Culture:

The definition of culture is always associated with man’s relationship to his environment. Culture is a
composite or multifarious area that comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts,
symbols, knowledge, and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of a society.

Types of culture:

 non-material culture
 material culture
different forms of social norms and their meaning:
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
The range of variations between culture is almost endless and yet at the same time cultures ensemble
one another in many important ways. Somehow, cultural variation is affected by man’s geographical
set-up and social experiences. Cultural variation refers to the differences in social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture
may be considered bad etiquette in another.

Ethnocentrism- it is a perception that arises from the fact that cultures differ and each culture defines
reality differently. Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture

Cultural relativism – The attempt to judge behavior according to its cultural context. The principle
that an individual person’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that
individual’s own culture.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

Socialization will not be taking place without the agents of socialization. These refer to the
various social groups or social institutions that play a significant role in introducing and integrating
the individual as an accepted and functioning member of society

The agents of socialization guide every individual in understanding what is happening in our
society. People learn to determine what is proper, right or wrong, appropriate and inappropriate.
Social norms were formed in order to control individual behavior in a given society. They are usually
in a form of rules or prescriptions followed by people who obey certain standards or roles in society.
The norms include society’s standards of morality. Good manners. Legality. And integrity. The
following are forms of social norms:
SOCIALIZATION

Man, as social being needs other people to survive. We develop ourselves as human beings
through our social interaction. Socialization is a continuing process whereby an individual acquires
a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, and social skills appropriate to his and
her social position. The process of socialization is very essential because it teaches us how to
behave and act within our society. Hence, it is continuous process in life. As people move from one
stage to another, such as from childhood to adolescence, from adulthood to old age, or from one
group to another, they discard old ways of behaving and learn new patterns of behavior.

-
-
- A product of human interaction.
- A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted
- Provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs.
- A distinguishing factor.
- An established pattern of behavior.
- Cumulative.
- Meaningful to human beings.

1. C. Culture
2. A. Material Culutre
3. A. Belief
4. D. Society
5. B. Values
6. C. Ethnocentrism
7. A. Society
8. B. Peer
9. B.socialization
10. A. Pesonal Development

1. F.
2. T.
3. T.
4. F.
5. F.

1. D.
2. E
3. B

1. A
2. A
3. A
4. A
5. Folkways
6. Values
7. Technology
8. Symbol
9. Language
10. Norm
Advantage
 It can increase the levels of
devotion to a community, country,
or society.
 Ethnocentrism can produce higher
levels of self-esteem.
 Ethnocentrism creates an attitude
of independence.
Disadvantage
 Decisions are made based on
unrealistic comparisons.
 Ethnocentrism drives people away
from what they love.
 Ethnocentrism limits the choices
that people can make.
Define State Institutions.
• Institutions that have state functions and are established to govern the state.
Give 5 example of State Institutions and their meaning/functions.
Define Non-State Institutions.
• A group of people or an organization that participates in international affairs
and relations but is not affliated with any state or nation.

State Institutions Non-state Institutions

1. Local Government 1. Banks – A financial
Units (LGUs) – Local institution licensed to
authorities are multi- provide several financial
purpose bodies services to different
responsible for types of customers.
delivering a broad
range of services in
2. Corporations –
relation to roads;
Organization created by
traffic; planning;
a group of people known
housing; economic and
as the “shareholders”.
community
development;
environment, 3. Cooperatives –
recreation and Association of persons
amenity services; fire united to meet their
services and common economic,
maintaining the social and cultural needs
register of electors through a jointly owned
2. Supreme Court of the and democratically
Philippines – Its controlled enterprise.
principal function is
the supervision and
administration of the 4. Trade Unions – An
lower courts organization composed
throughout the of workers or employees
Philippines and all from related fields which
their personnel. aims to represent the
3. National Government interests and rights of its
Agencies – Special members, both in the
 government workplace and in the
organizations set up society.
for a specific purpose 5. Advocacy Groups –
such as, the Groups that spread
management of information in support of
resources, financial a cause across borders in
oversight of industries, an attempt to change
or national security international policies and
issues. These practices.
organizations are
typically created by
legislative action, but
may initially be set up
by presidential order
as well.

4. Office of the Vice

President – An
administrative,
advisory, consultative
government agency
which aids the Vice
President of the
Philippines in
performing their duty
as head of state and
chief of the executive
branch of government.
5. Congress of the
Philippines –
Responsible for making
enabling laws to make
sure the spirit of the
constitution is upheld
in the country and, at
times, amend or
change the
 constitution itself. In
order to craft laws, the
legislative body comes
out with two main
documents: bills and
resolutions.

State Institutions Non-state Institutions

1. Local Government Units (LGUs) – Local authorities are multi-purpose bodies
responsible for delivering a broad range of services in relation to roads; traffic; planning;
housing; economic and community development; environment, recreation and amenity
services; fire services and maintaining the register of electors
2. Supreme Court of the Philippines – Its principal function is the supervision and
administration of the lower courts throughout the Philippines and all their personnel.
3. National Government Agencies – Special government organizations set up for a
specific purpose such as, the management of resources, financial oversight of industries,
or national security issues. These organizations are typically created by legislative action,
but may initially be set up by presidential order as well.

4. Office of the Vice President – An administrative, advisory, consultative

government agency which aids the Vice President of the Philippines in performing their
duty as head of state and chief of the executive branch of government.
5. Congress of the Philippines – Responsible for making enabling laws to make sure
the spirit of the constitution is upheld in the country and, at times, amend or change the
constitution itself. In order to craft laws, the legislative body comes out with two main
documents: bills and resolutions.
1. Banks – A financial institution licensed to provide several financial
services to different types of customers.

2. Corporations – Organization created by a group of people known as the

“shareholders”.

3. Cooperatives – Association of persons united to meet their common economic,

social and cultural needs through a jointly owned and democratically controlled
enterprise.

4. Trade Unions – An organization composed of workers or employees from

related fields which aims to represent the interests and rights of its members, both in
the workplace and in the society.
5. Advocacy Groups – Groups that spread information in support of a cause across
borders in an attempt to change international policies and practices.

1. What is State?
• the state is a large community of people big enough to support itself, it also
occupies a certain part of the world.
2. What are the Characteristics of a state?
• The characteristics of a state are that it must have sovereignty, an established
government, clearly defined borders, and a permanent population.
3. What is difference between nation and a state?
• A state is a territory with its own institutions and populations while a nation is a
large group of people who inhabit a specific territory and are connected by history,
culture, or another commonality.
4. How does nation oppose state? Cite an example.
• The definitions of the two words must not be mixed up because it can cause
confusion and conflicts between nations or state.

1. Give an examples of each Non-state Institutions. Write as many as you can.

• Banks
o Banco de Oro (BDO)
o Metrobank
o Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI)
o Asia United Bank Corporation (AUB)
o Landbank
• Insurance Companies
o Pru Life Insurance Corp. of U.K.
o Philippine AXA Life Insurance, Corp.
o Philippine American Life and General Insurance Company, Inc.
o Manulife Philippines
o FWD Life Insurance Corporation
• Investment Corporations
o Loan Star Lending Group Corporation
o DS FINANCE CORPORATION
o Vigattin Insurance
o Aethelmark Philippines Insurance Agency, Inc
o OSG Global Consulting, Inc
• Cooperative and Trade Unions
o ACDI Multi-purpose Cooperative
o PLDT Employees Credit Cooperative
o Perpetual Help Community Cooperative
o Ayala Multi-Purpose Cooperative
o Cooperative Insurance System of the Philippines Life and General Insurance
• Transnational Advocacy Groups
o Amnesty International Philippines
o Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates
o Women’s Legal and Human Rights Bureau
o Philippine Task Force for Indigenous Peoples’ Rights
o Campaign for Human Rights Philippines