cleaning, bathing, watering
 plants, and many other uses.
One person can make a difference in keeping the water clean. You can make a difference.
By making small changes, you and your family and friends can help prevent water from
getting dirty. Here some things that you can do to keep the water supply in the community
clean.

 Never pour chemicals down sinks or toilets.

Chemicals like paint, cleaning sprays, insect
sprays, pesticides, and many others should
never end up in our water. Encourage your
parents to use less pesticides or insecticides.
You can also encourage them to buy eco-
friendly products. There are some environment-
friendly substances that can be combined and
used as cleaning products.

 Recycle and dispose trash properly. This will reduce the amount of trash being
dumped into the environment. Never flush plastic or sandwich bags or adhesive
bandages down the toilet. Aside from the fact that they can damage sewer pipes,
they can end up littering beaches and bodies of water. Recycling and proper
garbage disposal keep them from making their
way into rivers and oceans.

 Help clean up streams or waterways in your

neighborhood or community. Participate in
community cleanups. Ask your parents and
friends to help out. You can even get your class or
your school to adopt a stream or creek.

 Use safe products whenever you can. You can

talk with your parents about replacing some
products with toxic chemicals with nontoxic ones.
The more safe and eco-friendly products people
use, the fewer unhealthy and toxic chemicals end
up in our water resources.

 Remove pet waste. Most households now have

pets. Pets produce waste that can get washed off
yards or lawns and parks and into the water
system. Waste carries bacteria. Bury or compost
pet wastes away from being possibly washed off
by the rainwater.

Reduce water use. Conserve water. Turn off the

faucet when you're brushing your teeth or
washing your face. Clean fruits and vegetables in
a pan of water and not under a running tap.
Lower water usage means less water being
drained from the ecosystem. Irresponsible water
usage can lead to droughts.
 Reuse water. Water used for washing/rinsing the
dishes can be used to flush the toilet. Water that
has been used to wash fruits and vegetables can
be used to water the plants.

 Help keep the storm drains clean. Avoid

sweeping your yard trash, dry leaves, and grass
clippings into drains. Also, prevent debris, trash,
and hazardous chemicals from getting into the
drains. Eventually, they will flow into lakes, rivers,
and oceans.

The quality of the water in the community is directly linked to the lives of the people
living in it. By supporting clean water initiatives and similar measures that improve water
quality and wastewater treatment systems, people can each have a hand in ensuring
clean, safe water for themselves, for their families and for the community.

Keep the air clean

Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, can affect your health and the
environment every day. Polluted air contributes to asthma, emphysema, heart disease,
acute respiratory diseases, and other potentially deadly conditions. Managing and
controlling air pollution sources/causes are critical to the human health and
environmental health of the community.

Here are some practices that you can do to help keep the air in the community clean.

 Use pump sprays over aerosol sprays at home. Use non-aerosol products like
deodorant roll-ons instead of spray deodorants, setting lotion or gel instead of hair
spray, and many more.
 Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Recycling used materials uses less energy than
making new ones. Composting fruit and vegetable waste reduces the amount of
garbage piled and buried at garbage dumpsites. Talk to your parents to choose
products that have less packaging and are reusable. Suggest to them to shop with a
cloth or canvas bag instead of using paper and plastic bags.
 Use buses, jeepneys, and trains instead of cars. They can carry a lot more
people in one trip. This cuts down the amount of pollution produced.
 Turn off lights when they are not needed. Conserving electricity reduces the demand
for energy. Less electricity wastage means less electricity will be produced, and so
less coal, oil, and gas will have to be burned in power stations, which means less air
pollution and less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
 Use latex paints instead of oil-based paints. Oil-based paints contain solvents
that evaporate easily and give off fumes. Water-based latex paint has better color
retention and releases less pollutants into the air.
 Walk or use a bicycle whenever you can. It is better as it does not create any
pollution. It is also good for your body, since regular exercise will keep you fit and
healthy.
 Don't burn wood or trash. Instead of burning debris, start a compost pile in your
backyard for organic materials.

Control/manage noise pollution

Every source of noise is a potential source of noise pollution. Air conditioners, electronic
home appliances, trains, traffic, heavy equipment, and others all make noise. The
dangerous levels of noise of a noisy environment could be hazardous to human health.
Noise pollution has been linked to health problems like hearing loss, high blood
pressure, fatigue, increased stress, and sleeplessness.

How can you control or prevent noise pollution?

 Turn off electronic gadgets. Turn down volumes when playing various music
systems such as stereos, television, and the like.
 Stay away from noisy machines and heavy equipment.
 It has been observed that certain persons blow horns of their vehicles
unnecessarily, or remove silencers of the exhaust pipes of vehicles. Such
practices which produce much noise should be avoided.
 Use personal protection in places or
in occasions where noise cannot be
controlled or reduced. In certain
high noise areas such as airports
and some factories and construction
sites, workers wear headphones to
block out dangerous noise levels.
Cover your ears or wear
earplugs/headphones when near
these noisy places.
 Trees, hedges, and other vegetation along residential areas and along roads is a
good way to reduce noise pollution because they absorb sound. Help maintain
plants around your home.
Control the presence of pests and rodents
Household pests include insects like cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and dents like
rats or mice. Pests and rodents can have harmful effects on you and on your family's
health. Pests and rodents are carriers of disease-causing organisms like bacteria,
viruses, and parasites. Some diseases caused by pests and rodents are:
 Salmonellosis is a condition caused by bacteria of the salmonella group. It is a
type of food poisoning which can cause acute gastroenteritis, headache, fever
and vomiting.
 Leptospirosis is an infectious bacterial disease that occurs in rodents and can be
transmitted to humans. The disease is usually contacted by wading through flood
waters contaminated with mice urine.
 Plague is a disease of rodents caused by bacteria. Rat fleas teed on a bacteria-
infected rodent and transmit the disease to humans through biting.
 Rat-bite fever is a disease of rodent caused by bacteria, II usually transmitted to
humans through rat biting,
 Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes.
  Hepatitis A is a form of viral hepatitis transmitted in food causing fever and
jaundice.

Preventing and controlling pests and rodents is very important in order to prevent the
occurrence of health problems caused by them. Here are some practices that you can
do to help keep your home pest-free.

Keep your house and your surroundings clean and dry. Many insects and
rodents are attracted to food and water. Keep your home dry and free from moist
places. Make sure all food and beverage containers outside the refrigerator or
freezer are tightly sealed.
Seal off possible entry points. Seal off cracks and holes
that are possible entry points for insect pests and rodents.
Dispose of garbage and liquid waste properly and
frequently. Store garbage in garbage bins with tight covers.
Garbage and leftovers are food for insect pests and
rodents. They also become breeding places for flies and
cockroaches.

Destroy breeding places of mosquitoes. Cover water

containers like pails and drums. Dispose containers or
receptacles which can hold water or place them upside
down so that they don't store water
when it rains.
Chemical control. Using
chemicals or pest poison is almost always necessary to
eliminate pest and rodent infestations. Choose lower-risk
and safer pesticides and keep using any pesticide, be sure
to limit the exposure of everyone in your household.

Health and Everyday Life

Building a healthy community is not the only

responsibility of its leaders. Every household has a duty and
responsibility to maintain cleanliness and sanitation. Being a
member of the family, it is your duty and responsibility to contribute to the health of your
family. You can always help in maintaining cleanliness and orderliness in your home by
doing your share of keeping your things and personal space in proper order. Keeping
your home clean and free from insect pests and rodents is a shared responsibility. You
should help each other in keeping your family healthy.

Shine To ether
Knowledge
Write your answers on the answer lines.
1. Give three ways to keep the water in your community clean and safe.
 _
_
_
2. Give three ways to keep the air in your community clean and safe.
_
_
_

3. Give two ways by which you can help control and prevent noise pollution.
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4. Give two ways by which you can help control pests and rodents at home.
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Understanding
1. What is the importance of maintaining a healthy environment?
2. What are some effects of noisy environments?
3. What are the effects of pests and rodents on one's health?
4. How can you help prevent and control pests and rodents at home
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