კრიტიკული და შემოქმედებითი აზროვნება

kritikuli da
SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba
warmosaxviTi ganaTleba
kritikuli da
SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba
mTargmnelebi:
sofio gorgoZe, Tamar janaSia
Tbilisi-2012
proeqti _,,ifiqre kritikulad, ifiqre kreatulad` _ xorcield-
eba aRmosavleT-dasavleTismarTvisinstitutis (EWMI) programis
_ „saqarTveloSi sajaro politikis, advokatirebisa da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis` (G-PAC) farglebSi.
am programis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis

gulisxmieri mxardaWeris Sedegad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID) dafinansebiT.
publikacia ar gamoxatavs USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

mTavrobis Sexedulebebs.
Project “Thinking Creatively; Thinking Critically“ is implemented through the

Policy, Advocacy, and Civil Society Development in Georgia (G-PAC) program
of East-West Management Institute (EWMI).
This program was made possible by the generous support of the American
people through the United States Agency for International Development
(USAID).
The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID
or the United States Government.
redaqtorebi: ia anTaZe, Tamar mosiaSvili
sakonsultacio jgufi:
ia anTaZe, sofio gorgoZe, Tamar mosiaSvili,
simon janaSia, roin yavreliSvili.
© ssip axalqalaqis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo

dawesebuleba-koleji, 2012
© samoqalaqo ganviTarebis instituti, 2012
ISBN 978-9941-0-4696-4
Sinaarsi
Tavi I m i h a i C i q s e n t m i h a i
kreatiuloba: nakadi da aRmoCenisa da
gamogonebis fsiqologia ..................................................... 7
sad aris kreatiuloba? ......................................................... 7
sistemebis modeli ................................................................. 12
kreatiuloba renesansis periodSi ................................... 18
codnisa da qmedebis dargebi .............................................. 23
pirovnebis wvlili ................................................................. 35
sistemis gaTaviseba ............................................................... 37
kreatiuli pirovneba ............................................................ 41
kompleqsurobis aTi ganzomileba .................................... 47
moTxrobis weris procesi .................................................... 74
problemebis warmoSoba ........................................................ 80
cxovreba, rogorc problemebis wyaro............................ 81
warsuli codnis gavlena ...................................................... 85
adamianuri garemos zemoqmedeba ....................................... 89
gacxadebuli da aRmoCenili problemebi ........................ 96
umoqmedobis drois funqciebi.......................................... 101
sfero, dargi da qvecnobieri ............................................ 104
gamocdileba: èvrika!~ ........................................................ 106
99 procentiani oflisRvra................................................ 107
Tavi II tim van gelderi

vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba ...................................110
gakveTilebi kognituri mecnierebidan .......................... 110
gakveTili I: kritikuli azrovneba rTulia .................. 112
gakveTili 3: codnis gadacemis/transferis
praqtika ................................................................................... 117
gakveTili 4: praqtikuli Teoria ..................................... 118
gakveTili 5: vizualuri gamoxatva .................................. 121
gakveTili 6: rwmenis SenarCuneba ..................................... 125
Tavi III robert bustromi
kri ti ku li az rov ne ba .................................................129

kiTxva striqonebs Soris .................................................... 129
Rirebulebebi ......................................................................... 130
nagulisxmevi varaudebi ...................................................... 133
gaiazreT sakuTari crurwmenebi ...................................... 135
Sefasebis standarti ............................................................ 138
Sejameba .................................................................................... 141
induqcia ............................................................................ 143
daskvnebis gakeTeba .............................................................. 144
darwmundiT Tu ara? ............................................................. 146
ra aklia? .................................................................................. 150
Sejameba .......................................................................... 153
deduqcia .................................................................................. 155
silogizmi ................................................................................ 155
silogizmebis jaWvi .............................................................. 161
Tu... maSin... .............................................................................. 164
Sejameba .................................................................................... 167
sisulele ................................................................................. 169
mcdari STabeWdilebebi....................................................... 170
gamotovebuli winapirobebi .............................................. 175
winaswar gadawyvetili sakiTxi ......................................... 178
Sejameba .................................................................................... 181
Sefaseba .................................................................................... 182
Tavi IV kiran igani

SemoqmedebiTi swavleba .................................................... 191
swavlisTvis saWiro instrumentebis nakrebi ............... 191
ZiriTadi SemecnebiTi instrumentebi............................. 193
SemecnebiTi instrumentebi ............................................... 197
ambavi ......................................................................................... 199
binaruli dapirispirebebi ................................................. 207
riTma, ritmi da struqtura ............................................... 211
xumrobebi da iumori ............................................................ 214
gonebrivi gamosaxulebebi .................................................. 219
Wori ........................................................................................... 222
TamaSi ........................................................................................ 225
saidumlos aRiareba ............................................................. 227
SemoqmedebiTi swavleba magaliTebi
yoveldRiuri gakveTilebidan .......................................... 233
martivi versia ........................................................................ 234
magaliTi pirveli: ricxvis Tanrigi ................................ 235
magaliTi meore: peplis transformaciebi .................... 243
rogor SevmatoT CarCos siRrme ....................................... 247
dagegmvis pirveli CarCo .................................................... 248
SemoqmedebiTi swavleba ...................................................... 250
magaliTi mesame: haeris Tvisebebi .................................... 256
magaliTi meoTxe: omofonebi (vardebi/vvardebi) ....... 262
magaliTi mexuTe: siTbo....................................................... 269
SemoqmedebiTi swavleba ...................................................... 277
SemecnebiTi instrumentebi ............................................... 279
abstraqtuli realobis aRqma ........................................... 281
Tanamonawileobis gancda ................................................... 284
zogadi ideebisa da maTgan gadaxrebis aRqma ................ 286
mtkicebulebebisa da simarTlis Zieba............................ 286
metanaratiuli aRqma ........................................................... 292
daskvna ...................................................................................... 295
magaliTebi yoveldRiuri gakveTilebidan .................. 297
dagegmvis mesame Camoyalibebuli CarCo......................... 300
magaliTi pirveli: revoluciebi ...................................... 308
magaliTi meore: gamoTvla
(asaki Teqvsmetidan oc wlamde) ........................................ 316
magaliTi mesame: hamleti .................................................... 323
magaliTi meoTxe: martivi harmoniuli moZraoba
(asaki Teqvsmetidan Tvramet wlamde) ............................. 333
T a v i V robert Sternbergi da uendi m. viliamsi
kreatiulobis swavleba: 24 rCeva .................................... 341
kreatiulobis investiciis Teoria:
iyide iafad, gayide Zvirad ................................................. 340
24 rCeva kreatiulobis ganviTarebisTvis .................... 344
T a v i V I riCard poli da linda elderi

gansxvaveba daskvnebsa da varaudebs Soris ................... 364
gansxvaveba usicocxlo informacias, gaaqtiurebul
uvicobasa da gaaqtiurebul codnas Soris ................... 370
usicocxlo informacia ...................................................... 370
gaaqtiurebuli uvicoba ...................................................... 371
gaaqtiurebuli codna.......................................................... 373
Tavi VII
gamWriax gonebas kveba sWirdeba ..................................... 376
dinamikuri kurikulumi ...................................................... 377
kreatiuloba saklaso oTaxSi ........................................... 380
T a v i V I I I karen makolisteri da miSel f. saileri

avwioT niWieri moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis
Weri, avamaRloT akademiuri momzadebis xarisxi
kritikuli azrovnebis saSualebiT ............................... 382
problemis gadaWra ............................................................... 383

kiTxvebis dasma...................................................................... 385
wyaroebis Sefaseba ................................................................ 387
gadawyvetilebis miReba ...................................................... 392
References .......................................................................................397
kreatiuloba: nakadi da aRmoCenisa da gamogonebis fsiqologia
7
Tavi I
mihai Ciqsentmihai
kreatiuloba: nakadi da aRmoCenisa da

gamogonebis fsiqologia
sad aris kreatiuloba?
pasuxi naTelia: kreatiuloba gonebrivi aqtivobis erT-erTi

saxea - gamWriaxoba, romelic zogierTi gansakuTrebuli ada-
mianis TavSi ibadeba. Tumca, es mokle varaudi damabnevelia.
Tuki kreatiulobaSi axal da Rirebul ideas an qmedebas vgu-
lisxmobT, gamodis, rom misi arsebobis kreteriumad adamia-
nis pirad monayols ver CavTvliT. garkveuli standartebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia imis garkveva, axalia
azri Tu ara. misi faseulobis dadgena ki mxolod socialuri
Sefasebis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. amitomac, kreatiuloba ada-
mianebis TavebSi mimdinare procesi ki ara, adamianis azrebsa
da sociokulturul konteqsts Soris urTierTobaa, rac sis-
tematuri da ara individualuri fenomenia. mogvianebiT moy-
vanili magaliTebidan ukeT gamoCndeba, rasac vgulisxmob.
universitetSi samagistro programaze swavlis paralelu-

rad, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, naxevar ganakveTze Cikagos
erT-erTi gamomcemlobis redaqtorad vmuSaobdi. kviraSi mi-
nimum erTxel fostiT ucnobi avtoris xelnawers viRebdiT,
romelic amtkicebda, rom ama Tu im tipis araCveulebrivi aR-
moCena gaakeTa. SesaZloa, es yofiliyo rvaasgverdiani tomi,
romelic, gabatonebuli azris sawinaaRmdegod da odiseas
teqstis analizze dayrdnobiT, Zalian detalurad aRwerda
imis mtkicebulebebs, rom odisevss xmelTaSua zRvispireT-
Si ar umogzauria. avtoris gamoTvlebis, orientirebis, man-
Zilebisa da homerosis mier naxsenebi varskvlavebis wyobis
mixedviT gamodioda, rom sinamdvileSi odisevsma garSemo
floridis sanapiros Semouara.
8 mihai Ciqsentmihai
xandaxan gvigzavnidnen mfrinavi TefSis agebis saxelmZRva-

nelos, romelsac Tan Zalian zusti gegma erTvoda. magram
instruqcias Tu kargad SeiswavlidiT, aRmoaCendiT, rom is
sayofacxovrebo teqnikis moxmarebis aRweridan iyo gadmo-
Rebuli. xelnawerebis kiTxvisas yvelaze mtanjveli is iyo,
rom maT avtorebs marTla swamdaT, TiTqos, raRac axali da
mniSvnelovani aRmoaCines da maTi SemoqmedebiTi wiaRsvlebi
mxolod da mxolod imitom ver aRwevda aRiarebas, rom isini
Cemnairi meSCanebisa da yvela sxva sagamomcemlo saxlis re-
daqtoris mxridan mowyobili SeTqmulebis msxverplni gaxd-
nen.
ramdenime wlis win samecniero samyaroSi didi xmauri gamo-

iwvia axalma ambavma: orma qimikosma laboratoriul piro-
bebSi dabal temperaturaze atomuri sinTezi ganaxorciela.
dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi, es imas niSnavda, rom SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda mudmivi Zravis, kacobriobis erT-erTi yvelaze
Zveli ocnebis, Seqmna. ramdenime giJuri Tvis ganmavlobaSi,
roca mTeli msoflios laboratoriebi am aRmoCenis gameore-
bas cdilobdnen (zogierTi aSkarad warmatebiT, umravlesoba
ki - warumateblad), TandaTan naTeli gaxda: eqsperimentebi
xarvezebiT Catarda. amgvarad, saukunis udides Semoqmede-
bad Seracxulma mkvlevarebma, samecniero sazogadoeba gark-
veulwilad uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Caagdes. Tumca, rogorc
viciT, maT myarad swamdaT, rom marTlebi iyvnen da maTi repu-
tacia Suriani kolegebis gamo dazaralda.
jeikob rabinovi (Jacob Rabinow) gamomgonebelia da vaSington-

Si mdebare standartebis erovnuli biuros (National Bureau of
Standards) gamogonebebis Semfasebeli. mas bevri msgavsi ambis
moyola SeuZlia im xalxis Sesaxeb, romelic darwmunebulia,
rom mudmivi Zrava gamoigona:
bevri gamomgonebeli Semxvedria, romelic iseT rames

igonebs, rac ar funqcionirebs, risi muSaobac Teori-
ulad SeuZlebelia. magram isini aparatis ganviTare-
baze sam wels xarjaven, Zravs eleqtrobis gareSe, mag-
nitebis saSualebiT amuSaveben. vuxsni, rom es SeuZle-
belia da Zravi ver imuSavebs, radgan Termodinamikis
9
meore kanons arRvevs. isini ki geubnebian: `Seni dawyev-

lili vaSingtonuri kanonebi ar mWirdeba.
vin aris marTali: individi, romelsac Tavisi an sxvisi krea-

tiulobis swams, Tu socialuri wre, romelic amas uaryofs?
Tu individis mxares daviWerT, kreatiuloba subieqtur fe-
nomenad iqceva. am SemTxvevaSi, gamova, rom kreatiulobisT-
vis mxolod Sinagani rwmenaa saWiro. mTavaria, adamians swam-
des, rom is, rasac Tavad vakeTebs da fiqrobs, axali da Rire-
bulia. kreatiulobis amgvar gansazRvrebaSi araferia cudi,
magram aseTi ganmarteba sulac ar emTxveva imas, rac termins
Tavdapirvelad unda gamoexata. kerZod, saqme exeboda raime
WeSmaritad axlisa da Rirebulis Seqmnas, rac Semdeg kultu-
ris nawili unda gamxdariyo. meore mxriv, Tuki ramisTvis kre-
atiulobis darqmeva socialur dadasturebas iTxovs, maSin
gansazRvrebam ufro meti ram unda moicvas, vidre mxolod
individia. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba imas eniWeba, moxdeba
Tu ara Sinagani rwmenis Sesabamisi eqspertebis (aratradici-
uli xelnawerebis SemTxvevaSi, sagamomcemlo saxlis redaq-
torebis, dabal temperaturaze ganxorcielebuli atomuri
sinTezis dros ki - sxva mecnierebis) mier dadastureba. SeuZ-
lebelia neitraluri poziciis arCeva da imis Tqma, rom xan-
daxan Sinagani mrwamsi sakmarisia, xandaxan ki kreatiulobas
gare dadastureba sWirdeba. amgvari kompromisi did sicari-
eles aCens da SeuZlebeli xdeba imis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, ra
aris kreatiuli da ra - ara.
problema isaa, rom termins `kreatiuloba~, Tavisi Cveu-

lebrivi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, Zalian farTo mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs. is bevr sxvadasxva erTeuls gulisxmobs da amiT did
dabneulobas iwvevs. sakiTxisTvis naTelis mosafenad me, sul
mcire, sam sxvadasxva fenomens ganvasxvaveb, romlebsac es sa-
xeli kanonierad SeiZleba vuwodoT.
terminis pirveli gamoyeneba, romelic Cveulebriv saubreb-

Sia gavrcelebuli, im adamianebs exeba, romlebic uCveulo
azrebs gamoxataven, sainteresoni da STagonebis momcemni
arian. mokled, es is xalxia, vinc uCveulod gonebagaxsnilia.
am gagebiT mravalferovani interesebisa da sxarti gonebis
mqone sityvawylian mosaubres, SeiZleba kreatiuli vuwo-
doT. Tu aseTi adamianebi mniSvnelovan produqts ar qmnian,

me maT ara kreatiulebs, aramed brwyinvaleebs vuwodeb. maT
Sesaxeb am wignSi bevrs arafers vityvi.
terminis gamoyenebis meore gza im xalxis aRweraa, romelic

samyaros axali da originaluri gziT Seicnobs. es is indivi-
debi arian, romelTac axali aRqma, gamWriaxi azrebi aqvT. maT
iseTi mniSvenelovani aRmoCenebis gakeTeba SeuZliaT, romel-
Ta Sesaxebac mxolod Tavad ician. aseT adamianebs kreatiu-
lebs vuwodeb da vcdilob, maTTan SesaZleblobis farglebSi
xSirad mqondes urTierToba. Tumca am formis kreatiulobis
subieqturi bunebidan gamomdinare, masTan urTierToba rTu-
lia miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad mniSvnelovani SeiZleba iyos
es urTierToba Tavad kreatuli adamianisTvis.
terminis bolo gamoyenebis Tanaxmad, is aRniSnavs adamianebs,

romlebmac leonardos, edisonis, pikasos an ainStainis msgav-
sad, Cveni kulturis romelime mniSvnelovani aspeqti Secva-
les. isini uzomod kreatiuli adamianebi arian. imis gamo, rom
maTi miRwevebi gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad sajaroa, maT Sesa-
xeb wera ufro advilia. Cems naSromSi moxseniebuli adamiane-
bi swored am jgufs miekuTvnebian.
kreatulobis am sam mniSvnelobas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod

xarisxSi ar aris. bolo formis kreatiuloba pirveli oris
ufro ganviTarebul formas ar warmoadgens. es kreatiulo-
bis marTlac sxvadasxva formebia, romlebic didwilad erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli araa. magaliTad, Zalian xSirad xde-
ba, rom adamianebi, romlebic brwyinaven da romelTac yvela
araCveulebrivad kreatiulad miiCnevs, Tavisi arsebobis ara-
nair kvals ar toveben, Tu ar CavTvliT maTi nacnobebis mexsi-
erebas. amave dros, arseboben adamianebi, romlebmac udidesi
gavlena moaxdines istoriaze ise, rom Tavisi qceviT arc ori-
ginalurni da arc brwyinvaleni ar yofilan da Tavi mxolod
maT mier gakeTebuli saqmiT gamoiCines.
magaliTad, leonardo da vinCi, romelic terminis mesame

mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad, udavod erT-erTi yvelaze kreati-
uli adamiani iyo, imavdroulad, gandegiliviT cxovrobda da
lamis sxvadasxva maniiT iyo Sepyrobili. mas rom wveulebaze
11
SexvedrodiT, damRlel da mosawyen adamianad mogeCvenebo-

daT da, pirvelive SesaZleblobisas, sadme kuTxeSi miato-
vebdiT. arc isaak niutoni da Tomas edisoni aRmoCndebodnen
wveulebis yuradRebis centrSi. Tavisi samecniero proble-
mebis ganxilvis garda, isini sakmaod uferuli adamianebi un-
da yofiliyvnen. didi gamomgoneblebis biografebi medgrad
ibrZvian imisTvis, rom maT mier Seswavlili adamianebi sain-
teresoni da brwyinvaleni gamoiyvanon, magram Zalian xSirad
maTi mcdelobebi amaoa. miqelanjelos, beThovenis, pikasos
an ainStainis miRwevebi maTi moRvaweobis sferoebSi saoca-
ria, magram maTi piradi cxovreba, yoveldRiuri saqmianoba da
ideebi iSviaTadaa yuradRebis Rirsi da mxolod da mxolod
maTi sxva miRwevebis gamo xvdeba Cvens TvalsawierSi.
Cem mier gamoyenebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, am kvlevaSi

moxseniebuli yvelaze kreatiuli adamiani jon berdinia (John
Bardeen). is pirveli iyo, vinc fizikis dargSi nobelis premia
orjer miiRo. Tavdapirvelad is tranzistoris SeqmnisTvis
daajildoves, meored ki - zegamtarebis sferoSi miRweuli
warmatebisTvis. cota adamians Tu dautovebia naSromebis
aseTi farTo diapazoni myari sxeulebis fizikis sferoSi da
gamouvlenia aseTi mniSvnelovani gamWriaxoba. magram berdin-
Tan misi samuSao sferos garda sxva Temaze laparaki advili
ar iyo. neli borZikiT saubris dros misi goneba abstraqtul
samyaroSi mogzaurobda da `realuri cxovrebis~ sakiTxebi-
sadmi nakleb interessa da siRrmes avlenda.
sruliad SesaZlebelia kreatiuli kvalis ise datoveba, rom

arc brwyinvale da arc kreatiuli ar iyoT. aseve SesaZle-
belia (da savaraudoc ki), rom piradad kreatiuli adamiani
kulturaSi wvlils saerTod ar Seitans. samive formis kre-
atiuloba cxovrebas amdidrebs da mas ufro sainteresosa
da sruls xdis, magram am konteqstSi Cems yuradRebas, upir-
veles yovlisa, terminis mesame gamoyenebaze SevaCereb. gamo-
vikvlev, ra aris kreatiulobaSi is, rac kulturul matrica-
Si nakvalevs tovebs.
saqme ufro rom gavarTuloT, kidev or iseT termins Semog-

TavazebT, romlebsac xandaxan kreatiulobis Casanacvleb-
lad iyeneben xolme. pirvelia niWi. niWi kreatiulobisgan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is gulisxmobs ramis Zalian kargad

keTebis Tandayolil unars. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maikl jor-
dani niWieri aTletia, an mocarti niWieri pianisti iyo, rac
TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs romelime maTganis kreatiulobas.
Cven mier CamoTvlili adamianebidan zogs maTematikis an mu-
sikis niWi hqonda, magram maTma umetesobam kreatiul Sedegs
raime gamoxatuli gansakuTrebuli niWis gareSe miaRwia. ra
Tqma unda, niWi SedarebiTi terminia da SeiZleba imaze kamaTi,
rom `saSualo~ individebTan SedarebiT, kreatiuli adamiane-
bi niWierebic arian.
meore termini, romelic `kreatiulis~ sinonimad xSirad ga-

moiyeneba - geniosia. da isev, saqme aqac nawilobriv gadafar-
vasTan gvaqvs. SesaZloa, geniosze, rogorc erTdroulad
brwyinvale da kreatiul adamianze, ise vifiqroT, magram ada-
mians kulturis mniSvnelovani cvlileba geniosobis gareSec
SeuZlia. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens nimuSSi CamoTvlil ada-
mianTagan ramdenimes mediam geniosi uwoda, isini iseve, ro-
gorc Cvens mier gamokiTxulTa umetesoba, am wodebas uaryo-
fen.
sistemebis modeli
Cven davinaxeT, rom namdvili kreatiuloba, romelic kultu-

ris zogierT aspeqts cvlis, mxolod adamianis gonebaSi aras-
dros xorcieldeba. es zustad is SemTxveva iqneboda, rasac
kulturuli kreatiuloba ar ewodeba. imisTvis, rom Sedegi
gamoiRos, idea jer iseTi saxiT unda Camoyalibdes, rom sxve-
bisTvis gasagebi gaxdes. amis Semdeg man dargis eqspertebis
mxridan gamocdas unda gauZlos da bolos im kulturul
sferSi CaerTos, romelsac ekuTvnis. amitomac, pirveli Se-
kiTxva, romelsac kretiulobasTan dakavSirebiT vsvam, aris
ara is, Tu ra aris kreatiuloba, aramed - sad aris is?
yvelaze logikuri pasuxia, rom kreatiulobas mxolod sami

ZiriTadi nawilisgan Semdgari sistemis Sida urTierTobisas
vxvdebiT. pirveli nawilia dargi, romelic simboluri wese-
bisa da procedurebis nakrebisgan Sedgeba. magaliTad, maTe-
matika aris dargi, romelze ufro axlos dakvirvebisas dar-
13
gebad algebrisa da ricxvTa Teoriis gamoyofac SegviZlia.

dargebi, Tavis mxriv, e. w. kulturaSi an im simbolur codna-
Si aris Cabudebuli, romelsac konkretuli sazogadoeba an
mTlianad kacobioba iziarebs.
kreatiulobis meore komponentia sfero, romelic yvela im

individs aerTianebs, romelic ki mis sadarajoze dgas. maTi
gadasawyvetia, moxdes Tu ara axali ideis an produqtis dar-
gSi CarTva. vizualuri xelovnebis SemTxvevaSi, sfero aerTi-
anebs xelovnebis maswavlebelebs, muzeumebis kuratorebs,
xelovnebis nimuSebis koleqcionerebs, samTavrobo saagen-
toebisa da fondebis administraciebs, romlebic kulturis
sferoSi moRvaweoben. swored es sfero gansazRvravs imas, xe-
lovnebis romeli axali nimuSi imsaxurebs aRiarebas, dacvasa
da damaxsovrebas.
dabolos, kreatiuli sistemis mesame komponenti Tavad indi-

vidualuri pirovnebaa. kreatiulobis aqti maSin xdeba, roca
pirovneba mocemuli dargis simboloebis gamoyenebiT (musi-
ka, inJineria, biznesi, maTematika) axal ideas qmnis, axal mo-
dels xedavs da Sesabamisi sferos eqspertebi am siaxlis mis
Sesaferis dargSi CarTvas gadawyveten. momavali Taoba siax-
les gaicnobs, rogorc dargis Semadgenel nawils. im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu kreatiuli aRmoCndeba, isic, Tavis mxriv, Secvlis
mas. xandaxan kreatiuloba axali dargis Seqmnasac gulisx-
mobs: SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom galileom eqperimen-
tul fizikas, froidma ki - nevropaTologiis arsebul dar-
gze dayrdnobiT - fsiqoanalizs Cauyares safuZveli. magram
galileosa da froids rom mimdevrebi ar gamosCenodaT, rom-
lebic am sferoSi gaerTiandnen da ganaviTares igi, maT ide-
ebs naklebi an saerTod aranairi gavlena ar eqneboda.
amgvarad, zemoT Tqmulidan Semdegi gansazRvreba gamomdi-

nareobs: kreatiuloba aris aqti, idea an produqti, romelic
arsebul dargs cvlis, an mas axal dargad gardaqmnis. kreati-
uli adamiani ki is aris, visi azrebi an qmedebebi cvlis dargs
an axal dargs qmnis. mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom dargis
Secvla masze pasuxismgebeli sferos namdvili da udavo Tan-
xmobis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
sakiTxze arsebul aseT Sexedulebebs ramdenime Sedegi mos-

devs. magaliTad, Cven ar gvWirdeba imis varaudi, rom krea-
tiuli pirovneba aucileblad sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli unda
iyos. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, piradi `kreatiuloba~ ar
gansazRvravs imas, pirovneba kreatiuli iqneba Tu ara. amas
is faqti ganapirobebs, moxdeba Tu ara mis mier Seqmnili siax-
lis dargSi gaTvaliswineba. es SeiZleba SemTxvevis, daJinebis
an saWiro dros saWiro adgilas yofnis Sedegad moxdes. imis
gamo, rom kreatiulobaSi dargi, sfero da pirovneba erTob-
livad monawileobs, piradi kreatiulobis Strixebs SeuZli-
aT, dargSi cvlilebis momtani siaxle warmoqmnan. Tumca, es
siaxle ver iqneba dargSi gaTvaliswinebis erTaderTi - verc
sakmarisi da verc aucilebeli - piroba.
adamiani ver iqneba kreatiuli iseT dargSi, romelTanac mas

kavSiri ar gaaCnia. ar aqvs mniSvneloba maTematikis sferoSi
bavSvis araCveulebriv niWs, radgan is masSi veranair wvlils
maTematikis wesebis Seswavlis gareSe ver Seitans. magram we-
sebis swavlis SemTxvevaSic ki, kreatiulobis gamovlena sfe-
ros mier siaxlis aRiarebisa da misi legitimaciis gareSe ver
moxdeba. bavSvs SeuZlia maTematikis damoukideblad swav-
la, Tu is swor wignebsa da karg mentorebs ipovis; magram is
dargs ver Secvlis, Tu misi wvlilis siswores maswavleblebi
an Jurnalis redaqtorebi ar daadastureben.
garda amisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom kreatiuloba mxo-

lod ukve arsebul dargebsa da sferoebSi SeiZleba gamovlin-
des. magaliTad, Znelia Tqma: ès qali bavSvis kvebis sakiTxSi
Zalian kreatiulia~; an ès qali Tavisi sibrZniT Zalian krea-
tiulia~. marTalia, sibrZne da kveba adamianis gadarCenisT-
vis Zalian mniSvnelovania, magram isini Tavisuflad struq-
turirebuli dargebia, romlebsac Zalian aRiarebuli wesi
da prioriteti aqvT. maT ar gaaCniaT eqspertTa wre, romelic
kreatiulobaze gamoTqmuli pretenziis kanonierebas daad-
genda. amgvarad, paradoqsul mdgomareobaSi varT. gamodis,
rom kreatiuloba ufro cxadia iseT dargebSi, romlebic,
xSirad, SedarebiT banaluri, magram gasazomad ufro marti-
via. im dargebSi ki, romlebsac ufro didi aucilebloba ukav-
Sirdeba, siaxlis gansazRvra Zalian rTulia. SesaZlebelia
15
SeTanxmeba imaze, rom kompiuteruli TamaSi, rok simRera an

ekonomikuri formula marTlac axali da, maSasadame, kreati-
ulia. magram ufro rTulia SeTanxmeba TanagrZnobis an adami-
anuri bunebis gagebis siaxleze.
modeli aseve gvaZlevs saSualebas, gaviTvaliswinoT krea-

tiulobis gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT droTa ganmavlobaSi
momxdari mistikuri cvalebadoba. magaliTad, rafaelis - ro-
gorc mxatvris - reputacia, misi didebis zenitSi yofnis Sem-
deg, romis papis iulius meoris karze ramdenimejer gaizarda
an Semcirda. gregor mendeli (Gregor Mendel) mxolod gardac-
valebidan naxevari saukunis Semdeg gaxda cnobili, rogorc
eqsperimentuli genetikis gamomgonebeli. iohan sebastian ba-
xis musikas ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi miiCnevdnen Zvel-
modurad. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad,
rafaeli, mendeli, baxi yovelTvis kreatiulebi iyvnen, mag-
ram maTi reputacia socialuri aRiarebis axirebulobis gamo
icvleboda. sistemebis modelis mixedviT, kretiulobisa da
misi aRiarebis gamijvna ar SeiZleba. mendeli ar iyo kreati-
uli im wlebis ganmavlobaSi, roca mas ar aRiarebdnen; radgan
misi eqsperimentuli aRmoCenebi manamde ar iyo mniSvnelova-
ni, vidre maT mniSvnelobas evoluciisTvis britaneli gene-
tikosebis jgufi mecxramete saukunis bolos ar gaiazrebda.
rafaelis kreatiuloba xelovnebis istoriis codnis, xelov-

nebis kritikis Teoriebisa da drois esTetikuri mgrZnobe-
lobis Sesabamisad icvleba. sistemebis modelis Tanaxmad ra-
faeli kreatiuli iyo meTeqvsmete da mecxramete saukuneeb-
Si, magram ara - maT Soris Sualedsa da Semdgom periodSi. ra-
faeli maSinaa kreatiuli, roca misi namuSevari Temze axdens
gavlenas da mas naxatebSi axali SesaZleblobebis aRmoCenis
saSualebas aZlevs. magram im periodSi, roca misi naSromebi
xelovnebaTmcodneTa azriT maneruli an rutinulia, mas Se-
iZleba vuwodoT didi mxazveli an daxvewili ferTa Semxame-
beli, piradad kreatiuli individic ki, magram ara - farTo
gagebiT kreatiuli. Tu kreatiuloba imaze metia, vidre pira-
di gaazreba da mas dargebi, sferoebi da pirovnebebi erTob-
livad qmnian, maSin SesaZlebelia, rom istoriis ganmavlobaSi
kreatiulobis Seqmna, daSla da rekonstruqcia ramdenjer-
me moxdes. Cveni erT-erTi respondenti, poeti entoni hexti

(Anthony Hecht) ambobs:
literaturuli reputacia mudmivad icvleba. xan-
daxan umniSvnelod da araserioozuladac ki. erTi
kolega myavda, romelmac inglisuri enisa da lite-
raturis ganyofilebis bolo Sexvedraze ganacxada,
rom, misi azriT, axla Seqspiris Semoqmedebis swavleba
mniSvnelovani aRaraa, - radgan mas qalTa sakiTxebi Za-
lian sustad esmis. Cemi azriT, es araseriozuli dak-
virvebaa, magram imas niSnavs, rom seriozuli ganxil-
vis SemTxvevaSi, garantirebuli aravis adgili araa da
is mudmivad icvleba. es kargicaa da, amave dros, cu-
dic. jon donis (John Donne) Semoqmedebas mecxramete
saukuneSi yuradRebas aravin aqcevda. inglisuri poe-
ziis oqsfordis wigni mis mxolod erT leqss Seicavda.
axla ki is - herbert griersonisa (Herbert Grierson) da t.
s. eliotis (T.S. Eliot) wyalobiT - mkvdreTiT aRsdga da
meCvidmete saukunis erT-erT yvelaze did moRvawedaa
miCneuli. Tumca, es yovelTvis ase ar iyo. igive exeba
musikasac. baxi ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi iyo miviwye-
buli, vidre mendelsonma Tavidan ar aRmoaCina. es niS-
navs, rom Cven warsulis xelaxla Sefasebas mudmivad
vaxdenT, rac, ra Tqma unda, kargi, faseuli da saWiro
ramaa.
sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva zogisTvis, SesaZloa, giJuradac

JRerdes. Cveulebriv, fiqroben xolme, rom van gogisnairi
adamiani didi SemoqmedebiTi geniosi iyo, magram misi Tana-
medroveebi amas ver mixvdnen. sabednierod, axla Cven aRmo-
vaCineT, rom is marTlac kargi mxatvari iyo da misi krea-
tiuloba davicaviT. amgvar SexedulebebTan dakavSirebiT,
ramdenime SeniSvnas gamovTqvam. Cven amiT imas vambobT, rom
kargi xelovnebis arsi van gogis Tanamedroveebze, burJua-
ziul meSCanebze ukeT gvesmis. Cvens Tavze qvecnobieri didi
warmodgenis garda, amas ra gvalaparakebs? van gogis wvlilis
ufro obieqturi aRweraa is, rom misi kreatiuloba maSin ga-
cocxlda, roca misi naxatebi xelovnebis dargisTvis mniSv-
nelovnad xelovnebis eqspertTa sakmarisma raodenobam CaT-
vala. maTi mxridan gamoZaxilis gareSe, van gogi imadve dar-
17
Ceboda, rac manamde iyo: SeSlil adamianad, romelic ucnaur

naxatebs xatavda.
sistemebis modelis yvelaze didi mniSvneloba isaa, rom kre-
atiulobis done romelime konkretul adgilas an dros mxo-
lod individualuri kreatiulobis raodenobaze ar aris da-
mokidebuli. mas aseve is faqtic gansazRvravs, ramdenad kar-
gadaa morgebuli Sesabamisi dargebi da sferoebi axali ide-
ebis Secnobasa da gavrcelebas. aman SeiZleba kreatiulobis
zrdis mcdelobebisas didi praqtikuli gansxvaveba moita-
nos. dRes bevri amerikuli korporacia Zalian did drosa da
Tanxas uTmobs Tavisi TanamSromlebis originalobis zrdas.
isini imedovneben, rom amiT bazarze konkurentul upirate-
sobas moipoveben. magram amgvar programebs aranairi azri ar
aqvT, Tu menejmenti bevr axal ideas Soris Rirebuli ideebis
gamorCevasa da Semdeg maT danergvas ar iswavlis.
magaliTad, robert galvini (Robert Galvin) `motoroladan~ sa-

marTlianadaa SeSfoTebuli im konkurenciis gamo, rac wyna-
ri okeanis auzis qveynebis damSeul eleqtronuli xelsawyo-
ebis mwarmoebelebs Soris arsebobs. misi azriT, gadarCenis-
Tvis misma kompaniam kreatiuloba Tavisi warmoebis procesis
winswarganzraxul nawilad unda aqcios. is aseve sworad fiq-
robs, rom amis misaRwevad, jer kompaniaSi momuSave aTasobiT
inJinris motivacia unda gazardos, raTa maT rac SeiZleba
meti axali idea warmoSvan. is gonebrivi ieriSis bevr iseT
sxvadasxva formas iyenebs, romlis drosac TanamSromlebs
ar eSiniaT, sasaciloebi da arapraqtikulebi gamoCndnen.
Tumca, korporaciebis Semdgomi nabijebi naklebad naTelia.
rogor SeiZleba sferom (am SemTxvevaSi, menejmentma) uamrav
axal ideas Soris marTlac Rirebuli SearCios? rogor SeiZ-
leba SerCeuli ideebis dargSi (am SemTxvevaSi `motorolas~
warmoebis gegmaSi) inkorporireba? imis gamo, rom Cven SeCve-
ulebi varT - kreatiulobis dasawyisi da dasasruli adamians
davukavSiroT - advili SesaZlebelia, gamogvrCes is faqti,
rom udidesi stimuli individs SesaZloa swored gare cvli-
lebebma misces.
kreatiuloba renesansis periodSi
mxatvruli kreatiulobis kargi magaliTia is uecari afeTqe-

ba, rac florenciaSi 1400 da 1425 wlebs Soris moxda. es rene-
sansis oqros wlebi iyo. zogadad, miRebulia azri, rom zogi-
erTi yvelaze gavleniani evropuli xelovnebis axali nimuSi
swored am meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi Seiqmna. SedevrTa
nebismieri sia Seicavs bruneleskis mier agebuli sakaTedro
taZris gumbaTs, gibertis mier embazisTvis Seqmnil `samoTxis
karibWes~, donatelos skulpturebs orsanmiqeles kapelaSi,
mazaCos freskebis cikls brankaCis eklesiaSi da jentile da
fabrianos naxats `mogvTa Tayvaniscema~ samebis taZarSi.
riT SeiZleba aixsnas didi xelovnebis aseTi ayvaveba? Tuki

kreatiuloba adamianis SigniT arsebuli fenomenia, maSin ga-
modis, rom raRac mizezis gamo, meToTxmete saukunis bolo
aTwleulSi florenciaSi kreatiul xelovanTa uCveulod
didi raodenoba daibada. SesaZloa, am periodSi momxdarma
ucnaurma genetikurma mutaciam an florencieli bavSvebis
ganaTlebaSi ganxorcielebulma didma cvlilebebma isini
ucbad ufro kreatiulebi gaxada. magram axsna, romelic dar-
gsa da sferos gulisxmobs, gacilebiT ufro logikuria.
rac Seexeba dargs. renesansi nawilobriv e. w. bneli saukune-

ebis periodSi dakarguli mSeneblobisa da qandakebis Zveli
romauli meTodebis xelaxali aRmoCenis Sedegad gaxda SesaZ-
lebeli. meToTxmete saukunis dasawyisSi romsa da sxva qala-
qebSi enTuziasti mecnierebi klasikur nangrevebs Txridnen,
antikuri stilisa da teqnikis kopirebasa da analizs axdend-
nen. am nelma mosamzadebelma samuSaoebma nayofi meTxuTmete
saukunis mijnaze gamoiRo, roca im periodis xelosnebs didi
xnis win daviwyebuli codna isev gaacno.
florenciaSi agebuli santa maria novelas sakaTedro taZa-

ri oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi idga gadauxuravi, radgan ara-
vin icoda, rogor daedgaT gumbaTi mis uzarmazar afsidze.
aravin icnobda meTods, romelic gumbaTis simrudis gark-
veuli wertilis miRwevis Semdeg kedlebs SigniT Caqcevis-
gan daicavda. yovel wels axalgazrda xelovanebi da cnobi-
li mSeneblebi Tavian gegmebs sakaTedro taZris mSeneblobis
19
zedamxedvel sabWos warudgendnen, magram maTi SeTavazebebi

sabWos ver arwmunebda. is qalaqis politikuri da biznes sfe-
roebis waromadgenlebisgan Sedgeboda da warumatebeli ar-
Cevanis SemTxvevaSi, sabWos reputaciis Selaxva emuqreboda.
sabWom oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi ver monaxa taZris Rirse-
uli dasrulebis gegma, romelic misaRebi iqneboda qalaqis-
Tvis.
bolos da bolos, humanisti mecnierebi romis panTeoniT da-

interesdnen. gazomes misi uzarmazari gumbaTi da aSenebis
teqnika gaaanalizes. panTeoni meore saukuneSi imperatorma
hadrianem aRadgina. 71 futis simaRlis gumbaTis diametri
142 futi iyo. aseTi masStabis nageboba aTas welze meti xnis
ganmavlobaSi aravis aego da is meTodebi, romlebic romae-
lebs amgvari konstruqciis dangrevis saSiSroebis gverdis
avliT agebis saSualebas aZlevda, barbarosebis Semoseve-
bis bneli saukuneebis periodSi miviwyebul iqna. magram axla
mSvidoba da komercia Tavidan acocxlebda italiur qalaqebs
da nel-nela codnis aRdgenac xdeboda.
bruneleski, romelic 1401 wels roms iqauri antikuri xanis

nimuSebis Sesaswavlad ewvia, mixvda panTeonis Seswavlis mniS-
vnelobas. florenciis gumbaTis dasrulebis miseuli idea
qvis iseTi Sida TaRebis CarCos agebas emyareboda, romlebic
sabjenad gamodgeboda da maT Soris naZviseburi formiT gan-
lagebul agurebs daiWerda. magram misi konstruqcia romau-
li modelis ubralo gameorebas ar gulisxmobda. masze gav-
lenas mTeli saukuneebis arqiteqtura da, gansakuTrebiT,
goTuri modelebi axdenda. rodesac bruneleskim Tavisi geg-
ma sabWos warudgina, sabWo mixvda, rom saqme problemis misa-
Reb da lamaz gadawyvetasTan hqonda. agebis Semdeg gumbaTi
axali Tavisufali formis simbolod iqca. man asobiT mSenebe-
lis STagoneba SeZlo da is miqelanjelomac ki gamoiyena ro-
mis wminda petres taZris gumbaTis mSeneblobisas.
magram miuxedavad klasikuri xelovnebis xelaxla aRmoCe-

nisa, florenciuli renesansi mxolod informaciis uecari
xelmisawvdomibiT ar SeiZleba aixsnas. es rom ase ar iyos, axa-
li SemoqmedebiTi formebis ayvaveba klasikuri nagebobebis
mqone yvela sxva qalaqSic moxdeboda. da, miuxedavad imisa,
rom es garkveulwilad asec iyo, SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis

siRrmiTa da intensivobiT florencias arc erTi sxva adgi-
li ar Seedreboda. ra iyo amis mizezi?
am fenomenis axsna is aris, rom im periodSi, roca xelovne-

bis antikuri dargebis xelaxali aRmoCena daiwyo, xelovnebis
sfero axali namuSevrebis Seqmnisadmi gansakuTrebiT keTil-
ganwyobili aRmoCnda. florencia vaWrobis, mogvianebiT, Sa-
lisa da sxva qsovilebis warmoebis da, bolos, iq mcxovrebi
mdidari vaWrebis finansuri codnis wyalobiT, evropis erT-
erTi yvelaze mdidari qalaqi gaxda. meToTxmete saukunis
bolosTvis qalaqSi bevri msxvili bankiri cxovrobda (maT
Soris, mediCebi mxolod wvrili bankirebi gaxldnen). isini,
sxvadasxva ucxoeli mefisa da mbrZanebelisTvis misesxebuli
fulis sanacvlod, sakmaod did saprocento ganakveTs iRebd-
nen. magram bankirebis mier skivrebis Sevsebis paralelurad,
Tavad qalaqs uamravi problema hqonda. qonebis armqone ada-
mianebi saSinel eqspluatacias ganicdidnen da ekonomikuri
uTanasworobiT gamowveuli politikuri daZabuloba nebis-
mier wuTas SeiZleboda Ria konfliqtis sababi gamxdariyo.
papsa da imperators Soris mimdinare brZola, romelmac mTe-
li kontinenti or nawilad gayo, qalaqSi gvelfebisa da gibe-
linebis fraqciebs Soris dapirispirebiT gamoixata. saqmes
isic arTulebda, rom florenciis garSemo mdebare qalaqebi
siena, piza da areco, romlebic misi simdidrisa da ambiciebis
gamo eWvianobdnen, mzad iyvnen, misTvis savaWro da geografi-
uli teritoriis nebismieri SesaZlo nawili waecicqnaT.
swored amgvari simdidrisa da gaurkvevlobis periodSi ga-

dawyvites florenciis winamZRolebma misi qristianuli sam-
yaros yvelaze lamaz qalaqad, maTi sityvebiT, àxal aTenad~
qceva. maT warmoidgines, rom araCveulebrivi eklesiebis,
STambeWdavi xidebis, saucxoo sasaxleebis, ulamazesi fres-
kebisa da qandakebebis SeqmniT, sakuTari saxlebisa da saqme-
ebis garSemo damcav jadosnur wres Seqmnidnen. isini garkve-
ulwilad marTlebi aRmoCndnen: rodesac xuTas welze meti
xnis Semdeg hitlerma ukandaxeul germanul jars mdinare
arnoze xidebis afeTqeba da qalaqis miwasTan gasworeba ub-
rZana, savele meTaurma mis damorCilebaze uari ganacxada im
21
motiviT, rom msoflio Zalian bevr silamazes dakargavda. qa-

laqi gadarCa.
mniSvenelovania imis gaazreba, rom rodesac florencielma

bankirebma, eklesiis msaxurebma da didi saamqroebis meTau-
rebma Tavisi qalaqis SemaZrwuneblad lamaz adgilad gadaq-
ceva gadawyvites, maT fuli xelovanebs ubralod ki ar mis-
ces imis molodinSi, ra moxdeboda: isini aqtiurad Caebnen
xelSewyobis, Sefasebisa da im naSromebis SerCevis procesSi,
romelTa Seqmnac surdaT. imis gamo, rom wamyvani moqalaqee-
bi, iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi mosaxleoba, Zalian seriozu-
lad iyvnen dainteresebuli muSaobis SedegebiT, xelovanebi
Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsimumis Cvenebis wnexis qveS aR-
moCndnen. sabWos mxridan mudmivi Segulianebisa da sakiTxis
dawvrilebiT ganxilvis gareSe, sakaTedro taZris gumbaTi,
savaraudod, ar iqneboda iseTi lamazi, rogoric is sabolo-
od gamovida.
im periodis florenciuli xelovnebis kidev erTi gamoxa-

tulebaa embazis CrdiloeTisa da, gansakuTrebiT ki, aRmo-
savleTis kari, romelic im drois erT-erTi udavo Sedevria
da romelsac miqelanjelom misi araCveulebrivi silamazis
gamo `samoTxis karibWe~ uwoda. am SemTxvevaSic Seiqmna spe-
cialuri komisia, romelic sajaro nagebobis karebis Seqm-
nis process zedamxedvelobda. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen
cnobili adamianebi da, umetesad, Salis mqsovelTa saamqro-
ebis meTaurebi, romlebic proeqts afinansebdnen. sabWos ga-
dawyvetilebiT, yvela kari brinjaosgan unda gakeTebuliyo
da Zveli aRqmis Temebis ilustraciebiT gaformebuli aTi pa-
neli hqonoda. sabWos wevrebma werilebi miweres evropis yve-
laze cnobil filosofosebs, mwerlebsa da saeklesio pirebs
da daekiTxnen maT, romeli bibliuri scenebi unda yofiliyo
gamosaxuli karebebze da es rogori formiT unda momxdari-
yo. pasuxebis miRebis Semdeg maT Camoayalibes karebebis de-
talebis sia da 1401 wels dizainis konkursi gamoacxades.
sabWosTvis Cabarebuli uamravi naxatidan xuTi finalisti,

maT Soris, bruneleski da giberti SeirCa. finalistebs erTi
weli hqondaT karebis erT-erTi panelis brinjaos maketis da-
samzadeblad. panelis Tema ìsaakis msxverplSewirva~ iyo da
masze, abraamisa da misi vaJis garda, sul mcire, erTi angelo-

zi da erTi cxvari unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli. am erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi xuT finalists sabWo sakmaod karg xelfass
uxdida daxarjuli droisa da masalisTvis. 1402 wels Jiuri
Sesrulebuli namuSevrebis sanaxavad kvlav Seikriba da emba-
zis karebisTvis gibertis mier damzadebuli paneli SearCia.
nimuSi, teqnikuri ostatobis garda, araCveulebriv bunebriv
klasikur kompozicias warmoadgenda.
karebze muSaobis dawyebis dros lorenco giberti ocdaer-

Ti wlis iyo. man momavali oci weli CrdiloeTis, ocdaSvidi
weli ki - cnobili aRmosavleTi karis dasrulebas moandoma.
is embazis karebis srulyofiT 1402-dan 1452 wlamde mTeli
naxevari saukune iyo dakavebuli. ra Tqma unda, am periodis
ganmavlobaSi bevri sxva SekveTac Seasrula da Seqmna skulp-
turebi mediCebis, pacebis, bankirTa gildiisa da sxva cnobi-
li adamianebisTvis, magram misi saxeli `samoTxis karibWesT
da dasavluri samyaros mier dekoraciuli xelovnebis aRqmis
cvlilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
maSin, roca bruneleski romauli arqiteqturis gavlenas ga-

nicdida, giberti mas swavlobda da cdilobda, romael mo-
qandakeebs Sejibreboda. giberts didi brinjaos formebis
Seqmnis teqnikis xelaxla swavla mouxda. man romaul safla-
vebze gamokveTili klasikuri profilebi gamoikvlia da ka-
ris panelze gamosaxuli personaJebis gamometyvelebebi maT
mixedviT Seasrula. gibertim xelaxla aRmoCenili klasiku-
ri namuSevrebisa da sienaSi Seqmnili SedarebiT axali goTu-
ri skulpturebis formebis kombinireba SeZlo. gadaWarbebis
gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is, ramac `samoTxis kari~ aseTi
lamazi gaxada, iyo zrunva, damokidebuleba da mxardaWera
mTeli mosaxleobisgan, - rac Jiuris mier muSaobis procesis
zedamxedvelobaSi gamoixata. gibertisa da misi moswavleebis
motivacia - maqsimalurad kargi namuSevari SeeqmnaT - ganpi-
robebuli iyo Zalian didi konkurenciiTa da im yuradRebiT,
romelic maTma naSromma miipyro. xelovnebis sociologi ar-
nold hauzeri (Arnold Hauser) marTebulad afasebs am periods:
àdreuli renesansis xelovnebaSi... Semoqmedebis sawyisi wer-
tili umetesad ara kreatiul gulis wadilTan, subieqtur
TviTgamoxatvasTan da xelovanis spontanur STagonebasTa-
23
naa dakavSirebuli, aramed im amocanasTan, romelsac mas kli-

enti dausaxavs.~
ra Tqma unda, florenciuli xelovnebis didi nimuSebi ve-

rasdros Seiqmneboda mxolod klasikuri xelovnebis dargis
xelaxla aRmoCenis an qalaqis mmarTvelebis mxridan qalaqis
galamazebis survilis gamo. individualur xelovanTa gareSe
renesansi ver Sedgeboda. bolos da bolos, santa maria nove-
las gumbaTi bruneleskim daadga, `samoTxis karibWis~ keTebas
ki gibertim Sealia mTeli cxovreba. amave dros, unda vaRia-
roT, rom manamde arsebuli modelebisa da qalaqis mxridan
mxardaWeris gareSe, bruneleski da giberti ver Seqmnidnen
imas, rac Seqmnes. es ori xelovani sferosa da dargis xelsay-
reli kavSiris pirobebSi rom ar dabadebuliyo, maT adgilas
vinme sxva gamoCndeboda da gumbaTsa da karebs is gaakeTebda.
swored am ganuyofeli kavSiris gamoa, rom kreatiuloba ara
adamianis SigniT arsebul fenomenad, aramed sistemasTan da-
kavSirebul movlenad unda ganvixiloT.
codnisa da qmedebis dargebi
rogorc Cans, adamianebis garda, samyaros cocxali organiz-

mis yvela saxeoba garkveuli tipis SegrZnebebs met-naklebad
Sinagani reaqciebis saSualebiT aRiqvams. mcenare mzisken
trialdeba; amebis sxeuls magnituri miziduloba CrdiloeT
polusisken mimarTavs; axaldabadebuli muqi lurji grata
Citebi budidan akvirdebian da swavloben varskvlavTa ganla-
gebas, Semdeg RamiT ise axerxeben did manZilze gadafrenas,
rom ar ikargebian; Ramurebi pasuxoben xmebs, zvigenebi suns,
mtacebeli frinvelebi ki araCveulebrivad ganviTarebuli
mxedvelobiT gamoirCevian. nebismieri saxeoba Tavis garemos
im informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqvams da gaiazrebs, rom-
lis damuSavebac mis sensorul aRWurvilobas SeuZlia.
igive xdeba adamianebis SemTxvevaSic. magram Cven movaxerxeT,

genebis mier gapirobebuli, samyaroze gamavali viwro fan-
jris garda, realoba simboloebis saSualebiT miRebul in-
formaciaze dayrdnobiTac dagvenaxa. idealuri paraleluri
xazebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. magram maTi arsebobis daSvebis
saSualebiT, evklidem da misma mimdevrebma SeZles iseTi siv-

rciTi urTierTobebis gamomxatveli sistemis ageba, rome-
lic imaze ufro zustia, risi aRqmac SeuiaraRebeli Tvali-
Ta da gonebiTaa SesaZlebeli. marTalia, lirikuli poezia da
magnituri rezonansuli speqtroskopia erTmaneTisgan Zali-
an gansxvavdeba, magram orive uzrunvelyofs im informacia-
ze wvdomas, romlis arsebobaze sxvagvarad warmodgenac ki ar
gveqneboda.
codna, romlis gaziarebac simboloebis saSualebiT xdeba,

eqstrasomaturia. misi gadacema ar xdeba im qimiuri kodebis
saSualebiT, romlebic Cvens qromosomebSia `Cawerili~. saWi-
roa misi specialurad gadacema da swavla. swored es eqstra-
somaturi informacia Seadgens kulturas. simboloebis saSu-
alebiT gavrcelebuli codna calkeul dargebSi: geometria,
musika, religia, samarTali da a.S. nawildeba. yvela dargi Ta-
visi sakuTari simboluri elementebisgan, wesebisgan Sedgeba
da zogadad Canawerebis Tavisi sakuTari sistema aqvs. yvela
dargi calkeul patara samyaros aRwers, romelSic adamians
koncentrirebulad da naTlad fiqri da qmedeba SeuZlia.
dargebis arseboba SesaZloa, adamianis kreatiulobis sau-

keTeso dadastureba iyos. kalkulusisa da gregorianuli
sagaloblebis Seqmna niSnavs, rom wesrigis im formis aRqma
SegviZlia, romelic genetikaSi biologiuri evoluciiT ar
iyo ganpirobebuli. dargis wesebis SeswavliT, Cven maSinve ga-
davdivarT biologiis sazRvrebs da kulturuli evoluciis
sferoSi vxvdebiT. nebismieri dargi afarToebs individua-
lobis SezRudvebs, zrdis Cvens mgrZnobelobasa da samyaros-
Tan kavSiris SesaZleblobas. nebismier adamians gars iseTi
dargebis TiTqmis usasrulo raodenoba artyavs, romlebsac
potenciurad axali samyaroebis gaxsna da wesebis Semswav-
lelTaTvis axali Zalauflebis miniWeba SeuZliaT. amitomac,
gasaocaria, rom mxolod ase cota Cvengani cdilobs Tundac
erTi dargis wesebis SeswavlaSi gonebrivi energiis investi-
rebas da mas mxolod biologiuri arsebobis SezRudvebis pi-
robebSi cxovrebas amjobinebs.
adamianebis umetesobisTvis dargebi, upirveles yovlisa, ar-

sebobis saSualebebia. Cven eqTnobas an wyalsadenis sisteme-
25
bis specialistobas, medicinas an biznesis administrirebas

Cveni SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiTa da kargad anazRaure-
badi samsaxuris Sovnis surviliT virCevT. magram arseboben
individebic (da kreatiulebi, Cveulebriv, am jgufSi xvde-
bian xolme), romlebic konkretul dargs Zlieri mowodebis
gamo irCeven. maTTvis es kavSiri imdenad srulyofilia, rom
dargis kanonebis farglebSi moqmedeba TavisTavad faseulia.
isini imis keTebas, rasac akeTeben, maSinac gaagrZelebdnen,
maTTvis amaSi fuli rom ar gadaexadaT.
miuxedavad dargebis mravalferovnebisa, maT mimarT intere-

sis saerTo mizezebic arsebobs. atomur fizikas, mikrobio-
logias, poeziasa da musikalur kompozicias naklebi saerTo
simbolo da wesi aqvT, magram dainteresebul pirTa mxridan
maT mimarT arsebuli mowodeba xSirad saocrad hgavs erTma-
neTs. es SeiZleba iyos gamocdilebis mowesrigebis an iseTi
ramis Seqmnis survili, rac adamianis gardacvalebis Semde-
gac gagrZeldeba; kacobriobisTvis imis SesaZleblobis mice-
ma, rom adamianebi axlandeli Zalauflebis sazRvrebs gasc-
dnen.
rodesac diord faludis (György Faludy) hkiTxes, ratom ga-

dawyvita, rom Svidi wlis asakSi poeti gamxdariyo, man upasu-
xa: ìmitom, rom sikvdilis meSinoda.~ man axsna, rom sityvebis
saSualebiT qargis Seqmna Tavisi simarTlisa da silamazis Se-
saxeb met SesaZleblobas aZlevda mas, rogorc poets, wlebiT
gansazRvrul adamianur sicocxleze ufro didxans ecocx-
la. es iyo didi imedi da gamowveva, romelic momavali samoc-
dacameti wlis ganmavlobaSi mis cxovrebas azrsa da mimarTu-
lebas aZlevda. es mowodeba didad ar gansxvavdeba fizikosi
jon berdinis (John Bardeen) muSaobisgan zegamtarebis sfero-
Si da mis mier konfliqtebisgan Tavisufali samyaros Seqmnis
SesaZleblobis aRwerisgan. fizikos hainc maier-laibnics
(Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) imedi hqonda, rom atomuri energia usazR-
vro energiis gamomuSavebas SeZlebda, bioqomikosi da fizi-
kosi manfred aigeni (Manfred Eigen) sicocxlis ganviTarebis
gagebas cdilobda. dargebi absoluturad gansxvavebulia,
magram adamianebis mier warmoebuli Ziebis procesi, romel-
sac isini warmoadgenen, ramdenime sakiTxSi erTmaneTs emTx-
veva. maqs plankis (Max Planck) akviateba absoluturis wvdomis
Sesaxeb, mravali TvalsazrisiT, safuZvlad udevs yvela ada-

mianur mcdelobas, gadalaxos im sxeulis SezRudvebi, rome-
lic wlebis mokle rigis Semdeg sasikvdilodaa ganwiruli.
arsebobs ramdenime gza, romelTa saSualebiTac dargebs kre-

atiulobis daxmareba an misTvis xelis SeSla SeuZliaT. gan-
sakuTrebiT es sam mTavar ganzomilebas: struqturis sicxa-
des, centralur adgils kulturaSi da wvdomas exeba. vTqvaT,
farmacevtuli kompaniebi A da B erTsa da imave bazarze erT-
maneTs ejibrebian. fuladi saxsrebi, romlebsac isini kvle-
vaze, ganviTarebasa da Tavisi mkvlevarebis kreatiul poten-
cialze xarjaven, identuria. Cven gvsurs, viwinaswarmety-
veloT, romeli kompania SeZlebs Tavisi yvelaze efeqturi
axali preparatis bazarze gamotanas. es winaswarmetyveleba
mxolod dargis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs efuZneba. Cven dav-
svamT Semdeg SekiTxvas: romel kompanias aqvs ufro detalu-
ri monacemebi farmacevtuli sferos Sesaxeb? romel kompa-
niaSia monacemebi ukeT mowesrigebuli? romeli kompania uT-
mobs met yuradRebas kvlevas sxva sferoebTan (mag. warmoeba
da marketingi) SedarebiT? sad ufro pativiscemiT epyrobian
farmacevtuli sferos Sesaxeb dagrovil codnas? romeli
kompania axerxebs ukeT codnis gavrcelebas Tavis TanamS-
romlebs Soris? sad ufro martivia hipoTezis Semowmeba?
kompaniaSi, sadac codna ukeTaa struqturirebuli, sadac
mas ufro metad centraluri adgili uWiravs da sadac masze
wvdoma ufro martivia, kreatiuli inovaciebi, savaraudod,
ufro advilad moxdeba (Tu yvela sxva piroba orive kompani-
aSi msgavsia).
xSirad aRniSnaven, rom zogierT dargSi arsebuli gamorCeu-

li SesaZleblobebi (mag. maTematika, musika), sxva dargebTan
SedarebiT (mag. filosofia, mxatvroba), ufro adreul asak-
Sive iCens Tavs. garda amisa, arsebobs varaudi, rom zogierT
dargSi yvelaze kreatiuli namuSevrebi axalgazrdebis, sxva
dargebSi ki - SedarebiT asakovani xalxis mier iqmneba. yvela-
ze kreatiuli liriuli leqsi, rogorc fiqroben, axalgazr-
dis mieraa dawrili, epikuri nawarmoebebi ki ufro mowiful
poetebs ekuTvniT. maTematikuri niWi mwvervals oci, fizikis
- ocdaaTi wlis asakSi aRwevs. didi filosofiuri nawarmoe-
bebi ki, Cveulebriv, mogvianebiT iqmneba.
27
am gansxvavebebis yvelaze savaraudo axsna dargebis struq-

turebis gansxvavebaSi unda mdgomareobdes. maTematikis sim-
boluri sistema SedarebiT ufro kompaqturia, misi Sida lo-
gika mkacria, sistema sicxadis maqsimalur zrdasa da siWarbis
Semcirebazea orientirebuli. amitomac, axalgazrda adamia-
nisTvis advilia dargis wesebisa da ramdenime weliwadSi misi
upiratesobebis aTviseba. igive struqturuli mizezebidan
gamomdinare, siaxlis SeTavazeba (rogorc, magaliaTad, di-
di xnis ganmavlobaSi molodinis sagnad qceuli fermas bolo
Teoremis damtkiceba, romelic SedarebiT axalgazrda maTe-
matikosma 1993 wels warmoadgina) dauyovnebliv aRiarebasa
da, sicocxlisunarianobis SemTxvevaSi, miRebas gulisxmobs.
amis sapirispirod, socialuri mecnierebebis an filosofi-
is warmomadgenlebi Tavisi dargebis Seswavlas aTwleulebs
andomeben. Tu isini axal ideas wamoayeneben, sferos mravali
weli dasWirdeba imisTvis, rom is Seafasos da gadawyvitos,
gaaumjobesebs Tu ara misi damateba codnis bazas.
hainc maier-laibnici (Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) miunxenSi mis mier

gamarTuli fizikis patara seminaris ambavs moyva. erT dRes
studentma mas leqcia Seawyvetina da SesTavaza, dafaze su-
batomuri nawilakebis qceva axali gziT gamoexata. profe-
sori dasTanxmda, rom axali formulireba gaumjobesebuli
varianti iyo da studenti Seaqo. kviris bolos masTan sxva
germanuli universitetebis fizikosebma daiwyes rekva. isi-
ni kiTxulobdnen: `marTalia, rom erT-erT Tqvens students
esa da es idea mouvida TavSi?~ kidev erTi kviris Tavze zarebi
amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiros universtetebidanac ganxor-
cielda. or kviraSi kaliforniis teqnologiuri universite-
ti, berkli da stenfordic imave SekiTxvas svamdnen.
amgvari ambis moyola fsiqologiis im ganStoebis Sesaxeb,

romelSic me vmuSaob, SeuZlebelia. nebismieri universite-
tis fsiqologiis seminarze studenti rom adges da klass
yvelaze ufro brZnuli ideebi gaacnos, amas seminaris gareT
veravin gaigebs. ara imitom, rom fsiqologiis studentebi
naklebad Wkvianebi an originalurebi arian, vidre fiziko-
sebi; arc imitom, rom Cemi kolegebi da me naklebad vaqcevT
yuradRebas Cveni studentebis axal ideebs; aramed imitom,
rom ramdenime Zalian struqturirebuli qvedargis garda,

fsiqologia azris metismetad gafantuli sistemaa. wlobiT
intensiuri muSaobaa saWiro imisTvis, rom nebismierma adami-
anma iseTi ram Tqvas, rasac sxvebi axal da mniSvnelovan idead
CaTvlian. maier-laibnicis axalgazrda studentma sabolood
nobelis premia miiRo fizikaSi. fsiqologiis SemTxvevaSi es
veranairad ver moxdeboda.
niSnavs Tu ara es, rom dargi, romelic ukeTesadaa struq-

turirebuli da romelSic kreatiulobis gansazRvra ufro
martivad xdeba, raRac gagebiT ùkeTesia~, vidre is dargebi,
romlebic ufro gafantulia? aris Tu ara isini ufro mniS-
vnelovani, ufro ganviTarebuli, ufro seriozuli? sulac
ara. es rom ase iyos, maSin Wadraki, mikroekonomika an kompi-
uteruli programireba, romlebic namdviladaa Zalian mkac-
rad struqturirebuli dargebi, ufro kargad ganviTarebu-
lad unda CagveTvala, vidre morali an sibrZne.
Tumca, simarTlea isic, rom dRes raodenobrivi gansazRv-

rebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli dargebi, romlebsac mkveTrad
SemosazRvruli sazRvrebi da kargad Camoyalibebuli wesebi
aqvT, ufro seriozulad aRiqmeba. tipur universitetSi ase-
Ti departamentisTvis dafinansebis mopoveba gacilebiT uf-
ro martivia. aseve martivia viwro specialobis dargSi mas-
wavleblis dawinaurebis dasabuTebac: aTi kolega siamovne-
biT dawers sarekomendacio werils da ityvis, rom profeso-
ri X unda dawinaurdes, radgan is msoflio donis avtorite-
tia virTxebis gamravlebis Cveulebebis an draviduli enebis
kavSirebiTi kilos sferoSi. naklebad savaraudoa, rom aTma
mecnierma SeZlos imaze SeTanxmeba, Tu vinaa msoflio avto-
riteti pirovnuli ganviTarebis sakiTxSi. amitomac advilia
dasanani Secdomis daSveba da imis varaudi, rom pirovnuli
ganviTareba mecnierulad naklebad pativsacemi dargia, vid-
re is, romelic virTxebis gamravlebis praqtikas swavlobs.
axlandeli istoriuli klimatis pirobebSi, is dargebi, sadac

raodenobrivi gansazRvrebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli sazomi
sistemis moqmedebaa SesaZlebeli, upiratesobas moipoveben
dargebze, sadac es SeuZlebelia. Cven vfiqrobT, rom is, risi
29
gazomvac SeiZleba, realuria. amitomac ar vaqcevT yuradRe-

bas imas, risi gazomvac ar viciT. adamianebi sazrianobas Za-
lian seriozulad ganixilaven, radgan im gonebrivi SesaZleb-
lobebis gazomva, romlebsac am saxeliT movixseniebT, teste-
bis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. cota xalxi Tu fiqrobs imis
Sesaxeb, rogori mgrZnobiare, altruistuli an sasargeblo
SeiZleba iyos adamiani. amis mizezi ki imaSi unda veZeboT, rom
amgvari Tvisebebis kargi sazomi jer ar arsebobs. xandaxan
aseT winaswar ganwyobas seriozuli Sedegebic mosdevs xol-
me, magaliTad, iseT SemTxvevebSi, roca socialur progressa
da miRwevebs ganvsazRvravT. futuristi heizel henderso-
nis (Hazel Henderson) cxovrebis erT-erTi mizania, daarwmunos
msoflio mTavrobebi, Tavisi qveynis mTliani bunebrivi pro-
duqtis rTulad gasazomi tendenciebis gamoTvla daiwyon.
imis gamo, rom dabinZurebis Rirebuleba, bunebrivi resur-
sebis ganadgureba, cxovrebis xarisxis kleba da sxvadasxva
adamianuri xarji mTlian bunebriv produqtSi gaTvaliswine-
buli mainc araa, misi azriT, realobis suraTi absoluturad
darRveulia. qveyanas SeuZlia iamayos Tavisi axali gzebiT
maSin, roca Sedegad miRebuli manqanebis gamonabolqvi emfi-
zemis farTo gavrcelebas iwvevs.
miRwevebis sferoebi
Tuki adamians inovaciebisTvis simboluri dargi sWirdeba,

sfero imisTvisaa saWiro, rom dadgindes, Rirs Tu ara ino-
vacia salaparakod. siaxleebis didi raodenobis mxolod Za-
lian mcire procenti gaxdeba kulturis nawili. magaliTad,
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT asi
aTasi axali wigni qveyndeba. ramdeni maTgani exsomebaT mkiTx-
velebs aTi wlis Semdeg? garda amisa, aSS-s demografiuli aR-
weris formaSi daaxloebiT xuTasi aTasi adamiani Tavis Tavs
xelovans uwodebs. TiToeulma maTganma weliwadSi erTi naxa-
tic rom daxatos, mTeli Taoba daaxloebiT TxuTmet milion
naxats Seqmnida. maTgan ramdeni namuSevari moxvdeba muzeu-
mebSi an xelovnebis saxelmZRvaneloebSi? milionidan erTi,
milionidan aTi, aTi aTasidan erTi?
jorj stiglerma (George Stigler), nobelis premiis laureatma

ekonomikis dargSi, msgavsi azri mis dargSi warmoebuli axali
ideebis Sesaxebac gamoTqva. misi sityvebi mecnierebis nebis-
mier sxva sferoSic SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli:
profesionalebi Zalian dakavebulebi arian imisTvis,

rom raime waikiTxon. Cems kolegebs politikuri eko-
nomikis Jurnalidan mudmivad veubnebi, rom yovelT-
vis, roca Svidi aTasi xelmomwerisgan iseT statias vi-
RebT, romelsac TxuTmetive Cveni profesori dakvir-
vebiT kiTxulobs, saqme marTlac wlis yvelaze karg
statiasTan unda gvqondes.
es ricxvebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom kulturuli informaciis

erTeulebs Soris konkurencia iseTive maRalia, rogorc Cven
mier genebad wodebul qimiuri informaciis erTeulebs So-
ris. imisTvis, rom gadarCnen, kulturebma maTi wevrebis mier
warmoebuli axali ideebis umetesoba unda ganagdon. kultu-
ra konservatulia da amisTvis mas kargi mizezic aqvs. verc
erTi kultura ver SeZlebda Seqmnili siaxleebis aseTi rao-
denobis SeTvisebas ise, rom qaosSi ar CaZiruliyo. warmoid-
gineT, rom erTnairi yuradRebis miqceva giwevdeT TxuTmeti
milioni naxatisTvis. ramdeni Tavisufali dro dagrCebodaT
saWmelad, dasaZineblad, samuSaod an musikis mosasmenad?
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, arc erT adamians ar SeuZlia Ta-
vis Tavs misces ufleba, yuradReba axali produqciis mcire
nawilze ufro mets dauTmos. magram, amave dros, kultura
didxans ver gadarCeboda, Tu misi yvela wevri sul mcire er-
Tsa da imave rames ar miaqcevda yuradRebas. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom kultura maSin arsebobs, roca adamianebis umravlesoba
Tanxmdeba, rom naxati X ufro met interess imsaxurebs, vidre
naxati Y, an X idea Y-ze met dafiqrebas moiTxovs.
yuradRebis naklebobis gamo arCevanis gakeTeba mogviwevs:

Cven axali xelovnebis nimuSebis mxolod garkveuli raode-
nobis damaxsovreba SegviZlia, axlad dawerili wignebis gar-
kveuli raodenobis wakiTxva da axlad gamogonili teqnikis
mxolod garkveuli raodenobis yidva. Cveulebriv, sxvadas-
xva sfero filtris msgavsad moqmedebs da gvexmareba axali
informaciis warRvnidan im saxelebis SerCevaSi, romelTaT-
31
visac yuradRebis miqceva Rirs. sferos Seadgenen dargis eqs-

pertebi, romelTa saqme am dargSi mimdinare muSaobis Sefase-
baa. sferos wevrebi siaxleebidan iseTebs irCeven, romlebic
dakanonebas imsaxurebs.
konkurencia aseve niSnavs, rom kreatiulma adamianma sfero

Rirebuli siaxlis SeqmnaSi unda daarwmunos. es arasdros
araa advili amocana. stigleri xazs usvams aRiarebisTvis ga-
marTuli rTuli brZolis saWiroebas:
vfiqrob, unda miiRoT sxvaTa Sefaseba, radgan adami-
ans sakuTari saqmis Sefasebis ufleba rom miscen, ga-
movidoda, rom yvela Cvengani amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis prezidenti unda yofiliyo, yvela jildo
unda mieRo da a. S. vfiqrob, unda viamayo im warmate-
biT, romlis Sedegadac sxva adamianebze Cemi namuSev-
riT STabeWdileba movaxdine. es iqneboda, magaliTad,
Cemi samuSaos is ori sfero, romlebSic nobelis pre-
mia miviRe. es da sxva naSromebi iqneboda Cemi profe-
siuli cxovrebis is nawili, romliTac yvelaze metad
vamayob.
yovelTvis vakvirdebodi mecnieris amocanas, Tana-

medroveebi Tavisi azrovnebis damajereblobasa da sa-
fuZvlianobaSi daerwmunebina. mas ar aqvs miniWebuli
ufleba, rom Tbili miReba mouwyon. man is Tavisi ax-
sna-ganmartebis unaris, ideebis siaxlis an raime sxva
gziT unda daimsaxuros. me damiweria iseT sakiTxebze,
romlebic, Cemi azriT, imedismomcemi unda yofiliyo,
magram es ase ar gamovida. ara uSavs. es SeiZleba imas
niSnavdes, rom Cemi Sefaseba ar iyo kargi, radgan Cemi
azriT, saukeTeso Sefaseba saukeTeso kolegebis mxri-
dan unda modiodes.
sferoebi Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan imiT, ramdenad

arian specializebuli raime sakiTxze an ramden rames moica-
ven. zogierTi dargisTvis sfero iseTive farToa, rogorc
Tavad sazogadoeba. aSS-s mTeli mosaxleobis monawileoba
gaxda saWiro, raTa gadaewyvitaT, iyo Tu ara `koka kolas~
axali gemo is inovacia, romlis SenarCunebac Rirda. meore
mxriv, ukve iTqva, rom Tavidan ainStainis Teoria msoflioSi

mxolod oTx Tu xuT adamians esmoda, magram maT azrs imxela
wona hqonda, rom ainStaini yvelasTvis cnobili saxeli gaxda.
Tumca, ainStainis SemTxvevaSic ki, farTo sazogadoebas hqon-
da imis saSualeba, Tavisi azri gamoeTqva misi damsaxurebis
Sesaxeb, ris gamoc man Cvens kulturaSi centraluri adgili
daikava. ramdenad iyo, magaliTad misi dideba damokidebuli
faqtze, rom is holivudis kastingidan mosul mecniers hgav-
da? rom mas Cveni nacisti mtrebi sdevnidnen? rom bevri ada-
miani mis aRmoCenebs Rirebulebebis SefardebiTobis mxar-
damWerad miiCnevda da, amgvarad, sazogadoebas SemzRudveli
socialuri normebisa da rwmenebis gamosacocxlebel al-
ternativas sTavazobda? rom vidre Zveli rwmenebis gadagde-
bis Zlieri survilis paralelurad, axali mtkice rwmenisken
viswrafvodiT, ambobdnen, rom is axal mniSvnelovan simarT-
les gvTavazobda? miuxedavad imisa, rom am msjelobebidan
arc erTs ar hqonda saerTo fardobiTobis TeoriasTan, isini
dakavSirebuli iyo im mediakampaniasTan, romelic ainStainis
garkveul portrets gvTavazobda. savaraudod, swored medi-
is mier SemoTavazebulma Strixebma da ara misi Teoriis siRr-
mem daarwmuna ufro meti xalxi imaSi, rom is kulturuli pan-
Teonis wevri unda gamxdariyo.
kreatiulobis xarisxze sferom sul mcire sami gziT SeiZle-

ba moaxdinos gavlena. pirvelia reaqtiuloba an proaqtiuro-
ba. reaqtiuli sfero, proaqtiurisgan gansxvavebiT, ar axdens
siaxleebis xelis Sewyobasa da maT stimulirebas. florenci-
uli renesansis nayofierebis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo, rom xe-
lovnebis mfarvelebi xelovanTagan aqtiurad iTxovdnen si-
axleebs. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Cven vcdilobT viyoT
proaqtiulebi da axalgazrdebSi samecniero kreatiulobis
stimulireba samecniero bazrobebisa da yovelwliurad asi
saukeTeso saskolo samecniero proeqtisTvis vestinghausis
(Westinghouse) msgavsi prestiJuli prizebis gadacemis saSua-
lebiT movaxdinoT. magram, ra Tqma unda, mecnierebaSi axle-
buri azrovnebis stimulirebis mosaxdenad, gacilebiT ufro
metis gakeTeba SeiZleboda. `motorolas~ msgavsi zogierTi
kompania seriozulad ganixilavs im ideas, rom kreatiulobis
gazrdis erT-erTi gza proaqtiurobaSi mdgomareobs.
33
sferos mier siaxleebis xarisxze gavlenis meore saSualebaa

viwro an farTo filtris SerCeva da misi daxmarebiT siaxle-
ebis gafiltvra. zogierTi sfero konservatulia da dargSi
mxolod ramdenime siaxles aRiarebs. isini uaryofen siaxlee-
bis umetesobas da mxolod maTi azriT saukeTesoebs arCeven.
sxva sferoebi SedarebiT ufro liberalurad udgebian dar-
gebSi siaxleebis danergvis sakiTxs da Sedegad ufro swrafad
icvlebian. orive strategia SeiZleba saxifaTo aRmoCndes:
dargis ganadgureba rogorc misi SesaZleblobebis amowur-
viT, ise Zalian bevri siaxlis SetaniTacaa SesaZlebeli.
dabolos, sferoebs SeuZliaT siaxleebis waxaliseba, Tu isini

kargadaa dakavSirebuli danarCen socialur sistemebTan da
Tavisi dargisken daxmarebis mozidvas axerxeben. magaliTad,
meore msoflio omis Semdeg atomuri dargis fizikosebisT-
vis advili iyo axali laboratoriebis, kvleviTi centrebis,
eqsperimentuli reaqtorebis asaSenebeli Tanxebis moZieba
da axalgazrda fizikosebis swavlebac, radgan politikosebi
da amomrCevlebi jer kidev atomuri bombisa da misi momavali
SesaZleblobebis STabeWdilebis qveS imyofebodnen. 1950-ian
wlebSi romis universitetis Teoriuli fizikis studente-
bis ricxvi Svididan orasamde gaizarda. tendencia danarCen
msoflioSic igive iyo.
arsebobs ramdenime gza, romelTa meSveobiTac dargebsa da

sferoebs erTmaneTze gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. xandaxan
dargi gansazRvravs imas, sferos risi gakeTeba SeuZlia an ar
SeuZlia. SesaZloa, es SedarebiT ufro Cveulebrivi ambavia
mecnierebis sferoSi, sadac codnis safuZveli mkacrad gan-
sazRvravs samecniero sazogadoebis uflebas, rame akeTos an
ar akeTos. ar aqvs mniSvneloba, rogori formiT unda mecni-
erTa jgufs, rom misi sayvareli Teoria miiRon. Tu is manam-
de arsebul konsensuss ewinaaRmdegeba, mas ar miiReben. meore
mxriv, xelovnebaSi Zalaufleba xSirad sferos xelSi ufroa
moxvedrili. SemoqmedebiTi sazogadoeba warsulSi dadgeni-
li mkacri wesebis gareSe wyvets, xelovnebis romeli axali ni-
muSi unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli.
xandaxan dargze arakompetenturi sferoebi amyareben kont-

rols. galileos astronomiul aRmoCenebSi eklesia Caeria;
komunisturi partia garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi ara-

marto sabWoTa genetikas, aramed xelovnebasa da musikasac
marTavda; aSS-Si fundamentalistebi cdiloben, evoluciis
istoriis swavlebaSi Tqvan Tavisi sityva. ufro daxvewilad
rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalebi, ganzrax an
uneblieT, yovelTvis axdenen gavlenas dargebis ganviTare-
baze. Cveni ucxo enebis codna gacilebiT gauaresdeba, aSS-s
saxelmwifom rom meoTxe arxis (Title IV) programebis subsidi-
reba Sewyvitos. uzarmazari gare mxardaWeris gareSe, opera
da baleti praqtikulad gaqreboda. iaponiis mTavroba Za-
lian did investiciebs debs axali ideebisa da mikrosqeme-
bis sferoSi; holandiis mTavroba xels uwyobs jebirebisa da
hidravlikuri danadgarebis ganviTarebasa da agebas; romis
mTavroba aqtiurad iyo CarTuli eTnikuri umciresobebis
xelovnebis formebis ganadgurebaSi imisTvis, rom dakuri
kulturis siwminde SeenarCunebina; nacistebi cdilobdnen,
gaenadgurebinaT maT mier `degeneratulad~ Sefasebuli eb-
rauli xelovneba.
drodadro sferoebi ver axerxeben konkretuli dargebis

kargad warmoCenas. Cveni kvlevis yvelaze mTavari monawi-
le filosofosi fiqrobs, rom Tuki axalgazrdas dRevan-
del dRes filosofiis swavla moundeba, mas konsultacie-
bis ukeTesi saSualeba maSin eqneba, Tu dargs pirdapir dau-
kavSirdeba da sferosTan urTierTobas saerTod aacilebs
Tavs: `vetyodi, rom filosofiis didi wignebi waekiTxa. aseve
vetyodi, rom samagistro an sadoqtori programaze arc erT
universitetSi ar Caebarebina. Cemi azriT, arc erTi filoso-
ofiis departamenti ar varga. yvelani saSinelebi arian.~ mo-
cemuli dargis iurisdiqcia oficialurad sferos eqsperte-
bis xelSia moqceuli. es adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc
skolis maswavleblebi, aseve universitetis profesorebi.
sfero moicavs yvelas, visac ufleba aqvs, gadawyvitos, `kar-
gia~ Tu `cudi~ axali idea an produqti. SeuZlebelia kreati-
ulobis gageba sferos funqcionirebis codnis gareSe. Sesa-
bamisad, sferos eqspertebi aqtiur monawileobas iReben imis
gadawvetaSi, daematos Tu ara siaxle dargs.
35
pirovnebis wvlili
bolos da bolos, mivediT im individamdec, romelic siaxlis

warmoSobazea pasuxismgebeli. mkvlevarTa umetesoba kreati-
uli adamianiT interesdeba, radgan fiqrobs, rom Tu misi go-
nebis muSaobas gaigebs, kreatiulobis gasaRebsac ipovis. mag-
ram es aucileblad ase ar xdeba, radgan marTalia, yvela axa-
li ideis an produqtis ukan adamiani dgas, magram es sulac ar
niSnavs imas, rom am adamianebs is erTi saerTo Tviseba aqvT,
romelic siaxlezea pasuxismgebeli.
SesaZlebelia, kreatiuloba avtokatastrofaSi moyolis am-

bavs SevadaroT. arsebobs detalebi, romlebic adamianis ava-
riaSi moyolis albaTobas zrdis (mag. axalgazrda, mamakaci).
magram, Cveulebriv, ar SegviZlia, avtosagzao SemTxvevevis
mxolod mZRolis Tvisebebis safuZvelze daxasiaTeba. saqme-
Si Zalian bevri sxva cvladi monawileobs: gzis mdgomareoba,
sxva mZRoli, moZraobis tipi, amindi da a. S. avariebi, iseve,
rogorc kreatiuloba, sistemis nawili ufroa, vidre indivi-
dis.
Cven imis Tqmac ki ar SegviZlia, rom kreatiuli procesi pi-

rovnebidan iwyeba. florenciuli renesansis SemTxvevaSi, Se-
iZleba imaze laparaki, rom is romauli xelovnebis xelaxali
aRmoCeniT an adgilobrivi bankirebis mier xelovanTaTvis
stimulis micemiT daiwyo. bruneleski da misi megobrebi az-
rovnebisa da qmedebebis im nakadis nawili gaxdnen, romelic
maT dabadebamde arsebobda da romlis SuagulSic isini mog-
vianebiT aRmoCndnen. Tavidan ise Cans, TiTqos, maT daiwyes im
diadi namuSevrebis Seqmna, romlebmac epoqa cnobili gaxada.
magram, sinamdvileSi, isini mxolod bevri monawilisa da maT
mier Setanili wvlilis gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri pro-
cesis katalizatorebi iyvnen.
rodesac kreatiul adamianebs maTi warmatebis axsna vTxoveT,

erT-erTi yvelaze xSiri pasuxi (SesaZloa, yvelaze xSiric ki)
iyo is, rom maT bedma gauRima. swor adgilas swor dros yof-
na TiTqmis universaluri pasuxia. ramdenime mecniers, rom-
lebic universitetSi 1920-ian da 1930-ian wlebSi swavlobd-
nen, axsovT, rom pirvelebi iyvnen, visac kvantur TeoriasTan
hqonda Sexeba. maqs plankisa (Max Planck) da nils boris (Niels

Bohr) naSromebiT STagonebulebma kvanturi meqanika qimiis,
biologiis, astrofizikisa da eleqtrodinamikis SemTxveveb-
Si gamoiyenes. zogierTma maTganma, maT Soris, linus paulin-
gma (Linus Pauling), jon berdinma (John Bardeen), manfred aigenma
(Manfred Eigen), subrahmanian Candrasekarma (Subrahmanyan Chan-
drasekhar) mogvianebiT Teoriis axal dargebTan dakavSirebis-
Tvis nobelis premiebic ki miiRes. bevri mecnieri qali, rome-
lic samagistro da sadoqtoro programebze 1940-ian wlebSi
swavlobda, ambobda, rom maT universitetSi, savaraudod, ar
Caricxavdnen, isini verc stipendiebs miiRebdnen da verc sa-
mecniero xelmZRvanelTa yuradRebas daimsaxurebdnen, rom
ara meore msoflio omi da, Sesabamisad, dabali konkurencia
(mamakacebis umetesoba am dros frontze imyofeboda).
udavoa, rom gamarTleba kreatiuli aRmoCenebis mniSvnelo-

vani Semadgeneli nawilia. erT Zalian warmatebul xelovans
vesaubre. misi namuSevrebi kargad iyideba, saukeTeso muzeu-
mebSia gamofenili da mas SeuZlia Tavs misces ufleba, hqon-
des didi mamuli, cxenebi da sacurao auzi. erTxel mxatvari
sevdianad gamotyda, rom masaviT kargi sul mcire aTasi mxat-
vari arsebobs, magram maTi Semoqmedeba ucnobi da daufasebe-
li darCa. erTaderTi gansxvaveba massa da sxva mxatvrebs So-
ris isaa, rom mravali wlis win man wveulebaze erTi kaci gaic-
no, masTan erTad ramdenime Wiqa Rvino dalia. isini damegob-
rdnen. kaci mogvianebiT warmatebuli xelovnebis nimuSebiT
movaWre gaxda da megobris namuSevrebis gasayidad Zal-Rone
ar daiSura. erT ambavs meore mohyva: xelovanis namuSevrebis
SeZena mdidarma koleqcionerma daiwyo, kritikosebma mas yu-
radReba miaqcies, erT-erTma didma muzeumma misi namuSevari
mudmiv koleqcias Sehmata. xelovani warmatebuli gaxda, ris
gamoc sferom misi kreatiuloba aRmoaCina.
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom individualuri wvlils kre-

atiulobaSi, Cveulebriv, Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWeben
xolme, rac swori ar aris. Tumca, SeiZleba amis sapirispiro
Secdomac dagvemarTos da individis rols saerTod ar mi-
vaqcioT yuradReba. zogi sociologi da socialuri fsiqo-
logis warmomadgeneli ambobs, rom kreatiuloba mxolod da
mxolod kompetenciis sakiTxia. kreatiuli adamiani TeTri
37
ekraniviTaa, romelzec socialuri SeTanxmeba gansakuTrebu-

li Tvisebebis proecirebas axdens. imis gamo, rom kreatiuli
adamianebis arsebobis dajereba gvWirdeba, Cven zogierT in-
divids iluzorul Tvisebebs mivawerT. TavisTavad, esec sa-
kiTxis zedmetad gamartivebaa, radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom
individis roli iseTi mniSvnelovanic araa, rogorc ivarau-
deba, siaxle individebis wvlilis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqnebo-
da. siaxlis warmoSobis Tanabari Sansi ki yvela individs aqvs.
aseve advilia iRblisTvis (kreatiuli individebis sayvareli
axsnisTvis) araswori mniSvnelobis miniWeba. linus paulin-
gis (Linus Pauling) Taobis bevri axalgazrda mecnieri Seeswro
evropidan kvanturi Teoriis gamoCenas. ratom ver dainaxes
maTac, paulingis msgavsad, is potenciali, romelic kvantur
Teorias qimiisTvis hqonda? mecnierad gaxdoma 1940-ian wleb-
Si bevr qals surda. ratom gamoiyena es Sansi ase cota adami-
anma maSin, roca universitetebis samagistro da sadoqtoro
programebis kari maTTvis Ria iyo? swor adgilas swor dros
yofna udavod mniSvnelovania, magram bevri adamiani verasd-
ros xvdeba, rom is xelsayreli droisa da adgilis Sesayarze
imyofeba. kidev ufro cotam Tu icis, ra unda gaakeTos maSi-
nac ki, Tu is amas xvdeba.
sistemis gaTaviseba
adamiani, romelsac dargSi kreatiuli wvlilis Setana surs,

am sistemaSi aramarto unda muSaobdes, aramed, is Tavis go-
nebaSic unda hqondes aRbeWdili. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
adamianma unda aiTvisos dargis wesebi da Sinaarsi, SerCevis
kriteriumebi, sferos upiratesobebi. mecnierebaSi praqti-
kulad SeuZlebelia dargSi kreatiuli wvlilis Setana, mi-
si fundamenturi codnis gaTavisebis gareSe. yvela mecnieri
daeTanxma frenk ofneris (Frank Offner), mecnierisa da gamom-
goneblis sityvebs: `sanam win waxvalT da gaiazrebT, mniSvne-
lovania, gqondeT kargi, Zalian myari safuZveli fizikis sfe-
roSi.~ imave daskvnebs yvela sxva disciplinaSic akeTeben. xe-
lovanebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom mxatvars ar SeuZlia dargSi
kreatiuli wvlilis Setana, masze adre Seqmnili xelovnebis
nimuSebis daTvalierebis gareSe. maT aseve unda icodnen sxva
xelovanebisa da kritikosebis Sromebi, mosazrebebi - ra iTv-
leba karg da cud xelovnebad. mwerlebi amboben, rom kreati-

uli Semoqmedebis dawyebamde aucilebelia kiTxva, kiTxva da
kidev ufro meti kiTxva. mweralma unda icodes, ras miiCneven
kritikosebi karg mwerlobad.
sistemis gaTavisebis Zalian naTeli magaliTi mohyavs gamom-

gonebel iakob rabinovs (Jacob Rabinow). Tavidan is laparakobs
imis mniSvnelobaze, rasac me dargi vuwode:
imisTvis, rom originalurad iazrovnoT, sami ram

gWirdebaT. pirveli: Tqven unda flobdeT informa-
ciis Zalian did raodenobas. Tu gsurT, sxvebisgan ga-
morCeulebi iyoT, amisTvis didi monacemTa baza dag-
WirdebaT. Tu musikosi xarT, musikis Sesaxeb bevri ram
unda icodeT. bevri unda gqondeT mosmenili da damax-
sovrebuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, simReris gameo-
reba unda SegeZloT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tqven
Tu ukacriel kunZulze daibadeT da musikisTvis
cxovrebaSi aradros mogismeniaT, savaraudod, beTho-
veni ver iqnebiT. iqneb, gaxdeT kidec beThoveni, mag-
ram naklebad savaraudoa. SegiZliaT, Citebis imitacia
moaxdinoT, magram mexuTe simfonias ver dawerT. amg-
varad, Tqven iseT atmosferoSi izrdebiT, sadac bevri
informaciaa daculi.
sasurveli saqmis sakeTeblad Sesabamisi maxsovrobac

unda gqondeT. is unda akeToT, rac giadvildebaT da
ara is, rac Znelia. es imisTvisaa saWiro, rom ufro da-
xelovndeT imaSi, rac kargad gamogdiT. bolos da bo-
los, an CogburTis kargi moTamaSe gamoxvalT, an kargi
gamomgonebeli an kargi sxva ram, radgan imas akeTebT,
rac kargad SegiZliaT. rac ufro didxans xarT amiT
dakavebuli, yvelaferi sul ufro da ufro advilad
gamodis. rac ufro advilia amis keTeba, miT ufro
kargad akeTebT. marTalia, bolos Zalian calmxrivad
ganviTardebiT, magram es saqme SesaniSnavad gecodine-
baT, mis garda ki yvelaferi cudad gamogivaT, radgan
sxva rameebs cudad akeTebT. amas inJinrebi dadebiT
ukugebas uwodeben. cxovrebis dasawyisSi arsebuli
patara gansxvavebebi uzarmazar gansxvavebebad iqce-
39
va, roca ormocis, ormocdaaTis an oTxmocis gaxde-

biT. mec ase damemarTa. anu, rogorc vTqviT, Tavidan
didi monacemTa bazaa saWiro.
amis Semdeg rabinovi saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, ra wlilis Seta-

na SeuZlia dargSi pirovnebas. es ZiriTadad motivaciis sa-
kiTxia, an im siamovnebis grZnoba, romelsac adamiani dargis
SinaarsiT TamaSis (TumuSaobis?) dros iRebs:
Tqven unda gindodeT ideebis warmoeba, radgan Tqven es

gainteresebT. zogs SeuZlia amis gakeTeba, magram Tavs
ar iwuxebs. maT sxva ramis keTeba ufro ainteresebT.
Tu amis Sesaxeb hkiTxavT, gulis mosagebad gipasuxeben:
`diax, SemiZlia, rame movifiqro.~ magram arsebobs Cem-
nairi xalxi, visac amis keTeba moswons. axali ideebis
mogoneba sasiamovno procesia da sulac ar madardebs,
isini sxvebisTvis usargeblo iqneba Tu ara. ubralod,
sainteresoa rame ucnaurisa da gansxvavebulis mogo-
neba.
dabolos, rabinovi gonebaSi im Sefasebis kriteriumebis Camo-

yalibebis mniSvnelobasac Seexeba, romlebsac sfero iyenebs:
Tqven unda SegeZloT im nagvis gadayra, romelic fiq-

ris dros gigrovdebaT. ar SeiZleba, TavSi mxolod kar-
gi ideebi mogdiodeT, an mxolod lamaz musikas werdeT.
Tqven bevri musika, idea, poezia da sxva rameebi unda
moifiqroT. da Tu es kargad gamogdiT, nagvis gadayra
dauyovnebliv uTqmeladac unda SeZloT. sxva sityve-
biT rom vTqvaT, TavSi bevri idea gitrialebT, magram
maT agdebT, radgan kargad xarT gavarjiSebuli da am-
bobT: ès nagavia~. roca karg ideas SeamCnevT, ambobT:
`vai, es sainteresod JRers. modi, am ideas cota kidev
gaveTamaSebi.~ Tqven mis ganviTarebas iwyebT. adamia-
nebs aseTi axsna ar moswonT. amboben: `ra? nagavi mog-
dis TavSi?~ me veubnebi: `diax, es asec unda iyos.~ Tqven
TavSi mxolod kargi ideebi ver mogivaT. ar SegiZliaT,
mxolod araCveulebrivi simfoniebi daweroT. zogi
adamiani amas Zalian swrafad akeTebs. es varjiSis Se-
degia. sxvaTa Soris, Tu wvrTna gakliaT, magram ideebi

gawuxebT da ar iciT, isini kargia Tu cudi, SegiZliaT,
isini standartebis biuros an standartebis erovnul
instituts gaugzavnoT. me iq vmuSaob. Cven maT Sevafa-
sebT da gadavyriT.
mas `nagvis~ Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb dausves kiTxva. es isaa,

rac ar gamodis Tu...
es isaa, rac ar gamodis, Zvelia, an iciT, rom ver daixve-
weba. ucbad xvdebiT, rom veraa kargi idea. Zalian rTu-
lia da iseTi araa, rogorsac maTematikosebi `koxtas~
uwodeben. iciT, rom kargi poezia ar gamova. es daskvne-
bi varjiSis Sedegad modis. Tu teqnologiebSi kargad
erkveviT, SexedavT ideas da ityviT: `RmerTo, es xom
saSinelebaa!~ upirveles yovlisa, is rTulia. meore: is
manamde ukve gamocades. mesame: amis gakeTeba sami sxva-
dasxva, ufro martivi gziTac SeiZleba. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, SegiZliaT, idea SeafasoT. es ar niSnavs imas,
rom is originaluri ar iyo, ubralod, ideis Semfase-
belma sakmarisi saqme ver Seasrula. is rom am saqmeSi
gawafuli yofiliyo da is gamocdileba hqonoda, rac
me maqvs, kargi ufrosebi hyoloda da karg xalxTan er-
Tad emuSava, SeeZlo imis Tqma, rom idea kargi ar iyo.
ideaa, magram kargi araa. adamianebs ekamaTebi, eubnebi:
`mismine, ase saqme kargad ver gamova. Sexede nawilebis
raodenobas, romelTa Sewebebasac cdilob. Sexede im
energiis moculobas, romelic amas dasWirdeba. es mar-
Tlac veraa kargi.~ da tipi gpasuxobs: `magram CemTvis
es xom axalia.~ veubnebi: `ho, SenTvis es axalia. SeiZle-
ba samyarosTvisac axali iyos, magram kargi mainc veraa.
imisTvis, rom kargi idea gansazRvro, unda Sekribo ada-

mianebis jgufi, romelic am konkretul xelovnebas ic-
nobs, romelsac bevri msgavsi ram aqvs nanaxi da ambobs,
rom es kargi xelovnebaa, an kargi musika, an kargi gamo-
goneba. es ar niSnavs, rom am ideas mxars yvela dauWers.
jgufs SeiZleba sakmarisi informacia ar hqondes. mag-
ram Tuki axal ideaze momuSave inJinrebis jgufi mas Se-
xedavs da ityvis, rom ès sakmaod kargia~, is amas imitom
41
gaakeTebs, rom sakiTxSi erkveva. icis, radgan am sakiTx-

Si gawafulia.
kreatiuli adamiani Tavis saqmeSi kargadaa gawafu-

li. upirveles yovlisa, mas sferos Zalian didi codna
aqvs. meore: is cdilobs ideebis kombinirebas, radgan
siamovnebs musikis wera an gamogoneba. dabolos, mas
aqvs Sefasebis unari da SeuZlia Tqvas: ès kargia. am
saqmes gavagrZeleb.
Zalian Znelia, gaTavisebis Semdeg sistemebis modelis muSao-
bis am aRweras kidev rame davamatoT. oTxmoc welze meti xan-
grZlivobis sxvadasxva tipis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT ra-
binovma yvelaferi Tqva kreatul gamomgnebelze. da rogorc
misive sityvebidan Cans, sxva dargebSic igive procesebi mim-
dinareobs, iqneba es poezia, musika Tu fizika.
kreatiuli pirovneba
adamiani rom kreatiuli iyos, man is sistema unda gaiTavi-

sos, romelic kreatiulobas SesaZlebels xdis. savaraudod,
rogori adamiani moaxerxebs amas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
Zalian rTulia. kreatiul adamianebs gamoarCevs unari, TiT-
qmis yvela situacias moergon da maT xelT arsebuli resur-
sebis saSualebiT miaRwion miznebs. maT Cvengan, sul mcire, es
niSnebi mainc ganasxvavebs. magram, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobs
Tvisebebis raime konkretuli nakrebi, romelic adamians Ri-
rebuli siaxlis Sesaqmnelad gamoadgeboda. is, rasac Citicorp-
is aRmasrulebeli direqtori jon ridi (John Reed) biznesme-
nebis Sesaxeb ambobs (mas ki am sakiTxebze bevri aqvs nafiqri),
SeiZleba, sxva dargebSi moRvawe kreatiuli adamianebis mi-
marTac gamoviyenoT:
Cemi saqmianobidan gamomdinare, vicnob adamianebs,

romlebic qveynis saukeTeso ormocdaaT, as kompanias
xelmZRvaneloben. isini erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansx-
vavdebian. es faqti naklebadaa dakavSirebuli indus-
triasTan. saocaria, rom adamianebi, biznesmenebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, mudmivad erTsa da imaves akvirdebian, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom ar arsebobs raime Tanmimdevruloba

maT stilsa da midgomas, pirovnebasa da sxva Tvisebebs
Soris. Tanmimdevruli mxolod biznesis warmoebasTan
dakavSirebuli normebia.
pirovnebis tipi, stili. arseboben adamianebi, romle-

bic Zalian bevrs svamen, gogonebs dasdeven, konser-
vatiulebi arian, zemoT CamoTvlilTagan arc erTs
ar akeTeben, saqmes seriozulad ekidebian, mudmivad
muSaoben da a. S. gasaocaria, ramdeni stili arsebobs.
Tqven fuls imaSi gixdian, rom kompania marToT, Tavad
ki Sedegebs dakvirvebiT adevneben Tvalyurs. magram
nebismier sxva ganzomilebasTan dakavSirebiT, aranai-
ri Tanmimdevruloba ar arsebobs. saqmis keTebis sti-
li, TiTqos, Tavisufali cvladia: ver naxavT mkafiod
Camoyalibebul Targs. pirovnebis tipebi Zalian gans-
xvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. rogorc Cans, es mxolod in-
dustriis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba ase.
igive exeba mecnierebsac: gzas seriozul aRmoCenamde arana-

iri mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mTavaria, wesebs icavdeT. an aviRoT,
magaliTad, xelovanTa sfero: SegiZliaT, iyoT rafaeliviT
bednieri eqstraverti an miqelanjelosaviT pirquSi intra-
verti. erTaderTi ram, rasac mniSvneloba eniWeba, aris is, Tu
rogor Seafaseben Tqvens naxatebs. es yvelaferi mSvenieria,
magram, amave dros, cota imeds gvicruebs. bolos da bolos,
imis Tqma, rom adamians kreatiulad Tavisive kreatiuloba
xdis, tavtologiaa. gana amaze meti ar SegviZlia? marTalia,
Zalian saimedo mtkicebulebebi ar gvaqvs, magram, samagierod,
SegviZlia, damajerebeli SemoTavazebebi warmogidginoT.
albaT, pirveli Tviseba, romelic kreatiulobas uwyobs

xels, arsebuli dargis mimarT genetikuri midrekilebaa. lo-
gikuria, rom adamiani, romlis nervuli sistemac ferisa da
sinaTlis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiarea, flobs upiratesobas,
gaxdes mxatvari. srulyofili smeniT dabadebuli adamiani
musikis sferoSi, savaraudod, ufro warmatebuli iqneba. Se-
sabamis dargSi miRweuli warmatebis gamo, es adamianebi kidev
ufro dainteresdebian ferebiTa da bgerebiT, maT kidev uke-
43
Tesad Seiswavlian da advilad SeZleben musikis an xelovne-

bis dargSi siaxlis Setanas.
meore mxriv, sensoruli upiratesoba warmatebis aucilebeli

piroba namdvilad araa. el grekos mxedvelobis nervi hqonda
daavadebuli, beThovens ki zogierTi Tavisi udidesi nawar-
moebis Seqmnisas smena ukve dakarguli hqonda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom bevri didi mecnieri bavSvobaSi ricxvebiTa da eqs-
perimentebiT iyo gatacebuli, maTi kreatiuloba bavSvobaSi
gamovlenil niWTan naklebadaa dakavSirebuli.
magram gansakuTrebuli sensoruli upiratesoba, SesaZloa,

ganapirobebdes dargis mimarT adreuli interesis ganviTa-
rebas, rac udavod warmoadgens kreatiulobis mniSvnelovan
Semadgenel nawils. fizikosi jon vileri (John Wheeler) ixse-
nebs, rom `saTamaSoebis meqanizmebiT, asawyobi konstruqto-
rebiT, saTamaSo rkinigzebiT, eleqtronaTurebiT, CamrTve-
lebiT, zumerebiT~ iyo dainteresebuli. biblioTekar mamas
is niu iorkis Statis universitetSi dahyavda xolme da vidre
Tavad leqciebs atarebda, mas iq biblioTekaSi tovebda. jons
Zalian ainteresebda sabeWdi manqanebi da sxva sagnebi, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki, kalkulatorebi: `Rilaks TiTs aWerdi da ber-
kets atrialebdi. Zalian mainteresebda, es rogor xdeboda.~
Tormeti wlis asakSi jonma Tavad aago martivi kalkulato-
ri, romelsac xisgan gamoTlili nawilebi gaukeTa.
cnobismoyvareobis garkveuli dozisa da interesis gareSe

- rogoria sagnebi da rogor muSaobs isini - Znelia, sainte-
reso problemebi amoicnoT. gamocdilebis miRebisadmi gax-
sniloba, cxoveli yuradReba da garemomcveli movlenebis
uwyveti gaazreba udidesi upiratesobaa potenciuri siaxlis
dasadgenad. es Tvisebebi yvela kreatiul adamians uxvad aqvs.
ai, rogor irCevs istorikosi natali devisi (Natalie Davis) pro-
eqts, romelzec muSaobasac apirebs:
zogi sakiTxi Zalian damainteresebs xolme. sadRac

Rrmad gamomdebs ankess. im momentSi ar vici, ratom
vaxden amxela cnobismoyvareobisa da siyvarulis in-
vestirebas romelime proeqtSi. ubralod, im wuTas es
Tema sferosTvis saSinlad sainteresod da mniSvne-
lovnad meCveneba. SesaZloa, verc ki davasaxelo, Cemi

cnobismoyvareobisa da siamovnebis garda, kidev ris
pirad investirebas vakeTeb.
amgvari interesis gareSe Znelia dargSi imdenad Rrmad Ses-

vla, rom mis sazRvrebs miaRwioT da maTi garRveva cadoT.
SesaZlebelia, SemTxvevis wyalobiTa da Temis mimarT gansa-
kuTrebuli interesis gareSe, erTi kreatiuli mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenis gakeTeba. magram dargSi iseTi wvlilis Setana, ro-
melic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze brZolas moiTxovs, sagnis
mimarT cnobismoyvareobisa da siyvarulis gareSe SeuZlebe-
lia.
garda amisa, adamians dargze wvdomac sWirdeba. es ki, did-

wilad, iRbalzea damokidebuli. mdidar ojaxSi an karg sko-
lasTan, mentorebTan da mwvrTnelebTan axlos dabadeba di-
di upiratesobaa. araCveulebrivi Wkua da cnobismoyvareoba
kargs verafers momitans, Tu mocemul simbolur sistemaSi
muSaoba ver viswavle. Zalian didi resursia imis floba, ra-
sac pier burdie (Pierre Bourdieu) `kulturul kapitals~ uwo-
debs. maTi mflobelebi Svilebs im uprates garemos sTavazo-
ben, romelic savsea saintereso wignebiT, stimulis momcemi
saubrebiT, ganaTlebaSi warmatebebis miRwevis molodiniT,
misabaZi idealebiT, maswavleblebiT, sasargeblo kavSirebiT
da a. S.
magram aqac ki yvelafers iRbali ver wyvets. zogierTi bav-

Svi brZolis Sedegad saWiro skolaSi xvdeba, misi megobrebi
ki amas ver axerxeben. Cvidmeti wlis manfred aigeni (Manfred
Eigen) rusulma jarma meore msoflio omis miwuruls Seipyro
da tyveTa banakSi gagzavna. es imis gamo moxda, rom ori wliT
adre is antisahaero nawilis samsaxurSi Caewera. magram mas
mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili, mecnierebis Seswavlas dabru-
neboda. imis miuxedavad, rom skolas TxuTmeti wlis asakSi
daaneba Tavi da iq aRarasdros dabrunebula, mainc mecniere-
bis sferoze fiqrobda. aigeni tyveTa banakidan gaiqca, naxe-
vari evropa fexiT gaiara da mokle gziT giotingenSi Cavida.
gagonili hqonda, rom gamanadgurebeli omis Semdeg iq fizi-
kis saukeTeso kaTedris aRdgena mimdinareobda. is qalaqSi
manamde Cavida, vidre universiteti isev gaxsnida Tavis kars.
45
imis miuxedavad, rom aigens skolis damTavrebis diplomi ar

hqonda, mogvianebiT, studentebis pirvel nakadTan erTad Ca-
iricxa universitetSi. omis Semdgom is gaxda im adamianebis
jgufis wevri, romlebic mecnierebisadmi asketuri erTgu-
lebiT gamoirCeodnen. Zalian mcodne leqtorebiTa da masa-
viT Tavdadebuli studentebiT garSemortymulma, swrafad
SeZlo ganviTareba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg doqtoris xaris-
xi, 1967 wels ki - nobelis premia miiRo. aigeni musikaluri da
inteleqtualuri ambiciebis matarebel ojaxSi gaizarda. man
bavSvobaSive daagrova safuZvliani kulturuli kapitali.
miuxedavad amisa, cota adamianma Tu moaxerxa codnis samya-
rodan ase Sors gadasrolis Semdeg, ase swrafad isev saganma-
naTleblo centrSi dabruneba.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxia wvdoma sferoze. zogierT

adamians didi codna aqvs, magram imdenad ar SeuZlia Tavisi
sferos gavlenian warmomadgenlebTan urTierToba, rom mas
yuradRebas saerTod ar aqceven, an gaurbian. miqelanjelo
gandegili iyo, magram axalgazrdobaSi mediCebis karis war-
momadgenlebTan imdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi hqonda urTier-
Toba, rom maTze Tavisi unarebiTa da erTgulebiT didi STa-
beWdileba moaxdina. isaak niutonic, mis msgavsad, martoxela
da Wirveuli adamiani iyo, Tumca, rogorRac moaxerxa Tavi-
si kembrijeli maswavleblis darwmuneba, rom universitetSi
uvado kontraqts imsaxurebda. sxva adamianebi aRar Seuwuxe-
bia da wamatebiT gaagrZela muSaoba. Tu adamians ar icnoben
da ar afaseben Sesabamisi adamianebi, Zalian gauWirdeba ise-
Ti ramis Seqmna, rac Semdeg kreatiulad CaiTvleba. aseT ada-
mians SeiZleba ar hqondes uaxlesi informaciis miRebisa da
muSaobis saSualeba. maSinac ki, Tu is mainc moaxerxebs raime
axlis aRmoCenas, savaraudod, siaxle SeumCneveli darCeba, an
dacinvis sagani gaxdeba.
mecnierisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania iseT universitetSi

moxvedra, sadac umaRlesi donis kvleva tardeba, saukeTe-
sod aRWurvili laboratoriebi aqvT da yvelaze cnobili
mecnierebi muSaoben. jorj stigleri (George Stiegler) amas zva-
vis efeqts uwodebs: gamorCeuli mecnieri iRebs dafinansebas
saintereso kvlevis Casatareblad, moizidavs fakultetis
danarCen wevrebs, Semdeg saukeTeso studentebs da es pro-
cesi manamde grZeldeba, vidre ar Camoyalibdeba kritikuli

masa, romelic am sferoSi moRvaweobis msurveli nebismieri
axalgazrdisaTvis gausaZlisad mimzidveli xdeba. xelovne-
bis sferos mTeli xibli mis centrTanaa dakavSirebuli. ax-
la centrs, ZiriTadad, niu iorki, misi mTavari galereebi da
koleqcionerebi warmoadgenen. Tu erTi saukunis win meoc-
nebe xelovani aRiarebisaTvis aucileblad parizSi unda wa-
suliyo, axla is fiqrobs, rom warmatebas manhetenis dapyro-
bis gareSe ver miaRwevs. SeiZleba, adamianma lamazi naxatebi
alabamasa da CrdiloeT dakotaSic xatos, magram Tu mis na-
muSevrebs kritikosebi, koleqcionerebi da xelovnebis sada-
rajoze mdgari sxva adamianebi ar aRiareben, - am namuSevrebs,
savaraudod, arasaTanado adgils miuCenen, ver SeamCneven da
daiviwyeben. eva ceizelis (Eva Zeisel) keramikulma namuSevreb-
ma xelovanTa sazogadoebis mowoneba niu iorkis Tanamedrove
xelovnebis muzeumSi gamarTuli gamofenis Semdeg moipova.
igive exeba xelovnebis sxva dargebsac: maikl snoum (Michael
Snow) aTi weli gaatara niu iorkSi, vidre jazis sferoSi fe-
xi ar moikida. mwerlebs agentebTan da gamomcemlebTan uwevT
kontaqtis damyareba, sanam aRiarebas moipoveben da a. S.
sferoze wvdoma, Cveulebriv, sakmaod mkacradaa SezRudu-

li. masTan miaxloebis msurvelebs bevri barieris gadalax-
va uwevT, boloSi ki, damatebiT, Cixi eRobebaT win. mwerlebs,
romlebsac surT, gamomcemelTa yuradReba miipyron da maT
Tavisi naSromi waakiTxon, aTasobiT msgavsi imedebiT aRWur-
vil iseT mweralTan uwevT Sejibri, romlebsac redaqciebSi
maTsaviT aqvT xelnawerebi gagzavnili. redaqtors TiToeu-
li mwerlisTvis, Cveulebriv, mxolod ramdenime wuTis daT-
moba SeuZlia. Tanac, es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu is saerTod
aiRebs xelSi xelnawers. gamosavali arc naSromis literatu-
ruli agentis saSualebiT gayidvaa, radgan kargi agentis yu-
radRebis mipyroba iseve rTulia, rogorc redaqtoris.
Cixis gamo, sferoze wvdoma xSirad SemTxveviTi an ararele-

vanturi faqtorebis (magaliTad, kargi kontaqtebis) damsa-
xurebaa. karg universitetSi zog disciplinaze mosaxvedrad
imdeni kargi niSnebis mqone studenti abarebs, rom maTTvis
raime logikuri reitingis Sedgena Znelia. magram, imis gamo,
rom misaRebi adgilebi arsebobs, arCevanic unda gakeTdes.
47
swored amitom, xumrobiT amboben xolme: mimRebi komisiis

wevrebi studentTa ganacxadebebs grZeli kibidan dauSveben
da universitetSi Casaricxad im studentebs arCeven, visi sa-
qaRaldec yvelaze grZeli gzis gavlas SeZlebs.
kompleqsurobis aTi ganzomileba
dargsa da sferoze wvdoma gadasarevi ramaa, magram roca saq-

me SemoqmedebiTi adamianebis namdvil Tvisebebs exeba, maSin
ra vqnaT? rodis gadavalT saintereso nawilze: tanjul su-
lebze, ararealur ocnebebze, agoniasa da Semoqmedebis eqs-
tazze? mizezi, romlis gamoc kreatiuli individebis Rrma
pirovnuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb weras Tavs varideb, isaa, rom
am Temaze bevris daweris SesaZleblobaSi darwmunebuli ar
var. kreatiuloba kompleqsuri sistemis nawilia da arc erT
mis komponents cal-calke misi axsna ar ZaluZs. pirovneba,
romelic raime kreatiulis Seqmnas apirebs, unda Seeguos
konkretul dargsa da im konkretuli sferos pirobebs, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva droisa da dargisTvis gansxvavebulia.
1550 wels jorjo vasarim (Giorgio Vasari) gulistkiviliT aR-

niSna, rom italieli mxatvrebisa da moqandakeebis axali Ta-
oba adreuli renesansis periodis Tavisi winamorbedebisgan
Zlier gansxvavdeboda. axalgazrdebi, Tvinieri da gamWriaxi
gonebis mqone ufrosi Taobisgan gansxvavebiT, sastikebi da
gadareulebi iyvnen. SesaZloa, vasari im xelovanTa Sesaxeb
werda, romlebmac manerizmis ideologia gaiTavises. isini im
stils misdevdnen, romelic wlebis win miqelanjelom Tavisi
xangrZlivi karieris miwuruls Semoitana. es stili gamoirCe-
va figurebis saintereso damaxinjebebiTa da araCveulebrivi
mimikiT. asi wliT adre aseT stils simaxinjed CaTvlidnen,
maT ki, vinc mas gamoiyenebda, Tavidan moicilebdnen. magram
ramdenime saukunis Semdeg, romantikul periodSi, xelovans,
romelic cota veluri da gadareuli ar iyo, seriozulad ar
aRiqvamdnen. sazogadoebisTvis es Tvisebebi kreatiuli su-
lebis aucilebeli atributi gaxda.
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmis batonobis wlebSi (1960) xe-

lovnebis fakultetis is studentebi, romlebic Zalze gul-
CaTxrobili, Rrmad Cafiqrebuli da asocialurebi iyvnen,

maswavleblebis mier kreatiulebad iyvnen miCneulni. maT
xels uwyobdnen muSaobaSi, aZlevdnen prizebsa da stipendi-
ebs. samwuxarod, universitetis dasrulebis Semdeg da xe-
lovnebis samyaroSi karieris dawyebis dros, am studentebma
aRmoaCines, rom asocialuri qceva maT Zalian Sors ver waiy-
vanda. xelovnebiT movaWreebisa da kritikosebis yuradRebis
misapyrobad maT giJuri wveulebebi unda gaemarTaT, yvelgan
unda gamoCeniliyvnen da maT Sesaxeb mudmivad unda elapara-
kaT. Sedegad, intravert xelovanTa hekatombi warmoiSva: ga-
darCevis procesis Sedegad, zogi xelovnebis maswavlebeli
gaxda Sua dasavleTSi, zogic manqanis gamyidveli - niu jer-
siSi. mogvianebiT, abstraqtuli eqspresionistebi varholis
kohortam Secvala. es axalgazrda xelovanebi kargi tipebi
iyvnen, Wkviani, qarafSuta pirovnebebi, romlebic kreati-
ulobis auras asxivebdnen. magram esec droebiTi niRabi aR-
moCnda. saqme isaa, rom adamians ar SeuZlia kreatiulobis mo-
sasxamSi mxolod garkveuli pirovnuli stilis saSualebiT
gaxveva. SeiZleba adamiani kreatiuli iyos asketuri an misi
sapirispiro cxovrebis wesis pirobebSic. miqelanjelos qa-
lebi didad ar moswonda, pikaso ki saSineli meqalTane iyo.
mxatvrobis dargi orivem Secvala, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT
pirovnulad Zalian cota ram hqondaT saerTo.
arsebobs Tu ara Tvisebebi, romlebic kreatiul adamianebs

gamoarCevs? maT da sxva adamianebs Soris gansxvaveba erTi
sityviT rom gamovxato, savaraudod, sityva kompleqsurobas
avirCevdi. amaSi imas vgulisxmob, rom isini azrovnebisa da
qmedebis iseT tendenciebs avlenen, romlebic sxva adamianebs
ar gaaCniaT. kreatiuli adamianebi winaaRmdegobrivi ukidu-
resobebis matareblebi arian da `mraval individs~ aerTiane-
ben. iseve, rogorc TeTri feri, romelic yvela fers Seicavs.
kreatuli adamiani Tavis TavSi adamianuri SesaZleblobebis
mTel diapazons moicavs.
es Tvisebebi yvela Cvengans aqvs. magram, Cveulebriv, Cven mxo-

lod dialeqtikis erT polusze varT specializebuli. SesaZ-
loa, Cven Cveni bunebis agresiuli, konkurentuli mxaris dax-
vewis, TanamSromlobisa da aRmzrdelobiTi midrekilebebis
mxaris daTrgunvis procesSi gavizardeT. situaciidan gamom-
49
dinare, kreatiuli individi SeiZleba iyos rogorc agresiu-

li, ise TanamSromlobaze orientirebuli. iyo kompleqsuri
pirovneba, niSnavs iseTi Tvisebebis diapazonis gamoxatvis
unars, romlebic adamianSi potenciurad arsebobs, magram,
Cveulebriv, atrofirebulia. Tvisebebis atrofirebas xels
Cveni Sexedulebebi uwyobs, radgan Cven vfiqrobT, rom erTi
ukiduresoba `kargia~, meore ki `cudia~.
amgvar adamians bevri saerTo Tviseba aqvs Sveicareli fsi-

qologis karl iungis (Carl Jung) mier aRweril zrdasruli pi-
rovnebasTan. iungis azriT, Cvens yvela Zlier mxares Tavisi
daTrgunuli iseTi Crdilovani mxare mosdevs, romlis aRi-
arebazec bevri Cvengani uars ambobs. Zalian mowesrigebul
adamians SeiZleba undodes, spontanuri iyos, morCili ada-
miani dominant rolze ocnebobdes da a.S. sisrulis an kmayo-
filebis grZnoba manamde ar dagveufleba, vidre am Crdilebs
Tavidan ar moviSorebT. Tumca, Cveulebriv, ase ar viqceviT,
vagrZelebT Cvens sakuTar TavTan brZolas da vcdilobT, im
garegnuli saxis Sesabamisi viyoT, romelic Cvens WeSmarit
arss amaxinjebs.
iyo kompleqsuri pirovneba, ar niSnavs, iyo neitraluri an

saSualo. es ar aris or poluss Soris arsebuli mdgomareo-
ba, romelic iseT usicocxlo arsebobas gulisxmobs, roca
adamiani arc konkurentulia da arc TanamSromlobisTvisaa
mzad. kompleqsuroba erTi ukiduresobidan meore ukidure-
sobamde gadasvlis saSualebaa, romelic arsebul situacias
efuZneba. SesaZloa, centraluri adgili, oqros Sualedi is
arCevani iyos, romelsac kompiuteruli programebis Semqm-
nelebi miCumaTebis parametrebs uwodeben. magram kreatiuli
adamianebi orive ukiduresobas icnoben da maT Sinagani kon-
fliqtis gareSe Tanabari intensivobiT SeigrZneben. SeiZle-
ba, ufro advili iyos am daskvnis aTi erTmaneTis sapirispiro
iseTi wyvilis saSualebiT gamoxatva, romlebic xSirad amg-
var individebSi erTdroulad arsebobs da dialeqtikur da-
ZabulobaSi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli.
1. kreatiuli adamianebi Zalian energiulebi arian, magram

isini xSirad isveneben da imyofebian mSvid mdgomareobaSi.
aseTi adamianebi bevrs muSaoben, Zalian koncentrirebulebi
arian da, amave dros, siaxlisa da enTuziazmis auras asxive-

ben. es maTi Warbi fizikuri niWia, genetikuri upiratesoba. da
mainc, saocaria, ramdenad xSirad xdeba, rom Tavisi energii-
Ta da janmrTelobiT gamorCeuli samocdaaTi-oTxmoci wlis
individebi bavSvobisdroindel xSir avadmyofobas ixseneben.
hainc maier-laibnici (Heinz Maier-Leibnitz) filtvis daavadebis
gamo Sveicariis mTebSi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi iwva sawolSi.
diord faludi (György Faludy), iseve, rogorc fsiqologi do-
nald kembeli (Donald Cambell) bavSvobaSi xSirad avadmyofob-
da. xalxis azris analitikos elizabeT noel-noimans (Elisabeth
Noelle-Neumann) eqimma Tavis droze gadarCenis yvela imedi ga-
dauwura, Tumca, homeopaTiurma mkurnalobam ise gamoaswora
misi janmrTeloba, rom ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg is gacilebiT
ufro mets muSaobs, vidre amas masze orjer ufro axalgaz-
rda oTxi adamiani moaxerxebda. rogorc Cans, am adamianebis
energia Sinagani warmoSobisaa da maTi ara genetikuri, aramed
koncentrirebuli gonebis Sedegs warmoadgens. aqve unda iT-
qvas, rom zogierTi respondenti, magaliTad, linus paulingi
(Linus Pauling), SekiTxvaze `ram ganapiroba misi warmateba~ pa-
suxobs: `kargma genebma~.
es ar niSnavs, rom kreatiuli adamianebi hiperaqtiurebi da

mudmivad saqmeSi CarTulebi arian. sinamdvileSi isini xSirad
isveneben da bevri sZinavT. mniSvnelovania, rom energiis kon-
trols isini Tavad axorcieleben da ar arian damokidebuli
kalendarze, saaTze, garegan ganrigze. saWiroebis SemTxve-
vaSi, maT energiis lazeruli sxiviviT koncentrireba SeuZ-
liaT, magram roca amis saWiroeba ar arsebobs, isini maSinve
mis xelaxla Sevsebas iwyeben. kreatiul adamianebs aqtivobis,
uqmad yofnisa da fiqris periodebis monacvleoba warmatebu-
li muSaobisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT. es ar aris is
bioritmi, romelic maT genetikurad ergoT. es miznebis miR-
wevis cdisa da Secdomebis gziT gamomuSavebuli strategiaa.
robertson devisi (Robertson Davis) am sakiTxis iumoristul ma-
galiTs gvTavazobs:
amasTan dakavSirebiTiseTi ram maxsendeba, rac, vfiq-

rob, Cemi cxovrebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, Tum-
ca, cota sulelurad da banalurad JRers. yovelTvis
vcdilob, sadilis Semdeg cota xniT wavuZino. es wesi
51
STamomavlobiT mamaCemisgan gadmomeca. erTxel mas

vuTxari: `Sen Zalian bevrs miaRwie cxovrebaSi. kana-
daSi rom Camoxvedi, araferi gebada, magram bevri ram
SeZeli. ras miawer aseT warmatebas?~ mamam mipasuxa:
`Cemi Tavis baton-patronad yofnis survilis mTavari
mizezi is iyo, rom yvelaze metad yoveldRe sadilis
Semdeg daZinebis SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba mindoda.~
vifiqre, rom es adamianis cxovrebis araCveulebrivi
impulsi iyo! mama sadilis Semdeg yovelTvis iZinebda
oci wuTiT. mec ase viqcevi. Cemi azriT, es Zalian mniS-
vnelovania. Tu Tqvens Tavs ar miscemT uflebas, vin-
mem gmarToT da dagsajoT xolme, savaraudod, cxov-
rebiT datkbobas ukeTesad SeZlebT.
energiis erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa seqsualoba. kreatiuli

adamianebi am sakiTxSic paradoqsulebi arian. rogorc Cans,
maT erotikuli an zogadi sqesobrivi ltolvis sakmaod Zli-
eri energia aqvT, rasac zogierTi pirdapir seqsualobaSi ga-
moxatavs. amave dros, kreatiuli adamianebis cxovrebis na-
wili xSiradaa martoobac (dauqorwinebloba). miRwevebs Tan
sdevs TavSekavebuloba. erosis gareSe cxovrebis ase energi-
ulad warmarTva Zneli iqneboda. TavdaWeris gareSe energia
advilad gaifanteboda.
2. kreatiuli adamianebi, Cveulebriv, Wkvianebi da, amave dros,

miamitebi arian. Tumca, sakiTxavia ramdenad Wkvianebi arian
sinamdvileSi. savaraudod, marTalia, rom is, rasac fsiqolo-
gebi zogadi sazrianobis Sesaxeb saubrisas g faqtors uwode-
ben, im adamianebs Sorisaa ufro maRali, romlebic mniSvnelo-
van kreatiul produqts qmnian. Tumca, seriozulad ar unda
aRviqvaT is siebi, romlebic fsiqologiis wignebis gverdiTa
zolzea xolme Camowerili da gvamcnoben: jon stiuart mil-
sis (John Stuart Mills) inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis koefici-
enti 170, mocartis (Mozart) ki 135 iyo. isini rom Tavis droze
SeemowmebinaT, SesaZloa, maTi Sedegi kidev ufro maRalic ki
yofiliyo. magram SesaZlebelia isic, rom es ase sulac ar yo-
filiyo. ramdeni bavSvi iyo meTvramete saukuneSi, romelsac
kidev ufro maRali Sedegis Cveneba SeeZlo, magram araferi
dasamaxsovrebeli da mniSvnelovani ar Seqmna? umaRlesi go-
nebrivi SesaZleblobebis pirveli gamWoli kvleva, romelic
fsiqologma luis termanma (Lewis Terman) stenfordSi 1921

wels Caatara, gviCvenebs, rom Zalian maRali inteleqtualu-
ri ganviTarebis koeficientis mqone bavSvebi warmatebulebi
arian, magram garkveuli niSnulis miRma naCvenebi koeficien-
tisa da realur cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebiT kargi Sedegebis
miRweva erTmaneTTan kavSirSi aRaraa. mogvianebiTi kvlevis
Tanaxmad, es niSnuli daaxloebiT 120 qulaa. SesaZloa, amaze
ufro dabali qulebis SemTxvevaSi, kreatiuli samuSaos Ses-
ruleba ufro Zneli iyos, magram 120-is miRma qulebis mateba
avtomaturad met kreatiulobas ar niSnavs.
ratom uSlis dabali inteleqtualuri ganviTareba kreatiul
miRwevebs xels, absoluturad naTelia. magram araCveuleb-
rivi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi kreatiulobisTvis
SeiZleba damRupvelic aRmoCndes. maRali inteleqtualuri
ganviTarebis koeficientis mqone zogierTi adamiani TviTk-
mayofili da Tavis gonebriv upiratesobebSi darwmunebuli
xdeba. is kargavs im cnobismoyvareobas, romelic axali miR-
wevebisTvis ase Zlieraa saWiro. SeiZleba, faqtebis Seswavla
da dargebis arsebuli wesebiT TamaSi maRali ganviTarebis
koeficientis mqone adamianisTvis imdenad advili iyos, rom
mas arasdros gauCndes eWvis Setanis, kiTxvebis dasmis an ar-
sebuli codnis gaumjobesebis survili. SesaZloa, swored
aman aTqmevina goeTes Semdegi sityvebi: `miamitoba genioso-
bis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani atributia~.
am dialeqtikis gamoxatvis alternatiuli saSualebaa erT-

maneTTan sibrZnisa da bavSvurobis dapirispireba. rogorc
hovard gardnerma (Howard Gardner) saukunis udidesi kreati-
uli geniosebis Sesaxeb daweril kvlevaSi aRniSna, garkveuli
umwifroba (emociuric da gonebrivic) SeiZleba Zalian Rrma
gamWriaxobasTan iyos dakavSirebuli. am sityvebze adamians
maSinve mocarti axsendeba.
metic, rogorc Cans, adamianebs, romlebsac dargisTvis misa-

Rebi siaxle moaqvT, azrovnebis ori sxvadasxva gzis gamoyene-
ba SeuZliaT. esenia konvergenciuli da divergenciuli gzebi.
konvergenciul azrovnebas inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis
koeficientis testebiT zomaven. is gulisxmobs iseTi kargad
Camoyalibebuli, racionaluri amocanebis amoxsnas, romleb-
sac mxolod erTi swori pasuxi aqvT. divergenciuli azrov-
53
neba SeTanxmebul amoxsnas niSnavs. misi gamoyeneba dakavSi-

rebulia mwyobr sistemasTan an SesaZleblobasTan, - moxdes
erTi perspeqtividan meoreze gadarTva da ideebis uCveulo
kavSirebis originaluri SerCeva. es azrovnebis is ganzomile-
bebia, romlebic yvelaze kreatiuli testebiT izomeba da ro-
melTa mocvasac seminarebis umetesoba cdilobs.
SesaZloa, simarTles Seesabamebodes varaudi, rom kreati-

ulobis xelSemwyob sistemaSi mwyobri, moqnili da origina-
luri azrovnebis adamiani, savaraudod, axal ideebs miagnebs.
amitomac azri aqvs laboratoriebsa da korporaciebSi di-
vergenciuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas. gansakuTrebiT es exe-
ba im SemTxvevebs, roca menejments SeuZlia mravali ideidan
ramdenime yvelaze Sesaferisis amorCeva da maTi danergva.
Tumca, mainc arsebobs eWvi, rom kreatiuli miRwevebis umaR-
les doneze siaxlis aRmoceneba mTavari ar aris. galileos an
darvins Zalian bevri axali idea ar hqoniaT, magram is ideebi,
romelTa damuSavebac maT gadawyvites, iseTi mniSvnelobi-
sa iyo, rom maT mTeli kultura Secvales. am ideis msgavsad,
Cvens kvlevaSi moxseniebuli individebi Zalian xSirad lapa-
rakoben imaze, rom maT karieris manZilze mxolod ori-sami
kargi idea mouvidaT TavSi, magram isini imdenad bevr SesaZ-
leblobebs iZleoda, rom maT gamocdas, damuSavebas, ganviTa-
rebasa da gamoyenebas mTeli cxovreba dasWirda.
divergenciuli azrovnebis gamoyenebis sargebeli kargi da

cudi ideebis erTmaneTisgan garCevis unaris arqonis SemTx-
vevaSi Zalian mcirea da, nawilobriv, konvergenciul azrov-
nebasac gulisxmobs. manfred aigeni erT-erTia im mecnierTa-
gan, romlebic amtkiceben, rom erTaderTi gansxvaveba maT-
sa da maT naklebad kreatiul kolegebs Soris aris sakiTxis
amoxsnadobis gansazRvra, amiT bevri fuWi kvlevisTvis Tavis
arideba da didi drois dazgva. jorj stigleri xazs usvams
moqnili mdgomareobis mniSvnelobas, rac, erTi mxriv, diver-
genciul azrovnebasa da, meore mxriv, sicocxlisunariani
problemis gansazRvrisTvis saWiro gamWriaxobaSi mdgomare-
obs:
vTvli, rom kargi intuicia da daskvnebis gamotanis

unari maqvs imasTan dakavSirebiT, romeli samuSaos
Sesruleba da romel sakiTxebze muSaoba Rirs. adre

vambobdi xolme (vfiqrob, vtrabaxobdi), rom maSin,
roca umetes mecnierTa ideebis mxolod daaxloebiT 4
procenti aRwevs warmatebas, Cemi ideebis SemTxvevaSi,
es ricxvi 80-s utoldeba.
3. kreatiuli adamianebis mesame paradoqsuli Tavisebureba

TamaSisa da disciplinis, an pasuxismgeblobisa da upasuxis-
mgeblobis kombinacias ukavSirdeba. ori azri ar arsebobs
imis Taobaze, rom sxvadasxva sakiTxisadmi ironiuli da msu-
buqi damokidebuleba kreatiuli individebis damaxasiaTebe-
li Tvisebaa. jon vileri (John Wheeler) ambobs, rom axalgazrda
fizikosebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani swored es `naxtomia,
romelsac yovelTvis vakavSireb mecnierebaSi arsebul sia-
movnebasTan. amas xumrobiT ar vambob, Tumca, frazas xumro-
bis simsubuqec aqvs. es ideebis kvlevaa.~ devid rismani (David
Riesman) `calkemdgomi erTgulebis~ damokidebulebis aRwe-
risas (rac mas socialuri scenis SorsmWvretel damkvirveb-
lad aqcevs) xazgasmiT aRniSnavs faqts, rom mas yovelTvis
undoda èrTdroulad upasuxismgebloc yofiliyo da pasu-
xismgeblobiT aRsavsec.~
magram es silaRe Tavisi antiTezisis, sijiutis xarisxis,

simtkicisa da Seupovrobis gareSe Zalian Sorsac ver midis.
bevri Sromaa saWiro imisTvis, rom axali idea srulad damu-
Savdes da is winaRobebi gadalaxos, romlebic kreatiul ada-
mianebs gzaze aucileblad SexvdebaT. roca hans beTes (Hans
Bethe) hkiTxes imis Sesaxeb, rogor SeZlo im problemebis ga-
daWra, ris Sedegadac cnobili gaxda, RimiliT Tqva: àmisTvis
ori ramaa saWiro. erTi tvinia. meore ki mzaoba, bevri dro da-
uTmo iseT fiqrs, romlis Sedegadac, didi albaTobaa, vera-
feri miiRo.`
nina holtoni (Nina Holton), romlis skulpturebis safuZveli

misi veluri da laRi ideebia, mtkicedaa darwmunebuli seri-
ozuli Sromis mniSvnelobaSi:
uxseneT vinmes, rom moqandake xarT da maSinve gaigo-

nebT: `ra mSvenieria! ra sainteresoa!~ vekiTxebi xol-
me: `ra aris amaSi mSvenieri?~ es umeteswilad daaxlo-
55
ebiT igivea, rac kalatozad an xurod muSaoba. magram

maT amis gagonebac ki ar surT, radgan saqmis mxolod
pirveli, saintereso nawili aqvT warmodgenili. ro-
gorc erTxel xruSCovma Tqva, es blinebis gamosacxo-
bad sakmarisi ar aris. kargi skulpturis gasakeTeb-
lad mxolod idea ar kmara. idea ubralod erT adgi-
las zis. Semdegi safexuri ki, ra Tqma unda, dauRalavi
Sromaa. SegiZlia misi skulpturad Targmna? Tu idea
mxolod studiaSi ganmartoebulad yofnisas iyo sa-
intereso? rames daemsgavseba? amis fizikurad gake-
Tebas marTla SeZleb? Sen piradad SeZleb fizikurad
amis gakeTebas? amisTvis ra masalebi gaqvs? samuSaos
meore nawili bevr Sromas moiTxovs. skulptura swo-
red esaa. bevri araCveulebrivi gadareuli idea da
Semdeg bevri Sroma.
jeikob rabinovi saintereso gonebriv teqnikas iyenebs imis-

Tvis, rom cota Seisvenos. Sesveneba mniSvnelovania, radgan
gamogonebaze muSaoba, intuiciaze ufro metad, amtanobas
iTxovs:
diax, amisTvis patara eSmakobas mivmarTav. roca ise-

Ti samuSaos Sesruleba mWirdeba, romelic Zalian did
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, warmovidgen xolme, rom cixeSi
var. ar damcinoT. roca cixeSi var, maSin dros mniSv-
neloba ar aqvs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu saqmis
gakeTebas erTi kvira dasWirdeba, dae, erTi kvira das-
Wirdes. aba, sxvagvarad rogor moviqce? aq xom kidev
oc wels unda viyo. xedavT? aseT eSmakobas viyeneb,
radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tqven ityodiT: `Rmer-
To Cemo, es ar gamodis~ da amis Semdeg Secdomebis daS-
vebas daiwyebdiT. aseT dros ki ityviT, rom dros ab-
soluturad aranairi Sedegebi ar mosdevs. adamianebi
svamen kiTxvas, drois TvalsazrisiT es ra daujdebaT.
Tu vinmesTan erTad vmuSaob, es saqme saaTSi ormoc-
daaTi dolari Rirs. sisulelea. ubralod, yvelaferi
unda daiviwyoT da mxolod is gaxsovdeT, rom gamogo-
neba gaqvT dasamTavrebeli. me amis gakeTeba ar miWirs.
Cveulebriv, swrafad vmuSaob xolme. magram Tuki ra-
mis SeduRebas erT dRes movundi, meore dRe ki meore
mxaris Sewebebas davuTme da am samuSaos ori dRe das-

Wirda, es me sruliadac ar madardebs.
udardeli garemos miuxedavad, bevri kreatiuli adamiani Ra-

me gvianobamde muSaobs. isini Tavis saqmes jiutad Cahkirki-
teben, rasac naklebi enTuziazmiT gamsWvaluli adamianebi
ar gaakeTebdnen. 1550 wels vasari werda, rom roca renesan-
sis mxatvari paolo uCelo (Paolo Uccello) vizualuri perspeq-
tivis kanonebis damuSavebiT iyo dakavebuli, is mTeli Ramis
ganmavlobaSi win da ukan dadioda da TavisTvis butbutebda:
`ra lamazi ramea es perspeqtiva!~ coli mas am dros amaod ux-
mobda dasaZineblad. daaxloebiT xuTasi wlis Semdeg fizi-
kosi da gamomgonebeli frenk ofneri (Frank Offner) aRwerda
periods, roca yuris membranis funqcionirebis meqanizmis
gagebas cdilobda:
SeiZleba pasuxi ucbad, SuaRamisas momivides TavSi az-

rad. membranaze fiqri axali dawyebuli rom mqonda,
coli SuaRamisas xels wamkravda xolme da metyoda:
`morCi axla membranaze fiqrs da daiZine.
4. kreatiuli adamianebi monacvleobiT imyofebian, erTi

mxriv, warmosaxvisa da fantaziis, meore mxriv ki, Rrma re-
alobis sferoSi. es imisTvisaa saWiro, rom awmyos warsul-
Tan kavSiris dakargvis gareSe davSordeT. albert ainStaini
erTxel werda, rom xelovneba da mecniereba is ori araCveu-
lebrivi saSualebaa, romlebic adamianma realobidan gasaq-
cevad gamoigona. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, is marTali iyo:
didi xelovneba da didi mecniereba naxtomebia awmyosgan gan-
sxvavebul warmosaxvaSi. sazogadoebis danarCeni nawili axal
ideebs ise uyurebs, rogorc fantazias, romelsac arsebul
realobasTan raime kavSiri ar gaaCnia. da is marTalicaa. mag-
ram xelovnebisa da mecnierebis mTeli azri imaSi mdgomare-
obs, rom arsebul realobas gavcdeT da axali realoba Sevqm-
naT. amave dros, es ar aris `gaqceva~ idealur samyaroSi. axal
ideas kreatiulad is aqcevs, rom misi gacnobis Semdeg, adre
Tu gvian, mis kreatiulobas aucileblad gaviziarebT. ramde-
nadac ucnauri unda iyos, es asea.
am dialeqtikas is faqti asaxavs, rom Cven mier ganxilul xe-

lovanebs mravali wlis win rorSaxisa da Tematurad gaaz-
57
rebuli aRqmis e. w. proeqciuli testebi CautardaT. testis

moTxovnis Tanaxmad, Tqven unda moigonoT ambavi, romelic
gaurkvevel mastimulirebel saganzea dafuZnebuli (mag.
melnis laqa an naxati) da SeiZleba nebismier rames aRniSnav-
des. SedarebiT kreatiuli xelovanebi iseT pasuxebs iZle-
odnen, romlebic udavod ufro originaluri iyo da ferad,
uCveulo detalebs Seicavda. magram isini arasdros iZleod-
nen iseT èqscentriul~ pasuxebs, rogorebsac xSirad Cveu-
lebrivi adamianebis SemTxvevaSi vxvdebodiT. eqscentriuli
pasuxi iseT detalebs Seicavs, romelTa danaxva mastimuli-
rebel saganze, ubralod. SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, Tu melnis
laqa raRaciT pepelas hgavs da Tqven mas wyalqveSa navs miams-
gavsebT, Tanac, ver axsniT, am daskvnamde saidan mixvediT, ase-
Ti pasuxi eqscentriulad CaiTvleba. Cveulebrivi adamianebi
iSviaTad arian originalurebi, Tumca, maT xandaxan eqscent-
riuloba axasiaTebT. kreatiuli adamianebi originalurebi
arian, magram ara eqscentriulebi. siaxle, romelsac isini xe-
daven, realobazea dafuZnebuli.
Cveni umetesoba varaudobs, rom xelovanebs (musikosebi,

mwerlebi, poetebi, mxatvrebi) Zalian didi unari aqvT; mec-
nierebi, politikosebi da biznesmenebi ki realistebi arian.
SesaZlebelia, es yoveldRiuri qmedebebis SemTxvevaSi marT-
lac ase iyos, magram roca adamiani kreatiuli samuSaos Ses-
rulebas iwyebs, udavoa, rom is iseTive realisti unda iyos,
rogoric fizikosia. fizikosebs ki iseTive warmosaxvis unari
sWirdebaT, rogoric xelovanebs aqvT.
magaliTad, bankirebze vfiqrobT, rom maT sakmaod mosawyeni

da jansaRi warmodgena unda hqondeT imis Sesaxeb, ra aris re-
aluri da ra - ara. magram finansuri sakiTxebis iseT liders,
rogoric jon ridia (John Reed), am warmodgenis gasaqarwyleb-
lad bevri ramis Tqma SeuZlia. Tavis interviuSi is isev da
isev ubrundeba SefardebiTi da mudmivad cvalebadi realo-
bis Temas, perspeqtivas, romelic, misi azriT, arsebiTia moma-
valTan kreatiuli dapirispirebis sakiTxSi:
ara mgonia, arsebobdes iseTi ram, rasac realobas vu-

wodebT. arsebobs realobis Zalian gansxvavebuli aR-
werebi. fxizlad unda iyoT, rom ar gamogrCeT maTi
cvlilebebi da is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba. realobis

bolomde gagebas veravin SeZlebs, magram Tqven mainc
Zalian aqtiurebi unda darCeT. es ki imas gulisxmobs,
rom Tqven mravalwaxnagovani perspeqtiva unda gqon-
deT.
arsebobs realobebis nakrebi, romelic drois nebis-

mier monakveTSia aqtualuri. TavSi yovelTvis mitri-
alebs imis nimuSi, rac, Cemi warmodgeniT, msoflioSi
xdeba. am nimuSs sul varegulireb da vcdilob, movle-
nebs sxvadasxva perspeqtividan vuyuro. Semdeg am yve-
lafers imasTan vakavSireb, rasac es movlenebi Cveni
saqmisTvis, adamianis qcevisTvis niSnavs.
amiT imis Tqma ki ar msurs, rom centrSi araferi ar

aris. ubralod vfiqrob, rom realobis danaxva bevri
sxvadasxva gziT SegviZlia. axla Cems biznesSi bankebi -
kapitalisa da aqtivebis erTmaneTTan damokidebule-
bis gamo - warmatebulia. aTi wlis win `kapitalisa da
aqtivebis kavSiris~ koncefcia saerTod ar arsebobda.
kongresze srulebiT ver vigrZeni, industriasa da ka-
nonebze momxdari danazogebisa da sesxebis krizisis
gavlena. is samyaro, romelSic axla vcxovrob, mniSv-
nelovani sakiTxebis TvalsazrisiT, cotaTi Tu hgavs
imas, romelSic aTi wlis win vcxovrobdi. amgvarad,
Cven ganvsazRvreT realoba, romelic, Cemi TqmiT, ara
carieli, aramed sicarielesTan axlos myofia.
sxvebis msgavsad, axali realoba mec gvian aRviqvi. am-

gvari rameebis codna sabolood Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia, radgan Tu safuZvels metismetad gadascdebiT,
Tqveni Tavisuflebis xarisxi Semcirdeba. me Zalian
didi Sesworebebis gakeTeba momixda imisTvis, rom gan-
sxvavebuli TamaSis dawyeba SemZleboda. magram es cva-
lebadi realobaa. Zalian kargad vici, rom kapitalisa
da aqtivebis urTierTkavSiri grZelvadian perspeq-
tivaSi sakmarisad mtkice araa da rom xalxi, romelic
axla bankis aqciebis fasze Relavs, male sxva rameze
daiwyebs fiqrs. me warmatebas ise aRvwer, rogorc evo-
luciur process.
59
ainStainis azrebi xelovnebisa da mecnierebis Sesaxeb mis mier

sabanko saqmis Sesaxeb Camoyalibebul mosazrebebSi gvxvde-
ba: es evoluciuri procesia, romelSic axlandel realobas
male vada gauva. adamiani mzad unda iyos imisTvis, rac amas
mohyveba. amave dros, axali realoba ucnauri pativmoyvare-
oba ki ar aris, aramed is raRac, rac aq da axla arsebobs. ad-
vilia ridis saocnebo warmodgenis ignorireba - rogorc im
bizmesmenis romantikuli azrebis, romelic realobas Zalian
kargad icnobs. magram, rogorc Cans, sakiTxisadmi misi arat-
radiciuli midgoma warmatebulia: Newsweek-is bolo gamoSve-
bam gvamcno: `jon rids RvarZliani laparaki epatieba... sami
wlis winandeli warumateblobis Semdeg xom man im investo-
rebs, vinc Citicorp-is aqciebi iyida, saocari 425 procentiani
mogeba moutana.~ erT-erTi komentatori amatebs, rom ridis
mier okeanis gadaRma gakeTebuli investiciebi xuTi wlis win
sariskod iTvleboda, axla ki is aqciebi sakmaod Zvirad iyi-
deba. `warmodgenis garda araferi Secvlila~, - ambobs finan-
suri eqsperti, romelic bazris realobis ridiseul azrebs
exmaureba.
5. kreatiuli adamianebi Tavis TavSi eqstravertobisa da in-

travertobis sapirispiro tendenciebs aerTianeben. Cveu-
lebriv, Cven an erTi varT, an meore: an gviyvars bevr xalxTan
erTad yofna, an gancalkevebiT jdomasa da mimdinare Sous
dakvirvebas varCevT. sinamdvileSi, bolodroindeli fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis Tanaxmad, intravertoba da eqstraverto-
ba yvelaze ufro stabilur adamianur Tvisebebad iTvleba,
romlebic adamianebs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs da romelTa
gazomvac sando meTodebiT SeiZleba. kreatiuli adamianebi
orive Tvisebas erTdroulad avlenen.
`martoxela geniosis` stereotipi sakmaod Zlieria da mas Cve-

ni interviuebic aZlierebs. bolos da bolos, adamiani weris,
xatvis an laboratoriuli eqsperimentebis Catarebis dros,
Cveulebriv, marto rCeba xolme. rogorc axalgazrda niWieri
xalxis kvlevebidan viciT, mozardebi, romlebic marto yof-
nas ver itanen, Tavisi unarebis ganviTarebas ver axerxeben,
radgan musikaSi varjiSi an maTematikis swavla marto yofnas
moiTxovs. dargis simbolur SinaarsSi daostateba mxolod im
mozardebs SeuZliaT, romelTaTvisac ganmartoeba proble-

mas ar warmoadgens.
kreatiuli individebi isev da isev aRniSnaven adamianebTan

Sexvedris, maTi mosmenis, ideebis gacvlis, sxvaTa naSromebi-
sa da azrebis gacnobis mniSvnelobas. fizikosi jon vileri am
sakiTxs Tavisi Cveuli pirdapirobiT mimoixilavs: `Tu sxva-
dasxva sakiTxs sxva adamianebTan erTad ar ganixilavT, saqme-
Si warmatebas ver miaRwevT. sul vambob, rom veravin gaxdeba
vinme, Tu gverdiT vinme ar eyoleba.~
fizikosi frimen daisoni (Freeman Dyson) Tavis naSromSi Zali-

an daxvewilad aRwers am diqotomiis sapirispiro fazebs. is
miuTiTebs Tavisi ofisis karze da ambobs:
mecniereba koleqtiuri saqmianobaa. principSi, aris

gansxvaveba imaSi, kari daxurulia Tu Ria. roca samec-
niero samuSaoTi var dakavebuli, kars Riad vtoveb.
simboluria, magram asea. Tqven sul gindaT adamianeb-
Tan laparaki. raRac momentamde mogwonT, roca sity-
vas gawyvetineben, radgan mxolod sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobiT axerxebT raime sainteresos gakeTebas.
saqme sazogadoebriv sawarmosTan gvaqvs. siaxleebi
mudmivad xdeba da cxovrebas fexdafex unda misdio,
rom sul saqmis kursSi iyo. mudmivad unda lapara-
kobde. magram, ra Tqma unda, wera sul sxva ramea. roca
vwer, karebs vketav. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki oTaxSi
sakmaod didi xmauri Semodis. amitomac, xSirad weri-
sas biblioTekaSi vimalebi. es martoxela adamianis
TamaSia. Cemi azriT, mTavari gansxvaveba swored amaSia.
Semdgomi ukreaqcia, ra Tqma unda, Zalian Zlieria da,
Sedegad, kontaqtebis wres arsebiTad amdidreb. bevri
adamiani werilebs mxolod imitom migzavnis, rom Cemi
wignebi sazogadoebas exeba. ase rom, axla megobrebis
gacilebiT ufro farTo wresTan maqvs kavSiri, ramac
Cemi Tvalsawieri Zalian gaafarTova. magram es yvela-
feri weris dasrulebis Semdeg xdeba da ara manamde.
jon ridi Sinaganad warmarTuli azrovnebisa da intensiuri

socialuri urTierTobebis monacvleobas Tavisi yoveldRi-
61
uri cxovrebis nawilad xdis:
dilas adre vdgebi. xuT saaTze yovelTvis fexze var,

Sxaps daaxloebiT eqvsis naxevarze vrCebi da vcdi-
lob, saxlSi an ofisSi vimuSao. swored am dros vaxer-
xeb fiqrsa da prioritetebis gansazRvras. siebis Sed-
genaSi magari var. gasakeTebeli saqmeebis oci sia maqvs
mudmivad Camowerili. Tavisufali xuTi wuTi Tu gamo-
miCnda, vjdebi da imis sias vwer, ras unda vakeTebde,
an ra unda maRelvebdes. Cveulebriv, Svidis naxevarze
ukve ofisSi var xolme da aTis naxevramde an aTamde
SedarebiT mSvidad vmuSaob. mere uamravi sxva saqme
iwyeba. kompaniis xelmZRvaneli Tu xar, es tomis bela-
dobas hgavs. Sens ofisSi xalxi modis da gelaparakeba.
xelovnebis yvelaze kerZo sferoSic ki urTierTobis SesaZ-

lebloba gadamwyvetia. nina holtoni (Nina Holton) kargad aR-
wers sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis rols xelovnebaSi:
saxlSi sruliad marto ver imuSaveb. ginda, rom xelo-

vani kolega movides da dailaparakoT. hkiTxo: `ro-
gor mogwons?~ garkveuli ukureaqcia gWirdeba. ar Se-
iZleba marto jdoma da namuSevris aravisTvis Cveneba.
namuSevrebis saCveneblad ki nacnobebis mTeli qseli
gWirdebaT. unda gaicnoT galeristebi, Tqvens sfero-
Si moRvawe adamianebi, isini, vinc am sferos muSaobaSia
CarTuli. TqvenTvis, albaT, saintereso iqneba imis ga-
geba, gindaT Tu ara am yvelafris nawili iyoT. magram
gana arsebobs vinme, visac am sferoSi moRvaweoba ar
unda?
jeikob rabinovi naTlad aRwers bevri kreatiuli adamianis

winaSe warmoSobil dilemas:
maxsovs, erTxel didi wveuleba gvqonda gamarTuli

da gledisma [misi colia] Tqva, rom xandaxan me sadRac
sxvagan davfrinav. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ise var
Cafluli im ideaSi, romelzec vmuSaob, imdenad Tval-
saCinoa, rom mxolod masze vfiqrob, rom sul marto
var. ar vusmen, sxvebi ras amboben. xandaxan ase xdeba:
Tqven axali idea gaqvT, fiqrobT, rom is Zalian kargia

da imdenad xarT misiT Sepyrobili, rom yuradRebas
aravis aqcevT. adamianebs SordebiT. CemTvis Zalian
Znelia, viyo obieqturi. ar vici. komunikabeluri var,
momwons adamianebi, anekdotebis moyola, TeatrSi si-
aruli. magram, savaraudod, arsebobs drois monakve-
Tebi, roca glediss urCevnia, mas da ojaxs meti yu-
radReba davuTmo. miyvars Cemi Svilebi, maTac vuyvar-
var da araCveulebrivi urTierToba gvaqvs. SeiZleba,
ise momxdariyo, rom gamomgonebeli ar vyofiliyavi
da, amis nacvlad, Cveulebrivi samsaxuri mqonoda, sax-
lSi meti dro gametarebina da ojaxisTvis yuradReba
metad mimeqcia. Cemi samsaxuri iseTi iqneboda, rom ar
meyvareboda. SesaZloa, adamianebs, romlebsac samsa-
xuri ar moswonT, saxli ufro uyvarT. es absolutu-
rad SesaZlebelia.
6. kreatiuli individebi Zalian Tavmdabali da, amave dros,

amayi xalxia. niSandoblivia, rom cnobili adamiani Sexved-
ramde arogantuli da mediduri gvyavs warmodgenili, magram
gacnobisas Tavmdabali da morcxvi aRmoCndeba xolme. amas Ta-
visi mizezebi aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, am adamianebma kargad
ician, rom isini, niutonis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `goliaTe-
bis mxrebze dganan~. mowiweba, romelsac isini Tavisi moRvawe-
obis sferos mimarT ganicdian, maT aZlevs codnas im wvlilis
Sesaxeb, romelic manamde dargis ganviTarebaSi sxvebs aqvT
Setanili. amitomac kreatiuli adamianebi Tavs mxolod am
jaWvis nawilad moiazreben. da mesame: isini, Cveulebriv, im-
denad arian koncentrirebulni momaval proeqtebsa da awmyo
gamowvevebze, rom warsulis miRwevebi (ara aqvs mniSvneloba,
ramdenad brwyinvaleni iyvnen isini) aRar ainteresebT. eli-
sabeT noel-noimanis (Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann) pasuxi kiTxvaze:
`Tqveni warsulidan romel miRwevas gamoyofdiT, romliTac
yvelaze metad amayobT?~ tipuria:
arasdros vfiqrob imaze, ra meamayeba. arasdros vi-

yurebi ukan, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca Secdomebis
povnas vcdilob. radgan Secdomebis damaxsovreba da
daskvnebis gamotana rTuli saqmea. magram iseT rameze
fiqri, rac warsulSi moxda da geamayebaT, saxifaTod
63
mimaCnia. roca adamianebi mekiTxebian, ramiT vamayob

Tu ara, mxrebs aviCeCav xolme da vcdilob, rac SeiZ-
leba swrafad gavecalo iqaurobas. Cemi stilia, mudam
win viyurebode. mTeli Cemi sasiamovno fiqrebi moma-
valTanaa dakavSirebuli da es mudam ase iyo mas Sem-
deg, rac oci wlis gavxdi. yovel dRes axlidan viwyeb.
CemTvis yvelaze mTavaria, kvleviTi instituti Sevi-
narCuno da empiriuli kvleva gavagrZelo.
miuxedavad Tavis sferoSi miRweuli warmatebisa da reputa-

ciisa, neirofsiqologi brenda milneri (Brenda Milner) ambobs,
rom Zalian TviTkritikulia da Tavis kreatiulobas didi eW-
viT uyurebs. kanadeli xelovani maikl snou (Michael Snow) mis-
Tvis didi warmatebis momtan gauTavebel eqsperimentebs im
daucvelobisa da dabneulobis grZnobasTan akavSirebs, rom-
lis gafantvasac cdilobs.
Tavmdablobis kidev erTi maCvenebelia isic, ramdenad xSi-

rad asaxeleben kreatiuli adamianebi siamayis sagnad ojaxs
da ara im miRwevebs, romlebmac isini cnobili gaxada. maga-
liTad, frimen daisonis pasuxi iyo: `vfiqrob, saamayoa, rom
eqvsi Svili gavzarde da Tanac es ise gavakeTe, rom isini sain-
tereso adamianebi gamovidnen. mgoni, es isaa, riTic yvelaze
metad vamayob. marTla.~ jon ridsis azriT: `RmerTo. es xom
marTlac... vfiqrob, saamayoa, iyo mSobeli. oTxi Svili myavs.
imis Tqmas rom mTxovdnen, ram gamaoca da, amave dros, didi
siamovneba momaniWa, vityodi, rom Cems SvilebTan axlo urTi-
erToba maqvs da maTTan yofna Zalian msiamovnebs. verasdros
warmovidgendi, rom es iseTi kargi rame iqneboda, rogoric
aRmoCnda.~
amave dros, miuxedavad Tavmdablobisa, am adamianebma ici-

an, rom sxvebTan SedarebiT Zalian bevrs miaRwies. es codna
daculobis grZnobasa da siamayesac aCens. xSirad es Tavda-
jerebulobis grZnobis msgavsad gamoixateba. magaliTad, sa-
medicino fizikis warmomadgenelma rozalin ialoum (Rosalyn
Yalow) ramdenjerme Tqva, rom mTeli cxovrebis manZilze aras-
dros Sehparvia eWvi imaSi, rom Tavis saqmianobaSi warmatebu-
li iqneboda. jeikob rabinovi ambobs: `gamogonebis procesis
paralelurad, kidev erTi rame xdeba. me mas arsebobis mtki-
cebulebas vuwodeb da is saqmis warmatebis daSvebas niSnavs.

amas Tu ar gaakeTeb, e. i. ramis gakeTebas arc ki cdilob. me yo-
velTvis vuSveb aramarto imas, rom saqme gakeTebadia, aramed
imasac, rom amas me gavakeTeb.~ zogierTi xazs usvams Tavmdab-
lobas, zogi - Tavdajerebulobas, magram sinamdvileSi yvela
gamokiTxuls es orive Tviseba sakmarisi doziT hqonda.
am orobiTobis gamoxatvis sxva saSualebaa misi ambiciisa da

Tavdauzogavi Sromis, an Sejibrisa da TanamSromlobis kont-
rastad warmodgena. kreatiul adamianebs xSirad sWirdebaT,
iyvnen ambiciurebic da agresiulebic. magram, amave dros, isi-
ni xSirad Tanaxmani arian, Tavisi piradi komforti da winsvla
im proeqtis warmatebas dauqvemdebaron, romelzec muSaoben.
agresiuloba gansakuTrebiT saWiroa iseT sferoebSi, sadac
Zalian didi konkurenciaa. igive exeba dargebsac, sadac Zne-
lia siaxlis Setana. jorj stigleris sityvebiT:
yvela mecnieri, garkveulwilad, agresiuli adamiania.

Tu mas Tavis disciplinaSi cvlilebebis moxdena surs,
swored aseTi unda iyos. Tu magaliTad keinss (Keynes)
an fridmans (Friedman) aviRebT, isinic agresiulebi
arian imaSi, rom msoflios Secvla surT da brwyinva-
le sazogado moRvaweebic gaxdnen. magram es Zalian
rTuli gasakeTebelia.
brenda milneris gancxadebiT, is verbaluri TvalsazrisiT

yovelTvis Zalian agresiulia. jon gardneri (John Gardner),
politikuri moRvawe da ramdenime erovnuli saTavo organi-
zaciis damaarsebeli, erTsa da imave adamianSi arsebul mSvi-
dobian da agresiul instinqtebs aRwers:
karnegis korporaciis prezidenti viyavi. Zalian sain-

tereso cxovreba mqonda, Tumca, is arc mCqefare iyo
da arc bevr gamowvevas Seicavda. kargad viyavi dacu-
li. roca vaSingtonSi Cavedi, Cems Sesaxeb bevri ise-
Ti ram gavige, rac manamde ar vicodi. aRmovaCine, rom
politikosebi momwonda. maTTan urTierToba CemTvis
advili iyo. momwonda presasTan urTierToba im xaris-
65
xiT, ra xarisxiTac presasTan urTierToba SeiZleba

sasiamovno iyos. aRmovaCine, rom momwonda politiku-
ri dapirispirebebi, rac Cemgan, TiTqos, Zalian Sors
iyo. me mSvidobiani adamiani var. magram aseTi Tvisebe-
bi, bolos da bolos, yovelTvis vlindeba. maT cxovre-
ba gamoamzeurebs. me siaxleebs nela viTviseb, magram
ormocdaaTi wlis asakSi bevri saitereso ram viswav-
le.
ramdenime adamianma Tqva, rom maTi motivaciis miznebi kari-

eris ganmavlobaSi egoisturidan altruistul interesebze
gadaerTo. magaliTad, sara livaini (Sarah LeVine), romelmac
Tavisi kariera daiwyo, rogorc anTropologma, mogvianebiT
ki beletristikis weraze gadaerTo, ambobs:
garkveul periodamde vfiqrobdi, rom wignebs dide-

bis mosapoveblad davwerdi. marTla. magram axla am
sakiTxs sxvanairad vuyureb. ra Tqma unda, kargia, ro-
ca adamiani Tavisi SromisTvis aRiarebas moipovebs,
magram gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, Sens mere ise-
Ti rame datovo, rac adamianebma SeiZleba iswavlon.
vfiqrob, es azri saSualo asakis dadgomasTan erTad
modis.
7. kacebs yvela kulturaSi ise zrdian, rom isini `kacurebi~

iyvnen, ugulebelyon da Tavis TavSi daTrgunon is aspeqte-
bi, romlebic, kulturis Tanaxmad, `qalurad~ iTvleba. qa-
lebisgan sapirispiros elian. kreatiuli adamianebi garkve-
ulwilad axerxeben sqesebis rolis stereotipebisagan Tavis
daRwevas. roca axalgazrdebs mamakacurobisa da qalurobis
tests utareben, Sedegad isev da isev viRebT, rom kreatiuli
da niWieri gogonebi sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro dominanture-
bi da mtkiceebi, kreatiuli biWebi ki ufro mgrZnobiareni da
naklebad agresiulebi arian.
androginiis mimarT midrekileba xandaxan wminda seqsualur

aspeqtad aRiqmeba da amitom is homoseqsualizmSi erevaT
xolme. magram fsiqologiuri androginizmi SedarebiT ufro
farTo koncefciaa, romelic dakavSirebulia adamianis SesaZ-
leblobasTan, - miuxedavad Tavisi sqesisa, iyos erTdroulad
agresiulic da mzrunvelic, mgrZnobiarec da Seudrekelic,

dominantic da daqvemdebarebulic. fsiqologiurad andro-
gini adamiani faqtobrivad aormagebs Tavisi pasuxebis reper-
tuars da samyarosTan gacilebiT ufro mdidari da mraval-
ferovani SesaZleblobebis speqtriT urTierTobs. gasakviri
araa, rom kreatiul adamianebs aramarto Tavisi, aramed sapi-
rispiro sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zlieri mxareebic aqvT.
Cven mier gamokiTxulTa Soris androginiis am formis SemCne-

va Zalian rTuli iyo. amis mizezi nawilobriv imaSic mdgoma-
reobda, rom Cven mis gasazomad raime standartuli testi ar
gamogviyenebia. miuxedavad amisa, naTeli iyo, rom xelovani
da mecnieri qalebi ufro daJinebulebi, Tavdajerebulebi da
Riad agresiulebi iyvnen, vidre is qalebi, romlebsac ubra-
lod sazogadoebis wevrebad zrdidnen. SesaZloa, mamakaceb-
Si `qalurobis~ yvelaze SesamCnevi gamovlineba iyo saojaxo
saqmeebSi maTi didi CarTuloba da mgrZnobeloba garemo-
momcveli iseTi natifi detalebisadmi, romlebsac sxva ka-
cebi umniSvnelod miiCneven. magram maTi sqesisTvis uCveulo
Tvisebebis paralelurad, kreatiul adamianebs Cveulebrivi,
sqesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebic aqvT SenarCunebuli.
saerTo Tvisebebis gamovlenis garda, qalebi zogadad Zalian
`qalurebi~, kacebi ki Zalian `mamakacurebi~ iyvnen.
8. Cveulebriv, miCneulia, rom kreatiuli adamianebi meambo-

xeni da damoukideblebi arian, magram SeuZlebelia iyo krea-
tiuli, Tu manamde kulturis dargs ar gaiTaviseb. imisTvis,
rom misi wesebi Seiswavlos, adamianma jer amgvari dargis
mniSvneloba unda daijeros. amisaTvis ki is, garkveulwilad,
tradicionalisti unda iyos. rTulia imis warmodgena, rogor
SeiZleba kreatiuli adamiani erTdroulad ar iyos rogorc
tradiciuli da konservatuli, ise meamboxe da tradiciuli
Sexedulebebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli. mxolod tradiciuli
Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi dargs ver Secvlian, Tumca, mud-
mivad im SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba, romlebic warsulis
Rirebulebebs ar iTvaliswinebs, iSviaTadaa siaxlis, rogorc
gaumjobesebis momtani. xelovani eva ceizeli, romlis Tqmi-
Tac misi namuSevrebisTvis gamoyenebuli xalxuri tradicia
`misi saxlia~, amave dros, iseT keramikul nimuSebs amzadebs,
romlebic niu iorkis Tanamedrove xelovnebis muzeumma Ta-
67
namedrove dizainis Sedevrebad aRiara. ai, ras ambobs is mxo-

lod Tavis Tavze orientirebuli inovaciebis Sesaxeb:
Cemi mizani araa, maincdamainc raRac axali Sevqmna da

es arc vinme sxvis mizani unda iyos. radgan, upirveles
yovlisa, Tu Tqven dizaineri an iseTi adamiani xarT,
romelic msgavs dargebSi cdis beds, unda SeZloT,
grZeli SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba gqondeT. mudmivad
gansxvavebuli ver iqnebiT. me vgulisxmob gansxvavebu-
lisgan gansxvavebulobas. meore: gansxvavebuloba ar
SeiZleba iyos Tqveni Semoqmedebis motivacia. garda
amisa (Tu Zalian bevrs vlaparakob, miTxariT), survi-
li, iyo gansxvavebuli, negatiuri motivaciaa. negati-
uri impulsebidan ki veranairi kreatiuli azri an sa-
gani ver aRmocendeba. negatiur impulsebs yovelTvis
imedis gacrueba mosdevs. iyo gansxvavebuli, niSnavs,
arc iseTi iyo da arc aseTi. swored es àrc iseTi~ aris
imis mizezi, ratomac ver gaamarTla prefiqsma `post~
postmodernizmSi. negatiuri impulsebi qmediTi veraa
da bednier qmnilebebs ver warmoSobs. es mxolod da-
debiT impulsebs SeuZlia.
magram aseve saWiroa mzad viyoT riskisTvis da tradiciebis

darRvevisTvis. ekonomisti jorj stigleri am sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT Zalian kategoriulia:
vityodi, rom niWieri adamianebis yvelaze xSiri waru-

matebloba Tavxedobis arqonasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
isini usafrTxo TamaSs TamaSoben. ise iqcevian, ro-
gorc maT literatura hkarnaxobs da amas cota rames
Tu amateben. magaliTad, Cvens sferoSi duopolias anu
ori konkurenti kompaniis monopolias vswavlobT. es
iseTi situaciaa, roca ori gamyidveli gvyavs. ratom
ar vcadoT bazarze mesame gamyidvelis Semoyvana da
imis naxva, ra moxdeba? es usafrTxo TamaSia. inovaci-
ebis sferoSi ki, Tu gindaT, rom saintereso Sedegi
miiRoT, naklebad usafrTxo TamaSia saWiro. ra Tqma
unda, veravin iwinaswarmetyvelebs imas, rom yvelafe-
ri kargad dasruldeba.
9. kreatiuli adamianebis umetesoba Zalian mgznebared ekide-

ba Tavis saqmes, magram es ar uSliT xels, rom, amave dros, mis
mimarT Zalian obieqturebic iyvnen. bevri axsenebs im energi-
as, romelic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisa da ganSorebis gamo
warmoSobili konfliqtis dros gamoiyofa da ambobs, rom es
maTi samuSaos mniSvnelovani nawilia. gasagebia, es ratomac
xdeba. mgznebare damokidebulebis gareSe Cven Zalian male
vkargavT interess rTuli amocanis mimarT. magram obieqtu-
robis gareSe Cveni naSromi Zalian kargi ver gamodis da dama-
jerebloba aklia. kreatiul process zogi respondenti am or
ukiduresobas Soris inisa da ianis monacvleobas uwodebs. ai,
rogor axasiaTebs mas istorikosi natali devisi (Natalie Davis):
xandaxan im dedasaviT viqcevi, romelic cdilobs,

warsuli gaacocxlos. miyvars is, rasac vakeTeb. werac
miyvars. am xalxis gacocxlebaSi bevri siTbo maqvs Ca-
debuli. es aucileblad ar niSnavs, rom Cemi persona-
Jebi, warsuli adamianebi miyvars. magram miyvars maTi
da maTTan dakavSirebuli istoriebis kvleva da aRd-
gena. vfiqrob, Zalian mniSvnelovania iseTi gzis mo-
Zebna, rom Tqveni weris sagnisgan daSoreba moaxerxoT.
Tqvens naSromTan imdenad ar unda iyoT dakavSirebu-
li, rom kritika da gamoxmaurebebi veRar aRiqvaT. es
is saSiSroebaa, romelic saqmisadmi CemsaviT siyvaru-
liT ganwyobil adamianebs emuqreba. magram vici amis
Sesaxeb da vfiqrob, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania samu-
SaosTan garkveuli distanciis SenarCuneba. es swored
is ramea, raSic asakic Zalian mexmareba.
10. dabolos... gaxsniloba da mgrZnobeloba kreatiul indivi-

debs xSirad ayenebs tanjvasa da tkivils, magram, amave dros,
maTTvis didi siamovnebis momtanicaa. tanjvis gageba advi-
lia. did emociebs SeuZlia im upativcemulobisa da mRelva-
rebis gamowveva, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, sxva adamianebi ver
grZnoben. umetesoba daeTanxmeba rabinovis sityvebs: `gamom-
goneblebi tkivilis mimarT Zalian mgrZnobiareni arian. maT
raRac awuxebT.~ cudad agebuli manqana gamomgonebel inJi-
ners iseTsave tkivils ayenebs, rogorsac Semoqmed mwerals
- cudi prozis kiTxva. disciplinis pirvel rigebSi yofna
69
Tqven daucvelsa da mgrZnobiares gxdiT. gonebrivi upirate-

soba ki kritikasa da, xSirad, RvarZlian Tavdasxmebs iwvevs.
roca xelovans skulpturis, mecniers ki - Teoriis SeqmnaSi
wlebi aqvs daxarjuli, gamanadgurebelia, Tu maTi naSromi
aravis ainteresebs.
mas Semdeg, rac ramdenime saukunis win romantikuli moZra-

obis aRzeveba daiwyo, xelovanebisgan tanjvasa da maTi su-
lebis mgrZnobiare mxaris gamovlenas elodnen. da marTlac,
kvlevis Tanaxmad, mwerlebisa da xelovanebis araCveulebri-
vad maRali procenti avlens fsiqopaTologiebsa da sxvadas-
xva saSualebaze damokidebulebas. magram ra aris amis mizezi
da Sedegi? poeti mark strendi (Mark Strand) SeniSnavs:
bevri samwuxaro SemTxveva viciT melanqoliki, depre-

siuli, TviTmkvleli mwerlebisa da mxatvrebis Sesa-
xeb. ar vfiqrob, rom maTi mdgomareoba maincdamainc
saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Cemi azriT, es xalxi
iseTive depresiuli, alkoholiki, suiciduri midre-
kilebebis an sxva problemebis mqone iqneboda maSinac
ki, sxva saqmiT rom yofiliyo dakavebuli. es maTi Tvi-
sebebidan gamomdinare mdgomareobaa. ar vici, swored
am Tvisebebma ubiZga Tu ara maT werisken an xatvisken,
alkoholizmisken an TviTmkvlelobisken. vici, rom
arsebobs bevri janmrTeli mwerali da mxatvari, ro-
melic TviTmkvlelobaze ar fiqrobs. Cemi azriT, es
didi miTia, romelic xelovanTa garSemo specialur
auras, simyifes qmnis da ambobs, rom maTi cxovreba
mudmivad zRvarze yofnas niSnavs. xelovani imdenad
reagirebs mis garemomcvel samyaroze, iseTi mgrZno-
biarea, rom es ambavi lamis gausaZlisia. is iZulebu-
lia, cnobierebis simZimes narkotikebisa da alkoho-
lis, bolos ki - TviTmkvlelobis saSualebiT gaeqces.
magram cnobierebis simZime im adamianebsac awevT, vi-
sac Tavis mokvla ar surs.
gaugebari sagnebis mimarT gamovlenil Rrma interess xSirad

ar mosdevs saTanado aRiareba da es interesi dacinvis saga-
nic ki xdeba. gansxvavebuli azrovneba umravlesobis mier xSi-
rad normidan gadaxvevad aRiqmeba da SesaZloa, kreatiulma
adamianma Tavi izolaciaSi moqceulad an arasworad gagebu-

lad igrZnos. es safrTxeebi Tavad saqmianobis sferosTanaa
dakavSirebuli da Znelia imis gageba, rogor SeZlo adamian-
ma, erTdroulad kreatiulic yofiliyo da, amave dros, am sa-
kiTxebisTvis yuradReba ar mieqcia.
albaT, kreatiuli adamianisTvis yvelaze rTulia, gaiazros

danakargisa da sicarielis grZnoba, roca raime mizeziT mas
muSaoba ar SeuZlia. es gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia maSin, ro-
ca is Tavisi kreatiulobis kvdomas grZnobs. rogorc mark
strendi ambobs, am SemTxvevaSi mTeli TviTSegneba safrTxis
qveS eqceva:
rodesac TavSi is idea giCndeba, romelic, Seni azriT,
damuSavebis Rirsia, wamieri simSvide da kmayofilebis
grZnoba geufleba. gansxvavebuli ambavia, roca idea-
ze muSaobas daasruleb, an Sens maqsimums gaakeTeb iq,
sadac fiqrobdi, rom idea damuSavebis Rirsi iyo. amis
Semdeg, SesaZloa, erTi dRe netarebas miece da erTi-
ori WiqiT meti Rvino dalio, vidre sxva dros dalev-
di, radgan samuSaosTan dabruneba da raRaceebis ga-
damowmeba aRaraa saWiro.
da mere yvelaferi isev Tavidan iwyeba. Sen imedov-

neb. xandaxan hiatusi SeiZleba erTi dRis ki ara, kvi-
rebis, Tveebisa da wlebis ganmavlobaSi gagrZeldes.
rac ufro didia hiatusi im wignebs Soris, romelTa
dasrulebac gsurs, cxovreba sul ufro mtkivneuli
da gamaRizianebeli xdeba. rodesac vambob `mtkivneu-
li~, SeiZleba es gadaWarbebuli sityva iyos im patara
gaRizianebisTvis, romelsac adamiani grZnobs. magram
Tu es procesi gagrZelda da Tqven is dagemarTaT, ra-
sac mwerlis blokadas uwodeben, es mtkivneuli iqne-
ba, radgan safrTxe Tqvens identobas daemuqreba. Tu
Tqven mwerali xarT da cnobili xarT, rogorc mwera-
li, magram ar werT, maSin vin xarT profesiiT?
roca adamiani Tavisi specialobiT muSaobs, mas nerviulo-

ba da dardi aviwydeba. maT netarebis grZnoba cvlis. albaT,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tviseba, romelic yvela kreatiul in-
divids aucileblad aqvs, Tavad Seqmnis procesiT tkbobaa. am
71
Tvisebis gareSe, poetebi Tavs daanebebdnen daxvewilobisken

swrafvas da sareklamo sisuleleebs dawerdnen; ekonomiste-
bi bankebSi imuSavebdnen, sadac orjer ufro mets gadauxdid-
nen, vidre universitetebSi; fizikosebi aRar Caatarebdnen
kvlevas da muSaobas iseT industriul laboratoriebSi da-
iwyebdnen, sadac pirobebic ukeTesia da molodinebic - uf-
ro prognozirebadi. sinamdvileSi, siamovneba kreatiulobis
mniSvnelovani nawilia. imisTvis, rom es aucilebeli kompo-
nenti ar dagvaviwydes, erT magaliTs moviyvan:
margaret batleri (Margaret Butler) kompiuterebis specialisti

da maTematikosia. is pirveli qalia, romelic amerikuli ato-
muri sazogadoebis wevrad airCies. Tavisi samuSaos aRweri-
sas, Cveni respondentebis umravlesobis msgavsad, isic gar-
Tobisa da siamovnebis elements usvams xazs. kiTxvaze `Tqveni
samuSao miRwevebidan yvelaze metad romliT amayobT?~ is pa-
suxobs:
me vfiqrob, Cemi samuSaos yvelaze saintereso da ama-

Relvebeli nawili Cemi karieris dasawyisSi argon-
Si yofnasTan da kompiuterebis ganviTarebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. Cveni gundi pirveli kompiuterebis
Seqmnaze muSaobda. biologiis ganyofilebis xalxTan
erTad, gamosaxulebis analizis programa SevqmeniT
imisTvis, rom qromosomebis skanireba mogvexdina da
avtomaturi kariotipi Segveqmna. vfiqrob, yvelaze
didi siamovneba Cemi ormocwliani muSaobis manZilze
swored iq miviRe.
sainteresoa, rom es pasuxi, romelic muSaobasTan dakavSire-

bul garTobasa da mis sasiamovno mxares usvams xazs, im kiTx-
vasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic mis yvelaze saamayo miRwe-
vebs exeba. mogvianebiT is ambobs:
me vmuSaobdi da vmuSaobdi. bevrs muSaob. cdilob, Se-

ni maqsimumi gaakeTo. qromosomebis proeqtis mimdi-
nareobisas jimi (Cemi meuRle) da me xandaxan mTel Ra-
meebs muSaobaSi vatarebdiT. dilas samsaxuridan rom
gamovdiodiT, mze swored maSin amodioda. mecniereba
Zalian saxaliso ramaa. vfiqrob, qalebs unda hqondeT

garTobis saSualeba.
me SemiZlia, imdenive vimuSao, ramdensac batleri am-

biciis an fulis Sovnis surviliT muSaobda, magram
Tu me muSaobis paralelurad Sesasrulebeli dava-
lebiT ver davtkbebi, Cemi goneba srul koncentraci-
as ver moaxdens. Cemi yuradReba gadaerTveba saaTze,
ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebis Sesaxeb ocnebebze, samsaxu-
ris mobezrebasa da mis swrafad dasrulebis fiqrze.
yuradRebis amgvari gafantva kreatiulobasTan Tav-
sebadi araa. kretiuli xalxi ki, Cveulebriv, aramar-
to Tavisi saqmianobisgan, aramed bevri sxva ramisga-
nac iRebs cxovrebaSi siamovnebas. margaret batleri
pensiaze formalurad gasvlis Semdeg dawyebuli aq-
tivobebis Sesaxeb sityva siamovnebas iyenebs. is exma-
reba qmars, gaagrZelos kvleva matematikis sferoSi,
amerikuli atomuri sazogadoebisTvis wers saxelm-
ZRvanelos qalTa karieris SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb,
maswavleblebTan erTad cdilobs qali studentebis
mecnierebiT dainteresebas, ayalibebs mecnier qalTa
daxmarebis jgufebs, kiTxulobs da adgilobriv poli-
tikur aqtivobebSia CarTuli.
kontrastuli pirovneuli Tvisebebis es aTi wyvili, SesaZ-

loa, yvelaze kargad axasiaTebdes kreatiul adamianebs. ra
Tqma unda, es sia nawilobriv pirobiTia. SeiZleba imaze kama-
Tic, rom masSi bevri sxva mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa gamotove-
buli. mniSvnelovania, gvaxsovdes, rom amgvari erTmaneTTan
dapirispirebuli Tvisebebis, an zogadad nebismieri dapiris-
pirebuli Tvisebebis erT adamianSi aRmoCena, Cveulebriv,
Znelia. Tumca, SeuZlebelia meore ukiduresobis gareSe axa-
li ideebs SemCnevac. pirvelis gareSe ki maTi misaReb donemde
ganviTareba ver moxdeba. amitomac, siaxle, romelic gamoc-
das gauZlebs da dargs Secvlis, Cveulebriv, iseTi adamianis
Sromis Sedegia, romelsac am polusebis orive boloSi SeuZ-
lia muSaoba. es ki swored is adamiania, romelsac Cven `krea-
tiuls~ vuwodebT.
73
kreatiuli procesi
gana arsebobs azrovnebis erTi uwyveti jaWvi, romlis Sede-

gadac dargis cvlilebisTvis saWiro siaxleebi warmoiSveba?
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aris Tu ara yvela kreatiuli pro-
duqti mxolod erTi uwyveti `kreatiuli procesis~ Sedegi?
bevri adamiani da biznes treiningis programa amtkicebs, rom
maT ician, risgan Sedgeba `kreatiuli azrovneba~ da misi swav-
leba SeuZliaT. kreatiul individebs am sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT, Cveulebriv, sakuTari, erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvave-
buli Teoriebi aqvT Camoyalibebuli. robert galvini (Robert
Galvin) ambobs, rom kreatiuloba winaTgrZnobisa da valdebu-
lebebis kombinaciaa. winaTgrZnoba sxvebze adre iseTi ramis
danaxvas gulisxmobs, rac momavalSi mniSvnelovani gaxdeba.
valdebuleba ki is rwmenaa, romelic adamians eWvebisa da wi-
naaRmdegobebis gadalaxvisa da Tavisi ocnebebis ganxorcie-
lebisaTvis muSaobisken ubiZgebs.
meore mxriv, uaris werilSi menejmentis guru piter druke-

ri (Peter Drucker) im oTx mizezs CamoTvlis, romlebsac is Tavis
miRwevebs unda umadlodes (mexuTe mizezia: arasdros miiRo
monawileoba msgavs kvlevebSi):
a. axali produqtis Seqmna imis damsaxurebiT Sev-

Zeli, rom yovelTvis marto vmuSaobdi da xelqvei-
Tebze, asistentebze, mdivnebsa da sxva iseT xalxze,
romelic gamacdenda, dro ar damixarjavs.
b. arasdros Semidgams fexi universitetSi CemTvis
gamoyofil kabinetSi. leqciebis CatarebiT var da-
kavebuli da Tu studentebs Cemi naxva surT, maT sa-
dilad vpatiJeb xolme;
g. mas Semdeg, rac oci wlis gavxdi, mudmivad vmuSa-
ob da
d. samuSaos Cabarebis bolo vadis stresi miyvars.
mis gareSe moviwyen xolme. siTavxedeSi ar Camomar-
TvaT, magram goeTes fausti II-is guSagad var daba-
debuli:
`dabadebuli var imisTvis, rom davinaxo.

Cemi amocanaa, davakvirde.~
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom dargebi, maTi amocanebi

da individebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi erTmaneTisgan Za-
lian gansxvavdeba, ar unda gvqondes imis didi imedi, rom axa-
li ideebisa da produqtebis ganviTarebis gzebi erTmaneTis
msgavsi iqneba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom dargebsa da idiosin-
kraziebs Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli saerTo sferoebi,
romlebmac, SesaZloa, kreatiulad aRiarebuli Sedegebis
miRwevis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis jgufi Seadginon. modiT,
am procesis aRwerisTvis italieli mwerlis gracia livis
(Grazia Livi) erT-erTi moTxrobis daweris ambavi moviSvelioT.
moTxrobis weris procesi
erT dRes livi Tavisi investiciebis portfolios mmarTvel

finansuri sakiTxebis mrCevelTan dasalaparakeblad banks
estumra. mrCevel qals is adrec Sexvedroda. livis azriT,
is Tanamedrove karieristi, mxolod warmatebaze orientire-
buli, uzadod movlili, civi, mtkice, mouTmeneli qalis mi-
niaturul models hgavda. es is adamiani unda yofiliyo, ro-
melsac ar hqonda piradi cxovreba da romlis ocnebebic mxo-
lod fulTan da karierul winsvlasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
im konkretul dRes Sexvedra Cveulebrivad daiwyo: mrCeveli
TavSekavebulad da civad iqceoda, kiTxvebs mSrali, interess
moklebuli xmiT svamda. ucbad saubari telefonis zarma da-
arRvia. livisTvis gasakvirad, qalma telefonis sapasuxod
rom gaiwia, saxe Seecvala: mkacri gamometyveleba nazi, Tmis
magari muzaradi ki TiTqos xaverdovani gauxda, misi poza
modunda, xma dabali da alersiani aRmoaCnda. livis maSinve
yurmilis meore mxares myofi adamianis saxe daudga Tvalwin:
simpaTiuri, garujuli, mSvidi arqiteqtori, romelic maze-
ratis marTavda. saxlSi dabrunebis Semdeg livim dRiurSi
ramdenime Canaweri gaakeTa da es SemTxveva daiviwya.
ramdenime Tvis Semdeg dRiuris Tvalierebisas livim bankis

Sesaxeb gakeTebuli Canaweri da is SeniSvnebi daakavSira er-
75
TmaneTTan, romlebic silamazis salonebSi saaTobiT msxdo-

mi warmatebis maZiebeli gamopranWuli qalbatonebisa da sxva
msgavsi tipebis Sesaxeb bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ga-
ekeTebina. mas emociuri aRmoCenis Zlieri grZnoba daeufla:
Canawerebi im usiamovno mdgomareobas aRwerdnen, romelSic
qalebi im wuTas imyofebodnen: isini sxvadasxva moTxovnas So-
ris iglijebodnen.am masalidan realuri ambis Camoyalibeba
SeiZleboda. oRond, realuri ara im gagebiT, rom nanaxi aRe-
wera: bankSi momuSave qali SesaZloa, sulac, dedas an Svils
elaparakeboda. aq realurSi Cveni drois pirobebis Sesabami-
si mgdomareoba igulisxmeba, roca bevri qali grZnobs, rom
unda agresiuli da civi iyos imisTvis, rom saqmiani samyaros
konkurenciasac gauZlos da, amave dros, arc Tavis qaluro-
baze Tqvas uari. livim gadawyvita, daewera moTxroba kari-
eristi qalis Sesaxeb, romelic mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi im
paemanisTvis emzadeba, romelic arasdros Sedgeba. araCve-
ulebrivi moTxroba gamovida. Tumca, misi sikarges Sinaarsi
ki ar gansazRvravda (es istoria xom ukve Zalian Zvelia), ara-
med gmiris emociuri mdgomareobis Cveneba, romelic Zalian
mtkivneulad da zustad aRwerda Cveni drois gamocdilebas.
SesaZloa, livis moTxrobam ver Secvalos literaturis dar-

gi da, Sesabamisad, kreatiulobis umaRlesi xarisxis nimuSs
ar warmoadgendes, magram dasaSvebia, moTxrobebis momaval
krebulSi moxvdes, radgan Tanamedrove Janris araCveuleb-
rivi magaliTia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom es moTx-
roba dargis gafarToebas axerxebs, misi kreatiul miRwevad
CaTvlac SeiZleba. arsebobs Tu ara analizis Catarebis rai-
me gza, romelic moTxrobis werisas livis gonebaSi mimdinare
procesebis ufro mkafiod danaxvis saSualebas mogvcemda?
kreatiuli procesis tradiciuli aRwera xuTi safexuris Se-

saxeb mogviTxrobs. pirveli safexuri `momzadebasa~ da qvec-
nobierad an cnobierad saintereso da cnobismoyvareobis aR-
mZvrel problematur sakiTxebSi Caflobas eTmoba. gracia
livis SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove qalebis emociur problemebs
is piradadac icnobda, radgan, erTi mxriv, dedobriv pasuxis-
mgeblobasa da, meore mxriv, prizebis, mimoxilvebis, publika-
ciebis samyaros Soris wonasworobis SenarCuneba masac uwev-
da.
kreatiuli procesis meore faza ìnkubaciis periodia~. am

dros ideebi qvecnobierSi erTmaneTSi idRvibeba da swored
am periodSi xdeba maT Soris uCveulo kavSirebis damyareba.
rodesac problemis gacnobierebulad gadaWra gvsurs, in-
formacias xazovani, logikuri gziT gadavamuSavebT, magram
roca ideebi Cven mier maTi marTvis gareSe, Tavad ukavSirde-
bian erTmaneTs, moulodneli kombinaciebi warmoiSoba.
kreatiuli procesis mesame komponenti ìntuiciis gamov-

lenaa~. mas xandaxan àha!~-s momentsac uwodeben. es is wamia,
roca arqimedem, abazanaSi Casvlisas, gamocanis nawilebi erT
mTlianobad daalaga da èvrika!~ wamoiZaxa. realur cxovre-
baSi SesaZloa inkubaciis, Sefasebisa da damuSavebis period-
Si ramdenime amgvari azri gaCndes. magaliTad, livis moTxro-
bis SemTxvevaSi, sul mcire, or amgvar moments vxvdebiT: erTs
maSin, roca is telefonis zaris gagonebis dros konsultan-
tis gardasaxvis momswre gaxda da meores - im dros, roca man
dRiurSi arsebul msgavs Canawerebs Soris kavSiri aRmoaCina.
meoTxe nawilia `Sefaseba~. am etapze adamianma unda gadawy-
vitos, aris Tu ara idea Rirebuli da aqvs Tu ara azri masze
muSaobis gagrZelebas. xSirad es procesis yvelaze emociuri
nawilia, roca adamiani Tavs yvelaze daurwmuneblad da da-
ucvelad grZnobs. swored am dros gamoCndeba xolme kargad
dargisa da sferos Sinagani kriteriumebi. es idea marTla axa-
lia Tu is isedac cxadi iyo? ras ifiqrebs mis Sesaxeb Cemi ko-
lega? es TviTkritikisa da sulSi Caxedvis periodia. gracia
livisTvis es komponenti maSin ganxorcielda, roca is dRi-
urs kiTxulobda da gadawyvetilebas iRebda imis Sesaxeb, ro-
meli idea ganeviTarebina.
procesis mexuTe da bolo komponentia `damuSaveba~. sava-

raudod, es is nawilia, romelic yvelaze met drosa da mZime
Sromas moiTxovs. swored mis Sesaxeb laparakobda edisoni
roca ambobda, rom kreatiuloba 1 procenti STagonebisa da
99 procenti oflisRvrisgan Sedgeba. livis SemTxvevaSi, `da-
muSaveba~ moTxrobis personaJebis SerCevas, fabulis amorCe-
vasa da emociebis sityvaTa Zafebad TargmnaSi mdgomareobda.
magram zedmetad sityvasityviT aRqmis SemTxvevaSi, es kla-

77
sikuri analitikuri CarCo, romelic momzadebidan ideis

damuSavebamde gadaWimul mTel mimdinareobas moicavs, kre-
atiuli procesis Zalian damaxinjebul suraTs gvawvdis. ada-
miani, romelic kreatiul ideebs Sobs, mxolod damuSavebis
bolo grZel etapze ar iwyebs Seupovar Sromas. procesis am
nawils mudmivad wyvets inkubaciis periodebi da patar-pata-
ra gamocxadebebi. am dros bevri axali idea Cndeba, romlebic
sawyis ideas saboloo Strixebs sZens. gracia livi bevrs fiq-
robda imis Sesaxeb, ra sityvebiT aRewera Tavisi personaJe-
bi. am dros Tavad sityvebma SesTavazes mas is axali emociebi,
romlebic xandaxan ufro `swori~ iyo im pirovnebasTan mimar-
TebaSi, romlis Seqmnasac is cdilobda, vidre is sityvebi,
romlebic mas Tavidan hqonda Cafiqrebuli. axali grZnobe-
bi ki iseT qmedebasa da Sinaarsis cvlilebebs moaswavebdnen,
romelTa Sesaxebac mas Tavidan ar ufiqria. personaJebi we-
ris procesSi ufro kompleqsurebi da daxvewilebi, fabula
ki sul ufro metad saintereso xdeboda.
amgvarad, kreatiuli procesi rekursiuli ufro metadaa,

vidre xazovani. gameorebebis, wriuli trialis, ideebis ra-
odenoba sakiTxis siRrmesa da xedvis sifarTovezea damoki-
debuli. xandaxan inkubaciis periodi ramdenime weliwads,
xandaxan ki - ramdenime saaTs grZeldeba. xdeba isec, rom kre-
atiuli idea erT Rrma da uamrav patara azrs moicavs. zogi-
erT SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, darvinis evoluciis
Teoriaa, ZiriTadi azri SeiZleba nela, calkeuli damoukide-
beli afeTqebebis saxiT gamoCndes da maT erTian idead Camo-
yalibebas wlebi dasWirdes. im droisTvis, roca darvinma Ta-
visi Teoriis arsi zustad gaiazra, es aRar iyo idea, radgan
misi komponentebi darvinis gonebaSi sxvadasxva dros amotiv-
tivda da nel-nela daukavSirda erTmaneTs. es mexiviT gavar-
dnili àha!~ iyo, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grov-
deboda da patar-patara èvrikebisgan~ Sedgeboda.
kreatiuli process, romelmac mas samecniero dideba mouta-

na, ufro xazovnad aRwers frimen daisoni (Freeman Dyson). is
riCard feinmanis (Richard Feynman) moswavle iyo. 1940iani wle-
bis bolos feinmani cdilobda, eleqtrodinamika kvanturi
meqanikis principebiT aexsna. warmateba am SemTxvevaSi eleq-
trobis kanonebis imgvarad TargmnasTan iqneboda dakavSi-

rebuli, rom isini subatomuri qcevis ufro mTavar kanonebs
damorCileboda. es didi gamartiveba da fizikis dargisTvis
sasurveli movlena iqneboda. samwuxarod, miuxedavad imisa,
rom kolegebis umetesoba grZnobda, rom feinmani raRac Rrma
da mniSvnelovan sakiTxze muSaobda, bevri verafers igebda im
Canaxatebidan da gaugebari Canawerebidan, romlebsac is Ta-
visi Teoriebis dasamtkiceblad iyenebda. gansakuTrebiT es
exeboda SemTxvevebs, roca avtori sakiTxi a-dan pirdapir
h-ze ise gadadioda, rom SuaSi aranair pauzas ar akeTebda.
amave dros, meore fizikosi julian Svingeri (Julian Schwinger)
aseve muSaobda kvanturi da eleqtrodinamikuri principebis
gaerTianebis sakiTxze. Svingeri, bevri TvalsazrisiT, fe-
inmanis antipods warmoadgenda: Zalian nela da meTodurad
muSaobda; iseTi perfeqcionisti iyo, rom mudmivad dausru-
leblobis grZnoba tanjavda da fiqrobda, rom problemis
gadawyvetamde jer kidev ver misuliyo. frimen daisoni, ro-
melic feinmanTan muSaobda, kornelis universitetSi Svin-
geris ramdenime leqcias daeswro da gadawyveta, feinmanis
intuiciis naxtomebi da Svingeris muyaiTi gamoTvlebi erT-
maneTTan daekavSirebina. mas surda, samudamod amoexsna amo-
cana imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor iyo dakavSirebuli kvanti eleq-
tronis fenomenTan. mas Semdeg, rac daisonma Tavisi naSromi
daasrula, feinmanisa da Svingeris Teoriebi gasagebi gaxda
da orivem nobelis premia miiRo fizikis dargSi. ramdenime
kolegis azriT, premias yvelaze metad daisoni imsaxurebda.
ai, rogor aRwers is process, romelmac am miRwevamde miiy-
vana:
1948 wlis zafxuli iyo. maSin ocdaoTxi wlisa viya-

vi. fizikosTa mTeli jgufi erTi didi problemis ga-
dawyvetaze muSaobda. fizikaSi es Cveulebrivi movle-
naa: raime gansakuTrebiT saintereso problema roca
gaCndeba, masze yvela erTdroulad iwyebs xolme mu-
Saobas. im periodis problemas kvanturi eleqtrodi-
namika erqva. es atomebisa da radiaciis Teoria iyo,
romelic erT did areul-dareulobas warmoadgen-
da da aravin icoda, rogor unda gamoeTvala. arada,
amouxseneli Teoria sxva sakiTxebis ganiTarebasac
aferxebda. amgvarad, vinmes unda gaerkvia, rogor iyo
79
SesaZlebeli misi gamoTvla. saqme Teoriis aramarTe-

bulobaSi ki ar iyo, aramed mis aburdulobaSi. mecni-
erebi cdilobdnen gamoTvlebis Catarebas, magram pa-
suxad nuls, usasrulobas an msgavs sulelur pasuxebs
iRebdnen. magram am dros gaCnda ori araCveulebrivi
idea, romlebic or adamianTan: SvingerTan da feinman-
Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. maSin orive Cemze daaxloebiT
xuTi wliT ufrosi iyo. orivem Seqmna radiaciis axali
Teoria, romlidanac, rogorc Canda, raRac unda gamo-
suliyo. magram orive TeoriasTan problemebi iyo da-
kavSirebuli. bedma gamiRima, rom orive mecniersa da
Teorias vicnobdi da am Temaze daviwye muSaoba.
orive TeoriaSi kargad gasarkvevad eqvsi Tvis Zali-

an intensiuri muSaoba damWirda. es Zalian, Zalian se-
riozuli gamoTvlebis Catarebas niSnavda. mravali
dRis ganmavlobaSi vijeqi qaRaldis uzarmazari das-
tiT aRWurvili da viTvlidi, raTa zustad gamego,
feinmani ras gulisxmobda. eqvsi Tvis Tavze ki dasas-
veneblad wavedi. `greihaundis~ avtobusiT kalifor-
niisken gavemgzavre da ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi
ubralod aqeT-iqeT davbodialobdi. inglisidan axa-
li Camosuli, dasavleTSi manamde namyofi ar viyavi.
kaliforniis daTvalierebaSi gatarebuli ori kviris
Semdeg, avtobusSi Cavjeqi da prinstonSi vbrundebo-
di, roca SuaRameze sadRac kanzasSi ucbad mTeli Te-
oria dResaviT naTeli gaxda. es didi gamocxadebasa-
viT iyo, èvrika~-s wami an is, rac mas ewodeba. ucbad
mTeli suraTi Zalian mkafiod davinaxe da orive mec-
nierma masSi Tavisi kuTvnili adgili daikava. Sedegad
ki sasargeblo Teoria miviReT. es Cemi cxovrebis didi
kreatiuli wami iyo. momavali eqvsi Tve detalebis ga-
werasa da yvelafris werilobiT formaSi gadmocemas
movandome. sabolood, Physical Review-Si ori grZeli
statia gamoqveynda da me mecnierebis samyaroSi Cemi
adgili davimkvidre.
Znelia kreatiuli procesis klasikuri versiis ukeTesi ma-

galiTis warmodgena. is iwyeba daisoniT, romelic fizika-
Sia Cafluli da Tavisi maswavleblebisa da kolegebisgan

grZnobs dargisTvis raime axlis damatebis SesaZleblobas.
mas aqvs privilegia, hqondes wvdoma rogorc dargze, ise sfe-
roze, piradad icnobs or mTavar pirovnebas, romelic saqme-
Sia CarTuli. mas Semdeg, rac problemas aRmoaCens da dargSi
ori wamyvani Teoriis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebas gadawyvets,
is gaazrebuli mZime momzadebis eqvsTvian periods gadis.
Semdeg or kviras isvenebs. es is droa, roca bolo naxevari
wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoSobili misi ideebi inkubaciis peri-
ods gadian, erTmaneTSi irevian da TavTavis adgilas lagde-
bian. am process mosdevs Ramis avtobusSi momxdari ideebis
uecari, moulodneli gaazreba. bolos, Sefasebisa da idee-
bis damuSavebis momavali naxevari wlis mZime muSaoba iwyeba.
amis Semdeg xdeba ideis miReba sferos mier (am SemTxvevaSi es
Physical Review-s redaqtorebi arian) da misi dargisTvis dama-
teba. rogorc xSirad xdeba xolme, miRwevisTvis aRiarebis
udides nawils ara uSualod avtori, aramed isini iReben, vis
namuSevarsac misi naSromi efuZneba.
kreatiuli procesis xuTetapiani ganxilva, SesaZloa, Zalian

martivi Candes da man dagabnioT kidec, magram es gza sakma-
od marTebuli da martivia im sirTuleebis mosawesrigeblad,
romlebsac is aerTianebs. amitomac, imis aRwerisTvis, ro-
gor muSaoben kreatiuli adamianebi, mosamzadebeli etapidan
dawyebuli, swored am kategoriebs viyeneb. Zalian mniSvnelo-
vania gvaxsovdes, rom es xuTi etapi, sinamdvileSi, erTmaneTs
ar gamoricxavs. isini Cveulebriv erTmaneTs emTxveva da pro-
cesis dasrulebamde ramdenimejer meordeba.
problemebis warmoSoba
xandaxan kreatiuli aRmoCenebi winaswari momzadebis gareSec

keTdeba. aseT dros adamiani, romelsac bedi gauRimebs, abso-
luturad araprognozirebad situaciaSi aRmoCndeba xolme
ise, rogorc es rentgens daemarTa (Roentgen), roca imis gar-
kvevas cdilobda, mis fotografiul firfitebs ra mouvida
- da am procesSi, SemTxveviT, radiacia aRmoaCina. magram, Cve-
ulebriv, ideebi momzadebul gonebaSi ibadeba da imaT ewveva
xolme, vinc problematuri sakiTxis Sesaxeb didi xnis ganmav-
81
lobaSi daJinebiT fiqrobs. problemebis warmoSobis sami Zi-

riTadi wyaro arsebobs: piradi gamocdileba, dargis moTxov-
nebi da socialuri wnexi. marTalia, STagonebis samive wyaro,
Cveulebriv, erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli da gadaxlarTu-
li, magram ufro advilia maTi gancalkevebiT ganxilva ise,
TiTqos, isini damoukideblad moqmedebdnen; miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom realobaSi ase ar xdeba.
cxovreba, rogorc problemebis wyaro
rogorc vnaxeT, gracia livis moTxrobis idea, romelic ka-

rierisa da qalurobis konfliqts Seexeboda, misi sakuTari
qaluri gamocdilebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. livis mSoblebi mudam
elodnen, rom misi ori Zma ganaTlebas miiRebda da warmate-
buli iqneboda, gracia da misi da ki tradiciuli diasaxlise-
bi gaxdebodnen. livi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi awyobda
ajanyebebs im rolis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic misTvis moi-
gones. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaTxovda da Svilebic gaaCina,
gadawyvita, warmatebisTvis damoukideblad mieRwia. swored
sakuTari cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba gaxda mizezi, rom is
aseTi mgrZnobiare aRmoCnda qalebis karierasTan dakavSire-
buli sakiTxebis mimarT da amis Sesaxeb dRiurSic ki Cawera.
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis problematuri elementebis

warmoSoba yvelaze kargad xelovanebis, poetebisa da, zo-
gadad, humanistebis naSromebSi Cans. eva caizeli (Eva Zeisel),
romelic ori nobelis premiis laureatisa da bevri sxva ga-
morCeuli mecnieris ojaxSi gaizarda, `Sterad~ iTvleboda.
magram man gadawyvita, ojaxis tradiciul interesebze uari
eTqva da damoukidebeli xelovani gamxdariyo. misi kerami-
kisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kreatiuli ideebis umetesoba or
kontrastul, Tavsmoxveul moTxovnas Soris Widilidan mom-
dinareobda: qoTani erTdroulad tradiciuli da adamianis
xels daqvemdebarebuli da, amave dros, Tanamedrove teqno-
logiebis daxmarebiT masobrivi warmoebisTvis iafi unda yo-
filiyo.
antoni hextis (Anthony Hecht), diord faludisa (György Faludy)

da hilde dominis (Hilde Domin) msgavsi poetebi patara fur-
clebze an rveulebSi akeTeben Canawerebs yoveldRiuri STa-

beWdilebebis, movlenebisa da, gansakuTrebiT ki, grZnobebis
Sesaxeb. gamocdilebis es daculi informaciebi is nedli ma-
salaa, romelze dayrdnobiTac maTi namuSevrebi viTardeba.
`megobari poeti myavda, saxelad radnoti. misi leqsebi sazar-
lad meCveneboda,~ - ambobs faludi. `sakoncentracio banakSi
gadatanili tanjvis Semdeg, is sruliad Seicvala da araCveu-
lebrivi leqsi dawera. tanjva cudi ram araa: is Tqven Zalian
gexmarebaT. icnobT romans bednierebis Sesaxeb? an bednieri
adamianebis Sesaxeb gadaRebuli filmi ginaxavT? Cven uzneo
rasa varT, mxolod tanjva gvainteresebs.~ amis Semdeg is ix-
senebs, rogor ijda vankuveris kunZulze lamaz qoxSi da cdi-
lobda, leqsis dasawerad STagonebisTvis moexmo, magram Tav-
Si saintereso araferi mosdioda. bolos, mis Tvalwin Zlieri
saxeebis mTeli rigi gamoCnda: saidumlo policiis xuTi war-
momadgeneli napirs naviT miuaxlovda, qoxSi SeiWra da misi
wignebi fanjridan zRvaSi gadayara. is xuTi aTasi miliT da-
Sorebul cimbirSi waiyvanes da umowyalod cemes – araCveu-
lebrivi scenari iyo leqsisTvis. samwuxarod, poetisTvis es
situacia Zalian kargad iyo nacnobi.
istorikosi natali devisi (Natalie Davis) aRwers proeqts, ro-

melzec muSaobs. wigni meCvidmete saukuneSi mcxovreb sam
qals exeba. erTi ebraelia, meore kaTolike, mesame ki protes-
tanti. ambavi `qalTa TavgadasavlebiT savse cxovrebis wya-
ros~ Sesaxebaa:
TiTqos yvelani me ganmasaxierebdnen. yvela Suaxnis

deda iyo, erTi CemsaviT bebiac ki. sul imas vfiqrob,
rom am absoluturad gansxvavebul proeqtze muSaoba
SemTxveviT ar damiwyia.
mxatvari ed paSke (Ed Paschke) Jurnalebidan yoveldRiurad

araCveulebrivad saintereso gamosaxulebebs amoxevs xolme
da am ucnaur an sasacilo nafxrewebs yuTebSi inaxavs. dro-
dadro maT STagonebisTvis ubrundeba. drois am xatebs Soris
faTurisas SeiZleba iseTsac gadaawydes, romelsac is proeq-
ciis saSualebiT kedelze mianaTebs da sardonuli komenta-
ris sawyis wertilad iyenebs. meore mxatvari li nedingi (Lee
83
Nading) gazeTebidan bunebisa da teqnologiebis konfliqtis

Sesaxeb dawerili statiebis saTaurebs glejs. magaliTad,
`kaSxali safrTxes uqmnis ganadgurebis piras myof Tevzebs~,
an `nagviT savse matarebeli aiovaSi relsebidan gadavida~.
bolos am naglejebs is naxatebis STagonebis wyarod iyenebs.
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, ratomaa nedingi aseTi mgrZnobiare am
tipis movlenebis mimarT, sasargebloa vicodeT, rom misma
sayvarelma ufrosma Zmam Tavi swored maSin moikla, roca misi
kariera warmatebisken midioda. Zma erT-erT yvelaze presti-
Jul samecniero laboratoriaSi muSaobda, magram konkuren-
ciisa da amis Sedegad mis garSemo arsebuli situaciis gamo,
guli gautyda. nedingma mecnierebas is wvlili ver apatia,
romelic man misi Zmis sikvdilSi Seitana. is Tavisi xelovne-
bis problemebis wyaros mecnierebis Sedegebidan momdinare
safrTxeSi xedavs.
xelovanebi STagonebas realur cxovrebiseul movlenebSi:

siyvarulsa da mRelvarebaSi, dabadebasa da sikvdilSi, omis
saSinelebebSi, sofelSi gatarebul mSvid SuadReSi poulo-
ben. cota xanSi davinaxavT, rom xelovanebis mier samuSao sa-
kiTxis SerCevaze dargi da sferoc axdenen gavlenas. amboben,
rom yvela axali naxati manamde arsebul yvela naxatze pasuxs
warmoadgens iseve, rogorc yvela leqsi poeziis istorias
asaxavs. magram cxadia, rom naxatebisa da leqsebis Temebis
STagonebas xelovanTa gamocdilebac warmoSobs.
mecnierTa gamocdileba Seesabameba im sakiTxebs, romlebzec

isini gacilebiT ufro zogadad, magram, amave dros, serio-
zulad muSaoben. es dakavSirebulia im fundamentur inte-
resTan da cnobismoyvareobasTan, romliTac mecnieri sagans
ekideba. en rous (Ann Roe) mier Catarebuli kreatiuli mecni-
erebis erT-erTma pirvelma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom mis sak-
vlev jgufSi myofi qimikosebi da fizikosebi materiis Tvi-
sebebiT bavSvobidanve imis gamo dainteresdnen, rom maTTvis
sxva normaluri interesebi miuwvdomeli iyo. maTi mSoblebi
emociurad TavSekavebuli adamianebi iyvnen, cota megobari
hyavdaT, ar iyvnen sportulebi. SesaZloa, es ganzogadeba Za-
lian uxeSi iyos, magram ZiriTadi idea, rom adreuli gamoc-
dileba axagazrdebs garkveuli sakiTxebiT dainteresebisken
ubiZgebs, savaraudod, simarTlesTan axlosaa.
magaliTad, fizikosi viqtor vaiskopfi (Viktor Weisskopf) Zali-

an emociurad aRwers im mokrZalebisa da gaocebis grZnobas,
romelic man axalgazrdobaSi Tavis megobrebTan erTad avst-
riuli alpebis dalaSqvrisas ganicada. misi Taobis bevri di-
di fizikosi (mag. maqs planki (Max Planck), verner haizenber-
gi (Werner Heisenberg) da hans beTe (Hans Bethe)) amtkicebda, rom
atomebisa da varskvlavebis moZraobiT dainteresebisken maT
swored im sixarulma ubiZga, romelic maRali mwvervalebisa
da Ramis cis danaxvisas ewviaT.
linus paulingi (Linus Pauling) qimiiT maSin dainteresda, ro-

ca mamam, saukunis mijnaze portlendSi moRvawe afTiaqarma,
mas afTiaqSi fxvnilebisa da xsnarebis erTmaneTSi arevis ne-
ba darTo. axalgazrda paulingi aRafrTovana im faqtma, rom
ori sxvadasxva nivTierebis Serevisas mesame absoluturad
gansxvavebuli nivTierebis miReba iyo SesaZlebeli. mas RvTa-
ebrivi grZnoba daeufla da warmoidgina, rom raime sruliad
axlis Seqmnas SeZlebda. Svidi wlis paulings ukve wakiTxu-
li da TiTqmis mTlianad damaxsovrebuli hqonda uzarmazari
wigni farmakopoeia, romelic yvela afTiaqarisTvis saWiro
ZiriTadi elementebisa da narevebis Sesaxeb arsebul infor-
macias Seicavda. swored materiis gardaqmnis mimarT ganviTa-
rebulma am adreulma cnobismoyvareobam warmarTa paulin-
gis kariera momavali oTxmoci wlis ganmavlobaSi. fsiqolo-
gi donald kembeli (Donald Cambell) ambobs, rom im mecnierebs
Soris gansxvaveba, visac TavSi axali ideebi mosdis da ar mos-
dis, maTi cnobismoyvareobaa:
Zalian bevri Cemi megobari profesori, romelmac

icis, rom dro kvlevas unda dauTmos, garSemo ixedeba
da iseT sakiTxs ver poulobs, romelic mas aRafrTo-
vanebs. es im dros xdeba, roca me uamravi iseTi prob-
lema maqvs SerCeuli, romelzec siamovnebiT vimuSa-
vebdi da vfiqrob, rom maTi amoxsna sadRac axlosaa.
bevr niWier adamians ar mosdis TavSi iseTi rame, risi
gakeTebac, misi azriT, Rirs. vfiqrob, RmerTma damasa-
Cuqra, radgan arsebobs sruliad banaluri probleme-
bi, romlebmac SeiZleba aRmafrTovanos.
mwveli cnobismoyvareobis gareSe, savaraudod, ver SevZlebT
85
cocxali interesis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebasa da

dargSi wvlilis Setanas. amgvari interesi iSviaTadaa bune-
biT mxolod inteleqtualuri. is, Cveulebriv, im Rrma grZno-
bebsa da gamocdilebebSia fesvgadgmuli, romlebsac gark-
veuli tipis gadawyveta sWirdebaT. am sakiTxis mogvareba ki
mxolod gamoxatvis axali artistuli xerxebiT an gaazrebis
axali gziTaa SesaZlebeli. adamiani, romlis erTaderTi mo-
tivaciac gamdidreba da saxelis moxveWaa, SesaZloa, warmate-
bis misaRwevad Zalian wvalobdes, magram mas iSviaTad eqneba
sakmarisi stimuli imisTvis, rom saWiroze meti imuSaos da
imaze meti gaigos, vidre ukve cnobilia.
warsuli codnis gavlena
problemebis meore did wyaros Tavad dargi warmoadgens. ise-

ve, rogorc piradi gamocdilebis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobili
daZabulobis ganmuxtvaa SeuZlebeli Cveulebrivi xerxebiT,
simboluri sistemis pirobebSi muSaobis drosac igive xdeba.
xelovnebasa da mecnierebaSi sakiTxis kreatiuli gadawyveti-
saTvis saWiro STagoneba isev da isev `Tanamedrove teqnikuri
donidan~ momdinare konfliqts efuZneba. yvela dargs Tavisi
Sinagani logika, Tavisi ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba aqvs da
is, vinc am dargSi muSaobs, am logikas unda daeqvemdebaros.
1960-ian wlebSi axalgazrda mxatvrebs ori arCevanis saSua-
leba hqondaT: maT an modur abstraqtul eqspresionistul
stilSi unda exataT, an mis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis sicocxli-
sunariani gza aRmoeCinaT. saukunis dasawyisSi sabunebismety-
velo dargSi momuSave mecnierebi fizikis sferoSi kvanturi
Teoriis ganviTarebis winaSe aRmoCndnen. qimiis, biologiis,
astronomiis, fizikis dargebSi arsebuli bevri gamowveva am
axali sferoebis mimarT kvanturi Teoriis gamoyenebis SesaZ-
leblobidan momdinareobda. frimen daisonis daintereseba
kvanturi eleqtrodinamikiT amis mxolod erTi magaliTia.
gerald holtoni (Gerald Holton), mogvianebiT mecnierebis isto-

riiT dainteresebuli fizikosi, naTlad aRwers dargSi ar-
sebuli problematuri sakiTxebisa da piradi konfliqtebis
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisa da maTi mTeli cxovrebis kvlevis
sagnad qcevis SesaZleblobebs. harvardSi swavlis periodSi,
holtoni logikuri pozitivizmis damaTrobel atmosfero-
Si Caeflo. misi maswavleblebi da Tanakurselebi imis Cve-
nebas cdilobdnen, rom SesaZlebelia mecnierebis logikur

wamowyebamde dayvana. am axal dargs araferi intuitiuri an
metafizikuri ar ekareboda. magram holtons, romelsac kep-
lerisa da ainStainis muSaobis meTodebis Sesaxeb hqonda wa-
kiTxuli, imis grZnoba gauCnda, rom mecnierebis is tipi, ro-
melsac mis garSemo yvela bunebrivad miiCnevda, zogierTi
yvelaze didi samecniero garRvevis SemTxvevaSi ar gamodge-
boda.
aRmovaCine, rom es modelebi mTlad efeqturad ver

funqcionirebs da rom sinamdvileSi mecnierul pro-
cesSi ar yofila gaTvaliswinebuli is varaudebi,
romlebic am adamianebs Zalian moswondaT. magaliTad,
sinamdviles ar Seesabameba faqti, rom mecnierebis Se-
saxeb protokolis winadadebebiTa da mniSvnelobis
Semowmebis Teoriis an imis Sesabamisad unda ifiqro,
rac maTTvis Zalian Rirebuli iyo. magram es varaude-
bi swored is iyo, razec maTgan saukeTesoni fuls, Ta-
vis reputacias, dros, cxovrebas Camovidodnen da maT
axali sapirispiro mtkicebulebebis gamoCenis Semde-
gac ki ar miatovebdnen. isini moxibluli iyvnen ideiT,
romlis damamtkicebeli faqtebic sinamdvileSi ar
arsebobda. swored am azrTan momiwia brZola.
da am momentSi mivxvdi Tematuri gegmisa da imis Sesa-

xeb, rom zogierTi adamiani gaJRenTilia winaswari Te-
maturi ideebiT, romlebic maTi dadasturebis peri-
ods gadaurCeba xolme. es sruliadac ar yofila pozi-
tivizmis an empirizmis logikis nawili.
holtoni Tavisi inteleqtualuri problemis warmoSobas aR-

wers, rogorc piradi interesisa da im grZnobis kavSirs, rom
inteleqtualur garemoSi garkveuli gadaxrebi arsebobda:
Tqvens kvleviT proeqts nawilobriv is Sinagani inte-

resi gansazRvravs, romlis detalebis CamoTvla SeuZ-
lebelia. es aris momzadebis procesi, romelic am ada-
mianis cxovrebiseuli istoriis gamo ganumeorebelia,
iRbali da sxva samuSaoebi, romlebsac sxvebi asrule-
ben da romliTac Tqven ukmayofilo xarT.
87
inteleqtualuri problemebi romelime konkretul dargTan

araa dakavSirebuli. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi yvelaze didi
kreatiuli garRveva swored maSin xdeba, roca idea, romelic
erT dargSi kargad muSaobs, meore dargsac gadawvdeba da
mas gamoacocxlebs xolme. fizikaSi, kvanturi Teoriis Sem-
TxvevaSi, swored ase moxda, radgan misi gamoyeneba mezobel
disciplinebSi: qimiasa da astronomiaSic gaxda SesaZlebeli.
kreatiulma adamianebma yovelTvis ician imis Sesaxeb, Ro-
bis gadaRma momuSave kolegebi ras akeTeben. manfred aigeni,
romlis bolodroindeli samuSao laboratoriul pirobebSi
araorganuli evoluciis aRdgenas gulisxmobs, erTad uyris
Tavs fizikis, qimiisa da biologiis sferoebSi arsebul kon-
cefciebsa da eqsperimentul procedurebs. ideebi nawilob-
riv wlebis ganmavlobaSi mis mier sxvadasxva disciplinis
warmomadgenel kolegebTan erTad SveicariaSi gamarTuli
araformaluri zamTris Sexvedrebis dros Semdgari saubre-
bidan momdinareobs.
Cveni respondentebis umetesobis STagonebis wyaro maT dar-

gSi arsebuli is daZabuloba gaxda, romelic maTTvis mxolod
sxva dargis perspeqtividan dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxda cxadi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini Tavis Tavs interdisciplinarul
sferoSi moRvawe mecnierebad ar miiCneven, maTi saukeTeso
naSromebi ideebis eTmaneTTan dakavSirebas emyareba. maTi is-
toriebi aCens eWvs imis Sesaxeb, ramdenadaa saWiro zedmetad
kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba, axalgazrdebis erTi sfe-
ros eqskluziur eqspertebad gawvrTna da maTgan farTo ga-
naTlebis Savi WiriviT morideba.
aseve arseboben adamianebi, romlebic `realuri~ cxovrebis

iseT problemebs grZnoben, romelTa mixedva arc erTi arse-
buli dargis simbolur sistemas ar SeuZlia. ganaTlebiT bi-
ofizikosma bari komonerma (Barry Commoner) gadawyvita, gasci-
leboda akademiuri midgomis formalobebs da iseTi sakiTxe-
biT dainteresebuliyo, rogorebicaa wylis xarisxi da nagvis
gadayra. mis problemebs realuri cxovrebidan momdinare
sazrunavi ganapirobebs da ara disciplina, romelSic is moR-
vaweobs.
bioqomiisa da biofizikis dargSi sakmaod kargi re-

putacia maqvs. Tavidan Cems yvela statias akademiur
JurnalebSi aqveynebdnen, magram sxvadasxva mizezis
gamo, nel-nela iseTi sakiTxebiT davinteresdi, rom-

lebic realur samyarosTan dakavSirebul proble-
mebs moicavda. Cemi statiebi drodadro isev ibeWdeba
akademiur JurnalebSi, magram es axla mxolod SemTx-
veviT xdeba.
meore msoflio omisdroindeli mecnierebis Taobis

daberebam akademiuri samyaro Zalian daaSora realur
cxovrebas. akademiuri samuSao im disciplinad iqca,
romelsac hkarnaxobdnen da miuTiTebdnen, rogor un-
da moqceuliyo. es ki, Cemi azriT, sakmaod mosawyeni
aRmoCnda.
akademiuri cxovrebis ZiriTadi filosofia umaRle-

sis umdablesamde dayvanaSi mdgomareobs. es swored
imis sapirispiro qcevaa, rogori midgomac me sagnebi-
sadmi maqvs da risi keTebac ar mainteresebs.
es tipuri reaqciaa rogorc im dargis mimarT, romelic Ta-

vis Tavs SemosazRvravs, aseve misi im wevrebis mimarTac, rom-
lebic samoqmedo simbolur sistemas SecdomiT ufro farTo
realobad aRiqvamen. komoneris grZnobebi SesaZloa hgavdes
im bizantieli axalgazrda mecnierebis grZnobebs, romlebic
eklesiis sabWoebis mier nemsis wverze dateuli angelozebis
ricxvis xangrZliv ganxilvas eswrebodnen. roca sfero Tavis
Tavze zedmetad orientirebuli xdeba da realobas swydeba,
Cndeba imis saSiSroeba, rom is ararelevanturad iqces. dar-
gebis sixistiT gamowveuli ukmayofileba xSirad xdeba didi
kreatiuli winsvlis mizezi.
ra Tqma unda, adamians mxolod dargi, misi kanonebis Seswav-

lis gareSe, ver STaagonebs. swored amitomaa, rom yvela mec-
nieri an xelovani, visac ki velaparakeT, ganmeorebiT usvamda
xazs ZiriTadi codnis, simboluri informaciis dawvrilebiT
flobisa da disciplinis mTavari procedurebis mniSvnelo-
bas. diord faludis SeuZlia laTinur enaze samoci wlis win
naswavli katulusis poemebis grZeli monakveTebis citireba.
mas berZnuli, Cinuri, arabuli da evropuli poeziis yvela ni-
muSi aqvs wakiTxuli, romlis mopovebac ki SeZlo; aTas oTxas
89
leqsze meti aqvs naTargmni imisTvis, rom Tavisi ostatoba

daexvewa, - miuxedavad imisa, rom misi sakuTari leqsebi mar-
tivia, Tanmimdevruli da pirad gamocdilebaze damyarebuli.
mecnierebaSi Zalian mniSvnelovania ZiriTadi simboluri ins-
trumentebis ostaturi floba. praqtikulad yvela exmaure-
ba im azrs, romelsac margaret batleri (Margaret Butler) damam-
Tavrebeli klasebis studentebs acnobs:
Cven imis Tqma gvindoda, rom Tu ar iciT, ra gindaT

gamoxvideT, maSin maTematikisa da mecnierebis swav-
la mainc airCieT. gansakuTrebiT maTematikis swavlas
girCevT, radgan roca kolejSi CaabarebT da gadawy-
vetT, maTematika ufro mogwonT Tu mecniereba, an mix-
vdebiT, rom misi seriozulad Seswavla girCevniaT,
Tqven ukve geqnebaT amisTvis saWiro kargi sabaziso
codna. bevri qali mogvianebiT aRmoaCens xolme, rom
mas ar aqvs saTanado maTematikuri codna, radgan am
sagnis swavlas Tavi droze adre daaneba.
Tqven ver SecvliT dargs, Tu manamde dawvrilebiT ar Seis-

wavliT misi funqcionirebis detalebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
unda SeiZinoT maTematikis instrumentebi, iswavloT fizikis
safuZvlebi da icnobdeT codnis axlandel mdgomareobas.
Zveli italiuri gamoTqmis Tanaxmad Impara l’arte, e mettila da
parte (iswavle xeloba da Semdeg is gverdze gadade). adamiani
ver iqneba kreatiuli, Tu ar ecodineba is, rac sxvebma ici-
an. Tumca amis Semdegac ki is ver gaxdeba kreatiuli, vidre am
codniT ukmayofilebis grZnoba ar gauCndeba, masze uars ar
ityvis (nawilze mainc) da ukeTesi gzebis Ziebas ar daiwyebs.
adamianuri garemos zemoqmedeba

ideebisa da problemebis mesame wyaros is sfero warmoad-
gens, romelSic adamiani muSaobs. kreatiuli adamiani mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze ganicdis maswavleblebis, mentorebis,
Tanakurselebis, TanamSromlebis, mogvianebiT ki Tavisive
studentebisa da mimdevrebis ideebis gavlenas. metic, insti-
tuciebi, romlebisTvisac adamiani muSaobs da farTo sazoga-
doebisTvis gankuTvnili movlenebi, romlebSic is cxovrobs,
iseT Zlier gavlenas axdenen, rom pirovnebis karieris Secv-

la da misi azrebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTva SeuZliaT.
ra Tqma unda, Tuki kreatiulobas am perspeqtividan Sevxe-

davT, SesaZlebelia, piradi gamocdileba da dargis codna ga-
fermkrTaldes socialuri konteqstis wvlilTan da im prob-
lemebTan SedarebiT, romelTa daZlevac adamians surs. is,
rasac xelovani xatavs, pasuxia ara marto xelovnebis klasi-
kur kanonebze, aramed imazec, rasac axla sxvebi xataven. mec-
nierebi marto im wignebidan da eqsperimentebidan ki ar swav-
loben, romlebsac isini atareben, aramed, aseve, seminarebi-
dan, Sexvedrebidan da Jurnalis statiebidan, romlebic imis
Sesaxeb mogviTxroben rac xdeba, an rac sadme sxvagan moxdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, adamiani sxva adamianTa jgufs aedevneba Tu
sxva gzas airCevs, Cveulebriv, SeuZlebelia imis ignorireba,
rac garkveul sferoSi xdeba.
bevr adamians dargis saocrebebs maswavlebeli acnobs. xSi-

rad konkretuli maswavlebeli amCnevs bavSvis cnobismoyva-
reobas an SesaZleblobebs da misi gonebis am disciplinaSi
ganviTarebas iwyebs. zog kreatiul adamians amgvari maswav-
leblebis grZeli sia aqvs Camowerili. kritikosi da ritori-
kis specialisti vein buzi (Wayne Booth) ambobs, rom is skolaSi
yovel wels axali maswavleblis idealizebas axdenda da cdi-
lobda, misi molodini gaemarTlebina. am SemTxvevaSi (iseve
rogorc sxva danarCenebis dros), karieris cvlileba inJin-
robidan inglisuri enisa da literaturis specialistobamde
swored maswavleblis damsaxurebiT moxda.
zogierTisTvis dargis gacnoba mogvianebiT iwyeba. jon gar-

dneri (John Gardner) kolejSi swavlisas mwerlobas apirebda,
magram mogvianebiT man berklisa da stenfordis universite-
tebis fsiqologiis departamentSi inteleqtualTa is gundi
aRmoaCina, romelic mis cnobismoyvareobasa da suliT mona-
Tesave jgufis wevrobis survils akmayofilebda.
sfero im individebisTvis aris umTavresi, vinc, upirveles

yovlisa, organizaciul konteqstSi muSaobs. Citicorp-Si mo-
muSave jon rids (John Reed) ramdenime jgufTan uwevs muSao-
ba imisTvis, rom rTuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro
91
informacia erTmaneTs Seadaros. daaxloebiT weliwadSi or-

jer is xvdeba germaniis, iaponiisa da sxva qveynebis bankebis
uamrav xelmZRvanels. ufro xSiri intervalebiT is msgavs
Sexvedrebs General Motors-is, General Electric-isa da IBM-is aR-
masrulebel direqtorebTan marTavs. kidev ufro xSirad is
Tavisi sakuTari korporaciis ZiriTad momsaxure personals
xvdeba. misi Sida qseli daaxloebiT ocdaaTi iseTi adamianis-
gan Sedgeba, romelsac is endoba da romlisaganac drois mud-
mivad cvalebad monakveTSi mravalmiliardiani korporaciis
marTvisTvis saWiro informaciis miwodebas elis. ridi Tavi-
si dilis minimum naxevars am qselis wevrebTan telefonze an
pirad laparakSi atarebs. is arasdros iRebs kompaniasTan da-
kavSirebul seriozul gadawyvetilebebs ise, rom ramdenime
maTganTan mainc ar gaiaros konsultacia.
sxvagvari midgoma aqvs Motorola-s prezidents robert gelvins

(Robert Galvin). is Tavis kompanias iseT did kreatiul sawar-
mod aRiqvams, sadac oci aTasze meti inJineri akvirdeba ten-
denciebs, maTze axali ideebis saSualebiT reagirebs, axal
produqtebsa da procesebs qmnis. is Tavis pasuxismgeblobas
am mcdelobebis marTvasa da yvela danarCenisTvis magali-
Tis micemaSi xedavs. im SemTxvevebSi, roca adamianebis jgufi
axali mimarTulebiT mihyavs, samuSaos ara simboluri dargi,
aramed Tavad organizaciis moTxovnebi hkarnaxobs. marSal
makluhanis (McLuhan) sityvebi rom gavimeoroT, `Tavad medi-
umia gzavnili~. is, rasac isini Tavisi organizaciuli struq-
turis pirobebSi aRweven, maTi kreatiuli miRwevaa.
mecnierebi aseve axseneben konkretuli kvleviTi institute-

bis mniSvnelobas. belis laboratoriebi (Bell Labs), rokfele-
ris instituti (Rockfeller Institute) da argonis erovnuli labo-
ratoriebi (Argonne National Laboratories) is ramdenime adgilia,
sadac axalgazrda mecnierebs maTi interesebis xelSemwyobi
da mastimulirebeli garemo aqvT Seqmnili. gasakviri araa,
rom bevri maTgani amgvari institutebis mimarT Zlieri er-
Tgulebis grZnobiTaa gamsWvaluli da sixaruliT iziarebs
maT mier dawesebul kvleviT politikas. amgvari instituciu-
ri konteqstidan warmoSobili problemebis mogvarebas bevri
nobelis premia aqvs miRebuli.
axali ideebi axali organizaciis an axali sferos Seqmnis

mcdelobis drosac warmoiSveba. manfred aigenma giotingen-
Si interdisciplinuri maqs plankis instituti (Max Planck
Institute) imisTvis daaarsa, rom laboratoriaSi eqsperimentu-
li evoluciuri Zalebi gaemeorebina. jorj klainma (George
Klein) stokholmSi karolinskas institutSi (Karolinska Institute
Stockholm) simsivnis kvlevis biologiuri centri gaxsna da iq
doqtoris xarisxis mqone bevr mecniers amuSavebs. amgvari
iniciativebi mTavar mkvlevars aramarto Tavisi kvlevis Ca-
tarebis saSualebas aZlevs, aramed axali disciplinis war-
moSobasac uwyobs xels. Tuki laboratoria warmatebuli ga-
modga, mkvlevarebis winaSe sakiTxebis axali wyeba gadaiSleba
da SesaZloa, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, axali simbolu-
ri sistema an dargic ki ganviTardes.
zogierTi kreatiuli adamiani cdilobs, aRiarebuli samecni-

ero, akademiuri an biznesis instituciebisgan gansxvavebuli,
sruliad axali organizacia daaarsos. heizel hendersoni
(Hazel Henderson) Tavisi drois umetes nawils im jgufebis gan-
viTarebas uZRvnis, romlebic misi xedvis gavrcelebas moax-
denen: is Tavis Tavs ekologiuri Segnebis mqone auracxeli
raodenobis interesTa jgufis damfuZneblad miiCnevs. mis
msgavsad, bari komonerma (Barry Commoner) Tavisi centri spe-
cialurad iseT ukacriel adgilas gaxsna, sadac mas samecni-
ero an politikuri daqvemdebarebis wnexisgan Tavisuflad
SeuZlia moZraoba. roca jon gardnerma `saerTo saqme~ (John
Gardner, Common Cause) daafuZna, misi survili iyo, is mxolod
mcire damoukidebeli SemowirulobebiT daefinansebina da
didi Semowirulobebidan momdinare gavlenisgan daecva. am
individebs imedi aqvT, rom asociaciebis axali formebis Seq-
mniT axali iseTi problemebis gamoaSkaravebasa da maTi ga-
dawyvetis gzebis moZebnas moaxerxeben, rac azrovnebis Zveli
stilis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda.
magram organizaciebi adamianTa did jgufebsa da farTo is-

toriul procesebs Soris arian moqceulni. ekonomikuri
depresia an politikuri prioritetebis cvlileba erTi ti-
pis kvlevis stimulirebas moaxdens, meores ki daviwyebas mis-
cems. jorj stigleris (George Stigler) gancxadebiT, swored
didma depresiam ubiZga mas da bevr mis kolegas universitet-
93
Si ekonomikis swavlisken. meore msoflio omisdroindeli

proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad aSenebulma atomurma reaq-
torebma bevr Wkvian students gadaawyvetina, ganaTleba swo-
red fizikis dargSi mieRo. diord faludim mravali weli gaa-
tara sakoncentracio banakebSi imisTvis, rom ioseb stalinis
Sesaxeb kritikuli leqsi dawera.
cnobilia, rom omi mecnierebisa da - arapirdapir - xelovne-

bis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas cvlis. aviRoT magaliTisT-
vis fsiqologia. azrovnebis Semowmebis mTeli dargi, inte-
leqtualuri ganviTarebis koeficientisa da misi gamoyene-
bis CaTvliT, Zalian bevrs unda umadlodes pirveli msof-
lio omis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis jarSi axal-
wveulebis SerCevis saWiroebas. mogvianebiT testirebis es
teqnologia ganaTlebis sferomac gadaiRo, sadac man iseTi
popularoba moipova, rom bevri am sferoSi moRvawe adamia-
nisTvis SemaSfoTebelic ki gaxda. kreatiulobis testireba
meore msoflio omis dros daiwyes, roca sahaero Tavdacvam
am sakiTxis Sesaswavlad samxreT karolinas universtitetis
fsiqologi j. p. gilfordi (J. P. Guilford) daiqirava. sahaero Za-
lebs iseTi pilotebis SerCeva surda, romlebic gansakuTre-
bul situaciebSi mowyobilobis an instrumentebis mwyobri-
dan uecari gamosvlis dros, Tavis Tavisa da TviTmfrinavis
gadasarCenad Sesabamis originalur qcevas gamoavlendnen.
Cveulebrivi inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis koeficientis
Sesamowmebeli testebi ar iyo morgebuli originalurobis
Semowmebas. amitomac gilfords dafinanseba gamouyves da
iseTi testis Seqmna sTxoves, romelsac mogvianebiT gansxva-
vebuli azrovnebis Semowmebis testi ewoda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, meore msoflio omi gansakuTrebiT

sasargeblo aRmoCnda mecnier qalTaTvis. ramodenime maTgan-
ma Tqva, rom, savaraudod, maT universitetis samagistro da
sadoqtoro programaze ar miiRebdnen, omis gamo jarSi amde-
ni axalgazrda rom ar gaewviaT da kaTedrebs ase gamwarebiT
rom ar eZebnaT kvalificiuri studentebi. swavlis dasrule-
bis Semdeg amave qalebma samsaxuri mTavrobis mier dafinanse-
bul omTan dakavSirebul kvleviT laboratoriebSi daiwyes.
es laboratoriebi mogvianebiT civi omis dros qveynis upi-
ratesobis damtkicebis surviliT moqmedma laboratoriebma
Secvala. margaret batleri (Margaret Butler) siamovnebiT ixse-

nebs omis Semdgom periods argonSi, sadac is kompiuteruli
mecnierebebis dabadebisa da misi ganviTarebis pirvel wlebSi
muSaobda. misi TqmiT, es araCveulebrivi dro iyo, roca isto-
riuli movlenebisgan damoukideblad mimdinare teqnolo-
giuri winsvla da axali samecniero aRmoCenebi Tavdadebuli
Sromisa da mniSvnelovani problemebis gadaWrisaTvis erT
did stimuls warmoSobda.
istoriuli movlenebis gavlena xelovnebaze naklebad pir-

dapiria, magram, savaraudod, aranakleb mniSvnelovani. SeiZ-
leba magaliTad imis mtkiceba, rom klasikuri literaturis,
musikisa da xelovnebis stilisgan gansxvavebuli xelovnebis
axali formebis warmoSoba, rac ase axasiaTebda meoce sauku-
nes, arapirdapiri reaqcia iyo im imedgacruebaze, romelsac
adamianebi dasavluri civilizaciis mier pirveli msoflio
omis Tavidan veracilebis gamo ganicdidnen. SemTxveviTi
araa, rom ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria, froidis qvec-
nobieris Teoria, eliotis Tavisufali formis mqone poezia,
stravinskis Tormeti tonisgan Semdgari musika, marTa grehe-
mis abstraqtuli qoreografia, pikasos deformirebuli fi-
gurebi, jeims joisis cnobierebis nakadi swored am periodSi
Seiqmna da xalxma is imperiebis ngrevisa da Zveli rwmenis sis-
temebis uaryofis paralelurad miiRo.
egviptelma mweralma najib mahfuzma (Naguib Mahfouz) mravali

aTwleuli gaatara im Zalebis xelovnuri aRweris qronikis Sed-
genaSi, romlebic misi kulturis antikuri qsovilis gaglejiT
arian dakavebuli. maT Sorisaa kolonializmi, Rirebulebebis
cvlileba, axali simdidrisa da siRaribis Semqmneli socia-
luri mobiloba, qalebisa da mamakacebis rolebis cvlileba.
misi ideebi cxovrebis procesSi warmoiqmneba. Cven

vswavlobT cxovrebas manamade, vidre mis Sesaxeb we-
raze vifiqrebT. arsebobs garkveuli movlenebi, rom-
lebic Cvens gulSi sxvebze metad efloba. me yovelT-
vis maRelvebda politika. politika Zalian mitacebs.
politika, adamianebs Soris urTierTobebi da siyva-
ruli. daCagruli adamianebi. es is Temebia, romlebic
yvelaze metad mizidavda.
95
elitaruli sazogadoebrivi azris Camomyalibebeli yovel-

kvireuli gazeTis Die Zeit-is asocirebuli redaqtorisa da
Tavisi svetis mqone avtoris nina grunenbergisTvis (Nina
Gruenenberg), problematuri sakiTxebis mudmivi wyaro msof-
lioSi mimdinare movlenebia. misi saqmea, am movlenebSi Car-
Tuli adamianuri konfliqtebis ZiriTadi elementebisa da
dramatuli movlenebis sociokulturuli konteqstis mo-
xelTeba da Semdeg mis Sesaxeb Tavisi piradi STabeWdilebe-
bis dawera. Cvens interviumde ramdenime kviriT adre is iyo
jer texasSi, saidanac msoflio ekonomikuri samitis Sesaxeb
mogviTxrobda, Semdeg - londonSi natos samitze, bolos ki -
ruseTSi, sadac germaniis kancleri helmut koli da ruseTis
prezidenti mixeil gorbaCovi xvdebodnen erTmaneTs.
me yovelkvireul gazeTs vxelmZRvanelob. Cveuleb-

riv, oTxSabaT dilas siamayiT vivsebi xolme. es is
droa, roca gazeTi ukve mzadaa da axali dabeWdilia,
me ki Zalian kmayofili var im gamocemiT, romelic mo-
vamzadeT. bolojer Zalian kmayofili mas Semdeg viya-
vi, rac kancleri koli kavkasiaSi Cavida da prezident
gorbaCovs esaubra. es orSabaTs moxda. Cvenc swored
orSabaT saRamos davbrundiT germaniaSi. samSabaT di-
las ukve hamburgSi viyavi da saRamos statia mzad un-
da mqonoda. es kviris movlena iyo da iseTi statia un-
da damewera, romelic me da yvela Cems kolegas Zalian
mniSvnelovnad migvaCnda. magram sruliad daRlili
da gamofituli viyavi. gamiWirda gonebis mokreba da
statiis ise dawera, rogorc me mindoda. magram meore
dilas Zalian bednieri viyavi!
kreatiuli procesi gamocanis an Sesasrulebeli samuSaos

arsebobis SegrZnebiT iwyeba. SesaZloa, rame wesrigSi ver
aris, sadme konfliqti xdeba, daZabulobaa, raime grZnobis
dakmayofilebaa saWiro. problematuri sakiTxi SeiZleba pi-
radi gamocdilebidan momdinareobdes, simbolur sistemaSi
vermoxvedrasTan, kolegebis mxridan stimulirebasTan an sa-
jaro saWiroebebTan iyos dakavSirebuli. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
ar arsebobs axali pasuxis aucilebloba iseTi daZabulobis
grZnobis gareSe, romelic adamianis gonebriv energias ar mo-
izidavs. amitomac, amgvari stimulis gareSe, kreatiuli pro-

cesi, savaraudod, ver daiwyeba.
gacxadebuli da aRmoCenili problemebi
problemebi adamianis yuradRebis centrSi erTnairi gziT ar

eqceva. maTi umetesoba ukve Camoyalibebulia: yvelam icis,
risi gakeTebacaa saWiro da isini mxolod sakiTxis mogvarebis
gzas eZeben. damqiraveblebi, patronebi an sxva pirebi, rom-
lebic adamianze gare zewolas axorcieleben, elian, rom is
Tavis gonebas amocanis gadasaWrelad gamoiyenebs. am SemTx-
vevaSi, saqme `gacxadebul~ problemebs exeba. magram arsebobs
iseTi situaciebi, sadac kiTxvebi jer ar dasmula da prob-
lemis arsebobis Sesaxeb aravin icis. aseT SemTxvevaSi, krea-
tiuli adamiani problemasac aRmoaCens da mis amoxsnasac. aq
saqme àRmoCenil~ problemasTan gvaqvs. ainStaini da sxva mec-
nierebi Tvlidnen, rom marTlac didi mecnieruli garRvevebi
ukve arsebuli Zveli problemebis reformulirebis an axali
problemebis aRmoCenis saSualebiT moxda da isini mxolod
arsebuli problemebis ubralo gadawyvetasTan araa dakavSi-
rebuli. rogorc frimen daisoni ambobs: `samecniero cxovre-
bas axasiaTebs is, rom ukve arsebul problemaze muSaoba ad-
vilia. yvelaze rTuli Tavad problemis aRmoCenaa.~
frenk ofneri (Frank Offner) aRwers gacxadebuli problemis ga-

dawyvetis process:
TviTmfrinavSi rom vjdebodi, Cemma saukeTeso mego-

barma Cemi Tavi hamilton stenderds (Hamilton Standard)
warudgina. is propelerebs awarmoebda kompaniisT-
vis United Technology. stenderdma SemomTavaza, masTan
mivsuliyavi da menaxa, SevZlebdi Tu ara mis daxmare-
bas. rxevebis jgufis xelmZRvanelma miTxra: `frenk,
es problema ukve ramdenime Tvea gvawuxebs: ar viciT,
voltaJis maqsimaluri dadebiTi da uaryofiTi sidi-
de rogor miviRoT, rom jami da sruli Zabva gamovi-
angariSoT. ar viciT, rezistori rogor SevarCioT.
iseTi kondensatori gvWirdeba, romelic rezistoris
Sesabamisi iqneba, radgan Tuki rezistori Zalian maRa-
97
lia, is Zalian zoziniT muSaobs. Zalian dabali rezis-

toris SemTxvevaSi, is meoris gamoCenamde ikargeba.~
pasuxi manamde vicodi, vidre is laparaks daasruleb-
da. vuTxari: `rezistori ar gamoiyenoT. mis magivrad
rele gamoiyeneT da kondensatori daamokleT...~
amis sapirispirod, robert gelvini (Robert Galvin) aRmoCe-

nil problemas aRwers. mamamisma kompania Motorola saukunis
dasawyisSi manqanis radioebis dasamzadeblad daaarsa. ram-
denime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi biznesi erT patara oTaxSi
warmoebuli operaciebisgan, Tormetiode inJinrisa da mcire
kontraqtebisgan Sedgeboda. gelvini saqmis SesanarCuneblad
Zalian bevrs muSaobda. 1936 wels man CaTvala, rom SeeZlo Ta-
visi TavisTvis Svebulebis ufleba mieca da coli da patara
roberti evropis garSemo samogzaurod waiyvana. germaniaSi
mogzaurobis dros ufrosi gelvini darwmunda, rom hitleri
adre Tu gvian oms daiwyebda. saxlSi dabrunebulma, erT-erTi
Tavisi asistenti don mitCeli viskonsinSi qemp makkoiSi (Camp
McCoy) gaagzavna da daavala gaerkvia, rogor gadascemda ja-
ri informacias sxvadasxva danayofs.
mitCeli viskonsinSi gaemgzavra, banakis karebze zari dare-

ka, pasuxismgebel pirebs Sexvda da Zalian male gaarkvia, rom
jarSi komunikaciis TvalsazrisiT pirveli msoflio omis
Semdeg araferi Secvlila. telefonis xazi frontis xazis
ukan mdebare sangrebamde iyo gaWimuli. amis gagonebaze gel-
vins Tvalebi auelvarda da Tqva: `don, Tu Cven SevZlebT ise-
Ti radios gakeTebas, romelic manqanaSi Caeteva da signalis
miRebas SeZlebs, gana ar SeiZleba, rom mas patara gadamcemic
davamatoT? miviRebdiT energiis erTeuls, romelic bude-
Si ideboda, romlis xelSi dakaveba yvelas SeeZleboda da,
mavTulis gayvanis gareSe, radios saSualebiT daakavSireb-
da frontisa da ukana xazebs?~ maT gadawyvites, rom es kargi
idea iyo da masze muSaoba daiwyes. im droisTvis, roca hit-
leri poloneTSi SeiWra, Motorola-s ukve mzad hqonda aparati,
romelsac mogvianebiT SCR 536, meore msoflio omis mobilu-
ri gadamcemi ewoda. robert gelvinma es istoria imis saCve-
neblad gamoiyena, rom aexsna, ras gulisxmobs lodini da val-
debuleba: erTi mxriv, imis xedva, rogor SeiZleba momavlis
ganviTarebaSi wvlilis Setana da amisgan mogebis miReba, me-

ore mxriv ki, intuiciis rwmena da mis ganxorcielebaze bevri
muSaoba.
gacxadebuli problemebis gadawyvetas, Cveulebriv, gacile-

biT ufro naklebi dro sWirdeba, vidre aRmoCenili proble-
mebis gadaWras. xandaxan gamosavali ise swrafad gamoCndeba
xolme, rogorc es ofneris SemTxvevaSi moxda. miuxedavad
imisa, rom SesaZloa, amas cota dro da Zalisxmeva dasWirdes,
gacxadebuli problemis axalma gadawyvetam SeiZleba dargi
mniSvnelovanwilad Secvalos da, amgvarad, kreatiulad Ca-
iTvalos. TviT xelovnebis sferoSic ki, Suasaukuneebisa da
renesansis yvelaze ukvdavi namuSevrebi im patronebis Sek-
veTiT iyo damzadebuli, romlebmac umciresi detalebic ki
gansazRvres: naxatis zoma, masze gamoxatuli figurebisa da
oqros CarCoze arsebuli CuqurTmebis raodenoba, Zvirfasi
lurji pigmentis moculoba da a. S. baxi ramdenime kviraSi er-
Txel regularulad werda raime kantatas imisTvis, rom Ta-
visi mfarvelis religiuri himnebisadmi arsebuli moTxovni-
leba daekmayofilebina. amgvari SemTxvevebi gviCvenebs, rom
yvelaze xisti problemebis kreatiulad gadaWrac kia SesaZ-
lebeli, Tuki maT saukeTeso gadawyvetis povnis surviliT
mivudgebiT.
miuxedavad amisa, aRmoCenili problemebi samyaros Cveneul

aRqmas mniSvnelovnad cvlis. amis magaliTad SegviZlia dar-
vinis mier evoluciis Teoriis neli ganviTareba davasaxe-
loT. darvins bigliT samxreT amerikis garSemo mogzauro-
ba da iq manamde ucnobi mcenareuli da cxoveluri samyaros
aRwera daavales. es saqme kreatiul gadawyvetas ar saWiro-
ebda da darvinmac Seasrula misTvis dakisrebuli davaleba.
magramm amave dros, is sul ufro da ufro dainteresda - ro-
gorc axla vuwodebT - sxvadasxva ekologiur niSaSi arsebul
saxeobebs Soris TiTqmis SeumCneveli gansxvavebebiT. man da-
inaxa kavSiri iseT konkretul fizikur Tvisebebsa da Sesaba-
mis garemo SesaZleblobebs Soris, rogorebicaa, magaliTad,
Citis niskartis forma da arsebuli sakvebis tipi. am dakvir-
vebam darvini gansxvavebuli adaptaciis koncefciaze daafiq-
ra, ramac, Tavis mxriv, gacilebiT ufro detaluri analizis
99
Semdeg is bunebrivi seleqciisa da saxeobebis warmoSobis

ideamde miiyvana.
evoluciis Teoriam bevr kiTxvas gasca pasuxi dawyebuli

imiT, ratom gansxvavdebian ase Zalian erTmaneTisgan cxove-
lebi da dasrulebuli imiT, saidan warmoiSvnen qali da mama-
kaci. magram darvinis miRwevebis yvelaze SesaniSnavi niSani,
albaT, isaa, rom manamde es sakiTxebi kiTxvis formiT ar Camo-
yalibebula. mecniers rogorc problemis formulireba, ise
misi gadawyvetis SeTavazeba mouxda. darvinis naSromis am ni-
Sans dargSi momxdari didi cvlilebebis umetesoba iziarebs.
isini ufro metad efuZneba aRmoCenili, vidre gacxadebuli
problemebis amoxsnas.
idumali dro
mas Semdeg, rac kreatiuli adamiani Tavisi eqspertuli codni-

dan gamomdinare igrZnobs, rom arsebobs sakiTxebi, romlebic
damuSavebas saWiroebs, kreatiulobis procesi, Cveulebriv,
cota xniT faruli muSaobis fazaSi gadadis. cnobebs inkuba-
ciis periodis Sesaxeb im aRmoCenebze Seqmnili angariSebidan
vigebT, romelTa Tanaxmadac, kreatiuli adamiani dabneulia,
problemis bunebaSi uecar gaTviTcnobierebas axdens, magram
ar axsovs Sualeduri cnobieri azrovnebis dros gadadgmuli
nabijebis Sesaxeb. problemis SegrZnebasa da misi gadawyvetis
intuiciurad povnas Soris arsebuli swored am sicarielis
gamo ivaraudeba, rom inkubaciis savaldebulo etapi cnobie-
ri procesis Sualedis dros unda ganxorcieldes.
Tavisi idumali bunebis gamo, inkubaciur periods xSirad

mTeli procesis yvelaze kreatiul nawilad Tvlian. SesaZ-
lebelia procesis cnobieri ganviTarebis garkveuli nawilis
logikisa da racionalurobis wesebis Sesabamisad analizi.
magram is, rac `bnel~ sivrceSi xdeba, Cveulebrivi analizis
miRma rCeba da im idumalebis grZnobas warmoSobs, romelic
geniosis naSromTanaa dakavSirebuli. adamians lamis uCndeba
saWiroeba, misticizms mimarTos da sakiTxis axsna muzas mos-
Txovos.
Cveni respondentebi erTsulovnad Tanxmdebian imis Taoba-

ze, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania, garkveuli drois ganmavloba-
Si problemebis cnobierebis zRvris miRma daduReba moxdes.

am etapis mniSvnelobis yvelaze mWevrmetyveluri angariSi
kvlav frimen daisons ekuTvnis. Tavis axlandel samuSaos is
Semdegnairad aRwers:
usaqmod davyialob, rac savaraudod imas niSnavs, rom

kreatiul fazaSi vimyofebi. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, cno-
bili ar aris, aqedan ra gamova. Cemi azriT, uqmad yof-
nis es periodi Zalian mniSvnelovania. sul amboben,
rom Seqspiri piesebis weras Soris dros uqmad ata-
rebda. Cems Tavs Seqspirs ar vadareb, magram mudmivad
dakavebuli adamianebi, Cveulebriv, kreatiulebi ar
arian xolme. ase rom, uqmad yofnis gamo ar mrcxvenia.
frenk ofneri (Frank Offner) aseve Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom
adamianma problemaze mudmivad ar unda ifiqros:
erT rames getyviT, rac mecnierebasa da teqnologieb-

Sic aRmovaCine: Tu rame problema gaqvT, ar dasxdeT
da ar cadoT misi gadawyveta. radgan mxolod dasxdo-
miTa da masze fiqriT problemas ver gadaWriT. amoxs-
na, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas manqanis tarebisas an abaza-
naSi yofnisas damkravs xolme TavSi.
inkubaciis periodis xangrZlivoba problemis bunebazea da-

mokidebuli da ramdenime saaTidan ramdenime kviramde, an ki-
dev ufro xangrZliv periodamde SeiZleba meryeobdes. manf-
red aigenis TqmiT, is yovel Rame dasawolad romelime gada-
saWrel problemaze, eqsperimentul proceduraze an labo-
ratoriul procesze fiqriT emzadeba. daujerebelia, magram
dilas rom iRviZebs, sakiTxis amoxsna gonebaSi ukve moZebni-
li aqvs. heizel hendersoni ideebisgan roca icleba, sirbils
an baRSi muSaobas iwyebs. rodesac mogvianebiT kompiuters
miujdeba xolme, ideebi kvlav Tavisuflad iwyebs moZraobas
mis TavSi. elizabeT noel-noimans bevri Zili sWirdeba imis-
Tvis, raTa ar gauCndes grZnoba, rom misi fiqrebi Sablonuri
da winaswar gansazRvruli xdeba. donald qembels Zalian mka-
fiod aqvs gaTavisebuli imis mniSvneloba, rom ideebs erTma-
neTTan dakavSirebis saSualeba gare faqtorebze yuradRebis
gafantvis gareSe unda mivceT:
101
samuSaoze fexiT wasvlis fasi gonebrivi muSaobis

stimulirebaa. manqanis tarebisas ki – radio unda ga-
morTo. Cemi Tavis Sesaxeb, rogorc gansakuTrebiT
kreatiul adamianze - ise ar vfiqrob, magram kreati-
uloba drois ukiduresad uTavbolo xarjvasTan da-
kavSirebuli procesi unda iyos. gonebis stimulire-
ba, misi sxvadasxva TemiT daintereseba mniSvnelovani
procesia. Tuki gonebriv muSaobas radioTi, televi-
zoriT an sxva adamianebTan saubriT anacvlebT, Tqven,
ubralod, amcirebT Tqveni kvlevis, inteleqtualuri
kvlevis dros.
inkubaciis mokle periodebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, `gacxa-

debul~ problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli, Sedegad dargSi Za-
lian umniSvnelo cvlilebebs iwvevs. SedarebiT ufro xan-
grZlivi drois magaliTs warmoadgens frimen daisonis ar-
dadegebi kaliforniaSi, roca is Segnebulad ar fiqrobda
imis Sesaxeb, rogor daekavSirebina erTmaneTTan frimenisa
da Svingeris Teoriebi da mTel dros Statis daTvalierebas
uZRvnida. zogadad, rogorc Cans, rac ufro safuZvliania si-
axliT gamowveuli revolucia, miT ufro didxans xdeba misi
damuSaveba sadRac, TvalTaxedvidan Sors. magram am hipoTe-
zis damtkiceba rTulia. ramdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi grZelde-
boda ainStainis fardebiTobis Teoriis an darvinis evolu-
ciis Teoriis sainkubacio periodebi? ramden xans muSaobda
beThoveni mexuTe simfoniis ideaze? imis gamo, rom SeuZlebe-
lia zustad dadgena, avtorebs TavSi am didi naSromebis pir-
veli ideebi rodis gauCndaT, aseve SeuZlebelia sainkubacio
periodis xangrZlivobis codnac.
umoqmedobis drois funqciebi
ra xdeba umoqmedobis im periodebSi, roca goneba Segnebulad

ar aris dakavebuli problemur sakiTxebze fiqriT? inkuba-
ciis mier kreatiuli procesis daxmarebis ramdenime axsna
arsebobs. maTgan yvelaze cnobili, albaT, fsiqoanalizis Te-
oriis gverdiTi gantotebaa. rogorc froidi ambobda, krea-
tiuli procesis safuZvelSive gamovlenili cnobismoyvare-
oba (gansakuTrebiT, xelovnebaSi) sqesobrivi warmoSobis bav-
Svobisdroindeli gamocdilebiTaa gamowveuli. es mogoneba

imdenad gamanadgurebelia, rom saWiro gaxda misi daTrgunva.
kreatiuli adamiani axerxebs akrZaluli codnis mimarT in-
teresis dasaSveb cnobismoyvareobad gardaqmnas. xelovanis
Tavgamodeba, ipovos gamoxatvis axali formebi da mecnierTa
daJinebuli survili, sxvadasxva sagnis bunebas Caswvdnen, si-
namdvileSi, im STabeWdilebebSi garkvevis saxecvlili mcde-
lobaa, romlebic maTze mSoblebis mier ganxorcielebulma
sqesobrivma aqtma an erT-erTi mSoblis mimarT arsebulma
araerTmniSvnelovanma erotikulma grZnobebma datoves.
magram Tu meoradi kreatiuli procesi daTrgunuli pirve-

ladi interesis amoSrobas efeqturad moaxerxebs, mas Tavis
sawyis libidur wyarosTan dasakavSireblad periodulad
cnobierebis zRvarze ufro dabla mouwevs CayvinTva. inku-
baciis periodSi, savaraudod, swored es xdeba. qvecnobieri
iRebs cnobieri azrebis Sinaarss da gacnobierebuli cenzu-
risgan Sors arsebul abstraqtul mecnierul problemas aZ-
levs Sanss, Tavisi Tavi realuri saxiT warmoaCnos da Seeca-
dos, Zalian pirad konfliqtSi gaerkves. Tavis namdvil wya-
rosTan kavSiris damyarebiT gamococxlebuli qvecnobieri
azri SeiZleba cnobierSi isev dafaruli saxiT amotivtivdes
da mecnierma Tavisi kvleva ganaxlebuli energiiT gaagrZe-
los.
bevri kreatiuli adamiani Tavisi naSromebis asaxsnelad am

ideis gamartivebul versias iyenebs da xSirad miuTiTebs Ta-
visi interesebis libidur warmoSobaze. Znelia imis dadgena,
amgvari informaciis gamoyeneba raSi SeiZleba. xSirad xdeba
ise, rom xelovanebi an mecnierebi, romlebic yvelaze metad
arian darwmunebuli imaSi, rom Tavisi namuSevrebiT bavSvo-
bisdroindeli travmis daZlevas cdiloben, swored isini
arian, vinc wlebis ganmavlobaSi Terapiis kurss gadioda da
froidis ideologiaSi kargadaa garkveuli. SesaZloa, anali-
zi maT cnobismoyvareobis daTrgunuli wyaros gamoaSkarave-
baSi an maT gamocdilebaSi arsebuli saidumloebiT moculi
sakiTxebis saintereso axsnis povnaSi daexmara. Tumca, amgva-
ri axsna, realobaSi, SesaZloa, safuZvels iyos moklebuli.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqoanalizs
adamianis aRmoCenis procesSi CarTvis motivaciis nawilob-
riv axsna SeuZlia, is naklebad axerxebs Cvens daxmarebas imis
garkvevaSi, ra kavSirSia daisonis kaliforniaSi mogzauroba
103
kvanturi eleqtrodinamikis problemebis amoxsnasTan. am Sem-

TxvevaSi, libidos transformacia imdenad gaugebaria, rom
kavSiris povnis albaToba TiTqmis ar arsebobs.
inkubaciis periodSi mimdinare movlenebis Segnebuli aRwera,

fsiqoanalizis msgavsad, varaudobs, rom gonebaSi informa-
ciis damuSavebis procesi maSinac ki mimdinareobs, roca Cven
amis Sesaxeb araferi viciT: magaliTad, Zilis dros. gansxva-
veba isaa, rom SemecnebiTi Teoriebi qvecnobieri azrebis rai-
me mimarTulebis postulirebas ar axdens. qvecnobieris cen-
trSi ar aris moqceuli travma da mis gadasalaxad dafaruli
cnobismoyvareoba ar aris saWiro. SemecnebiTi sakiTxebis Te-
oretikosebi fiqroben, rom Tu ideebs gacnobierebul mimar-
Tulebas CamovarTmevT, isini asociaciebis martivi kanonebis
gamoyenebas daiwyeben. maT mier met-naklebad SemTxveviTi da
ideebs Soris TiTqosda daukavSirebeli asociaciebis dakav-
Sireba, SesaZloa, manamde arsebuli kavSirebis Sedegad mox-
des. magaliTad, germanelma qimikosma avgust kekulem (August
Kekulé) sizmarSi naxa, rom benzolis molekulas, SesaZloa,
wris forma hqonoda. CaZinebis win is buxarsa da haerSi moZrav
naperwklebs uyurebda. rom ar CasZineboda, savaraudod, azrs
naperwklebsa da molekulis formas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
sasacilod miiCnevda, magram radgan qvecnobierSi raciona-
luri mxare am kavSiris ideis cenzuras veRar axorcieleb-
da, gaRviZebis Semdeg man am SesaZleblobis ignorireba veRar
SeZlo. am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, absoluturad ararelevan-
turi kavSirebi mexsierebidan qreba, SedarebiT mtkiceebi ki
imden xans gadarCeba, rom mere gonebaSi amotivtivdeba.
informaciis seriul da paralelur damuSavebas Soris arse-

bulma gansxvavebam SeiZleba aseve axsnas inkubaciis dros mim-
dinare procesebi. Zvelmoduri kalkulatoris msgavs seri-
ul sistemebSi rTuli cifruli problemis Tanmimdevrulad,
nabij-nabij gadaWraa saWiro. ganviTarebuli kompiuteruli
programuli uzrunvelyofis paralelur sistemebSi xdeba
problemis mis Semadgenel nawilebad daSla, paraleluri ga-
moTvlebis warmoeba da Sedegebis erT saboloo amoxsnad ga-
erTianeba.
paraleluri damuSavebis msgavsi procesi SeiZleba proble-
mis elementebis inkubaciis periodSic mimdinareobdes. ro-
ca sakiTxis Sesaxeb gacnobierebulad vfiqrobT, Cveni wina-
re gamocdileba da problemis amoxsnamde misvlis mcdeloba
Cvens ideebs xazovani mimarTulebiT, Cveulebriv, winaswar

gansazRvruli an nacnobi gzis gayolebaze mimarTavs. magram
winaswar gansazRvruli Teoriebi qvecnobierSi ver funqcio-
nirebs. racionaluri mimarTulebisgan Tavisufal ideebs er-
TmaneTTan kavSiris damyareba da erTmaneTis sxvadasxva gziT
midevneba SeuZliaT. swored am Tavisuflebis gamo, raciona-
luri gonebis mier Tavidan uaryofil sawyis kavSirebs aqvT
Sansi, rom Tavi daimkvidron.
sfero, dargi da qvecnobieri
erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqos, inkubacia mxolod gonebaSi

mimdinareobs. metic, is gonebis im damalul kunWulebSi xde-
ba, sadac qvecnobieri ver aRwevs. magram kargad dakvirvebis
Semdeg unda vaRiaroT, rom simboloTa sistema da socialuri
garemo qvecnobierSic ki mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. upir-
veles yovlisa, cxadia, rom adamiani, romelic dargs kargad
ar icnobs da romelsac kvlevis sferoSi ar umuSavia, inku-
baciis periods ver gaivlis. kvanturi eleqtrodinamikis sa-
kiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis axali gadawyveta Tav-
Si ar mouva iseT adamians, romelic fizikis am ganStoebas ar
icnobs. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ramden xans sZinavs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, qvecnobieri azrovneba raci-

onaluri ar iyos, is mainc misdevs im Targs, romelic cnobi-
eri swavlis dros Camoyalibda. Cven viTavisebT dargis cod-
nas, sferos problemebs da isini Cveni gonebis nawili xdeba.
xSirad ar aris saWiro eqsperimentis Catareba imisTvis, rom
vicodeT - raRac ar gamova: Teoriul codnas Sedegis winas-
war gansazRvra ZaluZs. amis msgavsad, SegviZlia imis winaswar
gaTvlac, garkveuli ideebis sajarod gamocxadebas Cveni ko-
legebis mxridan ra reaqcia mohyveba. rodesac Cvens kabine-
tebSi marto varT da vambobT, rom am ideidan araferi gamova,
amiT, SesaZloa, imis Tqma gvsurdes, rom mas is xalxi ar mii-
Rebs, vis azrsac CvenTvis mniSvneloba aqvs. dargisa da sfe-
ros es kriteriumi maSinac ki ar qreba, roca azrovnebis pro-
cesi farulad mimdinareobs. SesaZloa, msgavsi azrebi nakle-
bad mniSvnelovania im situaciasTan SedarebiT, roca viciT,
rasac vakeTebT; magram isini mainc gansazRvraven mdgomareo-
105
bas da axorcieleben kontrols ideebis kombinaciebis SerCe-

vasa da Sefasebaze.
adamianma ara mxolod disciplinis problemebi unda aRiqvas

seriozulad, aramed, pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, aseve
unda moindomos, miRebul sibrZnes daupirispirdes. sxvagva-
rad winsvla SeuZlebeli iqneba. mniSvnelovani dapirispire-
ba dargis codnasa da mzaobas Soris - moxdes misi uaryofa,
kargadaa naCvenebi frenk ofneris mier mocemul aRweraSi. is
mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, ra xdeboda mis gonebaSi, roca ise-
Ti pirveli eleqtronuli kontrolis sistemis ganviTarebas
cdilobda, romelmac mogvianebiT TviTmfrinavis Zravis ko-
merciuli gamoyeneba gaxada SesaZlebeli:
Tuki mecniereba gesmiT, kiTxvebi giCndebaT da ramis

gakeTeba gsurT, kargi gadawyvetilebis miReba sak-
maod advilia. Tu mecnierebaSi kargad ver erkveviT,
amas ver SeZlebT. me rom is menaxa, TviTmfrinavis Zra-
vebis sferoSi sxva adamianebs ra gaukeTebiaT, Zalian
davibneodi. sakiTxs yvela arasworad udgeboda. isini
fiqrobdnen, rom problemis gadawyveta, romelic me
SevTavaze, SeuZlebeli iyo. maTematikosma [norbert]
vainerma (Norbert Weiner), romlis wignic maqvs wakiTxu-
li kibernetikaze, Tqva, rom es SeuZlebeli iyo. magram
me aqseleraciis ukugebis koeficienti gamoviyene da
yvelaferi gamovida.
ofneri xazs usvams imas, rom kreatiuli gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad, xSirad, dargis erTi nawilis codnis gamoyenebaa
saWiroa imisTvis, rom sferoSi Camoyalibebuli - sxvadasx-
va daskvnaze dafuZnebuli - da imave dargis sxva nawilebidan
miRebuli azrebis Sesworeba moxdes. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
Cans, kibernetikuli Teoria SeuZlebels xdida kontrolis
uzrunvelyofasa da TviTmfrinavis Zravis siCqaris SenarCu-
nebas. magram Tavad Zravis naxvamde fizikis safuZvlebze da
imaze fiqrisas, kontrolis saSualebiT risi miRweva SeiZle-
boda, ofnerma iseTi dizaini moifiqra, romelic SesaZlebeli
aRmoCnda da dainerga kidec.
kreatiuli azrebi swored daZabulobiT savse sicariele-

Si Cndeba. isini, erTi mxriv, emyareba imas, rac ukve viciT da
aRiarebulia, meore mxriv ki iswrafvis jer kidev bundovani
simarTlisken, romelic napralis meore mxares ZlivZliobiT
moCans. es daZabuloba maSinac ki arsebobs, roca azrebi qvec-
nobierSi inkubaciis periods gadis.
gamocdileba: èvrika!~
gamokiTxulTa jgufSi moxvedrili adamianebis umeteso-

ba (Tumca, yvela ara) daZabuli fiqrobs da cdilobs, Zalian
zustad gaixsenos is konkretuli momenti, roca maT goneba-
Si mTavari problema im saxiT Camoyalibda, rom misi amoxsnis
aRmoCena gardauvali gaxda da es momenti ukve mxolod didi
Sromisa da drois ambad iqca. warmodgenili problemebisT-
vis maTi gaazreba SeiZleba TavisTavad Seicavdes sakiTxis ga-
dawyvetis konkretul elementebs. aqve moviyvan frenk ofne-
ris mier aRweril or magaliTs:
SeiZleba es azri TavSi ucbad, SuaRames momivides.

TiTqos, raRacnairad Tqvens tvinSi trialebs. SemiZ-
lia giTxraT, sad viyavi, roca TviTmfrinavis Zravis
kontrolis stabilizaciis sakiTxze pasuxi momivida
TavSi. mgoni, maSin coli jer ar myavda. Cemi megobris
saxlSi savarZelSi vijeqi. cota mowyenili viyavi, ro-
ca ucbad TavSi pasuxma gamielva: àh!~ da Semdeg es yve-
laferi sityvebiT gamovxate.
da kidev erTi ram. maSin Cems disertaciaze vmuSaob-

di, romelic nervul gaRizianebas Seexeboda. nervu-
li aRgznebis gamomxatveli gantolebebis ori tipi
arsebobda. eqsperimentebis Catarebas vapirebdi imis
dasadgenad, rom menaxa, maTgan romeli iyo swori. er-
Ti eqsperimenti Cikagos universtetSi Catarda, meore
ki - inglisSi. mindoda gamerkvia, maTgan ufro zusti
romeli iyo. gamoTvlebze vfiqrobdi, rom davrwmu-
nebuliyavi, romeli eqsperimenti iqneboda ufro da-
majerebeli. maxsovs, Sxaps viRebdi, roca problemis
107
gadawyvetas mivxvdi. davjeqi da misi amoxsna rom da-

viwye, aRmovaCine, rom gantolebebi erTi da imave ra-
mis saTqmelad saWiro ori sxvadasxva gza iyo. gamovi-
da, rom disertaciisTvis rame sxva unda momefiqrebina.
gamWriaxoba maSin Semodis TamaSSi, roca qvecnobierSi dakav-

Sirebuli ideebi imdenad kargad Seerwymeba erTmaneTs, rom
isini, wylis zedapirze amoweuli boTlis sacobis msgavsad,
iZulebis wesiT amoxtebian cnobierSi.
99 procentiani oflisRvra
mas Semdeg, rac gonebis ganaTeba moxdeba, saWiroa warmoSo-

bili ideebis Semowmeba, raTa davrwmundeT, rom am kavSirebs
azri aqvT. mxatvari kompoziciis xarisxis aRsaqmelad naxats
daSordeba, poeti ufro kritikuli TvaliT xelaxla kiTxu-
lobs leqss, mecnieri gamoTvlebs awarmoebs, an eqsperiments
atarebs. bevr SemTxvevaSi, ideasTan dakavSirebuli proble-
ma dasawyisSive gamovlindeba xolme. magram Tuki Semowmebis
Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom yvelaferi wesrigSia, iwyeba sakiTxis
neli, Sablonuri damuSaveba.
am dros mimdinare process oTxi ZiriTadi mniSvnelovani pi-

roba aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, adamianma yuradReba unda miaq-
cios ganviTarebas da is axali ideebi da problemebi SeamCni-
os, romlebic mediumTan urTierTobisas Cndeba. kreatiuli
adamianebis mier saqmis warmarTvisTvis Zalian mniSvnelova-
nia gonebagaxsniloba da azrovnebis moqniloba. maT yuradRe-
ba unda miaqcion sxvebis miznebsa da grZnobebs, icodnen, saqme
marTla gegmis mixedviT viTardeba Tu ara. mesame pirobaa kav-
Siri dargis codnasTan, yvelaze efeqturi teqnikis gamoye-
neba, yvelaze sruli informaciis qona da muSaobis procesSi
saukeTeso Teoriebis damuSaveba. dabolos, gansakuTrebiT,
procesis bolo etapebze, mniSvnelovania sferos kolegebis
mosmena. msgavs problemaze momuSave sxva xalxTan urTier-
Toba SesaZlebels xdis araswori gziT wasvlis Tavidan aci-
lebas, ideebis daxvewas, maTze koncentrirebas da, aRiarebis
mizniT, maTi wardgenis yvelaze damajerebeli formis moZeb-
nas.
istorikosi natali devisi (Natalie Davis) aRwers im grZnobebs,

romlebic mas kreatiuli procesis bolo etapze kvlevis Se-
degebis weris dros eufleba:
proeqtze Seyvarebuli rom ar viyo, es grZnoba rom da-

mekarga, an is didxans ar gagrZelebuliyo, samuSao Ta-
vis muxts dakargavda. ar minda iseTi ramis keTeba, rac
aRar miyvars. vfiqrob, albaT, yvela ase grZnobs. yo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, me namdvilad ase vgrZnob. Znelia, iyo
kreatiuli, Tu rames ubralod jiutad akeTeb. me rom
cnobismoyvareoba ar mqonoda, an megrZno, rom is Se-
izRuda, siaxlis nawili ubralod gaqreboda. swored
cnobismoyvareobam maiZula, mefiqra iseTi rameebis
garkvevaze, ris Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebac adami-
anebs SeuZleblad miaCndaT; an sakiTxis ganxilvis is
gza amerCia, romelic adre aravis gamouyenebia. swo-
red amis gamo davrbivar win da ukan biblioTekaSi da
ganuwyvetliv vfiqrob, vfiqrob, vfiqrob.
beri komoneri (Barry Commoner) aRwers Tavisi muSaobis bolo

fazas, roca is Sedegebis Cawerasa da maTi auditoriisTvis
gacnobas axdens:
zogierTi naSromis Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli

gancxadebis gakeTeba Zalian rTulia. magaliTad, Cems
erT-erT wignSi davwere Tavi, romelic Termodinami-
kas exeboda da araprofesionalebisTvis iyo gankuT-
vnili. daaxloebiT TxuTmeti sxvadasxva variantis Ca-
moyalibeba damWirda. es yvelaze ufro rTuli Sroma
iyo, romelic ki odesme gamiwevia, radgan Zalian Zne-
lia araprofesionaluri terminebiT am sagnis aRwera.
Zalian vamayob, rom amis gakeTeba SevZeli. inJinrebma
miTxres, rom pirvelad moaxerxes Termodinamikis Se-
saxeb aseTi naTeli warmodgenis Seqmna. es Zalian mom-
wons. momwons komunikacia. igive exeba laparaksac.
bevrs vlaparakob da marTlac momwons, rom audito-
ria Cems naTqvams yuradRebas aqcevs, usmens da esmis
kidec.
109
erTi ram, rac kreatiul saqmianobasTanaa dakavSirebuli,

aris is, rom is arasdros mTavrdeba. yvela, visganac ki inter-
viu aviReT, ambobda, rom isini mTeli Tavisi saqmiani cxov-
rebis yovel dRes muSaobaSi atarebdnen da, amave dros, arc
erTi dRe ar umuSaviaT. maTTvis Zalian rTul davalebebze
muSaobac ki saxaliso iyo, gamaxalisebel da TamaSismagvar
Tavgadasavals warmoadgenda.
Zalian advilia, aRSfoTde amgvari damokidebulebis gamo da
kreatiuli adamianis Sinagani Tavisufleba elitistur pri-
vilegiad miiCnio. maSin, roca bevri Cvengani mosawyen samsa-
xurSi dadis, maT aqvT imis fufuneba, rom akeTon, rac Tavad
surT da isic ki ar icodnen, es samuSaoa Tu TamaSi. amaSi un-
da iyos simarTlis marcvali, magram, Cemi azriT, gacilebiT
ufro mniSvnelovania kreatiuli adamianebis mier CvenTvis
mowodebuli gzavnili: Tqvenc SegiZliaT, cxovreba TqvenT-
vis sayvareli saqmeis keTebaSi gaataroT. bolos da bolos,
is adamianebi, romlebisganac interviuebi aviReT, gansakuT-
rebiT iRblianebic ar yofilan. bevri maTgani warmoSobiT
sakmaod ubralo ojaxidanaa. maT bevri winaRobis gadalaxva
mouxdaT imisTvis, rom iseTi kariera SeeqmnaT, romelic ma-
Ti interesebis kvlevis saSualebas miscemda. maSinac ki, Tu
axal qimiur elements ver aRmovaCenT, an mSvenier ambavs ver
davwerT, Tavad kreatiuli procesis siyvaruli mainc yvelas
SeuZlia. Znelia amaze ufro mdidari cxovrebis warmodgena.
110 tim van gel de ri
Tavi II
tim van gelderi

vaswavloT kritikuli azrovneba
gakveTilebi kognituri mecnierebidan
abstraqti. statia yuradRebas amaxvilebs eqvs mTavar gak-

veTilze, romlebic exeba kognitur mecnierebas, kerZod,
kritikul azrovnebas maswavleblebisTvis. es gakveTilebia:
kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis dauflebis sirTule; kriti-
kuli azrovnebis unarebis gasaumjobeseblad praqtikuli ga-
mocdilebis aucilebloba; kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis
gadacemisTvis praqtikuli gamocdilebis saWiroeba; garkve-
uli Teoriuli codnis aucilebloba; kritikuli azrovnebis
unarebis ganviTrebis xelSesawyobad argumentebis diagrame-
biT gamosaxvis (,,argumentuli ruka~) saWiroeba; studente-
bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli warmodgenis SenarCuneba. es statia
aRniSnul gakveTilebze dayrdnobiT gvTavazobs ramdenime
rCevas swavlebis praqtikasTan dakavSirebiT.
moulodneli testuri davaleba: garda savse mTvarobisa, ra-

tom aris mTvaris nawili CrdilSi?
yvelaze gavrcelebuli, maT Soris, saukeTeso universite-

tebis niWieri studentebis pasuxebic ki daaxloebiT aseTia:
dedamiwa efareba mzes, rac warmoSobs Crdils da mTvare eq-
ceva am CrdilSi. aqedan gamomdinare, mTvaris nawili ganaTe-
bulia, nawili ki - ara.
ra Tqma unda, es pasuxi arasworian da asaxavs sabaziso astro-

nomiis ZiriTadi principebis farTod gavrcelebul araswor
gagebas. kidev ufro sainteresoa, rom es magaliTi asaxavs
kritikuli azrovnebis uunarobas. studentebi ver acnobie-
reben, rom maT aqvT am movlenis asaxsneli erTi hipoTeza da
111
sanam mas miiReben, rogorc WeSmaritebas, is sxva hipoTezebs

unda Seadaron. sxva hipoTeza aris is, rom Cven mTvares vxe-
davT gverdidan (igulisxmeba, rom mTvaris wina nawili pir-
dapir uyurebs mzes) da sibnele aris Crdili, romelsac Tvi-
Ton mTvare warmoSobs - ,,mTvaris bneli mxare aris is Crdili,
rasac mTvare TviTon warmoSobs~. magaliTi ufro cxadi rom
gaxdes, aviRoT forToxali an CogburTis burTi da daviWi-
roT maRla, sinaTlesTan axlos. mTvaris Crdilis gamomwvevi
mizezi ukve cxadia. aRniSnuli hipoTezis mofiqreba ar aris
rTuli da studentebi maSinve xedaven, rom es ufro damaje-
rebelia. Semdeg isini acnobiereben, rom pirveli hipoTeza
daufiqreblad miiRes - es aris arakritikuli midgoma.
TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba, rom ganaTlebis erT-erTi mizani,

ganaTlebis ra donesac unda vgulisxmobdeT, aris zogadi
saazrovno unarebis, gansakuTrebiT, kritikuli azrovnebis
unaris ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. aseve, TiTqmis yvela Tanxm-
deba, rom studentebi ver euflebian kritikuli azrovnebis
unarebs ise, rogorc SeuZliaT da ise, rogorc saWiroa. yve-
laze rTulia imis gageba, Tu ra unda movuxerxoT am SemTxve-
vas. cxadia, rom zogadad swavlebisa da ganaTlebis sistemis
gaumjobeseba gvWirdeba. magram sakiTxavia, ra gzebiT? yve-
laze metad ra saSualebebi Seuwyobs xels kritikuli azrov-
nebis unarebis gaviTarebas?
erTi gonivruli strategia aris mecnierebis, rogorc gzamk-

vlevis gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi, marTebuli iqneba ganvixi-
loT kognituri mecniereba - azrovnebis interdisciplinuri
mecniereba: ra aris es, rogor muSaobs da rogor viTardeba.
rogorc jon brueri aRniSnavs, kognituri mecniereba aris
saukeTeso wyaro im codnis misaRebad, Tu ,,ra da ratom mu-
Saobs~ swavlebis dros (brueri, 1993); kritikuli azrovneba
erT-erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa.
ar mimaCnia, rom kognituri mecniereba yovelTvis srulyo-

fil axsnas iZleva. erTi mxriv, is Ria da mudmivad cvaleba-
dia. is iZleva zogad codnas da ara sakiTxSi saboloo gark-
vevis saSualebas. aseve, kognituri mecniereba iZleva zogad
an Teoriul informacias da ara swavlis procesis detalur
recepts. misi mignebebi frTxilad unda iyos Sezavebuli
praqtikul sibrZnesTan, romelic maswavleblebma gamoimu-

Saves, rogorc profesionalebma da rogorc gamocdilma
individebma. mesame, ramdenadac gasakviri unda iyos, kogni-
turi mecnierebis warmomadgenlebi ar ganixilaven kriti-
kul azrovnebas, rogorc mniSvnelovans, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
rogorc calke mdgom Temas. es nawilobriv imis gamoa, rom
TviTon Tema farTo da dausrulebelia da misi Seswavla kog-
nituri mecnierebis viwro fokusirebul teqnikas uWirs. na-
wilobriv, es imis gamoc xdeba, rom, zogadad, kritikuli az-
rovneba yuradRebis miRma datovebuli Temaa, miuxedavad mi-
si mniSvnelovnebisa da relevanturebisa.
miuxedavad amisa, kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgenlebs

garkveuli wvlili mainc miuZRviT kritikuli azrovnebis
SeswavlaSi. maT Camoayalibes ramdenime zogadi Sexedule-
ba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor vazrovnebT da rogor vswavlobT,
rac dakavSirebulia kritikul azrovnebasTan. maT aseve bev-
ri fenomeni Seiswavles, romlebic kritikuli azrovnebis
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebsa Tu ganzomilebebs warmoadgenen. am
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT mokled Sevajame eqvsi ,,gakveTi-
li~. gakveTilebi nawilobriv exeba kritikul azrovnebas, Tu
rogor Seiswavleba is da rogor daveufloT kritikuli az-
rovnebis unarebs. gakveTilebi gamiznulia maswavleblebis-
Tvis, romlebsac surT, studentebs kritikuli azrovnebis
gaZlierebaSi daexmaron; maTTvis, romlebmac zogadad ician,
Tu ra aris kritikuli azrovneba, magram masTan axlodan Se-
xeba ar hqoniaT; da maTTvis, vinc gansakuTrebuli araferi
icis kognitur mecnierebaze. CamonaTvali ar aris amomwura-
vi; kognitur mecnierebebs sxva mniSvnelovani Sedegebic aqvs
da sxvebma, SesaZlebelia, sxva sakiTxze gaakeTon aqcenti.
gakveTili I: kritikuli azrovneba rTulia
pirveli da, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani gakveTili ukav-

Sirdeba kritikuli azrovnebis sirTules. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kritikuli azrovneba sakmaod bazisuri Cans, misi dauf-
leba arc ise martivi procesia da adamianebis umetesoba mas
srulyofilad ver flobs.
113
am TemasTan dakavSirebiT udidesi da saukeTeso kvleva Caa-

tara deana kuhnma da gamosca Tavis wignSi - ,,argumentaciis
unarebi~ (1991) man winaswar dagegmili struqturirebuli in-
terviusTvis 160 diversificirebuli populacia SearCia da
yvelanairi piroba Seuqmna imisTvis, rom eCvenebinaT, ramde-
nad SeeZloT TavianTi azrebis argumentirebulad dacva. man
sakmaod didi raodenobis monacemebi Seagrova, romlis Seja-
mebul variantsac qvemoT gTavazobT:
aRmoCnda, rom gamokiTxuli adamianebis umetesobam, stimu-

lis micemis SemTxvevaSic ki, saTanadod ver gamoavlina zoga-
di msjelobisa da argumentirebis ZiriTadi unarebi. magali-
TisTvis, maTi umetesobis pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar da-
dian bavSvebi skolaSi, daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: ,,zogierTi bav-
Svi skolaSi ar dadis imis gamo, rom maTi mSoblebi saTanadod
ver uzrunvelyofen disciplinas~. rodesac vTxoveT Tavian-
Ti azris dasabuTeba, gamokiTxulTa naxevarze meti daibna.
uamravi magaliTi moiyvanes, Tumca, isini maT azrs mkafiod
ver asabuTebda. am adamianebs SeuZliaT msjeloba. isini mar-
tivad midian daskvnamde, magaliTad: ,,Tu ar gaqvs bileTi,
ver waxval TeatrSi~. problema isaa, rom isini, zogadad, az-
ris dasabuTebis arss ver swvdebian da uWirT gansazRvra, Tu
romeli argumenti iqneba momgebiani maTi Sexedulebis gan-
samtkiceblad, Tundac, iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, rogoricaa skolis gacdena.
adamianebi bunebrivad ar arian kritikulebi. iseve, rogorc

baletis cekva, kritikuli azrovnebac ar aris adamianis bu-
nebrivi maxasiaTebeli. sirbili bunebrivi maxasiaTebelia,
igive naklebad SeiZleba iTqvas Ramis klubSi cekvaze; magram
rac Seexeba balets, mas kargad icekveb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mravalwliani Tavdadebuli, mtkivneuli da Zvirad Rirebu-
li wvrTna gaqvs gavlili. evolucia ar gulisxmobda, rom
Cven fexis TiTebze vivlidiT da aristoteles rac unda eT-
qva, Cven ar viazrovnebdiT kritikulad. evolucia dros ar
kargavs imaze, rom raRac arsebulze ufro ukeTesi gaxados,
homosapiensebma evolucia ganicades imisTvis, rom gadarCe-
niliyvnen maSin, roca neandertalelebi da mastedontebi ga-
daSendnen.
ase rom, Tu adamianebi bunebrivad kritikulad moazrovneebi

ar arian, maSin ra tipis moazrovneebi arian? maikl Sermeri
(2002) adamianebs aRwers, rogorc nimuSis maZiebel da ambis
mTxrobel cxovelebs. Cven mogvwons iseTi rameebi, rasac Si-
naarsi aqvs, rac advili da martivad gasagebia, mogvwons nac-
nobi nimuSebi an monaTxrobebi. problema maSin Cndeba, roca
Cven (ar viciT, rogor) spontanurad ar gviCndeba interesi,
realurad arsebobs Tu ara qcevis nimuSi, an WeSmaritia Tu
ara ambavi. Cven komfortulad vgrZnobT Tavs, roca sakiTxs
ganvixilavT Sefasebis im kriteriumebiT, romlebic sworad
migvaCnia da iSviaTad viwyebT mis Semdgom ganxilvas. es Sem-
Txveva ganaTlebis Teoretikosma david perkinsma da misi ko-
legebma ganmartes, rogorc ,,epistemologiis axsna~; man em-
piriuli kvleviT aRmoaCina, rom studentebi movlenis asax-
snelad iyeneben intuicias da rwmenas, rac JRers, rogorc
WeSmariteba. isini ver xedaven gakritikebisa da msjelobis
saWiroebas - maTTvis intuiciuri axsnac ki sakmarisia (per-
kinsi, alenidahafneri, 1983, 1986).
adamianebs kritikuli azrovnebisken midrekileba bunebri-

vadac rom hqondeT, misi saTanadod daufleba mainc rTuli
iqneboda, radgan is - kritikuli mecnierebis warmomadgenle-
bis ganmartebiT - ,,maRali donis saazrovno unarebs miekuT-
vneba~. kritikuli azrovneba aris kompleqsuri moqmedeba,
romelic Sedgeba sxva martivad da advilad dasauflebeli
unarebisgan. magaliTad, gazeTis statias rom kritikulad
vupasuxoT, jer teqstis Sinaarsi unda gavigoT; amisaTvis
saWiroa gvqondes iseTi unarebi, rac teqstis Sinaarsis gage-
baSidagvexmareba; esenia sityvebis gagebis unari, rac gulis-
xmobs asoebis gamocnobasa da damarcvlas. Tu es dabali
donis unari ar aris safuZvlianad ganviTarebuli, kritiku-
li azrovneba ver Sedgeba; am SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni ZaRlic ki
SeZlebda Tqvens meilebze pasuxis gacemas.
ufro metic, kargad ganviTarebuli dabali donis unarebis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSic ki saWiroa maTi sworad kombinacia.
kritikuli azrovnebisTvis saWiro unarebis erT mTlianoba-
Si ganxilva ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi erTad aRebuli
Semadgeneli calkeuli nawilebi. magaliTad, CogburTis Ta-
maSs maRali donis unarebi sWirdeba. CogburTis TamaSi rom
115
SevZloT, saWiroa SegveZlos iseTi moqmedebebis ganxorcie-

leba, rogorebicaa sirbili, burTis marjvena da marcxena mi-
marTulebiT Cagdeba da mowinaaRmdegisTvis Tvalis midevne-
ba. magram marto calkeul moqmedebebSi wvrTna ar aris sakma-
risi, unda SegveZlos maTi SeTanxmebuli da Tanmimdevruli
kombinacia, rac erT mTlianobas warmoadgens. amis msgavsad,
kritikuli azrovneba moicavs kargad gawvrTnili sxvadasxva
dabali donis kognituri SesaZleblobebis erTobliobas.
radganac kritikuli azrovneba aseTi rTulia, misi kargad

dauflebisTvis didi droa saWiro. rogorc wesi, vxvdebi,
rom kritikuli azrovnebis kargad daufleba iseTive rTu-
lia, rogorc meore enis srulyofilad Seswavla. gavixsenoT
yvela is Zalisxmeva, rasac skolaSi swavlis procesSi vdeb-
diT, vcdilobdiT, gveswavla franguli, germanuli an manda-
rini. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, es miuTiTebs imaze, Tu ra Znelia
gaxde kritikulad moazrovne adamiani.
kritikuli azrovnebis swavlebaze saboloo daskvna aris is,

rom mas gasrolil tyviasaviT swrafad ver SeviswavliT. Cveni
studentebi erT RameSi ver gaxdebian karl sagansebi da war-
moudgenelia is faqti, rom axalma teqnologiam da swavlebis
teqnikam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi mogvces, saWiro dro-
isa da Zalisxmevis gareSe. kritikuli azrovneba ufro mTe-
li cxovrebis manZilze mogzaurobas hgavs, vidre or kviraSi
Seswavlil moduls. daostatebas imdenad didi dro sWirde-
ba, rom arasodes aris Zalian adre - an Zalian gvian - rom mas-
ze muSaoba daviwyoT.
gakveTili 2: praqtika xdis srulyofils
kritikuli azrovneba SeiZleba iyos rTuli, magram ara SeuZ-

lebeli. zogierTi adamiani sakmaod kargad eufleba mas. ra
aris amisTvis saWiro? mTavari patara sityvis - ,,unari~-s
miRma imaleba. yvelam icis, rom unaris kargad dauflebisT-
vis saWiroa praqtika, da Tanac bevri. ,,praqtika srulyofils
xdis~ - aris xalxuri sibrZnis nawili, rac mecnierebam zed-
miwevniT gamoikvlia da mxari dauWira: ukeTesi ver gaxdebi
praqtikis gareSe, da namdvilad kargi rom gaxdeT, didi praq-
tikaa saWiro. kritikuli azrovnebis unarebic ar aris gamo-

naklisi.
es pirdapir ukavSirdeba kritikuli azrovnebis swavlebas.

misi gaumjobesebisTvis studentebma TviTon unda daiwyon
kritikuli azrovneba. marto swavla kritikuli azrovnebis
Sesaxeb sakmarisi ar aris. Cans, rom bevrma kolega profe-
sorma ar icis amis Sesaxeb. isini aswavlian kurss kritikuli
azrovnebis Teoriaze, Tanac, fiqroben da varaudoben, rom
maTi studentebi ukeTesad iazrovneben kritikulad. sxva
maswavleblebic imave Secdomas uSveben: isini studentebs
uCveneben kargi kritikuli azrovnebis magaliTebs (magali-
Tad, akiTxeben profesionali filosofosebis statiebs) da
imedovneben, rom studentebi mibaZviT iswavlian. es strate-
giebi daaxloebiT iseTive efeqturia, rogorc CogburTis
wrTvna uimbledonis cqeriT. sanam studentebi Tavad ar da-
iwyeben azrovnebas, isini verasodes SeiZenen kritikuli az-
rovnebis unars.
ase rom, mecnierebs, romlebic unarebs swavloben, tyuilub-

ralod ar aRmouCeniaT xelaxla xalxuri sibrZne. maT sakma-
od cota ram Seiswavles praqtikis bunebasa da sixSreze, ro-
melic ostatobisTvis aris saWiro. am sakiTxSi mowinave eqs-
perti karl anders eriqsonia, romelmac, Tavis kolegebTan
erTad, sakmaod Rrmad Seiswavla, rogor gaxdnen adamianebi
Zalian warmatebulni sxvadasxva sferoSi (eriqsoni da Carne-
si, 1994). man aRmoaCina, rom brwyinvale Sedegebi, pirvel rig-
Si, gansakuTrebuli praqtikis Sedegia, romelsac is uwodebs
,,gamiznulad SeZenils~. gamiznulad SeZenili praqtikis da-
maxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi kargadaa qvemoT gansazRvruli:
1. is miiReba praqtikaze sruli koncentrirebiT, TandaTan
aumjobesebs mas.
2. is gulisxmobs ara mxolod unarebs, aramed specialu-
ri savarjiSoebis keTebas, romlebic am unarebs aumjo-
besebs.
3. is ganviTarebadia im gagebiT, rom praqtikaSi gamocdili
moqmedebebi TandaTanobiT ufro rTuldeba. SedarebiT
martivi moqmedebebis daZleva xdeba repeticiebiT, sanam
rTul moqmedebebs gamovcdiT.
117
4. is zusti saxelmZRvaneloa da droulad gvaZlevs uku-

reaqcias.
eriqsonma aRmoaCina, rom sxvadasxva sferoSi maRali donis

Sedegebis miRweva mWidrod ukavSirdeba TandaTanobiTi praq-
tikis sixSires. isic sainteresoa, rom eriqsonma Seqmna Zali-
an maRali Sedegebis misaRwevad saWiro da yvela sferosTvis
morgebuli erTi zogadi formula, romelic praqtikis xan-
grZlivobas ukavSirdeba. es aris dReSi 4 saaTiani praqtika
aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eriqsons kritikuli azrovneba speci-

alurad ar Seuswavlia, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom aR-
niSnuli daskvnebi kritikul azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiTac
marTebulia. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu studentebs meti gamiz-
nuli praqtika eqnebaT, yvelaze efeqturad mxolod maSin ga-
aumjobeseben TavianT kritikul azrovnebas. calsaxad unda
aRvniSnoT, rom es ar niSnavs kritikulad azrovnebas rome-
lime Temaze (mag. filosofiuri eses daweraSi iyo ,,kritiku-
li~). is aseve gulisxmobs specialuri savarjiSoebis keTebas,
romelTa mTavari mizani TviT kritikuli azrovnebis unare-
bis gaumjobesebaa.
ase rom, kritikuli azrovneba ar unda ganvixiloT, rogorc

sxvadasxva Sesaswavli sagnis axsna-ganmartebiTi danarTi.
studenti ver gaxdeba brwyinvale kritikulad moazrovne
ubralod istoriis, marketingis Tu meddis profesiis Ses-
wavliT, Tu mas kritikul azrovnebaze xazgasmis miTiTebebi
ar mieca (ise, rogorc unda iyos). kritikuli azrovneba unda
iswavlebodes da praqtikaSi inergebodes ise, rogorc saWi-
roa. is unda warmoadgendes kurikulumis srul Semadgenel
nawils.
gakveTili 3: codnis gadacemis/transferis praqtika
erT-erTi yvelaze didi gamowveva axali unarebis, gansakure-

biT ki iseTi zogadi unaris ganviTarebisas, rogoricaa kri-
tikuli azrovneba, aris misi transferi/gadacema. problemis
safuZveli aris is, rom erT situaciaSi aTvisebuli unarebi,
sxva situaciaSi ar an ver gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, Tu adami-

anma axlaxan iswavla, rogor xdeba erTi kilogrami dafasoe-
buli Txilis fasis gamoangariSeba, is Semdeg erTi kilogrami
dafasoebuli Cifsebis fasis raodenobasac daadgens; Tu ver
SeZlebs, vityviT, rom codnis gadacema/transferi Txilidan
Cifsebze ver moxda. miRebuli codnisa da unarebis gadace-
ma/transferi garkveuli doziT xdeba. sxvagvarad, ganaTle-
ba metismetad Sromatevadi saqmianoba iqneboda. problema is
aris, rom codnis gadacema/transfero gacilebiT ufro nak-
lebad xdeba, vidre Cven moveliT (determani, 1993). es ufro
did gavlenas axdens kritikul azrovnebaze, vidre sxva ro-
melime unarze. marTlac, kritikuli azrovneba gansakuTre-
biT mgrZnobiarea gadatanis/transferis problemis winaSe,
radgan is Sinaganad zogadi bunebis matarebelia. kritikuli
azrovnebis unarebi, gansazRvrebis mixedviT, iseTi unarebia,
romlebsac sxvadasxva dargSi, konteqstSi (da ase Semdeg...)
gamoiyeneb. Sesabamisad, arsebobs sakmao didi safrTxe, rom
maTi gadacema warumatebeli aRmoCndes.
sanam unarebis gadacemis/transferis problemis amoxsnas mi-

vuaxlovdebiT, unda vaRiaroT, rom am problemas pirdapir
unda davupirispirdeT. fsiqolog diane helpernis mixed-
viT, gadacemisTvis/transferisTvis aucilebelia swavleba
(1998). ar unda gvegonos da ar unda velodeT, rom erTxel
garkveul situaciaSi naswavli kritikuli azrovnebis una-
ri SeiZleba spontanurad gamoviyenoT sxva situaciaSi. uf-
ro metic, studentebma erTi situaciidan meore situaciaSi
unarebis gadacemis/transferis xelovneba praqtikaSi unda
gamoscadon. Tu isini kargad gaiwafebian unaris transferSi,
Semdeg maT gauadvildebaT sxva sabaziso unarebis gadacema.
es SeiZleba bundovnad JRerdes, Tumca, sakmaod martivi SeiZ-

leba iyos. magaliTad, Tavdapirvelad studentebma gamosca-
don kritikuli azrovnebis ZiriTadi unarebi ramdenime spe-
cifikur konteqstSi, magaliTad, Seafason avtoris statiis
sandoobaa yoveldRiur gazeTSi. magram aq ar gavCerdeT. Sem-
deg TavisTvis aRniSnon is zogadi principi, romelic am av-
toris werilis SefasebisTvis gamoiyenes. Semdeg maT SevTava-
zoT sxva konteqsti da situacia, sadac am unaris gamoyeneba
Sesabamisi iqneboda. mieciT saSualeba, xelaxla gamoscadon
119
es unari. magaliTad, studentebi SeiZleba mixvdnen, rom wig-

nis avtoris sandooba, SesaZlebelia, msgavsi gziT Sefasdes.
gakveTili 4: praqtikuli Teoria
bevr adamians uyvars ludi, magram Zalian cotam icis bev-

ri ram mis Sesaxeb. im adamianebsac ki, vinc didi raodenobiT
svams luds, ar gaaCniaT amave raodenobis codna mis Sesaxeb.
am SemTxvevaSi, isini, ubralod, ludis msmelebi arian.
ra Tqma unda, amiT araferi Savdeba. ar varT valdebuli, er-

TmaneTisgan ganvasxvavebdeT svias, qers da alaos. Tumca, Tu
ludis Sesaxeb ufro mets gamoikvlev, aRmoCndeba, rom luds
ufro daafaseb. ufro metic, ludis Sesaxeb codna SesaZleb-
lobas gvaZlevs, iseTi rameebi gavakeToT, rasac sxva SemTxve-
vaSi ver gavakeTebdiT: magaliTad, ludis Sexameba sakvebTan,
sakuTari ludis warmoeba, an patara ludis qarxnis marTva.
ludis sakiTxebSi garkvevas, akademiur enaze, ludis Teoriis

Seswavla SeiZleba vuwodoT. saWiroa axali leqsikonis, ker-
Zod, axali sityvebisa da Sesatyvisi konteqstebis Seswavla.
konteqstebis gageba gulisxmobs codnis ZiriTadi nawilis
srulyofilad aTvisebas, rac, am SemTxvevaSi, qimiisa da bi-
ologiis Sesabamisi nawilis codnas moicavs. TiTqmis igive
xdeba kritikul azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT: raRac etapis
Semdeg, kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobeseba Teoriis Ses-
wavlas moiTxovs. seriozuli kritikuli moazrovne safuZ-
vlianad erkveva kritikuli azrovnebis TeoriaSi. Toriis
codna ki calke moiTxovs specialuri leqsikis dauflebas.
,,es argumenti sisulelea!~ - am frazis nacvlad, kritikul
moazrovnes SeuZlia Tqvas, rom daskvna miuRebelia, Tumca,
is aRiarebs, rom es iqneba mcdari logikuri daskvnis magali-
Ti. ra upiratesoba aqvs Teoriis codnas? ratom exmareba is
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebas?
Teoriis codna saSualebas iZleva, ufro Rrmad aRviqvaT esa

Tu is movlena. ludis SemTxvevaSi, ludis aromatebis leqsi-
konis swavla dagvexmareba, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoT aro-
matebi, romlebsac yvela grZnobs, magram gamoucdeli msmeli
erTmaneTisgan ver arCevs. kritikul azrovnebaSi specialu-

ri leqsikis kargad codna igivea, rac rentgenuli xedva az-
rovnebaSi. magaliTad, Tu ici, ras niSnavs ,,daskvnis ganmtki-
ceba~, ufro advilad SeZleb susti argumentebis gamocnobas.
es gaumjobesebuli xedva TviTkontrolsa da Sesworebebs

iwvevs. rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, gaumjobeseba bevr praqti-
kul Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. Tu ukeT ,,dainaxav~, ra xdeba, miT
ufro efeqturad gaigeb, ra unda gaakeTo da rogor SeiZleba
miRweulis gaumjobeseba.
Teoriis kargi gageba karg fasilitaciasa da sityvier uku-

kavSirs iTxovs maswavleblisgan an mwvrTnelisgan. sityvieri
miTiTebebi sakmaod detaluri unda iyos, rom kargad iqnas
gagebuli. Tu studentebi ver igeben, ras vambobT kritiku-
li azrovnebis Sesaxeb, Cvens miTiTebebs ver Seasruleben da
ukukavSiri ver Sedgeba. raRac drois Semdeg, studentebis
fasilitacias veRar SevZlebT.
wina SemTxvevaSi aRvniSne, rom kolejis maswavleblebi xSi-

rad uSveben Secdomas, roca Tvlian, rom kritikuli azrov-
nebis unarebis daufleba Teoriis SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli.
mTavari Secdoma Teoriis swavleba ar aris. Secdoma, ufro
metad, mxolod Teoriis swavleba an, praqtikasTan Sedare-
biT, masze ufro meti yuradRebis gamaxvilebaa. swori ar
iqneba vifiqroT, rom Teoriis codnas bunebrivad mohyveba
unarebi. es ase ar xdeba (reifusand reifus, 1986). praqtika
yvelaze mniSvnelovania, oRond, is maSinaa ufro efeqturi,
Tu TeoriiT aris Sevsebuli.
Tumca, Teoria cotaTi puris safuars waagavs. fqvilTan Se-

darebiT, is mcire raodenobiT gWirdebaT. magram swored es
mcire raodenobaa gadamwyveti kargi puris gamosacxobad.
isic cxadia, rom Tu safuaris garda sxva araferi gvaqvs,
purs saerTod ver gamovacxobT.
imas xom ar vamtkicebT, rac isedac aSkaraa? ara, imitom, rom

studentebs sakmarisad ar uzrunvelvyofT TeoriiT. stu-
dentebis umravlesobas mizanmimarTulad ar aswavlian kri-
tikul azrovnebas, isini tyuilad kargaven wlebs skolasa Tu
121
kolejSi, maT ar ician, Tu ris gakeTebas cdiloben. kritiku-

li azrovnebis ganviTareba ar xdeba mistikuri inteleqtu-
aluri difuziis gziT. aseTi molodini mcdaria. kognituri
mecnierebis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tu gvin-
da, studentebma sagrZnoblad gaaumjobeson unarebi, maT Te-
oriis raRac doneze SeswavlaSi unda davexmaroT (anderso-
ni, rederi da simoni, 2000). rogorc deana kuhni ambobs:
saukeTeso midgoma, albaT, is iqneba, rom erTdrou-

lad orive mxridan vimuSaoT - pirveli: praqtikaSi
davnergoT unarebis gavarjiSeba, gaZliereba da ganm-
tkiceba, da meore: davxvewoT inteleqtualuri Rire-
bulebebi, romlebic unarebis gamoyenebas ganapiro-
bebs. (1999, 24).
gakveTili 5: vizualuri gamoxatva
kritikuli azrovnebisTvis mniSvnelovania argumentebis ga-

moyenebis unari. sityva ,,arguments~ viyeneb ara davisa da
kamaTis mniSvnelobiT, aramed ise, rogorc logikosebi iye-
neben. amitom yuradRebas vaqcev mis logikur struqturas.
rogorc klasikad qceul monti piTonis ,,argumentis klini-
kaSia~ aRniSnuli:
a: argumenti aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli mtki-

cebulebebis seria, romlis mizania garkveuli winada-
debis Camoyalibeba.
b: ara, es ase araa.
g: diax, es asea! (Capmanand ithoni, 1989).
argumentebi aris mtkicebulebaTa erToblioba sxvadasxva

ideis Sesaxeb (idea SeiZleba iyos mcdari an WeSmariti). wina-
dadeba sxva rames ambobs (magaliTad, houdini iyo TaRliTi),
mtkicebuleba ki sxvas - (veravin SeZlebda gaqcevas Caketili
Senobidan, gayinuli mdinaris qveS). mtkicebulebas SeuZlia
Seqmnas ramdenime mtkicebulebis Semcveli rTuli qseli an
ierarqia, romlebic sxva argumentebis mxardasaWerad gamo-
iyeneba da, Tavis mxriv, sxva mtkicebulebebi mxars uWereb
mas (veravin SeZlebda gaqcevas Caketili Senobidan gayinuli

mdinaris qveS - SeiZleba mxardaWerili iyos kidev sxva mtki-
cebulebebiT).
argumentaciis gamoyenebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri Tvi-
seba ise avtomaturi da gavrcelebulia, rom TiTqmis Se-
umCneveli xdeba. es exeba rogorc werilobiT, aseve zepiri
formiT warmodgenil argumentebs. warmogidgenT ramdenime
tipur magaliTs:
 gazeTis redaqtorisTvis miwerili werili, romelic

raRac pozicias icavs
 JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba, an akademiur debateb-
Si poziciis dacva
 parlamentSi moxsenebis gakeTeba, romelime kanonis
mxardasaWerad
 samzareulo magidis garSemo ojaxuri kamaTis dros
sakuTari poziciis gamoxatva
yvela am da kidev bevr sxva msgavs SemTxvevaSi, argumentebi

(abstraqtuli logikuri struqtura) gamoxatulia sityvebis
Tu winadadebis TanmimdevrobiT, werilobiT an zepirad. mok-
led rom vTqvaT, argumentacia sityvebis Tanmimdevrobaa.
rogorc Cans, sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos iseTi bunebrivi,

rogorc argumentebis gamoxatva wrfivi verbaluri Tanmim-
devrobiT. marTlac, adamianebis umravlesobas warmodgenac
ar aqvs, rom sxva alternativac arsebobs. es alternativa
sakmarisad naTelia mcire gaazrebis Semdeg. Tu mtkicebu-
leba kompleqsur ierarqiul struqturas asaxavs, Semdeg es
struqtura SeiZleba diagramebiT gamoixatos. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, Cven SegviZlia SevadginoT ruka, romelic argu-
mentebis logikur struqturas sruliad naTels xdis.
magaliTad ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:

ra Rirs Seni sicocxle? erTi SexedviT es idioturi
kiTxvaa. sicocxlis dakargvis kompensacia fuli ver
iqneba - erTi martivi mizezis gamo: Tu mokvdebi, fuli
aRar dagWirdeba (holTi, 2004).
123
abzaci gamoxatavs Tanamimdevrul arguments ucnauri tal-

Rebis warmoSobaze, romlebic verbaluri formiTaa warmod-
genili. TanmimdevrobiT, igive argumenti SesaZlebelia gamo-
saxuli iyos cxrilis saxiT (grafiki #1).
,,ra Rirs Seni sicocxle? idioturi kiTxvaa
mizezi:
,,sicocxlis dakargvis kompensacia fuli ver iqneba“
mizezi:
,,Tu mokvdebi, fuli aRar dagWirdeba“
grafiki 1: argumentebis ruka
msgavsad nebismieri rukisa, es diagrama emyareba garkveul

konvenciebis simravles. kerZod, mTavari sakiTxi, romelic
damtkicda, mocemulia diagramis TavSi (ufro teqnikurad
rom vTqvaT, argumentis ,,xis~ fesvebSi). isrebi miuTiTeben,
rom erTi mtkicebuleba - an mTeli jgufi - warmoadgens er-
TmaneTTan dakavSirebul samxils; sityva ,,mizezi~ da mwva-
ne feri miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini mxardamWeri samxile-
bia. testebis gacnobisTanave dainaxav msjelobis logikur
struqturas.
Tu msjelobas martivi sabaziso struqtura aqvs, diagrama

naklebad sasargebloa. rac ufro kompleqsuri xdeba msje-
loba, ufro saWiro xdeba struqturis vizualurad warmod-
gena. magaliTad, Tu ucxoeli misamarTs gkiTxavT, verbalu-
ri axsna SeiZleba sakmarisi iyos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is adgili
iqvea. magram qalaqSi mogzaurobas ruka sWirdeba.
ase rom, kognituri mecnierebis gadamwyveti Sedegi aris is,

rom studentebi kritikul azrovnebas ufro swrafad aumjo-
beseben, roca arguments vizualurad gamoxataven. amas kvle-
vebi adasturebs. studentebi SevamowmeT erTsemestriani
kritikuli azrovnebis kursis dasrulebamde da dasrulebis
Semdeg. studentebi, romelTa kursi Zalian datvirTuli iyo
vizualuri aqtivobebiT, gacilebiT ufro swrafad aumjo-
besebdnen kritikuli azrovnebis unarebs, vidre isini, vinc

Cveulebriv klasebSi swavlobda (tiuardi, van gelderi, bi-
zeti, 2004). swavlebis erT semestrs, romelic argumentebis
vizualur gamosaxvas efuZneba, namdvilad SeuZlia msjelo-
bis unarebi imave masStabiT gaaumjobesos, rogorc mTlianma
kursma.
ra aris am upiratesobis wyaro? swavlis perspeqtividan ga-

momdinare, argumentebis vizualur gamosaxvas, standartul
verbalur prezentaciasTan SedarebiT, mTeli rigi upirate-
sobebi aqvs.
1. isini msjelobas ufro advilad gasagebs xdis. stu-
dentebs SeuZliaT, yuradRebis fokusireba moaxdi-
non kritikul azrovnebaze, nacvlad imisa, rom iwva-
lon msjelobis gasagebad, romelic, Cveulebriv, ze-
piri teqstiT gadmoicema.
2. mas Semdeg, rac studentebi vizualurad aRiqvamen
msjelobas, ufro gauadvildebaT mniSvnelovani sa-
kiTxebis gamoyofa, - iyo Tu ara varaudi gamoTqmuli,
Teziss sWirdeba Tu ara damatebiTi mtkicebuleba, an
sapirispiro argumenti Tu iqna gaTvaliswinebuli.
3. roca argumentebi warmodgenilia diagramis saxiT,
ufro advilia kritikuli azrovnebis ,,gafarToeba~.
magaliTad, mravalSriani argumentis Sefaseba moi-
cavs bevr sxvadasxva nabijs, romlebic unda gadaid-
gas garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT.
4. Tu argumentebi asaxulia diagramaSi - mkacri wesebis
dacviT, maswavlebels maSinve SeuZlia dainaxos, ras
fiqrobs studenti. erTma instruqtorma argumente-
bis diagramuli formiT gamoxatva Semdegnairad aR-
wera: ,,es aris studentebis azrebis rentgenSi gata-
reba~. Sinaarsis sicxade maswavlebels SesaZleblobas
aZlevs, ufro swrafad da gamiznulad gasces uku-
kavSiri, studentebma gaigon, ras exeba SeniSvna da ra
aris saWiro problemis mosagvareblad.
mokled rom vTqvaT, rukebi aris ufro gamWvirvale da efeq-

turi gza argumentebis warmosadgenad; ase rom, isini kriti-
125
kuli azrovnebis mTavar operacias ufro naTels xdis, rasac

kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis swrafi ganviTarebisken miv-
yavarT.
Tu argumentebis rukebi aseTi kargia, ratom ar gamoiyeneba

isini xSirad?
ZiriTadad, es ase aixsneba: mxolod sityvebis garemoSi mu-

Saoba bevrad ufro advilia, vidre diagramebis momzadeba.
praqtikaSi argumentebis diagramebSi gamosaxva neli da rTu-
li procesia. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac saswavlo proceSi kompi-
uterebi dainerga da moxda argumentebis rukebis programu-
li uzrunvelyofa, es tendencia TandaTanobiT icvleba (irsC-
ner, uckingjamSum, andCar, 2002).
roca SesaZlebelia, argumentebi unda iyos naCvenebi rukis

formiT, - es procesi SedarebiT gamartivebulia. iseTi Temis
momzadebisas, romelic raime azris argumentirebul dasabu-
Tebas saWiroebs, mosTxoveT studentebs, TavianTi msjelo-
bis ruka Seqmnan.
gakveTili 6: rwmenis SenarCuneba
fransis bekonma, meCvidmete saukunis ingliselma filoso-

fosma, istorikosma da politikurma moRvawem erTxel Tqva:
kacis goneba ar aris sufTa mina, sadac sagnebis ga-

mosaxuleba airekleba ise, rogorc sinamdvileSia; is
crurwmenebiTa da TvalTmaqcobiT savse mojadoebul
minas hgavs.
sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, gonebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
iluziebisken, damaxinjebisken da Secdomebisken swrafvis
tendencia. garkveulwilad, es aris ,,CaSenebuli~ nervuli
danadgari, romelic evoluciis procesisgan memkvidreobiT
gvergo. Cveni goneba Cveni zrdisa da adaptaciis Sedegia -
Cveni tvinis ganviTarebis gza, romelic iseve viTardeba, ro-
gorc Cveni goneba dedamiwaze cxovrebis dros. goneba sazo-
gadoebam da kulturam ,,gamozarda~. rogoric unda iyos maTi
warmoSobis gzebi, isini kognituri meqanizmis universaluri

da Zval-rbilSi gamjdari instrumentebia, romlebic, Cveu-
lebriv, sakmaod uxilavad operireben, rom Cveni azrovneba
daamaxinjon da warmodgenebi mogviwamlon.
es tendenciebi cnobilia, rogorc ,,kognituri gadaxra da

bneli laqebi~.
maTi codna kritikuli moazrovnisTvis mniSvnelovania, kri-

tikulad moazrovnem, Tu SesaZlebelia, mTlianad unda aR-
mofxvras, an sul mcire kompensireba gaukeTos mis gavlenas,
ise, rogorc gamocdili moisari mSvild-isarze sxvanairad
Wimavs sims niavis gamo. faqtobrivad, aTobiT gadaxra da Sa-
vi laqa arsebobs. zogierTi maTgani didi gavlenis mqone ma-
xea, sxvebi ki - daxvewili tendenciebi (piatelli–palmarini,
1994). kritikuli metakogniciis Sesavalze SeiZleba mTeli
esse daiweros, magram me mxolod erT gadaxras ganvixilav, im
erTs, romlic yvelaze Rrma da gavrcelebulia.
rwmenis SenarCuneba aris tendencia, rom faqti gavxadoT

rwmenaze damokidebuli da ara sxva rameze. es rwmenis Senar-
Cunebis ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, es
aris tendencia, rom faqti Cveni mosazrebebis SesanarCuneb-
lad gamoviyenoT da ara - maT dasacavad (duglasi, 2000). es
kargadaa aRwerili stiuart suzerlandis ambavSi:
roca sakmaod axalgazrda viyavi, cnobil aryis bren-

dze rutinul motivaciasTan dakavSirebuli kvleva
Cavatare. xalxi mTel britaneTSi gamovkiTxe, rom ga-
mego maTi reaqciai boTlisa da etiketis Sesaxeb, ra-
Ta,,brendis imiji~ damedgina. Sedegebis zepiri pre-
zentacia gavakeTe spirtis kompaniis wveulebaze, ro-
melsac mmarTveli direqtori - zonzroxa Sotlan-
dieli uZRveboda. roca iseT rames vityodi, razec is
meTanxmeboda, mitrialdeboda xolme kolegebisken da
ambobda, ,,batoni suzerlandi Zalian Wkviani kacia. is
absoluturad sworia.~ Tumca, roca Cemi kvleva mis
Sexedulebebs ar eTanxmeboda, is ambobda: ,,nagavia, ab-
soluturi nagavi.~ rom mcodnoda, mmarTveli amden
127
SeniSvnas momcemda, am kvlevas arasdros Cavatarebdi

(1992, 134).
roca Cven Zlier gvjera raRacis (an Zlieri survili gvaqvs,

rom es marTali iyos), Cven ase viqceviT:
1. veZebT faqtebs, romlebic mxars uWers imas, risic
gvjera da ar veZebT da veridebiT, an ignorirebas vu-
keTebT im faqtebs, romlebic maT ewinaaRmdegeba. mag:
socialistebi eZeben samxils kapitalizmis usamarT-
lobasa da warumateblobaze, isini kapitalizmis war-
matebis faqtebs ignorirebas ukeTeben, an uaryofen;
kapitalistebi zustad imaves akeTeben, oRond, sapi-
rispirod.
2. Cven imis mixedviT vafasebT faqts, eTanxmeba Tu ara
is Cvens warmodgenas. es imas niSnavs, rom warmodgena
gvkarnaxobs, kargia Tu cudi faqti. am dros faqtis
Sefaseba ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda gvjerodes da ra
ara. magaliTad, biorn lomborgis wignma ,,skeptikuri
garemos damcvelebi~ (2001) warmoadgina bevri mtki-
cebuleba standartuli egreT wodebuli ,,mwvane~ po-
ziciebis sawinaaRmdegod. rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
wignis ganxilvisas aRmoCnda, rom garemos damcvelebi
monacemebs da argumentebs imaze ufro cudad ganixi-
lavdnen, vidre anti-garemos damcvelebis mxare.
3. uamravi sapirispiro faqtis arsebobis SemTxvevaSic
ki, Cvens warmodgenas ar veSvebiT manam, sanam SevZ-
lebT, sul mcire mxardasaWeri, Tundac, susti argu-
mentebis moyvanas.. dramatuli magaliTi meore msof-
lio omidan: stalins ar sjeroda, rom hitleri sabWo-
Ta kavSirze Tavdasxmas apirebda, miuxedavad aSkara
samxilisa, - man icoda, rom germanuli samxedro Zale-
bi Tavs iyrida sazRvarTan. stalinis uWirda, uari eT-
qva sakuTar warmodgenebze, imis miuxedavad, rom mas
ar hqonda imis fiqris safuZveli, rom hitlers sabWo-
Ta kavSiris dapyrobis gegma ar gaaCnda.
warmodgenis SenarCuneba pirdapir safuZvelSi urtyams ra-

cionaluri ganxilvis ZiriTad procesebs. idealuri kriti-
128
kuli moazrovne icnobs am fenomens, Tavis azrebs aqtiurad

ukeTebs monitorings imisTvis, rom gamoavlinos misi mavne
gavlena da sakompensacio strategiebs SeimuSavebs. ase rom,
idealuri kritikuli moazrovne:
 damatebiT Zalisxmevas iyenebs imisaTvis, rom monaxos

da gamoikvlios faqti, romelic Tavis rwmenas upiris-
pirdeba.
 rodesac afasebs mxardasaWer da sawinaaRmdego argu-
mentebs, ,,ufro met wonas~ aZlevs im argumentebs, rom-
lebic upirispirdeba mis pozicias; da
 emzadeba azris Sesacvlelad, rodesac grovdeba faq-
tebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba mis pozicias.
advili ar aris, misdioT am stratgiebs. isini xSirad SeiZle-

ba arasworad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, isini TavdacvisTvis arse-
bobs; maT SeuZliaT, dagexmaron, sakuTari Tavi TviTmotyue-
bis tendenciisagan daicvaT. rogorc riCard feinmeni ambobs,
,,pirveli principi aris is, rom ar unda moityuo Tavi da is,
rom Sen xar yvelaze advilad mosatyuebeli~ (hatCingsi, 1997).
kritikuli azrovneba
129
Tavi III
robert bustromi
kri ti ku li az rov ne ba
,,Zalian kargia, rodesac SegiZlia ifiqro ise, rogorc gin-

da; magram, bolos da bolos, mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa is, Tu ras
fiqrob~, - Tqva ingliselma poetma da kritikosma meTiu ar-
noldma. yvela azri erTnairi ar aris da suleluri azrebi
gacilebiT martivad mouva kacs TavSi, vidre Wkvianuri.
Wkvianurad da kritikulad azrovneba ,,star trekis~ gmiris

mister spokis azrovnebas waagavs. mister spoki arasdros
akeTebda daskvnebs, Tu mas sakmarisi mtkicebuleba ar gaaC-
nda. kritikulad moazrovne rom iyo, aucilebelia, ideebis
Semowmebas garkveuli dro dauTmo.
rodesac fiqrobT imaze, Tu ras ambobs an wers sxva, pirve-

lad arkvevT sityvebis mniSvnelobas, Semdeg - aqvs Tu ara maT
azri. arkvevT sityvebis miRma arsebul logikas: ra winapi-
robebi an ra varaudebia gamoTqmuli, daskvnebi gamomdina-
reobs Tu ara im winapirobebidan da varaudebidan, romelsac
logika eyrdnoba. bolos, rogorc kritikulad moazrovne
adamiani, Tqven afasebT, rasac uyurebT da rac gesmiT: Tqven
afasebT, ras niSnavs is TqvenTvis.
kiTxva striqonebs Soris
rodesac kritikulad fiqrobT imaze, rasac kiTxulobT an

rac gesmiT, pirvelad arkvevT, ras niSnavs sityvebi, Semdeg
- aqvs Tu ara am sityvebis kombinacias azri da, bolos - gje-
raT Tu ara maTi. am procesis pirveli nabiji - gesmiT Tu ara
sityvebis mniSvneloba - moicavs ara mxolod imas, rac pir-
dapiraa naTqvami, aramed imasac, Tu raze gakeTda miniSneba.

imisaTvis, rom kritikulad ifiqroT, unda SegeZloT kiTxva
striqonebs Soris.
erT-erTi gza imisa, Tu rogor SeiZleba striqonebs Soris

ikiTxo, aris im Rirebulebebis codna, romelic mosaubris an
naweris avtors aqvs da romelzec miuTiTebs. is, Tu rogor
gansjiT naTqvams an wakiTxuls, didwilad gansazRvravs, ram-
denad iziarebT avtoris an mosaubris Rirebulebebs.
striqonebs Soris kiTxvis meore gza aris, yuradReba gava-

maxviloT gamoTqmul varaudebze. varaudebi is ideebia, rom-
lebsac mosaubre an dawerili teqstis avtori iRebs, rogorc
WeSmaritebas, rogorc maTematikur aqsiomas. xSirad is ide-
ebi, romlebic Semowmebas saWiroebs, miiReba, rogorc WeSma-
riteba.
striqonebs Soris kiTxvis mesame gza sakuTar reaqciebze

dakvirvebas gulisxmobs. kritikuli azrovnebis yvelaze di-
di Semaferxebeli faqtori adamianis crurwmenebia da, unda
iTqvas, rom yvelani garkveuli saxis crurwmenebis tyveobaSi
varT, radgan yvelas aqvs azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris WeSma-
riteba da ra - ara. imisaTvis, rom kritikulad viazrovnoT,
saWiroa, kargad gvqondes gaazrebuli Cveni ideebi, raTa sa-
marTlianad da miukerZoeblad ganvixiloT sxvebis nafiqri.
dabolos, striqonebs Soris maSin vkiTxulobT, rodesac vi-

ciT, Tu ris safuZvelze ganvsjiT imas, rasac sxva ambobs an
wers. magaliTad, prezidentis mimarTvas imave standartebiT
ar ganvsjiT, riTic - saxumaro leqss. kritikuli azrovnebis
mniSvnelovani aspeqtia standartebis dadgena.
Rirebulebebi
1789 wels britaneTis TemTa palata ganixilavda kanonpro-

eqts monebiT vaWrobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. mister nori, Tem-
Ta palatis erT-erTi wevri, adamianebiT vaWrobis Sewyvetis
Sesaxeb kanonproeqts ewinaaRmdegeboda da monebiT vaWrobis
131
bizness icavda. man ganacxada, rom monebs gemebze kargad epy-

robodnen. maT hqondaT dasabani wyali da kargi dasaZinebeli
pirobebi. monebs gemze garTobis nebac ki hqondaT. norisi
ambobda, rom sanam monebi gemze sadils miirTmeven, ,,simRera
da cekvac SeuZliaT.~ debatebis bolos, kanonproeqtis erT-
erTma yvelaze TvalsaCino momxrem, uiliam uilberforsma
pasuxi gasca norissa da TemTa palatis im wevrebs, romlebic
adamianebiT vaWrobis Sewyvetis winaaRmdegebi iyvnen.
norisi ver xedavs monobis saSinel mxares, - ambobda

uilberforsi, - misi naTqvami arsebul sinamdviles
samarTlianad ar aRwers.
simRera da cekvac SeuZliaT, ambobs mister norisi. albaT,

umjobesi iqneboda, baton noriss aexsna, ras gulisxmobs
sityvaSi ,,SeuZliaT~. simarTle ki is gaxlavT, rom es saco-
davi, gaubedurebuli da daavadmyofebuli adamianebi, rom-
lebic borkilebiT damZimebulebi dadian, iZulebulni arian,
icekvon maTraxis SiSis qveS da zogjer gamaTraxebis Semdeg.
me - ambobs kidev erTi mtkicebulebis avtori - damiqi-

raves, rom kacebi mecekvebina, meore adamiani ki daiqi-
raves qalebis sacekvaod.
ai, axla, albaT, xvdebiT, ras niSnavs sityva ,,SeuZliaT~. aq-

ve unda iTqvas maTi sakvebis Sesaxeb. ra xerxebs mimarTaven
imisaTvis, rom Wama aiZulon? es imis mtkicebuleba iqneba,
ramdenad moswonT maT es procesi. rac Seexeba maT simReras,
raze unda vilaparakoT, rodesac maTi simRera sinamdvileSi
aris maTi samSoblodan wamosvlis cremliani godeba. ise, rom
erTi kapitani.... daemuqra erT-erT qals gamaTraxebiT, rad-
gan misi samgloviaro simRera metad mtkivneuli aRmoCnda ka-
pitnis grZnobebisaTvis.
roca sityvas warmoTqvamda, cxadia, uilberforsis mizani

iyo, sxvebic miemxro, raTa kanonproeqtisTvis monebiT vaW-
robis gauqmebis Sesaxeb xma miecaT. igi mis gamosvlas im faq-
tebze agebda, rac gemze xdeboda. aqcents akeTebda, Tumca,
pirdapir ar axsenebda Semdeg Rirebulebas: yvela adamians
aqvs ufleba, samarTlianad moeqcnen. uilberforss swamda,

rom arc erTi adamiani, romelsac raime danaSauli ar Caude-
nia, ar unda iyos sxvisi tyve da ar unda imyofebodes iseT
ubedur pirobebSi, rogorSic monebi iyvnen. misi es rwmena
samarTlian mopyrobasTan dakavSirebiT misi argumentis sa-
fuZvels warmoadgenda. da rodesac Cven kritikulad vaz-
rovnebT, swored msgavsi ram unda gaviTvaliswinoT. Cven ver
ganvsjiT, ramdenad kargi mtkicebuleba hqonda baton uil-
berforss, sanam ar gvecodineba, ris damtkicebas cdilobda
igi.
savarjiSo 1
1990 wels saukeTeso xelovanis nominaciaSi gremi moipova

orkacianma rok jgufma. mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom albom-
Si Cawerili arc erTi simRera ar iyo maTi Sesrulebuli.
rac Seexeba koncertebs, es ori ,,viTom momRerali~ mxolod
pirs aRebda da sxva mReroda. rodesac simarTle gaxmaurda,
jgufs jildo waarTves. Camweri studiis warmomadgenels
Jurnalistma aseTi kiTxva dausva: iyo Tu ara es faqti maT-
Tvis samarcxvino? ,,samarcxvino?~ - upasuxa studiis war-
momadgenelma, - ,,marTalia, ar vgulisxmob imas, rom mizani
amarTlebs saSualebas, magram, bolos da bolos, 7 milioni
albomi gavyideT.~
ra varaudi udevs safuZvlad Jurnalistis warmodgenas, rom

Camweri studia Sercxvenili unda yofiliyo? ra Rirebule-
bis matarebelia studiis warmomadgeneli? ganixileT Tqveni
pasuxebi klasSi.
savarjiSo 2
adamianis survils, daiklos wonaSi, SeiZleba bevri sxvadas-

xva Rirebuleba edos safuZvlad - fizikuri varjiSiT mog-
vrili siamovneba, janmrTeloba, popularuloba, fizikuri
silamaze, moduroba. gaixseneT sxvadasxva reklama, romelic
ginaxavT, an romlis Sesaxebac wagikiTxavT wonaSi dasakleb
produqtebTan dakavSirebiT - gansakuTrebuli dieta, daba-
li kaloriulobis produqtebi, fitnes klubebi, savarjiSo
133
mowyobiloba. yvelaze xSirad ra Rirebuleba udevs safuZ-

vlad am reklamebs? (rodesac am kiTxvaze fiqrobT, warmo-
idgineT ramdenime konkretuli reklama. yuradReba miaqci-
eT aramarto imas, Tu ras amboben, aramed - rogoria garemo,
rogori modelebi arian SerCeuli sareklamod). gauziareT
Tqveni mosazrebebi klaselebs.
nagulisxmevi varaudebi
zafxulis erT cxel dRes, kurierma manqana erT saxlTan ga-

aCera, manqanidan gadmovida da saxlisaken gaemarTa. man kibe-
ebze patara gogona SeniSna. ,,deda saxlSia?~, - hkiTxa kurier-
ma. ,,diax,~ upasuxa gogonam. kurieri dabrunda manqanasTan,
gadmoiRo muyaos uzarmazari yuTi, romelSic leibi da zam-
barebi iyo gaxveuli. karTan rom mivida, saxeze sul awiTl-
da da oflma daasxa. kurierma zari dareka da daeloda. kari
aravin gaaRo. mere gogonas gauRima da isev dareka zari. isev
aravin Canda. kurierma mesamedac dareka zari da aravin rom
ar gamoexmaura, gogonas miubrunda da uTxra: ,, ase ar miTxa-
ri, deda saxlSiao?~ ,,ho, saxlSia, magram me aq ar vcxovrob,~
- upasuxa gogonam
aseT mdgomareobaSi rom aRmoCeniliyaviT, albaT, Tqvenc ku-

rieris msgavsad ivaraudebdiT, rom gogona am saxlSi cxov-
robs. swored mcdari varaudi aqcevs zemoT moyvanil ambavs
saxumarod.
SeuZlebelia varaudebis gamoTqmas Tavi aarido, magram ro-

ca kritikulad azrovnebT, mniSvnelovania, hkiTxoT sakuTar
Tavs, Tu ra varauds eyrdnobiT Tqven an sxvebi. rodesac amas
gaakeTebT, mixvdebiT - is idea, romelic zedapirulad goniv-
ruli Cans, sinamdvileSi, gonivrulia Tu ara.
savarjiSo 3
waikiTxeT amonaridi gazeTSi mocemuli saredaqcio werili-

dan: ra nagulisxmev varauds eyrdnoba es argumenti?
Cveni qalaqis skolebSi skolis datovebis maCvenebeli yvela-

ze didia, rac odesme yofila. aTasobiT Cvidmeti da Tvrame-

ti wlis axalgazrda ar amTavrebs da droze adre gadis sko-
lidan.
reformis gatarebaa saWiro. amerika sxva ganviTarebul qvey-
nebs CamorCeba. Tu gvinda, rom ocdameerTe saukuneSi ekono-
mikurad konkurentunarianebi viyoT, aucilebelia skolis
datovebis maCvenebeli SevamciroT. da es axla unda gavake-
ToT.
savarjiSo 4
ra nagulisxmev varauds eyrdnoba Semdegi gancxadeba?
xalxma ar unda miiRos gadamuSavebuli Saqari da TeTri fqvi-

li. rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar akareben pirs virTxebi da Tag-
vebi gadamuSavebul Saqars da TeTr fqvils? Tu Tagvebi ase-
Ti Wkvianebi arian, unda vifiqroT, rom imaves Tqma adamianeb-
zec SeiZleba.
savarjiSo 5
iTamaSeT es TamaSi TanaklaselTan:
TamaSis dasawyisSi gansazRvreT, ,,kents~ airCevT Tu ,,luws~

(mogebis Sansebi orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairia). orive Tqven-
ganma magidaze dadeT xurda fuli da xeli daafareT. mere
xeli aiReT da naxeT orives àrioli~ gaqvT, Tu orives `reS-
ka~, Tu erTs àrioli~, erTs `reSka~. Tu orives àrioli~ an
~reSka~ gaqvT, maSin, vinc luwi airCia is iRebs qulas; Tu sxva-
dasxva mxares aCvenebs xurda fuli, maSin vinc kenti airCia,
is igebs. iTamaSeT manam, sanam romelime aT qulas ar daagro-
vebs.
TiToeuli raundis dasawyisSi, roca wyvetT, romel mxares

gadaabrunoT Tqveni xurda fuli sanam xels daafarebT, sava-
raudod, SeecdebiT, gamoicnoT, ras gadawyvets Tqveni opo-
nenti. ra varaudebs akeTebT Tqveni oponentis strategiaze?
mas Semdeg, rac TamaSs daamTavrebT, strategiebis Sesaxeb
Tqveni varaudebi oponentTan ganixileT.
135
gaiazreT sakuTari crurwmenebi
satelevizio axali ambebis programis ,, kvira dilis~ wamyvan-

ma waikiTxa ori werili, romlebic produserebs mouvidaT.
orive werilis avtori ukmayofilo iyo wina gamoSvebis im
segmentis mimarT, sadac abortze iyo saubari. erTi werilis
avtori brazobda imis gamo, rom SouSi ,,abortis sawinaaRmde-
go pozicia daikaves~; meore ki imis gamo, rom SouSi ,, aborts
uWerdnen mxars.~
albaT, ,,kvira dilis~ telewamyvanis msgavsad, Tqvenc gagiCn-

debaT kiTxva: rogor SeiZleboda, rom orive am adamians erTi
da igive gadacema enaxa da TiToeul maTgans aseTi gansxva-
vebuli reaqciebi hqonoda? cxadia, garkveulwilad, is rac
maT naxes, ar iyo erTi da igive, iqedan gamomdinare, rom maT
sakuTari crurwmenebi gaaCndaT. isini, sinamdvileSi, sakuTa-
ri crurwmenebis Sesaxeb werdnen da ara realurad imaze, rac
gadacemaSi moismines.
zogjer romelime sakiTxi iseTi cxare kamaTis sagania da

adamianebs iseTi mkveTri poziciebi aqvT sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT, rom sanam erTi sityva iTqmeba, yvelas sakuTari azri
aqvs gamotanili. magram Tuki imas, rasac vinme ambobs an wers
Tqveni winare gansjis safuZvelze ganixilavT, maSin realu-
rad ar ismenT da ar azrovnebT kritikulad.
cxadia, SeuZlebelia ignorireba gaukeTo sakuTar grZnobeb-

sa da Sexedulebebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. Tumca,
maTi ignorireba arc aris saWiro. ubralod, gacnobierebuli
unda gqondeT Tqveni Sexedulebebi. iyo kritikulad moaz-
rovne - sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom ar gqondes sakuTari azri;
kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs imas, rom kargad iciT im
ideebis Sesaxeb, romelTac SeiZleba Secvalon Seni mosazre-
bebi.
savarjiSo 6
Semdegi nawyveti ,, SemoqmedebiT misjazea~. es gulisxmobs

damnaSavis dasjis praqtikas, romelic maT cixeSi Casmas ar
iTvaliswinebs. sanam nawyvets waikiTxavT, CamowereT Tqveni

mosazrebebi damnaSaveebis cixeSi Casmis Sesaxeb, maTi sasje-
lis xangrZlivobisa da cixeSi arsebuli pirobebis Sesaxeb.
Semdeg, rodesac nawyvets waikiTxavT, CamoTvaleT, ra mtki-
cebulebebi ipoveT, romlebic Tqvens mosazrebebs amyarebs,
an, piriqiT, gibiZgebT azri SeicvaloT.
bevri amtkicebs, rom yvela damnaSavis cixeSi Casma, miuxeda-

vad misi socialuri kuTvnilebisa da kanis ferisa, ar aris
saWiro. amisaTvis seriozuli mizezebi arsebobs. niu iorkis
federaluri mosamarTle jek vainstaini eTanxmeba im azrs,
rom aramoZalade damnaSaveebs sasjeli fexze dadgomaSi
unda daexmaroT. ar unda moxdes piriqiT da sasjelma isini
bolomde ar unda gatexos. ,,Zalian xSirad, aseT adamianebs
samsaxuri aqvT da ojaxi hyavT,~ ambobs igi. ,,saWiroa, rom am
adamianebis jansaR nawilze vimuSaoT, raTa bolomde ar ga-
vanadguloT isini.~ profesori monro fridmani hofstras
iuridiuli institutidan ambobs, rom cixe sxva araferia, Tu
ara
kriminalTa umaRlesi saswavlebeli. Cven faqtobri-

vad garantias viZleviT, rom isini iqidan imaze uare-
sebi gamovlen, vidre iyvnen.
uiliam genego, samxreT kaliforniis universitetis samarT-

lebrivi centris ufrosi, aRniSnavs, rom alternatiuli sas-
jelebi ufro iafi daujdebaT gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebs:
azri ar aqvs, daxarjo 10 000 dolari (kriminalis ci-

xeSi Casmaze), Tuki SegiZlia daxarjo 5000 dolari da
miiRo igive Sedegi.
meore mizezi, ris gamoc alternatiuli sasjelebi jobia,
aris gadavsebuli cixeebis problema. rodesac cixeebi bevr
StatSi gadavsebulia, iuristebi cdiloben, aramoZalade
damnaSaveebs SemoqmedebiTi sasjeli miusajon. zogierTi
aseTi sasjeli mibmulia TviTon danaSaulis tipze: stikere-
bi bamperze, romlebic nasvam mdgomareobaSi saWesTan myof
mZRolebs amxels, an ,,truSobebSi~ binis gamqiravebeli, ro-
melic mdgmurebs atyuebs, didi xniT iqneba virTxebian bina-
137
Si. kaliforniaSi kriminalebi, romlebic saxlSi ixdian sas-

jels, eleqtronuli sensorebiT dadian, rac saSualebas aZ-
levs samarTaldamcavebs, maTi adgilmdebareobas Tvalyuri
adevnon.
zogierTi oponenti sasjels, romlebic damnaSaves sajarod

amxels, ,,alisferi asos~ sasjels uwodebs (mTargmnelis Se-
niSvna: miniSnebaa naTaniel hoTornis nawarmoebze ,,alisferi
aso~). Tuki mizani reabilitaciaa da ara SurisZieba, unda iT-
qvas, rom aseTi sasjelebi bumerangiviT mogvibrundeba.
stigmatizaciis procesi Zalian Sors SeiZleba wavi-

des - ambobs albert alSuleri, samarTlis profeso-
ri Cikagos universitetidan - Cven maT vdevniT, arada,
raRac momentSi gvinda, rom sazogadoebaSi integra-
cia moaxdinon.
andrea zaqsi
savarjiSo 7
Semdegi nawyveti - romelic ewsweek-is statiidan aris amo-

Rebuli da kinoprodiuseris jon rusos mieraa dawerili
- saSinelebaTa filmebs exeba. sanam am nawyvets waikiTxavT,
CamowereT Tqveni mosazrebebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ras
gvaswavlis aseTi filmebi, rogor gvixatavs isini mkvlelebsa
da maT msxverpls; zogadad, ratom uyurebs xalxi aseT fil-
mebs. Semdeg, roca nawyvets waikiTxavT, CamoTvaleT teqstSi
wakiTxuli yvela detali, romelic an amyarebs Tqvens mosaz-
rebebs, an, piriqiT, gaiZulebT, sxvagvarad ifiqroT.
Cemi filmebi saSiSi da amaforiaqebelia, magram, amasTanave,

isini afrTxilebs adamians. SeiZleba isini, erTi mxriv, kudi-
anebis Semzaravi saqmianobis da maTi boroti gegmebis ambebs
gviyveba, magram Cemi filmebi, swored am gziT, sinamdvileSi,
gvafrTxilebs crurwmenebis Sesaxeb, im sigiJis winaaRmdeg,
rac am filmebma SeiZleba STagvagonos. maT SeiZleba gviCve-
non saSinel mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebi. isini am mdgoma-
reobaSi sxva adamianebma an araadamianurma Zalebma Caagdes.
filmi adamians aswavlis, rogor unda gadavitanoT aseTi pi-

robebi ise, rom uazro da brma SiSi davZlioT da davamar-
cxoT. Cemi mizani mkvlelobisa da qaosis gandideba ar yofi-
la, Cemi mizania fanebs ganvacdevino is Jruanteli, rac ase
swyuriaT.
yvelaze Zlier da, Sesabamisad, finansurad warmatebul saSi-

nelebaTa filmebSi - Night of the Living Dead, The Texas Chainsaw
Massacre, Halloween, and Friday the 13th- msaxiobebis mcire jgufi
patara SemosazRvrul teritoriazea gadaRebuli. saSineli
situaciaa, radgan am teritoriaze urCxuli/giJi adamiani/
mkvleli imyofeba. rogorc wesi, msxverpli axalgazrda lama-
zi qalia. xSirad mkvlelebis saxes mkvlelis TvalTaxedvidan
vaCvenebT. am mizezebis gamo, Cven, kinoprodiuserebs, qalTa
siZulvilSi gvadanaSauleben, - radgan qalebs warmovsaxavT
ise, rom imsaxureben dasjas, radgan seqsualurad mimzidve-
lebi arian. saSinelebaTa filmebis fanebs ki imaSi adanaSa-
uleben, rom, TiTqos, isini fsiqopat mkvlelebTan axdenen
sakuTari Tavis identificirebas da siamovnebas pouloben
imaSi, rom mkvlelebi maT farul fantaziebs axorcieleben.
Tumca, arsebobs ori martivi da pragmatuli mizezi imisa,

Tu ratom iReben filmebs mkvlelis perspeqtividan. pirveli
isaa, rom es efeqturi teqnikaa, raTa ar gaamJRavno, Tu vin
aris mkvleli da, Sesabamisad amiT intriga da interesi Sei-
narCuno. meore, es gza saSualebas iZleva, dramatulad ga-
mokveTili kuTxeebi ipovo msxverplis SiSis gamosaxatavad
da, aseve, im saSinelebis aRsawerad, rasac mkvleli Cadis.
Sefasebis standarti
sanam gaarkvevT, kargia Tu ara raime idea, unda gaarkvioT,

ras niSnavs kargi. is maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic raRacas kar-
gad aqcevs, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras afasebT. magali-
Tad, kargi aguris maxasiaTeblebi Zalian gansxvavdeba kargi
baliSis maxasiaTeblebisagan. kargi aguri aris erTgvarova-
ni, mZime, myari. karg baliSze sruliad sawinaaRmdegos Tqma
SeiZleba. aseve, maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic raRacas kargad
aqcevs, damokidebulia im adamianze, romelic afasebs. war-
139
moidgineT, rom JurnalSi kiTxulobT statias ,, aT qalaqze,

sadac Rirs cxovreba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi~. es imas
ar niSnavs, rom Cemodani unda CaalagoT da aTidan erT-erT
qalaqSi gadaxvideT sacxovreblad. SeiZleba statiis avto-
ri fiqrobs, rom im qalaqebSi Rirs cxovreba, sadac mkacri
zamTari ar icis, magram Tuki yinulze sriali, ciguraoba da
Txilamurebze dgoma giyvarT, albaT mas ar daeTanxmebiT.
rodesac kritikulad fiqrobT imaze, Tu ras ambobs an ras

wers xalxi, dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu ra standartebs iyenebT ma-
Ti ideebis Sefasebisas.
savarjiSo 8
1. ra maxasiaTeblebs gamoiyenebT Tqvens standartad

qvemoT CamoTvlilis Sesafaseblad? ganixileT Tqve-
ni ideebi TanaklaselTan erTad.saojaxo manqana
2. velosipedi qalaqSi sasiarulod
3. samecniero fantastikis Janris filmi
4. fexsacmeli yoveldRiuri moxmarebisTvis
5. puris batoni
6. naxati
7. personaluri kompiuteri
8. simRera (repi)
9. gazeTi
10. fotoaparati mTaSi suraTebis gadasaRebad
savarjiSo 9
qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli kiTxva saSualebas gvaZlevs, or-

nairad gamovxatoT erTi da igive idea. gadawyviteT, romeli
jobia qvemoT mocemuli miznidan gamomdinare. Tanaklase-
lebTan erTad ganixileT, ratom airCieT konkretuli gamo-
xatvis esa Tu is gza.
1. romeli ufro upriania saprezidento mimarTvisaTvis?

a. aravis mimarT cudi grZnobiT da yvelas mimarT kar-

gi grZnobiT
b. aravis mimarT RvarZliT, yvelas mimarT sikeTiT
2. romeli gamoxatavs sazeimo ganwyobas ukeTesad?
a. rva aTeuli da Svidi wlis win, Cvenma mamebma am kon-
tinentze axali eri Camoayalibes, eri, romelic Tavi-
suflebaSi Caisaxa da mieZRvna im ideas, rom yvela ada-
miani Seqmnilia erTmaneTis Tanasworad.
b. ase, daaxloebiT, oTxmocdaSvidi wlis win es qveyana
Seqmnes adamianebma, romelTac uyvardaT Tavisufle-
ba da Tanasworoba.
3. romeli maTgani STaagonebs da ganamtkicebs moqala-
qeebs potenciuri dapyrobis safrTxis molodinSi?
a. Cven unda vibrZoloT zRvaze, xmeleTze, unda vibr-
ZoloT mindvrebSi, quCebSi.
b. Cven SevebrZolebiT mters, sadac ki vnaxavT maT.
4. romeli ufro Wkvianuri da damafiqrebelia?
a. rodesac RmerTebs undaT Cveni dasja, isini Cvens
Txovnebs Seismenen.
b. rodesac RmerTebs undaT Cveni dasja, isini gviCve-
neben, rom Cveni survilebi arc iseTi gonivrulia.
5. romeli ufro Seesabameba demokratiis suls?
a. msoflio usafrTxo unda iyos demokratiisaTvis.
b. msoflio mTlianad demokratiuli unda gaxdes.
6. romeli ufro sasaciloa?
a . axalgazrda gogonas, romelsac nineli erqva, ise
swrafad SeeZlo sirbili, rom erT dRes, roca saxli-
dan gavida, ukan dabrunda saxlidan gasvlis wina sa-
Ramos.
b. erTi gogona, saxelad nineli,
darboda, rogorc ,,istrebiteli~,
saxlidan gavida,
sadRac wavida,
dabrunda wasvlis wina saRamos.
141
refleqsia _______________________
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Sejameba
rodesac kritikulad fiqrobT wakiTxulsa Tu gagonilze,

unda ifiqroT ara marto imaze, Tu ra aris naTqvami pirdapir,
aramed imazec, Tu ra aris nagulisxmevi. magaliTad, Tqven un-
da daakvirdeT, ra aris mosaubris an teqstis avtoris Rire-
buleba da dafiqrdeT imaze, ra gavlenas axdens es Rirebu-
lebebi gamoxatul ideebze.
Tqven yuri unda miugdoT im varaudebs, romlebic ar aris

gacxadebuli - es is ideebia, romlebSic igulisxmeba, rom isi-
ni WeSmaritia yovelgvari ganxilvis gareSe.
garda amisa, unda daakvirdeT, Tu rogor SeiZleba sxvisma

ideebma saaSkaraoze gamoitanos Tqveni crurwmenebi. imis
nacvlad, rom winaswar gansajoT ideebi - rac imas niSnavs,
rom Tqven dadebiTad an uaryofiTad SeafasoT konkretuli
idea, imis miuxedavad Tu ras exeba is - Tqven unda SeecadoT,
gverdze gadadoT Tqveni mza gansja da nebismieri ideis miu-
kerZoeblad gansja SeZloT.
dabolos, Tqven unda SeecadoT, ar SeafasoT ideebi manam, sa-

nam ar ifiqrebT im standartebze, ris safuZvelzec moaxdenT
Sefasebas. Tqven gansxvavebulad afasebT orcxobilas recep-
tsa da kinoscenars. mniSvnelovania, vicodeT, raSi mdgoma-
reobs es gansxvaveba da ratom arsebobs igi.
Rirebulebebze, varaudebze, crurwmenebsa da Sefasebis

standartebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba striqonebs Soris
kiTxvas moiTxovs. Tqven SegiZliaT striqonebs Soris kiTxva-
Si gaivarjiSeba Semdegi aqtivobiT: dawereT kritikuli esse

qvemoT mocemul nawyvetze nikolo makiavelis `mTavari~-dan.
nikolo makiaveli italieli saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo, ro-
melic 1527 wels gardaicvala. im periodSi, italia 5 did da
ramdenime patara provinciad iyo dayofili. es provinciebi
erTmaneTs xSirad ebrZoda. samarTavad rTuli periodi iyo,
Sesabamisad, mTavari rTul viTarebaSi moRvaweobda. nikolo
makiavelim misTvis dawera wigni, sadac uxsnida, rogor unda
mieRwia warmatebisaTvis.
Tqvens esseSi dawereT im Rirebulebebisa da varaudebis Sesa-

xeb, romlebic am nawyvetSia gadmocemuli. aseve, yuradReba
miaqcieT nebismier Zlier emocias/SegrZnebas da crurwme-
nebs, rac, SesaZloa, nawyvetma aRZras TqvenSi. ganixileT igi
Tqvens esseSi. bolos, ifiqreT im standartebze, rac unda
gamoiyenoT makiavelis ideebis Sesafaseblad. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, rogor fiqrobT, risi miRweva surs mas?
ismis aseTi kiTxva: ra sjobs - is, rom xalxs uyvarde, Tu is,

rom mas Seni eSinodes? pasuxi aseTia - sasurvelia, Tan uy-
varde da Tan eSinodes, magram es rTuli misaRwevia. Tu arCe-
vanze midgeba saqme, bevrad usafrTxoa, xalxs Seni eSinodes,
vidre uyvarde. zogadad, adamianebs Tu daakvirdebi, mixvde-
bi: isini umadurebi, meryevebi da matyuarebi arian; surT, Ta-
vi aaridon safrTxes da Tavis sasargeblod raime gamorCena
naxon; sanam maTTvis sargeblis motana SegiZlia, SenTan arian
mTeli suliT da guliT, mTel qonebas, sakuTar sicocxle-
sac gTavazoben, TavianT vaJebsac ki, sanam safrTxe Sorsa...
magram roca safrTxe moaxlovdeba, maSinve cudad Semogib-
rundebian. nebismieri mTavari, romelic marto maT sityvebs
endoba da sxvamxriv ar aris mzad, damarcxdeba, radgan megob-
roba, romelic fuliTaa nayidi da ara sulis keTilSobile-
bis da aRmatebulobis Sedegia, saWiroebis dros ver gamogad-
geba. adamianebs gacilebiT uadvildebaT, awyeninon adamians
romelic uyvarT, vidre adamians, romlisac eSiniaT. vinaidan
siyvaruli adamianebs akavSirebs iseTi valdebulebiTi kavSi-
riT, romelic maTi boroti bunebidan gamomdinare irRveva,
rodesac pirad gamorCenaze midgeba saqme. magram SiSs Tan
axlavs dasjis safrTxe, romelic arasdros fermkrTaldeba.
Targmnilia tomas berginis mier.
143
induqcia
rodesac raime daskvnas vakeTebT, Cven im faqtebs viyenebT,

rac CvenTvisaa xelmisawvdomi. magaliTad, megobris saxis ga-
mometyvelebidan SeiZleba daaskvnaT, rom raRac iseTi TqviT,
ramac igi gaanawyena. an, SeiZleba, manqanis wyalSi gavlis xma
gaigoT da daaskvnaT, rom gareT wvims. SeiZleba, kvamlis suni
igrZnoT da daaskvnaT, rom tosterSi puri iwvis. yovelTvis,
roca raRac idea mogivaT TavSi, garkveul daskvnas akeTebT
im faqtebis safuZvelze, rac im momentisTvisaa TqvenTvis
cnobili.
es sami ganxiluli SemTxveva aramarto daskvnebis, aramed,

aseve, induqciuri msjelobis magaliTebia. rodesac induq-
ciurad msjelobT, Tqven akeTebT daskvnas, romelic, sava-
raudod, swori unda iyos, magram zogjer SesaZloa arc iyos
swori. magaliTad, aviRoT zemoT mocemuli SemTxveva imis
Sesaxeb, rom Tqvens megobars awyenineT, rac misi saxis gamo-
metyvelebidan daaskveniT. es daskvna, TiTqos, logikuria,
magram warmoidgineT, cota xanSi gaarkvieT, rom Tqvens me-
gobars Zalian mouWira fexsacmelma. am axali informaciis
fonze, Tqveni induqciuri daskvna naklebad sarwmuno Cans.
es aris induqciis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli: yovelTvis SesaZ-
lebelia, rom axali faqtis aRmoCenis Sedegad, Tqvens Sexe-
dulebas gadaxedoT da axal daskvnaze ifiqroT.
am TavSi vivarjiSebT daskvnebis gakeTebaze induqciuri

msjelobis saSualebiT. aseve, SevecdebiT, kritikulad ga-
viazroT sxva adamianebis induqciuri argumentebi da vna-
xavT, rom amgvari kritikuli azrovnebis ori gza arsebobs.
pirveli gulisxmobs daskvnaze dafiqrebas da imis gansazR-
vras, ramdenad gamomdinareobs daskvna winapirobebidan, anu
im faqtebidan, saidanac daskvnas vakeTebT.
meore gza gulisxmobs imis gansazRvras, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos

gamotovebuli am induqciuri msjelobidan. amis gasakeTeb-
lad, afasebT imas, Tu ramdenad sando da srulia winapiro-
bebi.
daskvnebis gakeTeba
induqciuri msjeloba ar iwyeba daskvniT; igi iwyeba winapi-

robebiT. winapiroba aris faqti an gancxadeba. gTavazobT wi-
napirobebis magaliTebs:
• mexuTe gakveTilze qalbatoni hendersonis moswavle-

ebi swavloben `romeos da julietas~ 6 kviris ganmav-
lobaSi
• yvela es moswavle sakmaod Wkviania
• es moswavleebi klasSi da Sin bevrs muSaoben
• qalbatoni hendersoni `romeosa da julietas~ Temaze
am paraskevs tests atarebs
axla warmoidgineT, rom gekiTxebian Tqvens azrs imasTan da-

kavSirebiT, kargad Caabareben Tu ara qalbatoni henderso-
nis moswavleebi gamocdas paraskevs.
winapirobebidan gamomdinare, Tqven, albaT, daaskvniT, rom:

qalbatoni hendersonis klasi kargad Caabarebs romeosa da
julietas Sesaxeb tests.
es daskvna, im winapirobebTan erTad, saidanac daskvna gamom-

dinareobs, - induqciuri argumentis magaliTia.
daskvnis gakeTeba Zalisxmevasa da saR azrs moiTxovs. upir-
velesad, saWiroa garkveuli dro faqtebis moZiebaze daxar-
joT da Semdeg gaarkvioT, es faqtebi ramdenadaa erTmaneT-
Tan kavSirSi. rogorc literaturuli personaJi - deteqtivi
Serloq holmsi uxsnida doqtor uotsons, induqciuri az-
rovneba, ZiriTadad, raRaceebis SemCnevas da Semdeg maT erT-
maneTTan dasakavSireblad Targis moZiebas gulisxmobs.
savarjiSo 1
ingliselma poetma jon miltonma dawera soneti, romelic

aRwers mis reaqcias dabrmavebaze. zustad aravin icis, ro-
dis daiwera es soneti. warmoadgineT induqciuri argumenti
sonetis daweris TariRis Sesaxeb sonetisa da im faqtebis ga-
145
moyenebiT, rac mas mosdevs. Tqveni argumentis winapirobebi

unda gamomdinareobdes im faqtebidan, rac qcemoTaa CamoT-
vlili da rac sonetSia aRwerili. argumentis daskvnaSi un-
da TqvaT, rogor fiqrobT, romel wels dawera miltonma es
soneti.
warudgineT dasrulebuli induqciuri argumenti Tqvens

Tanaklaselebs da gaigeT, ramdenad damajereblad miiCneven
mas.
(miniSneba: ras gulisxmobs miltoni frazaSi ,,Cemi dReebis

naxevari?~ ras gulisxmobs roca ambobs, rom, misi ,,erTi ta-
lanti~ ,,saxlobs CemTan gamouyeneblad~? geCvenebaT Tu ara,
rom leqsi im adamianis naSromia, romelic Seegua usinaTlo-
bas an hgavs Tu ara igi im adamianis reaqcias, romelic isev
ebrZvis sinaTlis dakargvas?)
ros vu fiq r de bi si naT le ro gor Se mo me xar ja

mil to ni
ros maxseneben me fiqrebi, rom am bnel mxares

sinaTle Cemi daixarja udrood, ucbad,
rodesac vxvdebi niWi CemSi marxia uqmad
da hgavs ufoTlo, unayofo, SemoZrcvul xes;
Tumc suli Cemi miiswrafvis uflis gzas adges,
roca dro mova qmnili saqme uCvenos diads;
erTi miCndeba am dros kiTxva, erTis codna mwads:
ùdgens ki RmerTi Suqmoklebuls dRiur jafis wess?~
myis landi moTminebis mpasuxobs uceb tkbilad:
`RmerTs ar surs Tqveni ZRveni,Sroma muxlCauxreli,
mefea is qveynis da mravali erTgulobs ymac
vinc mzadaa mudam emsaxuros Rirseulad,
vlos gza misTvis xSirad ekliani,grZeli,Zneli;
RvTisaa Tumc isic, mudam fxizlad vinc elis mas.~
Targmnilia qeTi baramiZis mier

miltoni daibada 1608 wels.
 mas bavSvobidan cudi mxedveloba hqonda, 1664 wlidan

ki misi mxedveloba gauaresda
 1651-52 wlis zamTarSi, misi ormocdamesame dabadebis
dRis periodisaTvis, mTlianad dakarga mxedveloba.
 1638 wels miltonma daiwyo didi eposis dagegmva, mag-
ram ar daumTavrebia is 1665 wlamde.
 miltonis mama 84 weli cxovrobda.
 es soneti gamoqveynda 1673 wels gamocemul wignSi. am
wignSi es soneti dajgufebulia im sonetebTan, rom-
lebic daiwera 1642 da 1658 wlebSi, da moqceulia im
or sonets Soris, romlebic daiwera 1655 wels. Tum-
ca, cnobilia, rom yvela soneti ar aris warmodgenili
zusti qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT.
 miltoni gardaicvala 1674 wels.
darwmundiT Tu ara?
daskvnebi, romlebic induqciis safuZvelze keTdeba, sakmaod

xSiria. Tumca, induqciuri msjeloba yovelTvis TvalnaTeli
ar aris. iSviaTad Tu dawers vinme, ,,ai, es aris winapirobebi
da es aris Cemi daskvna.~ rogorc wesi, amis nacvlad, msjelo-
ba ufro zogadia, iseve, rogorc jeri adleris statiis nawy-
vetSi, romelic Jurnal Newsweek-Si gamoqveynda.
gaxsovT, rogori mosawyeni da ararelevanturi iyo istoria

skolaSi? gaxsovT, pirveli madlierebis dRis mosawyeni di-
oramebi, Tema, romelic unda dagvewera misuris kompromisis
Sesaxeb? viRacam miagno imas, Tu rogor unda gaxadon isto-
ria kidev ufro mosawyeni da - gind daijereT gind ara - igi
rok en rolis momReralia.
diax, es bili joelia, Tavisi SesaniSnavi singliT: ,, Cven ar

gagviCaRebia xanZari~. daaxloebiT 5 wuTiani saxelebis Camo-
naTvali bolo ormoci wlis axali ambebidan SerCeulia mxo-
147
lod da mxolod ritmis gamo da ara sxva raime niSniT. dai-

maxsovreT es simRera, bavSvebo, da garantias gaZlevT, rom
absoluturad verafers iswavliT...
pirveli strofi iwyeba prezident hari trumaniT, romelic

doris deisTan, ,,wiTel~ CineTTan da ramdenime sxva Tanamed-
rovesTan erTad warmoadgens 1949 wels. joelma samyaros
mniSvnelovani movlenebis qronologiis aTvla mis dabadebis
wels daamTxvia. ras vigebT, magaliTad, ainStainisa da jeims
dinis wyvilSi moxseniebiT? rac Seexeba miki mentlis arCevas
1957 wlisaTvis - nebismieri idioti getyviT, rom mas gacile-
biT ukeTesi weli hqonda 1956-Si.
cxadia, maswavleblebzea damokidebuli, bavSvebs es Sinaarsi

gaacnon. Tu kasetaze mosmenili biZgs miscems romelime su-
lels, adges da ikiTxos, vin iyo es xuan peroni, SeiZleba jo-
elis Zalisxmeva sruli kraxi arc iyos. magram Tuki istoria
SeiZleba vaswavloT amgvarad, ratom ar SeiZleba aseve vas-
wavloT mecnierebebi?
E udris MC kvadrats
ZuZumwovrebi Tmianebi arian
ozoni, feromoni, optikur-boWkovani telefoni
kometa feTqdeba ramesTan Sejaxebisas
brontozavri gadaSenebas ver gadaurCa...
da kidev, aba, amaze dafiqrdiT, gana mik jageri londonis

ekonomikis skolaSi ar dadioda?
vinmes ,,adam smitis~ kargi riTma xom ar mogeZebnebaT?
adleris induqciuri argumentis nawili sakmarisad naTelia.

mas sami aSkara winapiroba aqvs:
 simReraSi mocemuli saxelebis CamonaTvals ar aqvs

raime datvirTva
 saxelebi erTmaneTTan umizezodaa dakavSirebuli
 sul mcire, erTi saxeli mainc aris naxsenebi Secdo-

miT konkretul welTan mimarTebaSi
am winapirobebis garda, romlebic pirdapiraa gacxadebuli,

aris kidev erTi nagulisxmevi winapiroba. adleri, rogorc
Cans, fiqrobs rom istoriis swavla ufro mets moicavs, vid-
re saxelebisa da TariRebis damaxsovrebas. igi fiqrobs, rom,
istoriis saswavlad, unda icodeT, ra gaakeTes konkretul-
ma adamianebma da ratom, aseve, gaazrebulad unda SegeZloT
movlenebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba. es idea meoTxe winapi-
robaa.
 imisaTvis, rom istoria iswavlo, unda icode, ra da
ratom gaakeTes adamianebma.
meoTxe winapirobas adleris daskvnamde mivyavarT:

joelis simRera aravis daexmareba istoriis SeswavlaSi.
amtkicebs Tu ara adleris induqciuri msjeloba, rom es das-

kvna sworia? albaT, ara. induqcia verasdros daadasturebs
daskvnis absolutur siswores. magaliTad, Tu burTs haer-
Si aisvriT, darwmunebuli iqnebiT, rom isev Zirs daeSveba da
kosmosSi ar gafrindeba. vinme Tu gkiTxavT, ratom xarT amaSi
darwmunebuli, SeiZleba uTxraT, rom rogorc sakuTari ga-
mocdilebidan, aseve, sxvebis gamocdilebidan iciT, rom bur-
Ti yovelTvis Zirs eSveba da uamravi wlis ganmavlobaSi, jer
kosmosSi ar gafrenila.
magram is faqti, rom raRac ar moxda, Tundac, milionjer, ar

niSnavs, rom arc Semdeg jerze moxdeba. marTalia, Zneli da-
sajerebelia, rom mizidulobis kanoni aRar imoqmedebs, mag-
ram induqciuri msjelobiT amas ver daamtkicebT. saukeTeso
variantSi, induqciuri msjeloba myari argumentis warmo-
sadgenad gamogadgebaT.
rodesac kritikulad fiqrobT induqciuri msjelobis Sede-

gad gamotanil daskvnebze, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, ramdenad
damajerebelia es argumenti. ramdenad SesabamisobaSia dask-
vna winapirobebTan? sakmarisad Zlieria winapirobebi imisaT-
vis, rom konkretuli daskvna gamovitanoT?
149
savarjiSo 2
warmoidgineT, rom istoriis maswavlebeli xarT. moasmeni-

nebdiT Tu ara Tqvens moswavleebs bili joelis simReras?
daasabuTeT pasuxi. ganixileT Tqveni gadawyvetileba Tanak-
laselebTan.
savarjiSo 3
induqciuri msjeloba xSirad raRac qmedebis safuZvlad ga-

moiyeneba. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemuli induqciuri argu-
mentebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT Cveni gadawyvetilebis gasa-
marTleblaT, waviRoT skolaSi qolga Tu ara. argumentebi
daalageT siZlieris mixedviT, daiwyeT susti argumentiT da
daasruleT myari argumentiT. ganixileT Tqveni reitinguli
sia TanaklaselebTan.
 marti, rogorc wesi, wvimiani Tvea. dRes martis pirve-
li dRea. albaT, iwvimebs.
 gasul saRamos amindis prognozis sam sxvadasxva ga-
moSvebas movusmine da yvela maTganma gamoacxada, rom
dRes SuadRisas iwvimebs. albaT, marTla iwvimebs.
 gasul kviras amindis prognozis erT-erTma wamyvanma
gamoacxada, rom dRes SesaZloa iwvimos. dRes, albaT,
iwvimebs. wignebi unda waviRo skolaSi da maTi dasve-
leba namdvilad ar minda.
 amindis prognozi WETT arxze yovelTvis marTldeba.
gasul saRamos gamoacxades, rom dRes Zlieri wvimaa
mosalodneli. albaT, iwvimebs.
savarjiSo 4
Semdegi gancxadebebi aRebulia asocirebuli presis angari-

Sidan. warmovidginoT, rom es gancxadebebi gamoyenebulia,
rogorc induqciuri argumentis winapirobebi.
 amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis aRmosavleT nawilSi

aTasobiT adamianma daadastura, rom maT kvira RamiT
molurjo-momwvano Suqi dainaxes.
 Crdilo amerikis atmosferos dacvis oficerma ga-

nacxada, rom es ar iyo ,, adamianis mier Seqmnili obieq-
ti, romelic isev Semovida~ dedamiwis atmosferoSi.
 gaurkveveli mfrinavi obieqtebis erovnulma centrma
uamravi satelefono zari miiRo.
 centris warmomadgenelma ganacxada, rom aRwerebi
did meteors mogvagonebs.
 sahaero gadaadgilebis kontrolis xelmZRvanelma va-
SingtonSi ganacxada, rom naTeba ocdaxuTi-ocdaaTi
wamis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda da feri icvala; jer
TeTri iyo, Semdeg ki narinjisferi gaxda.
 satelevizio Jurnalistma dasavleT virjiniaSi Tqva,
rom Suqi caSi iyo pirveli SemCnevidan sami saaTis gan-
mavlobaSi.
 satelevizio Jurnalistma ganacxada, rom mas bevri
meteori hqonda nanaxi da es ar iyo meteori.
am daskvnebidan yvelaze metad romeli gamomdinareobs wina-

pirobebidan? ganixileT Tqveni mosazreba TanaklaselebTan.
a. dedamiwas mfrinavi TefSi ewvia

b. meteori atmosferoSi daiwva
g. aTasobiT adamianma caSi erTi da igive movlena dainaxa
g. TviTmxilvelma, albaT, erTze meti movlena dainaxa.
ra aklia?
Tuki induqciur msjelobaze kritikulad vifiqrebT, ar aris

sakmarisi mxolod imis gaazreba, Tu ras gveubneba konkretu-
li argumenti. zogjer adamianebi cdiloben, argumenti imiT
gaamyaron, rom ar axsenon sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebebi an
iseTi informacia, romelic maT arguments naklebad damaje-
rebels gaxdida.
magaliTad, amerikuli saavtomobilo kompaniis warmomadge-
neli amtkicebda, rom misi kompaniis avtomobilebi ukeTesia
iaponuri saavtomobilo kompaniis mier warmoebul avtomo-
151
bilebTan SedarebiT. am daskvnis mtkicebuleba bazris kvle-

vidan gamomdinareobda. orasi adamiani, romelic manqanas
yidulobda los anjelesSi, moiwvies, raTa jer amerikuli
manqanebi gaetarebinaT, Semdeg iaponuri. bolos maT raRac
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema sTxoves. aRmoCnda, rom am adamiane-
bis 80% amerikul manqanas aniWebda upiratesobas.
erTi SexedviT, es mtkicebuleba SesaZloa sakmaod damajere-

belic mogveCvenos. magram hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, zustad ras
amtkicebs es gancxadeba? imisaTvis, rom daskvna gamovita-
noT, amerikuli avtomobilis upiratesobis Sesaxeb iaponur-
Tan SedarebiT, ori mokle induqciuri argumentia saWiro.
winapiroba: SerCeuli adamianebis 80%-ma amerikuli

avtomobili amjobina
daskvna: nebismieri jgufis adamianebis 80% amerikul
avtomobils amjobinebs.
winapiroba: nebismieri jgufis adamianebis 80% ameri-
kul avtomobils amjobinebs.
daskvna: amerikuli avtomobili jobia,
miuxedavad imisa, sarwmunod miiCnevT Tu ara meore induqci-

ur arguments, naTelia, rom igi pirvel arguments emyareba.
ismis kiTxva, ramdenad sarwmunoa pirveli argumenti? dafiq-
rdiT imaze, ras ar ambobs induqciuri msjelobis magaliTi.
is ar gveubneba, rogor SearCies cdispirebi bazris kvlevis-
Tvis. 200 adamiani SemTxveviT SeirCa? Tu ara, maTi damokide-
buleba avtomobilis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli iqneba sxva nebis-
mieri 200 kaciani jgufisagan.
sinamdvileSi, adamianebi, romlebic bazris kvlevaSi monawi-

leobdnen, sakmaod frTxilad iyvnen SerCeulni. yvelas ame-
rikaSi gamoSvebuli avtomobili hyavda, amdenad, isini ufro
SeCveulni iyvnen amerikuli manqanis gamoyenebas. am informa-
ciis fonze, pirveli induqciuri argumentis daskvna arc ise-
Ti sarwmuno Cans.
rodesac kritikulad fiqrobT induqciur argumentze, ar

iCqaroT da mowodebuli mtkicebuleba maSinve ar irwmunoT
ise, rogorc igi warmodgenilia. ifiqreT mtkicebulebis san-
doobaze da imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos gamotovebuli, rac
konkretul arguments ufro damajerebels gaxdida.
savarjiSo 5
axseniT, ratom aris Semdegi induqciuri argumentis winapi-

robebi susti imisaTvis, rom daskvna damajerebeli iyos. ga-
nixileT Tqveni ganmarteba TanaklaselebTan.
 avtomobili X da avtomobili Y erTnairi modelebia,
erTnairi maxasiaTeblebi aqvT da orive erT welsaa
gamoSvebuli. avtomobili X Rirs 9,500 dolari. avto-
mobili Y -ic 9500 dolari unda Rirdes.
 ela, raisa, dona da poli gadiodnen kurss testis we-
ris Sesaxeb da testirebaSi 1200 qula miiRes. marias
surs, imave testirebaSi 1200 qulaze meti daagrovos.
amitom, albaT, manac unda gaiaros kursi testis weris
Sesaxeb.
 gansakuTrebuli pirobebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom
cocxalma organizmebma planetaze iarsebon. mzis sis-
temaSi arsebuli 9 planetidan, mxolod dedamiwazea
Sesabamisi pirobebi. imdeni ram aris saWiro cocxali
organizmebisaTvis - Sesabamisi temperatura, atmos-
fero, wyali - rom, albaT, mTel samyaroSi arc aris
sxva planeta, sadac sicocxle arsebobs
 pedro da uili beisbolis erT ligaSi TamaSoben. ped-
ros saSualo qula 247-ia, xolo uilis - 313. magram
pedros orjer mets uxdian, vidre uilis. pedros, al-
baT, uilize ukeTesi agenti hyavs.
 felicia maSin waiqca, roca erTi milis garbenamde
bolo asi iardi hqonda darCenili. man mainc moaxerxa,
mesame misuliyo finiSTan. magram rom ar waqceuliyo,
Sejibrs moigebda.
 valis saSualo qula aris 3.7, ueinis ki 2.8, amdenad,
vals ufro didi Sansi aqvs ueinTan SedarebiT, rom
153
pirveli klasis kolejSi moxvdes.

 ai, ra Tqva zogierTma mayurebelma, roca naxa filmi
Steel Jaw, Clay Feet : ,,SesaniSnavia~! ,,kinaRam skamidan
gadmovvardi~! ,,amdeni arasdros micinia!~ es filmi ar
unda gamotovoT.
 karlinis katam sasadilos oTaxis magida gaCxapna. sa-
lis katam ki divanis Rilebi gaReWa. xuanis katam misi
TuTiyuSi SeWama. katebi saSineli Sinauri cxovelebi
arian.
Sejameba
induqciuri msjeloba aris procesi, rodesac winapirobebis

gamoyenebiT vakeTebT daskvnas, romelic, savaraudod, swo-
ria. rodesac induqciur argumetnze kritikulad fiqrobT,
Tqvens Tavs Semdegi ori kiTxva dausviT:
1. winapirobebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, aris Tu ara

daskvna damajerebeli?
2. aris Tu ara winapirobebi sando da srulad
gadmocemuli?
Tu daskvna damajereblad JRers da winapirobebic sandoa,

maSin induqciuri argumenti sakmaod myaria. Tumca, es ar niS-
navs, rom daskvna aucileblad sworia. SesaZlebelia gamoC-
ndes axali mtkicebuleba rac arguments daasustebs an, su-
lac, Secvlis daskvnas.
imisaTvis, rom inducqiur msjelobaSi ivarjiSoT, dawereT

kritikuli esse Semdegi nawyvetis Sesaxeb, romelic saredaq-
cio werilidanaa aRebuli. misi avtori j. kei aldosia da mas
sjera, rom kongresma meti Tanxa unda gamoyos qveynis saav-
tomobilo gzebis asaSeneblad. misi es rwmena ar aris induq-
ciuri argumentis nawili, Tumca, mas sxva induqciuri argu-
menti amyarebs. Tqvens esseSi axseniT, rogor iyenebs mwerali
induqciur arguments misi azris gasamyareblad. aseve, isaub-
reT imaze, Tu ramdenad damajerebelia misi argumenti.
maSin, roca 102 mowvevis kongresi wels axali saavtomobilo

programis ganxilvas apirebs, qveynis kanonmdeblebma unda

gaiTvaliswinon amerikuli saavtomobilo asociaciis mier
Catarebuli kvlevis daskvna: amerikeli mZRolebis 94 pro-
centi fiqrobs, rom gzebis gadatvirTvis problema gasuli
wlis Semdeg ar gaumjobesebula da, piriqiT, gauaresda ki-
dec.
im adamianTa mosazrebiT, romlebic qveynis gzebze yoveldRe

avtomobiliT dadian, gzebze moZraobasTan dakavSirebul
did ukmayofilebas ori ZiriTadi mizezi aqvs.
pirveli mizezi, mZRolebis 69 procentis gancxadebiT, isaa,

rom araadeqvaturi da arasakmarisi saavtomobilo gzebi
gvaqvs, rac mgzavrobis pirobebs ufro da ufro auaresebs.
meore mizezi, romelsac wina raodenobasTan SedarebiT uf-

ro naklebi, magram mainc sakmaod bevri amerikeli asaxelebs,
aris is, rom gzebis da xidebis mdgomareoba gauaresda. mZRo-
lebis 15 procentis mosazrebiT, gadaadgilebas, ZiriTadad,
gzebis mdgomareoba arTulebs.
ufro naklebi adamiani asaxelebs gadatvirTuli gzebis mi-

zezad iseT sxva faqtorebs, rogorebicaa moZraobis wesebis
darRveva, avariebi, gzebis konstruqcia da siCqaris limitis
gadaWarbeba, - naTqvamia saavtomobilo gzebis asociaciis mi-
er Catarebul kvlevaSi.
naTelia, didi nawili fiqrobs, rom gzebis qselis gafarToe-

ba nawilobriv mainc aris pasuxi im kiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda
aviciloT Tavidan amerikis sagzao moZraobis problemebi.
amerikelebis didma nawilma icis, rom axla wydeba qveynis
sagzao gadaadgilebis saqme. kongresma unda daamtkicos
farTomasStabiani saavtomobilo gzebis programa, romelic
amerikis saavtomobilo gadaadgilebas momdevno saukunis
ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravs.
155
deduqcia
warmoidgineT, rom arasdros ginaxavT oqrosTvala, magram

sarwmuno wyarodan iciT, rom igi raRac mweria. Tqveni iciT,
rom yvela mwers eqvsi fexi aqvs. axla miTxariT, ramdeni fexi
aqvs oqrosTvalas?
pasuxi naTelia: eqvsi. am pasuxamde deduqciuri msjelobiT

mixvediT. deduqciis am magaliTs Tu daufiqrdebiT, mixvde-
biT, rom daskvna gardauvalia. Tu is simarTlea rom oqrosT-
vala mweria da simarTlea isic, rom mwerebs eqvsi fexi aqvT,
maSin aucileblad simarTle iqneba isic, rom oqrosTvalas
eqvsi fexi aqvs.
am TavSi deduqciuri msjelobis sam tips ganvixilavT. pir-

veli aris silogizmis gamoyeneba. es aris deduqciuri argu-
menti, romelic sami nawilisagan Sedgeba - ori winapiroba da
erTi daskvna.
amave TavSi vnaxavT, rogor SeiZleba ori an meti silogizmis

gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom ufro vrceli deduqciuri argu-
menti miiRo.
dabolos, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba Tu/maSin kombi-

nacia (magaliTad, Tu manqanaSi benzini gamoileva, manqana ga-
Cerdeba) deduqciuri argumentis safuZvlad gamoviyenoT.
silogizmi
warmoidgineT, rom saswavlebelSi unda waxvideT da kurseb-

ze daregistrirdeT. yvelas gansazRvruli aqvs sami dRidan
erT-erTi, raTa skolaSi gamocxaddes. Tqven ar iciT, romel
dRes unda gamocxaddeT, amitom rekavT ofisSi da esaubre-
biT erT-erT mdivans.
igi gekiTxebaT: ,,ra gvari xarT?~

Tqven pasuxobT: ,,lindstromi~.
qalbatoni mogigebT: ,,l asoze dawyebuli gvarebis
registracia aris samSabaTs~.
gifiqriaT Tu ara amaze, - Tqven da es qalbatoni Tqvens kiTx-

vaze pasuxis gasacemad deduqcias iyenebT. azrovnebis es
procesi SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc silogizmi. silogizmi
aris deduqciuri argumenti, romelic ambobs, rogor ukav-
Sirdeba erTmaneTs sami piroba. Tqvensa da mdivnis saubarSi
es sami piroba aris: studentTa gvarebi, romlebic iwyeba aso
l-ze, registracia samSabaT dRes da Tqven.
silogizmis asagebad, am pirobebidan ori TiToeul winapiro-

baSi unda moTavsdes. ori winapiroba ase gamoiyureba:
 yvela studenti, romelTa gvari iwyeba aso l-ze,
kursebisTvis samSabaTs unda daregistrirdes.
 me var studenti da Cemi gvari iwyeba aso l-ze.

am winapirobebidan akeTebT daskvnas, romelic aSkaraa:
 me var studenti, romelic unda daregistrirdes kur-
sebisTvis samSabaT dRes.
rodesac silogizmi kargadaa agebuli, argumenti validuria.
es niSnavs, rom winapirobebi sworia, iseve, rogorc daskvna.
erT-erTi gza imisa, Tu rogor davadginoT, validuria Tu

ara argumenti, aris venis diagramis gamoyeneba. es meTodi,
romelic ingliselma filosofosma jon venma Seqmna, Sedgeba
wreebisagan, romlebic aCvenebs, logikurad gamomdinareobs
Tu ara daskvna winapirobebidan.
pirvelad, daxateT ori wre, rom aCvenoT kavSiri pirobebs

Soris pirvel winapirobaSi. winapiroba ambobs, rom yvela
studenti, romelTa saxeli iwyeba aso l-ze, warmoadgens im
studentebis jgufs, romlebic samSabaTs registrirdebian.
samSabaTs
dare- g v a r i
gistri- + iwyeba
rebulebi aso l-ze
157
diagramaSi marcxena wre warmoadgens studentebs, romlebic

samSabaTs registrirdebian. marjvena wre warmoadgens stu-
dentebs, romelTa gvaric iwyeba aso l-ze. imis gamo, rom im
studentebis ricxvSi, romlebic samSabaTs registrirdebian
ar aris sxva studenti, imaT garda, visi gvaric aso l-ze iwye-
ba, vamuqebT marjvena wris im nawils, romelic marcxena wres
ar gadafaravs. gamuqeba uCvenebs, rom diagramis nawili aris
carieli. Semdeg, imisaTvis, raTa vaCvenoT, rom viRac aris im
nawilSi, sadac wreebi erTmaneTs gadafaravs, vusvamT + ni-
Sans.
meore winapiroba ambobs, rom Tqven studentebis im jgufSi

xarT, romelTa gvari iwyeba l-ze. amitom, rodesac umatebT
wres, romelic Tqven warmogadgenT, igi Camuqebulia, im nawi-
lis garda, romelic marjvena wres gadafaravs.
samSabaTs gvari
dare- + iwyeba aso
gistr. l-ze
+
aseTi martivi magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, arc aris saWiro venis

diagrama imisaTvis, rom argumentis validuroba davadastu-
roT. magram yvela argumenti aseTi martivi ar aris. xSirad
winapirobebSi arsebul pirobebs Soris kavSiri ufro Cax-
larTulia. zogjer piroba warmoadagens jgufs, romelic
sxva jgufidan gamoricxulia. an, winapiroba SeiZleba gveub-
nebodes, rom jgufis nawili emTxveva sxva jgufis nawils. ve-
nis diagrama saSualebas iZleva, aseTi garTulebuli damoki-
debulebebic diagramaze avsaxoT. moviyvanoT magaliTi:
winapiroba: saRamoze arc erT musikoss ar acvia smo-
kingi.
winapiroba: zogierTi iluzionisti aseve musikosicaa.
daskvna: zogierT iluzionists ar acvia smokingi.
validuria Tu ara es argumenti? amis dasadgenad, daxateT

ori wre raTa vaCvenoT is damokidebuleba, rac pirvel wi-
napirobaSia mocemuli. pirveli winapirobis mixedviT ki, mu-
sikosebis jgufi mTlianad damoukidebelia im jgufisagan,
romlebic smokings atareben. ar dagaviwydeT, rom gamuqe-
buli nawili wreebis gadafarvis adgilas aCvenebs, rom or
jgufs ar hyavs saerTo wevrebi.
jgufi
musikosebi
smokingiT
Semdeg, daumateT am diagramas is kavSiri, rac aRwerilia me-

ore winapirobaSi. diagramaSi + davumateT iq, sadac iluzio-
nistebis wre faravs musikosebis wres.
jgufi
musikosebi smokingiT
iluzio-
nistebi
savarjiSo 1
a. aris Tu ara validuriargumenti - is, rom zogierT

iluzionists ar acvia smokingi? mtkicdeba Tu ara
diagramiT, rom zogierT iluzionists ar acvia smo-
kingi?
b. warmoidgineT, rom Semdegi daskvna iqna gamotanili
winapirobebidan. aris Tu ara es daskvna validuri?
zogierTi iluzionisti atarebs smokings.
159
gamoiyeneT venis diagrama, raTa ganmartoT, ratom

aris/an ar aris daskvna validuri.
g. SeiZleba Tu ara, erTze meti daskvna gamovitanoT
erTi da imave winapirobebidan? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
savarjiSo 2
waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli argumentebi da SeafaseT, vali-

duria Tu ara isini. daxateT venis diagrama, raTa kavSirebi
gamosaxoT (daimaxsovreeT, rom argumenti SeiZleba iyos va-
liduri, magram misi daskvna SesaZloa mainc araswori iyos,
Tuki igi mcdar winapirobebs efuZneba. Tqveni amocana ar
aris, gaarkvioT, ramdenad sworia winapirobebi; mxolod imas
daakvirdiT, ramdenad gamomdinareobs daskvna winapirobebi-
dan).
1. winapiroba: yvela vefxvs grZeli, basri kbilebi aqvs.

winapiroba: yvela zvigens grZeli, basri kbilebi aqvs.
daskvna: yvela vefxvi zvigenia.
2. winapiroba: yvela vefxvs grZeli, basri kbilebi aqvs.
winapiroba: zogierTi zolebiani cxoveli vefxvia.
daskvna: zogierT zolebian cxovels grZeli, basri
kbilebi aqvs.
3. winapiroba: generlebi ar arian inglisuris maswav-
leblebi.
winapiroba: yvela inglisuris maswavlebeli mosawye-
nia.
daskvna: arcerTi generali ar aris mosawyeni.
4. winapiroba: Cemi fizikis klasSi yvela moswavles surs

umaRlesi qulis miReba.
winapiroba: yvela, visac umaRlesi qulis miReba surs,
minimum sami saaTi mecadineobs yovel RamiT.
daskvna: yvela studenti Cems fizikis klasSi minimum
sami saaTi mecadineobs yovel RamiT.
5. winapiroba: safondo birJis zogierTi makleri TaR-
liTia.
winapiroba: zogierTi TaRliTi mkvlelia.

daskvna: safondo birJis yvela makleri mkvlelia.
6. winapiroba: policielebi, romlebic farul misiaze
arian, musikosebis tansacmliT cxaddebian saRamoze.
winapiroba: zogierTi policieli, romelic farul
misiazea, ar atarebs musikosis bafTas.
daskvna: zogierTi musikosi ar atarebs bafTas.
7. winapiroba: vinc saTvales atarebs, TviTmfinavis pi-
lotad ar muSaobs.
winapiroba: yvela, vinc axlomxedvelia, saTvales ata-
rebs.
daskvna: axlomxedvelebi TviTmfrinavis pilotad ar
muSaoben.
8. winapiroba: 21 wlamde asakis yvela mZRoli manqanas
gadaWarbebuli siCqariT atarebs.
winapiroba: 21 wlamde asakis zogierT mZRols gav-
lili aqvs saganmanaTleblo kursi avtomobilis
marTvaSi.
daskvna: zogierT mZRols, romelic manqanas siCqa-
ris gadaWarbebiT atarebs, gavlili aqvs saganma-
naTleblo kursi avtomobilis marTvaSi.
savarjiSo 3
nawyveti luis karolis nawarmoebidan ,,alisa saocrebebis

qveyanaSi~ Seicavs deduqciur arguments.
,,magram, me xom qvewarmavali ara var~! Tqva alisam. ,,me,

me.. me var...~
,,ho, vin xar, vin?~ hkiTxa mtredma. ,,mgoni raRacis
motyuebas apireb~!
,,me- me patara gogo var~, uTxra alisam da TviTonac
eWvi Seepara, mas Semdeg, rac gaaxsenda ramdenjer ga-
dasxvaferda im dRes.
,,dagijere, xom ici!~ amreziT miugo mtredma. ,,cxov-
rebaSi bevri patara gogo minaxavs, magram Sennairi ki-
161
seri arc erTs ar hqonia! ara, ara! qvewarmavali xar;

amis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. axla, albaT, imasac metyvi
kvercxi arasodes gamisinjavso~!
,,ki, rogor ara, kvercxi gamisinjavs~, miugo alisam,
romelsac tyuilis Tqma ar uyvarda; ,,magram Senc xom
ici, patara gogonebic Wamen kvercxs, iseve, rogorc
qvewarmavlebi.~
,,ar mjera~, uTxra mtredma; ,,magram, Tu marTlac asea,
maSin patara gogonebic qvewarmavlebiviT yofilan.
gana, ase ar gamodis?~
Targmnilia sofio gorgoZis mier
silogizmebis jaWvi
rodesac weris dros deduqciur arguments iyeneben, es argu-

mentebi xSirad erT silogizmze grZelia. SeiZleba ramdenime
silogizmi gamoiyenon erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ramdeni-
me daskvnis gamosatanad, an SesaZloa erTmaneTs gadaaban si-
logizmebi imgvarad, rom erTis daskvna meoris winapirobad
warmogvidginon.
luis karoli, romelic logikis specialisti gaxldaT, sia-

movnebiT igonebda mxiaruli silogizmebis jaWvs. erT-erTi
Semdeg winapirobebs moicavs.
Cvili bavSvebi aralogikurebi arian.
niangis momTviniereblebi ar sZulT.
aralogikuri adamianebi sZulT.
am winapirobebidan rom daskvna gamoitanoT, ori silo-

gizmi unda aagoT. pirveli moicavs pirvel da mesame wi-
napirobebs.
winapiroba: Cvili bavSvebi aralogikurebi arian.
winapiroba: aralogikuri adamianebi sZulT.
daskvna: Cvili bavSvebi sZulT.
am pirveli silogizmis daskvna SeiZleba davakavSiroT dar-
Cenil winapirobasTan da meore silogizmi avagoT.
winapiroba: Cvili bavSvebi sZulT.

winapiroba: niangis momTviniereblebi ar
sZulT.
daskvna: Cvil bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT niangis
moTviniereba.
luis karolis argumenti, cxadia, mxolod gasarTobia, mag-

ram xSirad argumentis asagebad silogizmebis erTmaneTTan
gadabma seriozuli miznebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. rogorc wesi,
es argumentebi formalurad ar aris mocemuli, rogorc wi-
napirobebi da daskvnebi. amitom, pirveli wakiTxvisas yovel-
Tvis naTeli ar aris, rom silogizmia gamoyenebuli.
savarjiSo 4
waikiTxeT artur konan doilis moTxroba òTxTa niSani~ da

moZebneT nagulisxmebi silogizmebi.
am moTxrobaSi doqtor uotsoni cdilobs, Serlok holmss

Wkua aswavlos. holmsma Tqva, rom nebismieri sagani, rasac
adamiani regularulad iyenebs, am sagnis mesakuTris xasi-
aTis niSnebs avlens. uotsons amis ar sjera. imisaTvis, rom
holmsis naTqvami gamoscados, uotsoni mas jibis saaTs gau-
wodebs da sTxovs, saaTis mesakuTris xasiaTi Seafasos.
mas Semdeg, rac holmsi saaTs yuradRebiT daaTvalierebs,

uotsons eubneba, rom bevrs verafers etyvis, radgan saaTi
axlaxan saguldagulod gauwmendiaT. Semdeg ambobs, rom sa-
aTi uotsonis mamas ekuTvnoda manam, sanam uotsonis ufros
Zmas dautovebda memkvidreobiT. rac Seexeba uotsonis uf-
rosi Zmis xasiaTs, holmsi askvnis:
igi daudevari adamiani iyo, Zalian uwesrigo da uyuradRebo.

mas kargi momavali SeiZleba hqonoda, magram Sansi ar gamoi-
yena. ZiriTadad, siRaribeSi cxovrobda. mxolod dro da dro
Tu hqonda fuli. bolos smas mihyo xeli da mokvda. sul es
aris, risi Tqmac SemiZlia.
amis gagonebaze, uotsoni brazdeba; fiqrobs, rom holmsma
manamde gamoikvlia misi Zmis ambebi, radgan SeuZlebelia, mxo-
163
lod saaTis daTvalierebiT mieRo es informacia. amis Semdeg

holmsi mas uxsnis, rogor mivida am daskvnebamde.
Tuki saaTis budis qveda nawils daakvirdebi, SeamCnev, rom

aramarto dartymis Sedegad CarRmavebuli foso aqvs or ad-
gilas, aramed, mTlianad daCxapnilia, rac miuTiTebs saaTis
mflobelis Cvevaze, rom is saaTs sxva mZime sagnebTan, xurda
fulTan da gasaRebTan erTad atarebs erTsa da imave jibe-
Si. didi gmiroba ar aris daaskvna, rom adamiani, romelic or-
mocdaaTi gineis Rirebulebis saaTs ase daudevrad eqceva,
marTlac uwesrigo adamiani iyos...
inglisSi mevaxSeebisTvis Cveulebrivi ambavia, roca saaTs

iReben, Casadebis Sida mxares bileTis cifrebs amokawraven.
es ufro upriania, vidre nomriani iarliyis mikvra, romelic
SeiZleba daikargos an erTmaneTSi airios. me Cemi linzebiT
sul mcire oTx aseT cifrs vxedav. aqedan daskvna: Seni Zma
arc Tu iSviaTad iyo gasaWirSi. Semdegi daskvna: Tumca, Siga-
daSig fulsac Soulobda, sxva SemTxvevaSi, saaTs ver gamois-
yidda. dabolos, Sexede Sida firfitas, romelsac gasaRebis
WuWrutana aqvs. WuWrutanis irgvliv aTasobiT gasaRebis na-
kawri amCnevia. fxizeli kacis gasaRebi amden adgils gaCxap-
nida? magram, loTis saaTs maT gareSe verasdros warmoidgen.
igi mas Rame marTavs da misi akankalebuli xelis nakvalevs
tovebs. sad aris axla aq saidumlo da misteria?
a. CamowereT winapirobebi, romlebsac mivyavarT holmsis
daskvnamde, rom saaTis mflobeli mouwesrigebeli ada-
miani iyo.
b. CamowereT winapirobebi, romlebsac holmsis meore
daskvnamde mivyavarT: saaTis mflobels xSirad eleoda
fuli (miniSneba: es argumenti or erTmaneTze gadabmul
silogizms moicavs).
g. CamowereT winapirobebi, romlebsac holmsis mesame
daskvnamde mivyavarT: saaTis mflobeli loTi iyo.
d. holmsis argumentebi validuria Tu ar aris validuri?
Tqveni azriT, misi winapirobebi sworia? pasuxi daasa-
buTeT.
savarjiSo 5
Semdegi winapirobebi luis karolis kidev erTi gadabmuli

silogizmebidanaa. ra saxis daskvna iqneba validuri mocemu-
li winapirobebidan? (miniSneba: Tu swor daskvnamde mixvalT,
SegeZlebaT TqvaT, kargad irgebs Tu ara luis karolis orga-
nizmi saqorwino torts).
 eqimi mxolod imis Wamis nebas mrTavs, rac Zalian no-
yieri ar aris.
 araferia Seusabamo vaxSmisaTvis, rasac Cemi organiz-
mi kargad iRebs.
 saqorwino torti yovelTvis Zalian noyieria.
 Cemi eqimi nebas mrTavs, mivirTva yvelaferi, rac vaxS-
misTvisaa Sesaferisi.
Tu... maSin...
warmoidgineT, rom umcrosi Zma gyavT, romelic saxlSi dar-

bis da eZebs, visTan iTamaSos. yvela dakavebulia, an masTan
TamaSi ar ainteresebT. patara biWi wuwunebs: ,, Tu CemTan Ta-
maSi aravis unda, ese igi, aravis vuyvarvar.~
Tqvenma patara Zmam, albaT, ar icis, rom am SemTxvevaSi igi

deduqciur msjelobas iyenebs. man argumentis mxolod erTi
winapiroba axsena, Tumca, danarCeni TavisTavad cxadia.
winapiroba: Tu CemTan TamaSi aravis unda, ese igi

(maSin) aravis vuyvarvar.
winapiroba: aravis unda CemTan TamaSi.
daskvna: aravis vuyvarvar.
es validuri deduqciuri argumentia. Tu winapirobebi swo-

ria, maSin daskvnac swori unda iyos (SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom
pirveli winapiroba arasworia, magram es sakiTxi ar aris kav-
SirSi da xels ar uSlis argumentis validurobas).
arsebobs winapirobidan validuri daskvnis SemuSavebis ori
gza, romelic Tu/maSin kavSirebs moicavs. pirveli gza ukve
giCveneT. meore winapirobaSi vaxsenebT, rom pirveli winapi-
165
robis Tu nawili sworia. maSin, aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom

maSin nawilic sworia.
meore gza, Tu rogor unda gamovitanoT validuri daskvna

Tu/maSin winapirobis gamoyenebiT, aris - meore winapirobaSi
vaxsenoT, rom pirveli winapirobis maSin nawili arasworia. am
SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, rom pirveli winapirobis
Tu nawilic mcdaria. aseTi tipis msjelobis magaliTi SeiZ-
leba moviyvanoT im adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic uyurebd-
nen films RaIders of the Lost Ark. maT SeamCnies, rom pirvel
scenaSi indiana jonsi xels stacebs kerpis qandakebas, rac,
erTi SexedviT, mTlianad oqrosi unda iyos, da martivad at-
rialebs xelSi. garkveuli gamoTvlebis Catarebis Semdeg, ma-
yureblebis am jgufma daadgina, rom am sididis kerpis qanda-
keba Tu marTlac mTliani oqrosi iqneboda, ormoci funtis
wonis mainc unda yofiliyo. amdenad, daadgines, rom es kerpi
ver iqneboda mTlianad oqrosi. Tu am ideebs winapirobebisa
da daskvnis saxiT gamovsaxavT, miviRebT Semdeg validur ar-
guments.
winapiroba: Tu kerpis qandakeba mTlianad oqrosia,

maSin igi satareblad mZime iqneba.
winapiroba: is ar aris mZime satarebeli.
daskvna: kerpis qandakeba ar aris mTlianad oqrosi.
savarjiSo 6
iuristi, eqimi da brma filosofosi erTmaneTs Seejibrnen

imis gasarkvevad, Tu romeli maTgani iyo saukeTeso moazrov-
ne. maTi saboloo testi moicavda xuT ferad webovan qaRalds
- or wiTels da sam lurjs. msajma, romelsac Sejibris gamar-
jvebuli unda gamoevlina, TiToeuli webovani qaRaldi mo-
nawileebs zurgze ise miaweba, rom monawileebma ar icodnen,
vis ra feri qaRaldi ergo. monawileebs unda gamoecnoT, ra
feris qaRaldi hqondaT zurgze akruli. vinc gamoicnobda,
is gaimarjvebda. vinc araswor fers daasaxelebda, Sejibrs
datovebda. iuristma Sexeda or darCenil monawiles da Ta-
vi gaaqnia; gamocnoba ar SeeZlo. eqimma Sexeda jer iuristis,
Semdeg ki filosofosis zurgs da Semdeg imazec dafiqrda,
ratom gauWirda iurists gamocnoba da Tavadac uari Tqva

feris dasaxelebaze. brma filosofosma maSinve gamoacxada
ra feris stikeri hqonda zurgze mikruli da isic axsna, ro-
gor mivida am daskvnamde deduqciuri msjelobiT. dawereT
filosofosis msjeloba winaapirobebis da daskvnebis saxiT
(miniSneba: dagWirdebaT ori argumenti, TiToeuli moicavs
or winapirobas da daskvnas. pirveli winapiroba orive argu-
mentSi unda moicavdes Tu/maSin konstruqcias.
savarjiSo 7
berZeni filosofosis - platonis - dialogebSi, igi gviyveba,

rogor cdilobdnen sokrate da meno, ganexilaT, aris Tu ara
SesaZlebeli Rirsebis Seswavla. sokrate ambobs: maswavleb-
lebi imitom arseboben, rom aswavlon is, risi Seswavlac SeiZ-
leba. meno amaSi eTanxmeba sokrates. sokrate agrZelebs, rom
Tu vinmes SeuZlia Rirsebis Seswavla, es sofistebi (im dro-
isaTvis cnobili maswavleblebi) an keTilSobili aTenelebi
iqnebian. meno amaSic eTanxmeba sokrates. magram aba faqtebs
SevxedoT, - ambobs sokrate, - bevr sofists da keTilSobil
aTenels uRirsi Svilebi hyavda. es maswavleblebi da mSoble-
bi namdvilad aswavlidnen Svils, ra aris Rirseba da rogor
iyvnen Rirseuli adamianebi, - es rom SesaZlebeli iyos. ami-
tom, - ambobs sokrate, - unda davaskvnaT, rom Rirsebis Ses-
wavla SeuZlebelia.
amowereT sokrates argumenti winapirobebis da daskvnis sa-

xiT (miniSneba: argumentSi erTze meti Tu/maSin konstruq-
ciis Semcveli winapirobis Setana SegiZliaT). validuria Tu
ara es argumenti? damajerebelia Tu ara igi TqvenTvis? daa-
sabuTeT pasuxi.
savarjiSo 8
a. gansazRvreT, validuria Tu ara Semdegi argumentebi.

ganmarteT Tqveni pasuxi (miniSneba: ifiqreT, rogor Se-
iZleba, rom winapirobebi swori iyos, daskvna ki - mcdari).
1. Tu manqanaSi benzini gamoileva, is gaCerdeba.
Cveni manqana gaCerebulia.
167
ese igi, Cvens manqanaSi benzini gamoilia.

2. Tu manqanaSi benzini gamoileva, gaCerdeba.
Cvens manqanaSi benzini aris.
ese igi, Cveni manqana moZraobs.
3. Tu bavSvs pampersi gamosacvleli aqvs, tiris.
Cveni bavSvi tiris.
ese igi, Cvens bavSvs pampersi aqvs gamosacvleli.
4. Tu cudi maswavlebeli gyavT, maSin igi bevr davale-
bas mogcemT.
Cven ar gvyavs cudi maswavlebeli.
amitom Cveni maswavlebeli ar gvaZlevs bevr davale
bas.
b. ras gveubneba zemoT mocemuli magaliTebi Tu/maSin de-

duqciur argumentze? (miniSneba: SeiZleba Tu ara vali-
duri daskvnis gakeTeba, roca pirveli winapirobis maSin
nawili sworia? roca pirveli winapirobis Tu nawilia
mcdari?)
refleqsia _______________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
Sejameba
deduqciuri msjeloba aris procesi, romelic iyenebs mtki-

cebulebebs an winapirobebs, raTa dagvanaxos, rom daskvna
aucileblad sworia.
deduqciuri msjelobis tradiciuli forma aris silogizmi,

romelic or winapirobaSi gviCvenebs, rogor aris dakavSire-

buli sami piroba erTmaneTTan. Tu argumenti Sesabamisadaa
agebuli, SesaZlebeli iqneba erTi validuri daskvnis gakeTe-
ba. daskvnis validuroba miuTiTebs imaze, rom Tu winapiro-
bebi sworia, maSin daskvnac aucileblad swori iqneba.
deduqciuri argumenti SeiZleba ramdenime silogizmis saSu-

lebiT aigos. es silogizmebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan damou-
kideblad gamoviyenoT, raTa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli az-
rebi gadmovceT, an SegviZlia erTmaneTTan davakavSiroT da
saboloo daskvna gavakeToT, am gziT erTi silogizmis dask-
vna meore silogizmis winapirobad gadaiqceva.
garda amisa, deduqciuri argumenti SeiZleba eyrdnobodes

Tu/maSin konstruqcias (rogoricaa, Tu wylis temperatu-
ra normaluri wnevis pirobebSi aWarbebs 100 celsiuss, ma-
Sin wyali aduRdeba). es winadadeba SeiZleba iyos argumentis
pirveli winapiroba. Tu meore winapirobaSi naTqvami iqnebo-
da, rom pirveli winapirobis Tu nawili aris swori an maSin
nawili mcdari, SesaZlebeli iqneboda valduri daskvnis ga-
keTeba.
deduqciur msjelobaze kritikulad fiqrSi rom gavivar-

jiSoT, dawereT esse, romelic aanalizebs da afasebs argu-
ments, romelic uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebis
misaRebad gamoiyena. Tqvenma essem unda axsnas mosamarTle-
ebis mier gamoyenebuli deduqciuri argumenti, unda ganmar-
tos, validuria Tu ara igi da ramdenad damajereblad JRers
TqvenTvis.
meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, 50 wlis qalbatonma mimarTa

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobas moqalaqeobis mi-
Rebis moTxovniT. ganacxadSi is ambobda, rom pacifisti iyo
da qveynis dasacavad ver ibrZolebda. vinaidan kanonis mi-
xedviT moqalaqeebi mzad unda iyvnen, mxari dauWiron da da-
icvan amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia da kano-
nebi yvela saxis mterTan dapirispirebis fasadac ki, mas uari
uTxres moqalaqeobis miRebaze. qalbatonma gadawyvetileba
gaasaCivra da rodesac misma saqmem uzenaes sasamarTlomde
miaRwia, cxra mosamarTlidan eqvsma miiRo gadawyvetileba,
169
rom misTvis moqalaqeoba ar miecaT. isini ambobdnen, yvela

moqalaqe rom am qalbatonis mosazrebas iziarebdes, konsti-
tucia da saxelmwifo arsebobas Sewyvetdao. im faqts, rom is
qali iyo da Tan sakmaod xnieri imisaTvis, rom armiaSi emsa-
xura, yuradRebas aravin aqcevda. mosamarTleebisaTvis mTa-
vari iyo misi msoflmxedveloba, radgan, maTi azriT, aseTi
azrovneba ,,ufro probematuri iyo, vidre is faqti, rom igi
uars ambobda, xelSi iaraRi aeRo.~ mosamarTleebi fiqrobd-
nen, rom omis SemTxvevaSi igi ,,qveynisTvis saSiSi~ iqneboda.
sisulele
martivi gamosacnobi ar aris is, Tu rodis aqvs ama Tu im ar-

guments azri. zogjer sruli uazroba da sisulele SeiZleba
logikurad JRerdes. magaliTad:
winapiroba: gasul Rames inglisuris maswavlebeli hai
sitidan televizorSi aCvenes.
winapiroba: mis fernandesi inglisuris maswavlebe-
lia, romelic hai sitiSi cxovrobs.
daskvna: gasul Rames mis fernandesi televizorSi aC-
venes.
albaT, aseTi argumentiT veravin gagabriyvebT. albaT, amas

ise SexedavT, rogorc xumrobas da ara arguments, romliTac
Tqvens gasulelebas cdilobdnen. magram zogjer marTlac
SeiZleba gavbriyvdeT aTasi sisuleliT. es Tavi eZRvneba sa-
mi tipis sisuleles, ramac SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos.
pirveli tipis sisulele moicavs aramkafiod da damaxinje-

bulad warmodgenil informacias. Tu argumentSi gamoyene-
bulia gaugebari an orazrovani pirobebi, SeiZleba, araswori
warmodgena Segviqmnas. magaliTad, SeiZleba gvegonos, rom
argumenti erT rames exeba, magram sinamdvileSi sul sxva ra-
mes gulisxmobdes. swored es problema aqvs zemoT mocemul
silogizms. pirvel winapirobaSi ,, inglisuris maswavlebeli
hai sitidan ~ exeba konkretul pirovnebas. magram Semdeg wi-
napirobaSi igive fraza adamianTa jgufis aRsaniSnavad gamo-
iyeneba. es silogizmi sisulelea, radgan es fraza orazro-

vania.
meore saxis sisulele, romelsac am TavSi ganvixilavT, iseT

SemTxvevas exeba, rodesac argumenti warmodgnilia winapi-
robebis gareSe. Tuki winapiroba sustia da saerTod ar vax-
senebT, aman SeiZleba argumenti ufro myarad warmoaCinos,
vidre realuradaa.
mesame tipis sisuleles ,,kiTxvis maTxovrobas~ uwodeben.

daskvna, romelic unda gakeTdes, sinamdvileSi, mxolod va-
raudis saxiTaa gadmocebuli.
mcdari STabeWdilebebi
zogjer informacia SeiZleba ise iyos warmodgenili, rom

gvgonia, TiTqos, viciT, razea saubari. Tumca, Semdgomi dak-
virvebis safuZvelze aRmoCndeba, rom saubari sul sxva rames
exeba. magaliTad, pirveli diagrama gviCvenebs testSi miRe-
bul saSualo qulas inglisuri enis oTxi klasisaTvis. Cans,
rom didi gansxvavebaa a klassa da danarCen sam klass Soris.
ase araa?
diagrama 1
100
95
90
0
A B C D
Tu, arc mTlad asea? meore diagrama imave informacias war-

mogvidgens, magram aq svetebi mTlianadaa warmodgenili, pir-
veli diagramisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac isini gadaWrili iyo.
meore diagramaze oTxi klasis qulebi TiTqmis erTnairad ga-
moiyureba.
171
diagrama 2
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A B C D
pirvel diagramaSi araferia iseTi, rac aRniSnavda, rom ,,a

klasma gacilebiT uaresi qulebi miiRo, sxva klasebTan Seda-
rebiT.~ magram, informacia isea warmodgenili, rom am daskv-
nis gamotanisken gvibiZgebs.
zustad iseve, rogorc statistika SeiZleba warmovadginoT

imgvarad, rom araswori daskvnis gakeTebisken gvibiZgos,
sityvebiTac SesaZlebelia, mcdari STabeWdileba SevqmnaT.
warmovidginoT, rom uyureb satelevizio reklamas, rome-

lic acxadebs, rom unda darekoT 900-ze, raTa namdvil fsi-
qologs esaubroT.
sanam telefonTan mixvalT, hkiTxeT Tqvens Tavs, ras miiRebT

gadaxdili Tanxis sanacvlod. zustad ras gulosxmoben ,,nam-
dvil fsiqologSi~? eqimebis da maswavleblebis msgavsad,
yvela fsiqologi sertificirebulia? Tu nebismier adamians
SeuZlia Tqvas, rom fsiqologia? zustad, ras akeTebs fsiqo-
logi?
Tuki aseT kiTxvebze dafiqrdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom am rekla-

mis mniSvneloba ufro sxva ramea da ara is, ra mniSvnelobac
reklamas misi pirveli naxvisas mianiWeT.
savarjiSo 1
ra STabeWdilebas tovebs qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli sa-

reklamo gancxadeba? ramdenad gansxvavdeba misi realuri
mniSvneloba pirveli STabeWdilebisagan? (TiToeul gancxa-
debaSi daakvirdiT gaugebar sityvas an frazas).
1. ,,es ar aris mxolod nayini! es gregis gansakuTrebuli

nayinia~!
2. ,,am axali savarjiSo videokasetis saSualebiT, oTx-
mocdaaTwuTiani varjiSi ocdaaT wuTSi SegiZliaT
daamTavroT~.
3. ,,Cven mier SemoTavazebuli katisa da ZaRlis saWmeli
veterinarebma daamzades imisaTvis, rom Tqvenma Sina-
urma cxovelebma mecnierulad Seqmnili sakvebi mii-
Ron~.
4. ,,eleqtrofanjrebi, eleqtrokarebi, gadasawevi ska-
mebi! muxruWebi, romlebic ar iWedeba! da yvelaferi
es Tvrameti aTasi dolaris farglebSi (manqanis Rire-
bulebaa 17, 900 dolari)
5. reklamaSi mamakacis Tmis produqtis Sesaxeb uCve-
neben Suaxnis mamakacs, romlis problemaa ,,WaRara,
Txeli Tma~. produqtma, rogorc Cans, problema unda
moagvaros ori kuTxiT: Rebavs Tmas da asqelebs mas.
fotoebi, romlebzec es mamakacia asaxuli - manamde
da produqtis miRebis Semdgom - aCvenebs, rom mas uf-
ro muqi da sqeli Tma aqvs (miniSneba: ra niSnavs ,,Txe-
li Tma?~ ras miuTiTebs manamde da Semdeg gadaRebu-
li suraTebi da, suraTebis safuZvelze, ra SeiZleba
iTqvas ,,Txeli Tmis~ mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT?).
savarjiSo 2
Semdegi informacia eleqtroenergiis tarifebis mosalod-

nel zrdas aRwers. rogor fiqrobT, vin gaavrcela es in-
formacia - eleqtroenergiis kompaniam, romelic tarifebis
zrdas moiTxovs, Tu momxmareblebis jgufma, romlebic am
zrdas aprotesteben? (miniSneba: daakvirdiT rogoraa in-
formacia warmodgenili, - imgvarad, rom tarifis zrda ufro
173
mniSvnelovnad warmoCndes Tu SedarebiT umniSvnelod? naT-

lad Cans Tu ara, ramdenad gaizrdeba yovelTviuri gadasaxa-
di? ra STabeWdileba grCebaT, gazrdis Sesaxeb detalurad
mocemul gazrdil cifrebs roca uyurebT? aseTi detaluri
aRwera xom ar aris cotaTi uazroba da ratom? SegiZliaT, ga-
moicnoT, rogor gamoiTvales es cifrebi?
mimdinare SemoTavaze-
yovelTviu- buli procentis zrda 5 wlian
ri saSualo wliuri zrda periodSi
gadasaxadi zrda
$20 $ 38.50 16.04 $192.50
30 54.91 15.25 274.56
40 71.32 14.86 356.61
50 87.73 14.62 438.66
60 149.22 20.73 746.30
70 199.22 23.72 996.11
80 204.45 21.30 1,022.25
90 209.68 19.42 1,048.39
100 214.91 17.91 1,074.55
savarjiSo 3
Semdegi argumenti moamzades jeri sederblomma da devid v.

polsenma, raTa aCvenon, rogor SeiZleba Segviyvanos Secdo-
maSi gaugebar pirobebze dafuZnebulma argumentma. axseniT,
ratom ar aris argumenti realurad validuri (miniSneba:
ifiqreT imaze, Tu ras niSnavs ,,Sewyoba~ meore da mesame wi-
napirobaSi).
1. qorwineba moicavs pirobis dadebas imasTan dakavSirebiT,

rom am adamianTan erTad icxovreb mTeli sicocxle.
2. aravis SeuZlia, zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos, ramdenad
Seewyoba sxva adamians mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.
3. Tu ori adamiani erTmaneTs ver ewyoba, maSin isini erTad
ver icxovreben.
4. aravin unda dados piroba, Tu zustad ar icis, rom am pi-
robis Sesruleba SeuZlia.
amitom, aravin unda daqorwindes.
savarjiSo 4
ra problema aqvs Semdeg arguments? (miniSneba: argumenti

xsnis rigi problemebis mizezebs. namdvilad xsnis Tu ara igi
am mizezebs?)
kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom kriminalebis TiTqmis asi procenti

bavSvobaSi svamda rZes. es exeba im kriminalebsac, romelTac
mZime danaSauli aqvT Cadenili. 96 procenti quCis bandis wev-
rebisa drodadro svams rZes. 97.3 procentma kazinos moTa-
maSeebidan aRiara, rom Zalian uyvars rZe. garda rZis sxva
uaryofiTi Tvisebebisa, misi regularuli miReba aramarto
wamlavs adamianebis gonebas da Zirs uTxris maT morals, ara-
med, aseve rZis regularul miRebas mivyavarT gardauval
fizikur dauZlurebamde. profesionalma sportsmenebma,
romlebic agrZelebdnen rZis smas 40 wlis Semdegac, SeamCni-
es maTi refleqsebis moduneba, maTi gadaadgilebis siCqaris
Semcireba da da Zalis gamoleva. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,
rZis smis efeqtebis ugulebelyofa SeuZlebelia. detaluri
kvlevisas ver moiZebna erTi rZis msmelic ki, romelic 1880
welsaa dabadebuli da dRemde cocxalia. yvela danarCeni da-
iRupa. dResve unda miviRoT zomebi am Wiris winaaRmdeg.
175
gamotovebuli winapirobebi
rodesac argumentis winapirobebi sruladaa Camoyalibebu-

li, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, validuria Tu ara igi. aseve Seg-
viZlia vnaxoT, ramdenad damajerebelia CvenTvis winapirobe-
bi. imis gamo, rom martivi gamosacnobia, romelia susti ar-
gumenti, Tu is zustad da naTladaa aRwerili, zogjer ada-
mianebi arasrulad warmoadgenen sust arguments da toveben
winapirobebs. aman SeiZleba argumenti ufro myarad warmoa-
Cinos da Tu kargad ar daakvirdebiT mas, SesaZloa, Secdoma-
Sic SexvideT.
magaliTad, ketCupis reklamaSi naTqvami iyo, rom ,,Cveni ket-

Cupi nebismieri sxva wamyvani brendis ketCupze ufro sqe-
lia~. swored es winapiroba - ,,Cveni ketCupi nebismieri sxva
wamyvani brendis ketCupze ufro sqelia~ - iyo daskvnis - ,,un-
da iyidoT Cveni brendi~ - mTavari safuZveli.
imisaTvis, rom es argumenti validuri iyos, unda arsebobdes

sxva winapiroba, magaliTad, aseTi: ,,Tqven gsurT ufro sqeli
ketCupis yidva~. magram am bundovani winapirobis damatebis
Semdegac ar geqnebaT validuri argumenti, radgan SeiZleba
iyos aTobiT sxva arawamyvani brendebis ketCupi, romlebic
ufro sqelia, vidre ketCupi, romlis reklamasac akeTeben.
imisaTvis, rom argumenti validuri gaxdes, kidev erTi wina-
pirobaa saWiro, romelic daadasturebs, rom reklamirebu-
li brendi zustad iseTive sisqisaa, rogoric Tqven gsurT, an
Tqven namdvilad yidulobT mxolod ,,wamyvan brendebs~.
ase rom, SesaZlebelia, ketCupis reklamis argumenti validu-

ri gaxdes Tu:
winapiroba: Tqven sqeli ketCupis yidva gsurT.

winapiroba: Tqven mxolod wamyvan brendebs yidu-
lobT.
winapiroba: Cveni brendis ketCupi ufro sqelia, vid-
re nebismieri sxva wamyvani brendis ketCupi.
daskvna: Tqven Cveni brendi unda iyidoT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es argumenti validuria, igi ar aris

Zalian damajerebeli. mas Semdeg, rac pirvel or winapiro-
bas vaxsenebT, martivad SegiZliaT mixvdeT, rom isini, albaT,
mcdari iqneba. da Tu isini mcdaria, maSin daskvnac mcdaria.
savarjiSo 5
ketCupis reklamas ar unda SevxedoT, rogorc validuri de-

duqciuri argumentis Seqmnis mcdelobas. igi ufro induqci-
ur argumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. am SemTxvevaSi, winapiro-
bebis mizania ara swor, aramed, savaraudo daskvnamde migviy-
vanos. am induqciuri argumentis winapirobac igive iqneba:
Cveni brendi ufro sqelia, vidre nebismieri sxva wam-
yvani brendi.
ra iqneba argumentis meore winapiroba? (miniSneba: winapiro-

baSi unda Candes, ra gavlenas axdens ,,sisqe~ ketCupis xarisx-
ze). ramdenad damajerebelia es argumenti? aris deduqciur
argumentze cotaTi mainc ufro damajerebeli? daasabuTeT
pasuxi.
savarjiSo 6
qvemoT mocemul TiToeul arguments aklia winapiroba, ro-

melic saWiroa imisaTvis, rom argumenti validuri gaxdes.
amoiwereT argumentebi da SeavseT gamotovebuli winapiro-
bebiT. Semdeg naxeT, ramdenad damajerebelia TqvenTvis sru-
lad Camoyalibebuli argumenti.
1. sawvavis kompaniis reklama moicavs Semdeg winapiro-

bebs.rasac SeWam, isa xar.
is, rac adamianebzea naTqvami, avtomobilebisTvisac
simarTles Seesabameba.
daskvna aqedan is aris, rom am brendis sawvavi unda
iyido (miniSneba: unda gadaakeToT pirveli ori wi-
napiroba, rom isini ufro naTeli gaxdes. magaliTad,
pirveli winapiroba SeiZleba ase Camoyalibdes:
177
bevri energia rom gqondes, maRali energetikuli sak-

vebi unda miirTva.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu pirvel or winapirobas gadaake-
TebT , argumentis srulyofisaTvis kidev ori winapi-
robis damateba dagWirdebaT).
2. saerTaSoriso satelefono kavSiris reklama mouwo-
debs xalxs, gamoiyenon maTi servisi, vinaidan ,,rac
mets saubrob, miT mets zogav~.
3. politikur reklamaSi oponenti akritikebs qalba-
tons, romelic Statis prokurorad iyris kenWs. opo-
nentis Tanaxmad, rodesac es qalbatoni Statis pro-
kurorad muSaobda, saqmeebis mxolod 47 procentSi
SeZlo msjavris dadeba. aqedan gamomdinare, reklama
askvnis, rom es qalbatoni araefeqturi prokuroria.
4. ,,kola laiTi, mxolod erTi kaloria erT boTlze.~
5. avtomobilis satelevizio sareklamo rgoli aCvenebs
avtomobils, romelic Zalian maRali siCqariT Sedis
gzatkecilis mosaxvevSi, sadac sxva manqana ar dadis.
6. sunTqvis gasaumjobesebeli abebis Sesaxeb satelevi-
zio reklama aCvenebs, rogor aridebs xalxi Tavs la-
maz qals. Semdeg qali ReWavs pitnis gemos mqone abs.
momdevno scenaSi adamianebi, romlebic qals Tavs
aridebdnen, axla mis axlos yofnas cdiloben.
savarjiSo 7
moiZieT reklama, romelic iyenebs arguments gamotovebuli

winapirobiT. reklama SeiZleba iyos satelevizio, radio, ga-
zeTis an Jurnalis. CaiwereT reklama zustad ise, rogorc is
aris warmodgenili. Semdeg dawereT, rogori iqneboda argu-
menti, Tuki mas srulad CamovayalibebdiT da validurs gav-
xdidiT. gauziareT Tqveni naSromi Tqvens Tanaklaselebs da
axseniT, srulad Camoyalibebuli argumenti ufro metad da-
majerebels gaxdida am reklamas Tu - piriqiT?
winaswar gadawyvetili sakiTxi
bandis wevrebi cdiloben, gadawyviton, ra unda iyos maTi Sem-

dgomi danaSauli. bolos, erT -erTi maTgani ambobs: ,,iciT,
ra? modiT, is gavakeToT, rasac me vityvi~.
,,eg rogor? Sen ratom unda gadawyvito?~ - kiTxulobs meore.
,,imitom, rom me var aq bosi.~ - ambobs pirveli.
,,da viTom ratom xar Sen bosi?~
,,imitom, rom me viReb aq gadawyvetilebebs.~
bandis wevrebisaTvis SeiZleba es argumenti damajerebeli

iyo, magram, savaraudod, Tqven mixvdebodiT, rom aq yvelafe-
ri rigze ar aris. argumenti wreze trialebs. pirvelad bosi
iyenebs winapirobas, rom is aris bosi, raTa daamtkicos, rom
man unda miiRos gadawyvetilebebi; Semdgom is iyenebs winapi-
robas, rom is iRebs gadawyvetilebebs imisaTvis, rom daamt-
kicos sakuTari bosoba.
aseTi tipis argumenti winaswar gadawyvetil sakiTxs exeba.

roca aseT argumentTan gvaqvs saqme, WeSmaritebad viRebT im
sakiTxs, romlis damtkicebasac vcdilobT.
reklamis damkveTebi xSirad WeSmaritebad iReben im faqts,

rom maTi produqti saukeTesoa, an klientebs maTi yidva nam-
dvilad undaT. magaliTad, amerikuli saavtomobilo kompa-
niis mTavari gasayidi gzavnili, rodesac Zvirad Rirebuli
avtomobilis reklamas amzadebda, iyo is, rom maTi avtomo-
bili gacilebiT iafia, vidre zogierTi mdidruli evropu-
li brendi. reklamaSi WeSmaritebad iyo miRebuli is faqti,
rom amerikuli manqanebi iseve kargadaa awyobili, rogorc
evropuli. magram sinamdvileSi swored am faqtis damtkice-
bas cdilobda es reklama.
aseTi tipis argumenti rom gamoicnoT, daakvirdiT, wreze

trialebs Tu ara argumenti da Separebulia Tu ara daskvna
winapirobebSi.
179
savarjiSo 8
axseniT, ratom aris Tioeuli qvemoT mocemuli argumenti

winaswar gadawyvetili sakiTxis Semcveli argumentis maga-
liTi.
1. qali da mamakaci saubroben mayuCze, romelsac qali

manqanas umagrebs.
,,es mayuCi Camofasebuli mayuCebis gasayid adgilas
SeiZine?~ - ekiTxeba kaci.
,,ara, mayuCebis sitiSi viyide. mgonia, rom xarisxi zus-
tad imdenad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac fasi~.
2. aCveneben qals, romelic krekers miirTmevs. ,,bevri
Tqvengani,~ - ambobs igi kameris win - ,,miirTmevT xra-
Suna Svriis krekers imitom, rom is gemrielia. Tu mas
imitom WamT, rom gemrielia, mTavars ver xvdebiT~
(miniSneba: ratom miirTmeven adamianebi wasaxemsebel
krekerebs?)
3. ori qali saubrobs erT-erTi maTganis warmatebebze
biznesSi da manqanaze, romelic man am warmatebebis
aRsaniSnad SeiZina. manqana imave modelisaa, rac mas
manamde hyavda.
,,me megona, rom ~ - ambobs meore qalbatoni RimiliT
- ,,ufro win waxvidodi. rogor unda mixvdes adamiani,
ramdenad warmatebuli xar? ~
4. `Tu yvelaze dabali fasebi gindaT, umjobesia, ivaW-
roT elis savaWro centrSi~.
5. Semdegi nawyveti aris `patara ufliswulidan~. es aris
ucnauri ufliswulis ambavi, romelic kosmosSi mog-
zaurobs da ucnaur planetebs stumrobs.
erT planetaze loTi cxovrobda. am planetaze uf-

liswulma Zalian cota xans dayo, magram nanaxma did
sagonebelSi Caagdo.
,,aq ras akeTeb?~ - hkiTxa man loTs, romelic wyna-
rad mokalaTebuliyo boTlebis grovaSi, romel-
Tagan zogi savse iyo, zogic ukve daecarielebina.
,,vsvam~ - sevdiani gamometyvelebiT upasuxa loTma.

,,ratom svam?~ - ar moeSva patara ufliswuli.
,,imitom, rom daviviwyo,~ - upasuxa loTma.
,,ra unda daiviwyo?~ - CaekiTxa patara ufliswuli,
romelic ukve loTisadmi TanagrZnobiT gamsWvalu-
loyo.
,,unda daviviwyo, rom Sercxvenili var~, - aRiara loT-
ma da Tavi Caqindra.
,,risi grcxveniaT?~ - Tavisas ar iSlida princi, undo-
da, rogorme daxmareboda.
,,mrcxvenia, rom vsvam!~ - ase daamTavra loTma saubari
da amis mere xma ar amouRia.
patara ufliswuli wavida, gaognebuli iyo.
,,didebi marTlac Zalian, Zalian ucnaurebi arian~,-
uTxra man Tavis Tavs da gzas gaagrZela.
antuan de sent-egziuperi
(Targmnilia sofio gorgoZis mier)
6. ori studenti saubrobs qalebsa da politikaze.

hali: qali arasdros unda airCion amerikis SeerTebu-
li Statebis prezidentad.
erini: ar mesmis, ratom. kanoni amas ar ewinaaRmdegeba.
hali: imitom, rom xalxi xmas ar miscems.
erini: me mivcem.
hali: magram xalxis umetesoba xmas ar miscems. xalxs
surs, rom maTi xmebi rameSi CaiTvalos. maT surT, ga-
marjvebuls miscen xma. yvelam icis, rom qali waagebs,
amitomac mas xmas aravin miscems.
181
refleqsia _______________________
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Sejameba
am TavSi Tqven naxeT sami tipis sisulele, sami gza, Tu rogor

SeiZleba, argumentma SecdomaSi Segviyvanos.
zogjer argumenti uazrobaa, vinaidan masSi informacia da-

maxinjebulia. igi qmnis mcdar STabeWdilebas, vinaidan oraz-
rovnan sityvas an frazas moicavs da mtkicebulebas araswo-
rad warmoadgens. Sedegad viRebT iseT arguments, romelic
sul sxva rames ambobs, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans.
argumenti aseve SeiZleba sisuleled iqces, rodesac yvela

winapiroba ar aris CamoTvlili. Tuki dafiqrdebiT im winapi-
robebze, romlebic ar aris naTqvami, mixvdebiT, rom daskvna
kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.
dabolos, argumenti sisulelea, rodesac igi iTxovs SekiTx-

vas da WeSmaritebad iRebs imas, ris damtkicebasac cdilobs.
kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi dagexmarebaT, Tu ro-

melime uazro argumentis Sesaxeb dawerT esses. am mizniT,
gTavazobT nawyvets 1943 wels adolf hitleris gamosvli-
dan. hitleri germaniis diqtatori iyo da qveyanas marTavda
1933 wlidan 1945 wlamde. Tqvens esseSi SegiZliaT ganixiloT
hitleris orazrovani da gaugebari ena, misi arasruli da wi-
naswar gadawyvetili sakiTxis Semcveli argumentebi. razec
unda gaakeToT aqcenti, Tqveni esses mizania, aCvenoT, rom is,
rac erTi SexedviT SeiZleba myar argumentad moegeCvenoT,

sinamdvileSi, sisulelea.
am gamosvlaSi hitleri amarTlebda im periodSi asobiT ger-

maneli moqalaqis mkvlelobas. igi ambobda, rom is, vinc mok-
les, misi da mTeli eris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas awyobda.
bevri germanelis azriT, sasamarTlo unda Catarebuliyo.
magram hitleri cdilobda, daemtkicebina, rom sasamarTlo
saWiro ar iyo.
Tu xalxi imaSi madanaSaulebs, rom sasamarTlo ar gaimarTa

da Tu fiqrobT, rom mxolod sasamarTlo proceduras SeuZ-
lia zustad gazomos es danaSauli da misi gamosyidvis zome-
bi, maSin me amas yvelaze metad gavaprotesteb. is vinc germa-
niis winaaRmdeg xels aRmarTavs, qveynis moRalatea. qveynis
moRalate misi Ralatis gazomva-awonviT ki ar unda daisa-
jos, aramed, im miznis Sesabamisad, rasac misi Ralati amxels.
is, vinc Tavis gulSi miznad daisaxavs, rom qveynis winaaRmdeg
amboxeba moawyos, erTgulebas uRalatebs, rwmenas uRala-
tebs, mis fics uRalatebs. maSin, dae, nurafers elis, garda
imisa, rom am saqmes pirvelad TviTon Seewireba. me aranairi
survili ar maqvs wvril-wvrili damnaSaveebi davxvrito da
didi kriminalebi Seviwyalo. Cemi vali ar aris imis gamoZieba,
ramdenad didi tkivili miayenes am SeTqmulebs, agitatorebs
da qveynis damangrevlebs, germanuli sazogadoebis azris
momwamvlelebs da aseve msoflio azris momwamvlelebsac: Ce-
mi saqme ar aris gamoviZio, romeli maTgani daitanja yvelaze
metad. Cemi saqme mxolod imis uzrunvelyofaa, rom germani-
is xvedri gausaZlisi ar iyos.
Sefaseba
ingliseli istorikosi jorj makalai treveliani werda:
sayovelTao ganaTlebam warmoSva bevri adamiani,

romelTac SeuZliaT kiTxva, magram ar SeuZliaT
imis arCeva, ra waikiTxon.
183
man SeiZleba gaazviada sakuTari Sexeduleba ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb, magram igi marTali iyo, roca gansxvavebas xedavda
furcelze asoebis jgufis cnobasa da imis gagebas Soris,
Tu ras gulisxmobs asoebis erToblioba. kritikulad maSin
iwyebT fiqrs, rodesac cdilobT imis mniSvneloba gaarkvi-
oT, rasac xedavT da rac gesmiT. magram es procesi aq ar mTav-
rdeba.
Tu ivaraudebT, rom kritikuli azrovneba aris mxolod
sityvebis mniSvnelobis gamocnoba, maSin procesi avejis da-
lagebas daemsgavseba. Tqven cdilobT ideebis organizebas
imgvarad, rom isini erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi iyos, magram
kritikuli azrovneba, sinamdvileSi, es ar aris. kritikuli
azrovneba ar aris raRac, rac Tqvenze gavlenis moxdenis ga-
reSe xdeba. bunebrivia - is, Tu rogor alagebT ideebs, Tqven
gcvliT. mas Semdeg ki, rac gadawyvetT, rom raRac simarT-
lea, kargia an lamazia, Tqven sul sxva adamiani xarT.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kritikul azrovnebas mivyavarT

Sefasebamde. magaliTad, imis Semdeg, rac gaarkvevT, ra mniS-
vneloba aqvs leqsSi mocemul sityveb, fiqrobT imaze, Tu ras
niSnavs es leqsi TqvenTvis. Rirs misi damaxsovreba? xom ar
gindaT, megobars gauziaroT? aRwers Tu ara im grZnobebs,
rac TqvenTvis nacnobia? sasaciloa? sevdiania? STagago-
nebT Tu ara? ena musikaluria Tu ara? esmis poets, razec
saubrobs? fiqrobdiT Tu ara am leqsze misi wakiTxvis Sem-
degac? gindaT Tu ara, rom am leqsis msgavsi leqsi kidev wai-
kiTxoT? leqsis wakiTxvis Semdeg raime kiTxvebi xom ar dage-
badaT? pasuxs scems Tu ara leqsi SekiTxvebs? dramatulia?
civia? mxiarulia? simarTles aRwers?
rodesac afasebT, Tqven fiqrobT SemoqmedebiTad, kritiku-

lad da mTel Tqvens gamocdilebas iyenebT Tqveni fiqrebis
saganTan mimarTebaSi.
kiTxvebs, romlebic dagebadebaT, bevri sxvadasxva forma Se-

iZleba hqondes. magram, sabolood, erT SekiTxvamde mivdi-
varT: ,,ras mniSvneloba aqvs am leqss CemTvis?~
savarjiSo 1
warmoidgineT, rom skolis saSualo safexuris poeziis an-

Tologiis redaqtori xarT. qvemoT mocemulia ori leqsi,
romelTaganac orives gTavazoben anTologiaSi Sesatanad,
magram mxolod erTisTvisRa dagrCaT adgili. romeli unda
Sevides anTologiaSi da ratom? dauwereT werili gamomce-
mels, sadac Tqvens arCevans daasabuTebT.
elizabet baret brouningi
***
Sen rom gekiTxa rogor miyvarxar, getyodi -
ulev grZnobiT!
siyvaruls Cemsas ara aqvs bolo,
arc sazRvrebi aqvs gonis,
Sorsac rom iyo suliT SegigrZnob,
roca miRma xar fonis
mxolod am grZnobas, RvTiursa ZaluZs
xsna amqveyniur monis.
mWirdebi ise, rogorc sWirdebaT
mzis sxivi Semdeg mwuxris,
da siyvaruli Cemi Sendami xarksac aravis uxdis,
is ubraloa da arc sanacvlod elis xotbas da qebas,
sevdiT mavsebs da Zlier miaxlebs bavSvobis natken
vnebas.
Senia mxolod Rimili Cemi, yoveli sunTqva, cremli,
megona Cemgan gamqral angelozs gahyva es grZnoba
wrfeli;
aq xom miyvarxar Zlier, magram Tu ineba RmerTma zecad
gpirdebi rom meyvarebi, Cemo, imqveynad ufro metad.
Targmnilia medea gugeSaSvilis mier

185
emili dikinsoni
***
mSvenierebas Sevewire da
vpove samare viwro.
is ki, vinc mokvda simarTlisaTvis,
iqve - mezoblad iwva.
man mkiTxa krZalviT, Tu ram damRupa,

,,mSvenierebam,~ - vuTxari,
,,me ki - simarTlem. es xom erTia,
Zmebi varT,~ - miTxra mwuxared.
axloblebiviT, saubriT SevxvdiT

Rames - frebi rom gaSala.
mere ki xavsi mowvda Cvens tuCebs
da Cveni xsovna waSala.
Targmnilia lela samniaSvilis mier
savarjiSo 2
warmoidgineT, rom kidev erT usaxelo raketas agzavnian kos-

mosis siRrmeebis gamosakvlevad. iseve rogorc Voyagers -ze,
maszec iqneba uamravi sagani, raTa nebismierma vinc naxavs, ga-
igos, rogoria cxovreba dedamiwaze. am nivTebs Soris iqneba
kasetac, sadac Cawerili iqneba msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis
musika - xalxuri, klasika Tu popi. dawereT werili, sadac wa-
radgenT musikalur nimuSebs, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, auci-
leblad unda iyos kasetaze. Tqvens werilSi axseniT da dai-
caviT Tqveni arCevani.
savarjiSo 3
Semdegi sityva aris irlandieli mwerlis oskar uaildis di-

alogidan. mosaubre kacs viviani hqvia. daaxasiaTeT viviani.
vivianis msgavs adamianTan megobrobas isurvebdiT? ratom?

am kiTxvebze pasuxebi werilobiT gaeciT mas Semdeg, rac vivi-
anis daxasiaTebas dawerT.
samarcxvino aRiarebaa, magram Cven yvelani erTi da imave ra-

misagan varT Seqmnilni. falstafSi raRac aris hamletiseu-
li, hamletSic aris raRac falstafiseuli. msuqani raindi
xandaxan melanqoliuria, axalgazrda princs ki uxeSi iumo-
ri aqvs. is, riTic erTmaneTisagan ganvsxvavdebiT, garegnoba,
Cvevebi da msgavsi ram - meorexarisxovania. mizezi. adre Tu
gvian, mainc mivdivarT im saSinel daskvnamde, rasac adami-
anuri buneba hqvia. marTlac, yvelam, visac RaribebTan umu-
Savia, Zalian kargad icis, rom kacTa Zmoba ara mxolod poe-
tebis ocnebaa, aramed, yvelaze samarcxvino da Semawuxebeli
realoba. da Tuki mwerals unda, maincdamainc maRali klase-
bis analizi mogvawodos, iseTive warmatebiT SeuZlia dawe-
ros asanTis gamyidvel gogoze an wvirlmanebiT movaWreze.
savarjiSo 4
warmoidgineT, rom msoflio jandacvis organizaciis warmo-

madgeneli xarT da eZebT adamianebs, romlebic samxreT ame-
rikul da avstraliis Soreul tomebTan imuSaveben. gindaT,
daiqiravoT adamianebi, romlebic tomis warmomadgenlebis
gagebas SeZleben da am tomebis mdgomareobaSi Sevlen. war-
moidgineT, rom miiReT erT-erTi aplikantis ganacxadi, ro-
melic mis azrebs asaxavs. rogor fiqrobT, unda daiqiravoT
Tu ara es adamiani? ratom? dauwereT mokle werili apli-
kants, sadac auxsniT, ratom qiraobT an ar qiraobT mas.
primitiuli adamiani, romelic ar icnobda movlenebis rea-

lur mizezebs, cdeboda, rodesac fiqrobda, rom diadi bu-
nebrivi movlenebis gamosawvevad, razec misi sicocxle iyo
damokidebuli, mxolod maTi imitacia sakmarisi iqneboda.
amis Semdeg, maSinve, saidumlo TanagrZnobiT Tu mistiku-
ri gavleniT, drama, romelic man gaiTamaSa mTaSi Tu barSi,
ukacriel mindorze Tu qarian sanapiroze, gameordeboda
ufro didi masStabiT ufro did SemoqmedTa mier. igi fiq-
robda, rom Tuki Tavad foTlebiTa da yvavilebiT SeiniRbe-
boda, amiT daexmareboda dedamiwas mwvaniT SemosvaSi, xolo
187
zamTarSi, sikvdilisa da gamoglovebis scenis gaTamaSebiT,

piquS sezons istumrebda da gzas uxsnida gazafxuls. albaT,
CvenTvis Znelia imis warmodgenac ki, Tu rogor SeiZleba,
rom aseTi ram moxdes; ufro martivia, warmovidginoT velu-
ri, romelmac cxoveluri survilebis dakmayofilebis miRma
fiqri daiwyo da movlenebis mizezebis garkveva gadawyvita.
am mizniT, is saocari aRtyinebiT atarebs rituals. Cven, vis-
Tvisac nacnobia erTmaneTis TanamimdevrobiT mimdinare kos-
miuri movlenebis gamomwvevi wesebi da kanonebi, safuZvlia-
nad vfiqrobT, rom is mizezebi, rac am movlenebs iwvevs, erT
dRes ver gaqreba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes momavalSi.
bunebis amgvari stabilurobis Cveneul rwmenas gamocdile-
ba udevs safuZvlad, romelic dakvirvebidan da xangrZlivi
tradiciidan modis; xolo, veluri moklebulia am gamocdi-
lebas, radgan movlenebs viwro gadasaxedidan xedavs da aqvs
xanmokle tradicia. mas ar gaaCnia codna, romelsac SeuZlia
misi damSvideba bunebis mkacri movlenebis pirispir. amitom,
gasakviri ar aris, rom dabneleba panikaSi agdebs mas da fiq-
robs, rom mze an mTvare namdvilad daiRupeba, Tuki yvirils
ar morTavs. sakuTar Subs haerSi isvris, raTa mze da mTvare
im urCxulebisagan daicvas, romlebic maT gadaylapviT emuq-
rebian.
ser jeims jorj freizeri
savarjiSo 5
warmoidgineT, rom istoriis maswavlebeli xarT da im komi-

siis wevroba mogixdaT, romelmac unda gadawyvitos, romeli
wignebi unda waikiTxon msoflio istoriis kursisaTvis mos-
wavleebma. komitetis or wevrs surs, rom Seitanos ramdeni-
me rCeuli naweri uZvelesi romaeli istorikosis tacitusis
naSromebidan. danarCenebi fiqroben, rom tacitusi araa sa-
intereso da relevanturi skolis moswavleebisaTvis. wai-
kiTxeT tacitusis qvemoT mocemuli analebi da gamoxateT
Tqveni azri. unda Seitanon Tu ara tacitusi wignebis siaSi?
daasabuTeT pasuxi. Tqveni mosazreba dawereT.
veranairma Zalisxmevam, verc imperatoris (neronis) xel-

gaSlilma saCuqrebma, verc RmerTebisTvis msxverplSewir-
vam, ver daamsxvria rwmena imisa, rom xanZari (romis gadawva)

brZanebis (neronis mier gacemuli) Sedegi iyo. Sedegad, es
braldeba rom moecilebina, neronma yvelaferi gadaabrala
im klasis adamianebs, romelic ezizReboda. es adamianebi, ub-
ralo xalxi, sakuTar Tavs qristianebs uwodebdnen. neronma
isini sastikad awama . qriste, romlisganac modis es saxeli,
tiberiusis mmarTvelobis dros misma rwmunebulma pontius
pilatem sastikad dasaja. yvelaze mavne crurwmenebma, ro-
melic droebiT minavlebuli iyo isev amoxeTqa, magram ara
iudeaSi, borotebis pirvel savaneSi, aramed romSi. romi xom
is adgilia, sadac msoflios yvelanairi samarcxvino saqme da
sazizRroba adgils povebs da popularuli xdeba. pirvelad
daapatimres yvela, vinc danaSauli aRiara; Semdeg, maT mier
mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze, brali dasdes sxva
uamrav adamians ara imdenad cecxlis wakidebaSi, aramed, ka-
cobriobis siZulvilSi. maT sikvdiliT dasjas Tan axlda da-
cinva da sarkazmi. mkvdrebs cxovelebis tyavi daayares Tavze
da ZaRlebi miuSves, zogi jvarze gaakres, sxvebi cecxls mis-
ces, raTa bneli Rame gaenaTebinaT.
neronma xalxs sanaxaobisaTvis misi baRebi dauTmo da sacir-

ko warmodgenac gaamarTvina, TviTon ki xalxs Seeria meetlis
tansacmliT. im damnaSaveebis mimarTac ki, romlebic sastik
da samagaliTo dasjas imsaxurebdnen, TanagrZnobiT ganimsW-
valnen; radgan es ngreva namdvilad ar emsaxureboda sazoga-
doebis keTildReobas, ubralod, erTi adamianis mrisxanebis
dasacxrobad iyo mowyobili.
Targmnilia alfred jon CerCisa

da uiliam jekson brodribis mier
savarjiSo 6
Semdegi ori nawyveti kanadeli profesoris da iumoristis

stefan likokis essedanaa. romeli nawvetSia ukeTesad gad-
mocemuli, ra aris mniSvnelovani iumorisaTvis? ratom?
iumoris Sesaxeb ras igebT am nawyvetidan? dawereT esse da
pasuxi gaeciT dasmul kiTxvebs.
189
nebismieri adamiani saWiroebis dros aRiarebs, rom cudad

xedavs, an curva ar icis, an cudad xmarobs iaraRs, magram
imis aRiareba, rom iumoris grZnoba ar gaaCnia, saqveynod Se-
uracxyofis tolfasia.
,,ara, me arasodes davdivar operis mosasmenad,~ - miTxra er-
Txel Cemma megobarma, mere ki siamayiT dasZina, - ,,ici, saer-
Tod ar maqvs smena.~
,,ase nu ambob!~ - aRmomxda me.
,,ho, saerTod ar maqvs smena. erT melodias meorisgan ver
vrCev. magaliTad, `RmerTo didxans acocxle mefe~-s melo-
dias ver varCev `saxli, tkbili saxli~-sagan. verc imas var-
Cev, kaci violinos ukravs Tu pianinoze sonatas awyobs.~
rac ufro met nakls Tvlida, miT ufro amayad grZnobda Tavs.
bolos imiT daasrula, rom miambo sakuTari ZaRlis Sesaxeb,
romelsac masze ukeTesi smena hqonia. rogorc ki misi coli
an romelime stumari pianinos dakvras daiwyebda, ZaRli ymu-
iliT ahyveboda, TiTqos, guli uCuydeboda. TviTon ki aseTi
ram arasdros mosvlia.
roca daasrula, me, Cemi azriT, sruliad umtkivneulo ram
vuTxari:
,,me vfiqrob, rom Sen Seni iumoris grZnobasac aseve ganixi-
lav. rogorc wesi, es ori ram erTmaneTTan kavSirSia.~
Cems megobars brazi moeria.
,,iumoris grZnoba!~ Tqva man. ,,Cemi iumoris grZnoba! eseigi,
me ar maqvs iumoris grZnoba? me kidev vfiqrob, rom yvelaze
gamorCeuli iumoris grZnoba maqvs am qalaqSi!~
amis Semdeg igi pirad Seuracxyofaze gadavida.
man Tqva, rom Cemi iumoris grZnoba daWkna.
roca gamSorda, nerviulobisgan jer kidev kankalebda.
II
Zalian cota adamianma Tu icis, realurad ra qmnis iumors. es

is adamianebi arian, romlebmac am sakiTxze instinqtisa Tu
190 kiran igani
bevri fiqris saSualebiT pasuxs miagnes. msoflio iumori,

misi saukeTeso mniSvnelobiT, albaT, civilizaciis yvela-
ze didi monapovaria... misi safuZveli im kontrastebSi unda
veZioT, rasac Tavad cxovreba gvTavazobs: ucnauri araTav-
sebadoba Cvens miswrafebebsa da miRwevebs Soris, erTi dRis
SfoTva da nerviuloba, romelic arafrad migvaCnia meore
dRes; did tkivili da dardi, romelsac kurnavs dro ise, rom
roca ukan vixedebiT da Cveni cxovrebis panoramas Tvals ga-
davavlebT, moxucebiviT Sereuli grZnobebiT gvaxsendeba is
dro, pirze RimiliTa da Tvalze cremliT. da swored aq, misi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamovlinebiT, iumori paToss ereva,
sanam erT mTlianobad ar iqceva. ase xdeba yvela epoqaSi, ase-
Tia Cveni memkvidreoba - cremlebisa da sicilis nazavi, rome-
lic wilad gvxvda am dedamiwaze.
191
Tavi IV
kiran igani
SemoqmedebiTi swavleba
swavlisTvis saWiro instrumentebis nakrebi
warmoidgineT, rom sruliad Cabnelebul gamoqvabulSi im-

yofebiT da gzis gasakvalad Tqvens gankargulebaSi mxolod
xeljoxia. Tqven mas miwaze akakunebT da grZnobT, rom magari
qvebiT, forovani xavsis msgavsi rbili zedapiriT, SesaZloa,
sokoebiT xarT garSemortymuli. sinamdvileSi, Tqven mxo-
lod joxis daboloebis Tqvens xelisgulze miWeras grZnobT,
magram is, rasac `grZnobT~, joxis meore bolos mdebare maga-
ri qvebi, forovani xavsi da rbili sokoebia.
erTi ram, rac tvinis araCveulebriv ganviTarebasTanaa da-

kavSirebuli, Cvens instrumentebTan Cvenive ucnauri urTi-
erTobaa. bevri cxoveli sxvadasxva instruments iyenebs: dam-
pali xidan matlebis amosaCiCqnad - joxs, saWmlis misawvdo-
mad - dafas, naWuWis dasamtvrevad - qvebs. es utilitaruli
xrikebia, romlebsac mniSvnelovani, magram SezRuduli gamo-
yeneba aqvs. unda iTqvas, rom adamianebis damokidebuleba ins-
trumentebisadmi xarisxobrivad gansxvavebulia; Cven ucnau-
rad SevicavT Cvens instrumentebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi
saSualebiT Cvens SegrZnebebsac ki vafarToebT. kidev ufro
ucnauria is faqti, rom raime gamoyenebis instrumentis gamo-
gonebis paralelurad, maSinve imis kvlevas viwyebT, misi ga-
moyeneba kidev romeli daniSnulebiTaa SesaZlebeli. viwyebT
kldis priala monakveTebis gaTbobas, cota xnis Semdeg ki sa-
turnis ,,mTvareebze` robotebs vagzavniT.
is, rac Cvens fizikur instrumentebTan dakavSirebiT sru-

liad gasagebia, kidev ufro metad Seesabameba Cvens gonebriv
an SemecnebiT instrumentebs. sxvadasxva bgeris saSualebiT
192 kiran igani
gafrTxilebas an kmayofilebas gamovxatavT, cota xnis Sem-

deg ki - beThovenis nawarmoebs, `sixarulis odas~, vmReriT.
cxvris raodenobis dasaTvlelad Zvalze naWdevebs vakeTebT
da Semdeg `hamletis~ weras viwyebT. enisa da wignierebis ins-
trumentebi mxolod iseTi martivi miznebisTvis ar gamoiye-
neba, romlebisTvisac isini gamoigones. maTi gamoyenebis miz-
nebi Zalian gascda gamomgoneblebis warmodgenebs.
modiT, enis instrumentebis ganviTarebis zogierTi aspeqti

gamovikvlioT. enis instrumentebidan mxolod ramdenimes
gansazRvras SevZleb, radgan, Cemi azriT, es swored is ramde-
nime instrumenti iqneba, romlebic swavlebisa da swavlisaT-
vis Zalian mniSvnelovania. am instrumentebs yovelTvis saTa-
nadod ver iyeneben da, samwuxarod, drodadro maT saerTod
iviwyeben xolme, - miuxedavad imisa, rom maT bavSvebis im kul-
turuli simdidreebis samyaroSi gadayvana SeuZliaT, rome-
lic martivi wignierebis didi karibWis miRmaa moqceuli.
daviwyeb imiT, rasac fsiqologi devid ozubeli (David Ausubel)

`winaswar cxrils~ uwodebs. man warmoadgina mtkicebulebebi,
rom moswavlisTvis momavali saswavlo masalis struqturis
winaswari gacnoba swavlebis Sedegebs aumjobesebs. Cemi az-
riT, `winaswari cxrili~ im Zveli principis gameorebaa, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac, ideis wardgenis saukeTeso saSualebaa
adamianebs uTxraT imis Sesaxeb, razec maTTan lapa-

raks apirebT; mouyveT saTqmeli, amis Semdeg ki ukve
naTqvamze esaubroT.
am karg rCevas gaviTvaliswineb da SemecnebiTi instrumente-

bis CamoTvliTa da maTi mokle aRweriT daviwyeb. gansazRvre-
bebi siis - an raime misi msgavsi - formiT yvela ZiriTadi Tavis
dasawyisSi iqneba mocemuli. garda amisa, instrumentebisa da
ZiriTadi koncefciebis ganmartebis naxva leqsikonSic iqneba
SesaZlebeli (SemecnebiTi da zepiri instrumentebi, warmo-
saxva).
193
ZiriTadi SemecnebiTi instrumentebi
erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri SemecnebiTi

instrumentia, romelsac moswavleebi war-
mosaxvis saSualebiT codnis damuSavebisTvis
ambavi iyeneben. ambebs realuri samyaros
Sinaarsis gansazRvra SeuZliaT. swored
realuri samyaros amgvari Camoyalibebaa
swavlebisTvis yvelaze didi Rirebuleba.
is instrumentia, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs, erTi sakiTxi meoris saSualebiT
davinaxoT. es uCveulo unari adamianis
inteleqtualuri gamWriaxobis, kreatiu-
lobisa da warmosaxvis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli
metafora nawilia. mniSvnelovania, moswavleebs
am unaris SenarCunebaSi davexmaroT da
xSirad gamoviyenoT is swavlebis procesSi.
swavlebisas metaforis xSiri gamoyeneba
moswavles energiulad da moqnilad kiTxvis
swavlaSi daexmareba.
codnis mowesrigebisa da kategoriebad

dayofis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Zlieri
instrumentebia. amgvar dapirispirebas
TiTqmis yvela ambavSi vxvdebiT da maT
binaruli codnis bevri kompleqsuri formis sawyisi
ganawilebis dros gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
dapirispirebebi eniWebaT. yvelaze Zlieri dapirispirebebi,
magaliTad, kargi/cudi, usafrTxoeba/
SiSi, Sejibri/TanamSromloba emociurad
datvirTulia da, SinaarsTan dakavSirebis
SemTxvevaSi, SemoqmedebiTi xdeba.
nebismieri SinaarsisTvis dasamaxsovrebeli,

azris Semcveli da momxibvleli formis
riTma, ritmi da micemis Zlieri instrumentebia. Zalian
didia rogorc maTi roli swavlebisas,
struqtura ise - maTi mniSvneloba enis ritmisa
da struqturis warmosaxvisa da
ZiriTadi emociebis gaaqtiurebisTvis.
194 kiran igani
es instrumentebi mniSvnelovania simboloTa

yvela sistemis Seswavlisas, dawyebuli
maTematikidan da musikidan da nebismieri
codnisa da gamocdilebis yvela formiT
dasrulebuli.
is instrumentebia, romlebsac enis funq-

cionirebis ZiriTadi saSualebebis Cveneba
SeuZliaT. amave dros, isini moswavleebs
codnis elementebTan TamaSisa da
swavlisgan miRebuli sargeblis aRmoCenis
xumrobebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs. isini bavSvebs
exmareba, ar ,,daaviwydeT~ warmosaxva da
da iumori SeinarCunon wesebis mkacri, sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
unari. es instrumentebi moswavleebs maTi
codnis mraval ganzomilebas daanaxebs da
gonebis moqnilobis ganviTarebas uwyobs
xels.
Zalian didi emociuri mniSvnelobis inst-

rumentebia, romlebic Cvens mTel cxovrebaze
axdens gavlenas. vizualuri saxeebiT
gajerebul sazogadoebebSi (magaliTad,
dRevandeli dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
umetes qveynebSi) SesaZloa, ufro da ufro
metad mniSvnelovani iyos moswavleebisTvis
iseTi sivrcis Seqmna, sadac isini sakuTari
gonebrivi gonebrivi gamosaxulebebis Camoyalibebis
swavlas SeZleben. Cven SegviZlia, advilad
gamosaxulebebi daviviwyoT sityvebis meSveobiT warmoqmnili
unikaluri saxeebis Zala. xSirad saxes ufro
meti warmosaxviTi da dasamaxsovrebeli Zala
aqvs, vidre es mxolod koncefias eqneboda.
orive erTad SeiZleba kidev ufro Zlieri
efeqtis mqone aRmoCndes. gonebrivi (gare
saxeebisgan gansxvavebuli) gamosaxulebebis
gamoyenebam seriozuli roli unda
Seasrulos swavlisa da swavlebis procesSi.
195
xSirad usargeblo siamovnebad fasdeba,

Tumca, swavlis procesSi mniSvnelovani
wvlilis Setana SeuZlia. Wori socialuri
urTierTobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvne-
lovani formaa. masSi CarTva advilia da
es, Cveulebriv, sasiamovno procesia.
Tundac, es mizezebi sakmarisia imisTvis,
rom Woris gamoyeneba swavlebis procesSi
Wori gaviTvaliswinoT! Woraoba, movlenebis
narativis saSualebiT gadmocemis CaTv-
liT, mTel rig unarebs aerTianebs. mas
moswavleebis codnis warmosaxviTi gagebis
gafarToeba SeuZlia. Woris saSualebiT
SesaZlebelia moswavleebis enasa da, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki, zepir metyvelebaSi
mniSvnelovani elementebisa da SesaZleb-
lobebis ganviTareba.
dakavSirebuli SemecnebiTi instrumenti an

instrumentebis nakrebia. is adamianebs im
obieqtebisgan gaTavisuflebaSi exmareba,
romlebTanac xSirad mWidroda arian
gadajaWvulni. magaliTad, `klasobanas~ Ta-
maSis dros bavSvebi skolaSi qcevis normebsa
da SezRudvebs gaiazreben. siamovnebas im
samyaros parodirebiT iReben, romelSic
TamaSi isini manamde SeboWilad grZnobdnen
Tavs. TamaSs aseve SeuZlia moswavleebis
TviTkontrolis unaris ganviTareba da
misi mniSvnelobis gaazreba. TamaSis dros
isini swavloben, rom impulsurad ki ar
unda imoqmedon, aramed, moqnil wesebs unda
misdion. maT SeuZliaT warmoidginon, rom
tirian, sinamdvileSi ki - TvalTmaqcobisgan
siamovneba miiRon.
mniSvnelovani instrumentia, romelic

moswavleTa yoveldRiuri garemos miR-
ma arsebuli codnis saSualebiT maTi Car-
saidumlo Tulobis ganviTarebisTvisaa saWiro. mos-
wavleebs uCndebaT mimzidveli gancda, rom
kidev bevri araCveulebrivad STambeWdavi
ramaa aRmosaCeni.
196 kiran igani
yvela saganis kurikulums aqvs Tavisi

saidumlo, Cveni saqme ki moswavleTaTvis
kurikulumis Sinaarsis gacnobisas, misi
ufro mdidari da Rrma Sinaarsis iseTi
wardgena unda iyos, romelic maT gonebas
swavlis TavgadasavalSi Caabams.
moswavleebis mier umetesad zepiri met-

yvelebis instrumentebis gamoiyenebisas
viTardeba. moswavleebs, wera-kiTxvis dax-
vewasTan erTad, sul ufro meti da meti
axali instrumentis gamoyenebis saSualeba
wignierebis
aqvT. Cven maT unda mivceT SesaZlebloba,
ufro adre, Tundac Canasaxovani formiT
Canasaxovani
gamoiyenon is instrumentebi, romlebic
instrumentebi mogvianebiTaa efeqturi. vigotskis
(Vygotsky) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT (1978), es
SeiZleba moswavleebis mier maTi ùaxloesi
ganviTarebis zonaSi~ win wawevad ganvixiloT.
aq CamoTvlili Temebis SerCevisas, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo,

rom maT moswavleTa warmosaxvis amoqmedebis sakiTxi yu-
radRebis centrSi unda moaqcion. Tuki moswavleTa warmo-
saxvis CarTvas swavlis procesSi warmatebuli swavlebis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad miviCnevT, maSin es kate-
goriebi swavlebis procesis is Semadgeneli nawilebi aRmoC-
ndeba, romlebsac maswavleblebma saTanado yuradReba unda
miaqcion.
Tavdapirvelad, saqmisadmi aseTi midgoma SesaZloa cota uc-

naurad mogveCvenos. bevri uCveulo terminia gamoyenebuli.
yvelaze didi problema mainc isaa, rom erTi SexedviT, SeiZ-
leba CaTvaloT, TiTqos, aseTi midgoma maswavleblebisgan
Zalian didi drois xarjvas moiTxovs. imedi maqvs, Txrobis
procesSi naTeli gaxdeba, rom es midgoma iseTi ucnauric
araa, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans da SesaZloa, is swavlebisa
da moswavleTa swavlis procesSi CarTvisTvis bevrad ufro
bunebrivi da gonivrulic ki aRmoCndes. misi aTvisebis Sem-
deg, is, wesiT, maswavleblebs drois dazogvaSic ki unda da-
197
exmaros. momdevno teqsti ufro detalurad ganixilavs `wi-

naswar cxrilSi~ mocemul terminebs da maT swavlebis yovel-
dRiur amocanebTan daakavSirebs. Tumca, Tavidan sasargeblo
iqneboda im kategoriebis bunebis ganxilva, romlebsac mTeli
wignis manZilze gamoviyeneb.
SemecnebiTi instrumentebi
neba momeciT, droSi cota ukan gadavinacvlo da Semecnebi-

Ti instrumentebis idea da misi muSaobis principi gagacnoT.
warmoidgineT, rom moqmedeba samocdaTxuTmeti aTasi wlis
win xdeba da Cveni winaprebis erTi jgufi ekliani xis qveS, ga-
daxurul adgilas SuadRis ZilisTvis emzadeba. Rrma Crdil-
Si, unazes bewvze mSvidad xvrinavs kaci, romelic patara to-
mis wevrebis pativiscemiT sargeblobs. daaxloebiT aTi wlis
win man warsuli drois gageba gamoigona, romliTac axla tom-
Si yvela sargeblobs. misi gamoyeneba ukve sxva tomebmac da-
iwyes. idea, romelic tyis xanZariviT swrafad vrceldeba,
moxdenili da lakonuri saSualebaa im movlenebis aRsawerad,
romlebic didi xnis win an guSin moxda (gavrcelda Wori, rom
warsuli drois idea mis qaliSvilebs ekuTvniT, mamam ki mTe-
li pativi miiTvisa. qaliSvilebi, romlebic ukve gaizardnen
da saavtoro uflebebs ufro windaxedulad eqcevian, axla
kavSirebiT kiloze muSaoben da misi prototipis sajaro war-
dgenas ramdenime dReSi gegmaven).
CvenTvis gaurkveveli periodis ganmavlobaSi, warsuli dro

nebismieri adamianis metyvelebis nawilad iqca. gamogonebis
Semdeg mas swavloben ise, rogorc umetesi enebis erT-erT Se-
madgenel nawils.
rodesac warsul dros gramatikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi ax-

seneben, is SesaZloa wess hgavdes, magram ukeTesi iqneba, Tu
mas ise ganvixilavT, rogorc Cvens erT-erT kulturul inst-
ruments. rodesac mas adreul asakSi vswavlobT, is CvenTvis
xdeba Semecnebis instrumenti, romelic warsulis gamocdi-
lebasTan da movlenebTan efeqturi dakavSirebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs. warsuli dro afarToebs enis gamoyenebis diapa-
198 kiran igani
zons da Cveni gonebis komunikaciis Zalas zrdis. kulturuli

instrumentebi Seswavlis Semdeg SemecnebiT instrumentebad
iqceva.
viRacam aTvlis sistema gamoigona da amiT Cveni kulturuli

instrumentebis nakrebs kidev erTi komponenti Sehmata. indi-
vidi, romelic aTvlis sistemas Seiswavlis, pirad SemecnebiT
instruments iZens. vigotskim amgvari instrumentebis mTe-
li rigi aRwera. esenia: ena, ricxvebisa da aTvlis sistemebi,
damaxsovrebis teqnika, algebruli simboloebi, xelovnebisa
da mwerlobis nimuSebi da a. S. Tu am instrumentebs adamia-
nuri miRwevebis, gamogonebebisa an aRmoCenebis erT did sa-
cavad warmovidgenT, maT Sesaxeb, rogorc Cvens kulturaze,
ise daviwyebT laparaks. Cveni kulturis am elementebidan
sxvadasxva gziTa da xarisxiT nebismieris gaTavisebaa SesaZ-
lebeli. kulturuli instrumentebis sacavidan, Semecnebi-
Ti instrumentebis CvenTvis saWiro individualuri nakrebis
SerCeva da ageba SegviZlia. ganaTlebisadmi aseTi warmosax-
viTi midgoma moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovani im kulturu-
li instrumentebis rigis gazrdas isaxavs miznad, romlebsac
isini mogvianebiTTavis sakuTar SemecnebiT instrumentebad
aqceven. kiTxvas, werasa da fiqrs mxolod Teoriuli abst-
raqciebis gamoyenebiT aravin swavlobs. yovel Cvengans aqvs
gamorCeuli tvini, magram Cveni goneba im saerTo azrebisgan
Sedgeba, romlebic mxolod erT TemSi cxovrebisa da swav-
lisgan gvaqvs miRebuli. Temisgan zepiri metyvelebis, Semdeg
ki wignierebisa da Teoriuli azrovnebis swavlis procesSi
Cven Cveni kulturuli sacavidan instrumentebis sam yvelaze
Zlier nakrebs virCevT. instrumentebis es nakrebebi TavisTa-
vad garkveuli instrumentebisgan Sedgeba. es wigni mxolod
ramdenimes aRwers, romlebic, saganmanaTleblo Tvalsazri-
siT, Zalian mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia da vfiqrob, rom maTi mniS-
vneloba warmosaxvis ganviTarebisa da stimulirebisTvis ar-
sebiTia. miuxedavad imisa, rom, Teoriuli azrovnebis garda,
instrumentebis sacavi sxva nakrebebsac Seicavs (amas me sxva-
gan ìroniuli gageba~ vuwode), maTi ganviTareba skolis pe-
riodSi, Cveulebriv, mxolod Canasaxovani formiT xdeba, ris
gamoc maT Sesaxeb am wignSi ar visaubrebT.
ganaTlebisadmi warmosaxviTi midgoma xazs usvams iseTi mTa-

199
vari SemecnebiTi instrumentebis mopovebaze orientirebul

swavlebasa da swavlas, romlebic, erTi mxriv, kurikulumSi
moswavleTa warmosaxvasa da codnas akavSirebs erTmaneTTan,
meore mxriv ki, maTi tvinis SesaZleblobebs zrdis. warmosax-
va iwvevs ganviTarebis procesSi myofi moswavlis azris moq-
nilobis, kreatiulobisa da energiis zrdas. es warmosaxvis
yvelze mniSvnelovani rolia. warmosaxviTi ganaTlebis miza-
nia, gacilebiT ufro meti iseTi moswavlis aRzrda, romelic
samyaros Sesaxeb da gamocdilebis Sedegad miRebul codnaze
moqnilad, kreatiulad da energiulad ifiqrebs.
ambavi
ambavs yvela zepiri kultura iyenebs. ambavs yvela kultura-

Si didi datvirTva da nebismieri sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi
centraluri adgili uWiravs. ratom unda iyos es ase? am kiTx-
vaze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia, gavigoT, ra aris ambavi
da ra datvirTva aqvs mas CvenTvis.
ra aris ambebi? me ambis Zalian xist eskizs warmogidgenT da

Sevecdebi, misi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gamor-
Ceuli Tviseba gamovyo. `jeniferi vardebis baRSi Sevida~. ra
gaigeT am winadadebidan? eWvgareSea, rom bevri veraferi. Se-
saZloa, jeniferisTvis sasiamovnoa vardebis baRSi seirnoba;
SeiZleba, es misi sayvareli wuTebia, - korporaciul jung-
lebSi gatarebuli daZabuli dRis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, aseve
SesaZlebelia, rom is vardebis buCqebis cnobili momwamvle-
li iyos. Tu imaze meti informacia ar gveqneba, rom is varde-
bis baRSi Sevida, ver gavigebT, es ambavi unda gagvixardes Tu
gvewyinos; misgan momavalSi ras unda movelodeT.
adamians jeniferis qmedebis gamomwvevi mizezebisa da Sedege-

bis codna sWirdeba. modiT, davamateb, rom is vardebis baRSi
Tavisi papisTvis iseTi axali ambis mosayolad Sevida, rome-
lic moxucs gaaxarebda. axla mkiTxvels ukve SeuZlia kmayo-
filebis grZnoba ganicados: jeniferi mowyenili papis gamxi-
arulebas apirebs.
magram ambis gagrZelebisas aRmoaCenT, rom am dros raRac

200 kiran igani
Zalian mniSvnelovani xdeba: jeniferi da papamisi axalgazr-

dul bazarze moqmedi yvelaze didi narkotikebiT movaWreebi
arian. papa imis gamoa sevdiani, rom srulyofil informacias
ar flobs da gamnawilebelTa qselisTvis erTi tona kokainis
miwodebas ver axerxebs. gamyidvelebi swored mas elian, rom
narkotikebis gasaReba qalaqis skolis ezoebSi daiwyon. je-
niferi ki imisTvis Sedis vardebis baRSi, rom papas kokainis
adgilmdebareoba acnobos.
axla Tqveni grZnobebi jeniferTan da baRSi mis seirnobasTan

dakavSirebiT, savaraudod, uaryofiTisken Seicvleba. vin-
mes rom misi SeCereba SeeZlos! magram, moicadeT! TqvenTvis
jer ar miTqvams, rom jeniferisTvis miwodebuli informacia
`crua~, misi megobari marSa ki, romelmac mas es informacia
gadasca, policiis faruli agentia. jeniferis mier papisTvis
kokainis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb cnobebis miwodeba da pa-
pis myisieri mcdeloba, narkotikebi daisakuTros, orive maT-
gans xafangSi gamoamwyvdevs. policia apatimrebs jenifers,
borot papas, narkotikebis gamyidvelebisa da gamnawileble-
bis mTel qsels. safuZveli ki amisTvis jeniferis mier varde-
bis baRSi papamisisTvis miwodebuli informacia gaxda. axla,
savaraudod, kmayofili xarT imis gamo, rom jeniferi varde-
bis baRSi Sevida da saguldagulod dagebul maxeSi gaeba.
ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, amgvari martivi analizi zRap-

rebis SemTxvevaSic CaataroT: `mSieri bavSvebi koWas orcxo-
bilebisgan da kanfetebisgan aSenebul lamaz qoxs miadgnen.~
ra mSvenieria! isini xom tyeSi iyvnen dakargulni da SimSiliT
kvdebodnen! magram, moiTmineT...
jeniferis mier baRSi SesvliT gamowveuli emociebis Camoya-

libebas mxolod maSin movaxerxebT, roca ambavi dasruldeba.
swored ase vigebT ambis dasasrulis Sesaxeb. Tqven iciT, ra
unda igrZnoT mis Semadgenel movlenebTan dakavSirebiT. Se-
uZlebelia kompiuteris ise daprogrameba, rom man ambavi sxva
narativebisgan ganasxvaos. ambebis gamovlenis instrumenti
swored adamianuri emociaa.
amgvarad, ambebis mniSvneloba emociebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

ambebi adamianis emociebis maT SinaarsTan dakavSirebis in-
201
strumentia, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini movlenebisa da per-

sonaJebis Sesaxeb ubralod informacias ki ar gadmogvcems,
an ise ki ar gvacnobs mas, rom Cveni emociebi daipyros; ambe-
bi garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs an ayalibebs movlenebTan
da personaJebTan dakavSirebul Cvens emociebs da gveubneba,
maT SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT rogori grZnobebi unda gagviC-
ndes. enis arc erT sxva formas ar SeuZlia amis gakeTeba da im
diapazonisa da im tipis efeqtebis miRweva, rasac ambavi axer-
xebs. is musikasaviTaa, adamianis emociebi ki is instrumentia,
romelic misi dakvrisTvisaa Seqmnili.
ambebis uzarmazari Zala is aris, rom maT erTdroulad ori

amocanis Sesruleba SeuZliaT. upirveles yovlisa, isini in-
formaciis dasamaxsovrebeli formiT gadmocemis Zalian
efeqturi saSualebaa. meorec is, rom maT msmenelisTvis gan-
sazRvrul informaciasTan dakavSirebuli emociebis warmar-
Tva SeuZliaT.
zepir kulturaSi adamianma umetesad is icis, rac axsovs. ga-

momdinare iqidan, rom ambavi mniSvnelovani socialuri in-
formaciis dasamaxsovrebeli formiT daSifvris erT-erTi
yvelaze efeqturi instrumentia, mas sayovelTao gamoyeneba
aqvs. garda amisa, mas msmenelis emociebis Sinaarsis Sesabami-
sad Camoyalibeba SeuZlia, rac sxva saSualebebisTvis miuwv-
domelia. sxva SemecnebiTi instrumentebis msgavsad, es una-
ri momxmareblis asakis matebasTan erTad ar qreba. amgvarad,
Cvennairi wignieri xalxi mudmivad Txzavs istoriebs momxda-
ri ambebidan. es ambebi Cveni qveynisa da xalxis, Cveni `rwme-
nebis~, Tvalsazrisebis Sesaxeb moralsa da sxva qveynebisa da
xalxebis Sesaxeb warmodgenebsac Seicavs. Cven maT yoveldRi-
ur cxovrebaSi mudmivad viyenebT imisTvis, rom mSral mono-
tonur informacias emociuri mniSvneloba mivaniWoT. ambebi
movlenebs emociurad datvirTul saxes aZlevs.
araferi vici imis Sesaxeb, Tqven am wigns ra pirobebSi kiTxu-

lobT, magram warmovidginoT, rom komfortul skamze zi-
xarT, win axlad dasxmuli Cai an yava, gverdiT mdgar patara
magidaze ki - TefSze moTavsebuli Sokoladiani orcxobile-
bi gidevT. vici, rom es ocnebaa. modiT, warmovidginoT, rom
amgvari pirobebis imitirebas gadawyvetT: waxvalT da Cais da-
202 kiran igani
isxamT, magidaze orcxobilebian TefSsac dadebT, sakiTxavad

dajdebiT da SeecdebiT imis garkvevas, kidev ra mogimzadeT.
Tqven kmayofili xarT, rom iseT sasargeblo wigns kiTxu-
lobT, romelic SesamCnevad aumjobesebs Tqvens cxovrebas,
Tundac es mxolod Caisa da namcxvrebs exebodes. magram, am
dros, skamze ukan gadaiweviT, SemTxveviT TeZoze Cais gadais-
xamT da daimduRrebiT. amis gamo did bodiSs gixdiT. axla ki
iwyebT idioturi wignis wyevlas, romlis gamoc aseTi tkivili
miiReT. damwvroba imdenad seriozulia, rom eqimTan wasvlas
gadawyvetT. is malamos wasmas girCevT da Tqven mas adgilob-
riv afTiaqSi yidulobT. maRaziidan gamosvlisas, latariis
bileTis yidvas gadawyvetT da 12,000,000 dolars igebT! axla
raRas ityviT wignis Sesaxeb, romlis gamoc jer daimduRreT,
mere afTiaqs ewvieT da bolos gadasaxadebisgan Tavisufali
fuli moigeT (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi 10%-ac gadavixdi)? Se-
saZloa, amis Semdeg wigni, romelic axali simdidris wyaro
gaxda, CarCoSic ki CasvaT (misi wakiTxva axla namdvilad aRar
dagWirdebaT). pirvels rasac gaakeTebT, Tqveni ocnebis iax-
tis yidvaa. Semdeg iaxtiT pirvelad SecurdebiT zRvaSi da is
CaiZireba. Zalian vwuxvar. aba, axla ras fiqrobT wignze, rom-
lis gamoc daimduRreT, Semdeg... da a. S.? realur cxovrebaSi
movlenebTan dakavSirebuli grZnobebi yovelTvis droebi-
Tia, radgan momavali movlenebi Cvens mier warsuli movle-
nebis aRdgenis xarisxze gavlenas axdens. Cven mxolod ambis
Sedegad varT dazRveuli, vicodeT, ras vigrZnobT, radgan
ambavs dasasruli aqvs. swored es `dasasrulis grZnoba~ aya-
libebs mis mniSvnelobas (kermoudi, Kermode, 1966).
swavlebis procesSi ambis moyolis Rirebuleba swored ku-

rikulumiT gaTvaliswinebul masalaSi moswavleTa emocie-
bisa da warmosaxvis mobilizebis ZalaSia. ambis moyolas ori
TvalsazrisiT aqvs mniSvneloba. yvelaze metad gavrcelebu-
lia azri, rom gamogonili personaJebisgan Semdgari mTxro-
belisTvis da msmenelisTvis gasagebi mxatvruli forma, sity-
vasityviT simarTles ar warmoadgens. meore mniSvneloba, al-
baT, ufro advilad gasagebi gazeTis redaqtoris poziciidan
iqneba. is Jurnalists ekiTxeba: `ra ambavTan gvaqvs aq saqme?~
redaqtori imas ki ar sTxovs Jurnalists, rom ambavi gamoi-
gonos, aramed misgan im movlenebis Camoyalibebas iTxovs,
203
romlebic mis emociur Zalas warmoaCens. es imas niSnavs, rom

Jurnalists masalis imgvarad SerCevasa da dalagebas sTxo-
ven, rom sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli emociuri da warmosaxviTi
mniSvneloba win wamoswios. am wignSi, ZiriTadad, am mosazre-
biT vixelmZRvaneleb. swored amgvarad SeuZliaT maswavleb-
lebs nebismieri Sinaarsis ambebis swavleba ise, rom maTi gam-
xatvruleba ar moaxdinon. ambis SinaarsisTvis formis micema
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre imis garkveva, marTalia Tu ara is.
gonivrulia swavlebis procesis imgvarad ageba, rom is Cve-

ni moswavleebis SemecnebiT instrumentebs Seesabamebodes.
ase rom, axla SegiZliaT ambebis Camoyalibebis instrumenti
droebiT gverdze gadadoT. mogvianebiT, swavlebisa da swav-
lis dros, misi gamoyenebis uamravi SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb
mogiyvebiT. gakveTilebisa da sxvadasxva saswavlo erTeulis
misaRwev miznebze fiqris magivrad, maTze ise vifiqroT, ro-
gorc moswavleTa warmosaxvisa da emociebis gasaaqtiurebel,
kargad mosayol ambebze. es maswavlebelebs aSkarad miscems
imis saSualebas, rom swavlis procesis Sesaxeb cota gansxva-
vebulad ifiqron.
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi maswavleblebs gonebaSi sadRac

aucileblad eqnebaT is impulsi, rom gakveTilis an erTeulis
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb moyolis axali gzebi eZebon. es ras niSnavs?
Tu saqme moswavleebisTvis iseTi omofonebis marTlweris er-
TmaneTisgan garCevas exeba, rogorebicaa magaliTad, varde-
bi da vvardebi, maswavlebeli, romelsac ambebis saSualebiT
mosawavleebis yuradRebis mipyroba SeuZlia, Seecdeba, Cveu-
lebriv swavlis processa da gameorebis savarjiSoebs gverdi
auaros. yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavidan mainc. amis magivrad, mos-
wavleebs SeiZleba vuTxraT, rom samezobloSi sacxovreblad
axali ojaxi gadmovida da maT Svilebs, ramdenadac ucnauri
unda iyos, vardebi da vvardebi hqviaT. amocanis eSmakoba is
aris, rom moswavleebma saxelebis wera daixsomon. SeiZleba
maTi or jgufad gayofa, TiTo jgufisTvis TiTo saxelis mi-
cema da imis davaleba, rom, saxelis marTlweridan gamomdi-
nare, adamianis pirovnuli Tvisebebi daadginon. magaliTad,
vardebi aSkarad egocentrulad ganwyobili adamiania, rome-
lic Tavis saxelSi Seicavs sityvas `var~. rac Seexeba vvarde-
204 kiran igani
bi-s... mogvianebiT giCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba msgavsi Semec-

nebiTi instrumentebis Semcveli CarCos omofonebis Sesaxeb
swavlis dros gamoyeneba. Tqven maSinve SeamCnevT, rom mos-
wavleebi, romlebsac adamianis Tvisebebis misi saxelis mar-
Tlweridan gamomdinare gansazRvras daavalebT da Semdeg am
adamianebis Sesaxeb patara ambis gamogonebasac sTxovT, mar-
Tlweris gansxvavebas aucileblad daimaxsovreben.
metafora
metafora is SesaZlebloba an SemecnebiTi instrumentia, ro-

melic saSualebas gvaZlevs, erTi sakiTxi meoris meSveobiT
davinaxoT. ìseTi grZnoba mqonda, TiTqos, haerSi davdio-
di!~ `Tavs wumpeSi CavardniliviT grZnob?~ `Tavi xelSi aiy-
vana~, `Tavs bazarSi vgrZnobdi~ da a. S. ufro martivad rom
vTqvaT, metafora erT sagans ise asaxavs, TiTqos is sxva iyos.
Cven mudmivad vakeTebT am ucnaur Canacvlebas imisTvis, rom
frazas ufro meti Zala da energia mivceT; misi mniSvneloba
ise gavamdidroT, rogorc amas martivi literaturuli wi-
nadadeba ver moaxerxebda. Cven yvela metaforas erTnairad
kargad ver viyenebT, magram masze wvdoma yvelas gvaqvs da Se-
saferisi metaforis gamoyenebas warmosaxvisa da kreatiulo-
bis stimulireba yvela sakiTxSi SeuZlia.
me, ra Tqma unda, sityva instruments metaforulad viyeneb-

di da darwmunebuli viyavi imaSi, rom Tqven meqanikuri inst-
rumentis yvelaze TvalSisacem Tvisebebs im SemecnebiT ins-
trumentTan daakavSirebdiT, romelsac vigotskisa da sxvebs
davesesxe. bolos da bolos es yvelaferi cota jadosnobas
hgavs. Tqven arCevT instrumentis gamoyenebis saWiro atri-
butebs, mis Zalas, gaafarTovos muSaobis Cveneuli potenci-
ali, mis gardasaxvas da imas, Cvens Tavs ìnstumentebiT gare-
mocul~ mdgomareobaSi rogor vxedavT. amis Semdeg Sesabamis
Tvisebebs SemecnebasTan akavSirebT.
Cven SegviZlia, metaforis ZaliT davtkbeT, miT umetes, rom

Cveni ena yovel wams metaforebiTaa aWrelebuli. `yovel na-
bijze~, `Zala~, àWrelebuli~, metaforis yoveldRiuri gamo-
yenebis magaliTebia.
205
metafora naTlad warmoadgens yvela adamianuri gonebrivi

aqtivobis erT-erT safuZvels, romelsac Cveni racionaluri
kvlevis sistematuri logika efuZneba. metafora rom vixma-
roT ès aris niadagi, romlidanac is aRmocendeba~. rogorc
levi-strosi (Lévi-Strauss) aRniSnavda:
metafora enis mogvianebiT mokazmva ki ar aris, aramed

misi erT-erTi fundamenturi mdgomareoba – Tanmimdev-
ruli azris sawyisi formaa (levi-strosi, Lévi-Strauss,
1962, gv. 102).
ramdenadac gasaocari unda iyos, kvlevebma daadgina, rom

metaforebis Seqmnisa da maTi cnobis SesaZleblobebi mwver-
vals oTxi wlis asakSi aRwevs (gardneri da vineri, Gardner and
Winner, 1979; Winner, 1988). am asakis Semdeg es unari qveiTde-
ba, gardatexis asakSi kvlav gamoiRviZebs, Semdeg ki TandaTan
iklebs da e. w. ganviTarebis Teoriebis progresirebad sqemas
ar misdevs. gonivrulia bavSvebisa da ufrosebis azrovnebis
gamdidrebaSi metaforuli instrumentebis rolis ganxil-
va. Tu metafora warmosaxviTi aqtivobis mniSvnelovan kom-
ponentia da, rogorc Cans, am sakiTxze ori azri ar arsebobs,
saganmanaTleblo prioritets unda warmoadgendes imis gar-
kvevac, rogor SeiZleba misi saswavlo procesSi gamoyenebis
SenarCuneba da ganviTareba im dros, rodesac misi aqtivoba
asakis gaTvaliswinebiT iklebs. aqve unda gagafrTxiloT,
rom vigotskis TvalsazrisiT, adreul asakSi metaforebis
Seuferxebeli gamoyeneba zedapirulia da gardamaval etaps
ar warmoadgens. vigotski SegvekamaTeboda imasTan dakavSi-
rebiT, rom bevri Sroma dagvWirdeba aramarto bavSvebis mier
metaforis Tavisufali gamoyenebis SesanarCuneblad, ara-
med, asakis matebasTan erTad, sxvadasxva tipis metaforebis
gamoyenebis ganviTarebasac seriozuli Zalisxmeva sWirdeba.
metaforis gavlenisa da Zalis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Sesaqmne-

lad cadeT iseTi winadadebis Camoayalibeba, romelic meta-
foras ar Seicavs. kargad daakvirdiT wina winadadebas da me-
taforebis sasaflaos dainaxavT. me mas sasaflaos vuwodeb
(metaforebis aRsawerad metaforas viyeneb!), radgan is, rac
odesRac Wkvianuri lingvisturi qmnileba iyo, axla imdenad
206 kiran igani
bunebrivad iTvleba da ise zedmiwevniT ikiTxeba, rom misi me-

taforuli arsis SemCneva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli gaxda. magali-
Tad, gavlena swored im sityvebidan momdinareobs, romlebic
`gavlasTanaa~ dakavSirebuli. ramdenad kreatiuli iyo ga-
gebis ,,gavlasTan~ dakavSireba, ris Sedegadac sityvam axali
mniSvneloba - raime qmedebis ganxorcielebaze zemoqmedebis
unari - SeiZina. an rogori ucnauri, magram Sesaferisi da sa-
ocari unda yofiliyo Tavis droze qvebisa da xisgan raimes
aSenebis gamomxatveli sityvis ,,konstruqcia’’ - sityvebis sa-
SualebiT winadadebis agebis aRsaniSnad gamoyeneba.
Cven Zalian vafasebT adamianebs, romlebic axal metaforebs

qmnian. isini araCveulebrivad gamWriaxebi arian da Cvens az-
rovnebas afarToeben. vafasebT mwerlebs, romlebic wignebs
Wkvianuri metaforuli sityvebis TamaSiT acocxleben. Seq-
spiri sunTqvasaviT advilad warmoSobs kaSkaSa metaforebs
da es Zala mis taepebs asobiT wlis Semdegac ki sixalasesa da
gasaocar elfers aniWebs. ainStainma aRwera, rogor mouvida
TavSi fardobiTobis TeoriasTan dakavSirebuli azrebi mas
Semdeg, rac kosmosi sinaTlis siswrafiT moZravi nawilakis
perspeqtividan dainaxa (magaliTi, romelic aseve gonebrivi
warmosaxvebis instrumentTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba davi-
maxsovroT).
metaforebis Seqmnisa da cnobis unari yvela Cvengans zepiri

metyvelebis aTvisebasTan erTad eZleva. bevri Cvenganis Se-
mecnebiTi instrumentebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, metafo-
ruli SesaZlebloba, romelic zepirobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
SemecnebiTi instrumentia, SesaZloa mSrali da pirobiTi gax-
des. swavlebis procesSi Cven SevecdebiT gamovnaxoT is gze-
bi, romlebic Cvens metaforul SesaZleblobebs gamoacocx-
lebs da gamoavlens. amaSi absoluturad darwmunebuli var!
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi maswavleblebi metaforebs mud-

mivad iyeneben (amis Tavidan acileba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia),
aseve, maTze did yuradRebas amaxvileben (magaliTad, iseT
SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa `gavlena~), ganixilaven, moswavleebs
sakuTari magaliTebis moyvanaSi exmarebian da Tavisi muSao-
bis stilze dafiqrebisken mouwodeben. SeecadeT, dReSi er-
207
Txel an orjer, an ufro iSviaTadac ki, vidre es mudmiv sa-

varjiSod ar iqceva, metaforebi gaazrebuli yuradRebisa da
analizis sagani gaxadoT. SegiZliaT, moswavleebs sTxovoT,
Camoweron gansakuTrebiT gasaocari metaforebi, romlebic
gaugiaT an gamouyenebiaT. SegiZliaT, maT `kviris saukeTeso
metaforis~ arCevis saSualebac ki misceT.
binaruli dapirispirebebi
ai, kidev erTi SemecnebiTi instrumenti, romlis swavlis

gverdis avla SeuZlebelia (Tu, ra Tqma unda, maT erTmaneTis-
gan gancalkevebas moaxerxebT). imisTvis, rom es instrumenti
gavigoT, jer sagnebi or sapirispiro nawilad unda davyoT.
samyaros or nawilad gayofa advilia: kargi/cudi, maRali/da-
bali, miwa/ca, cxeli/civi, simamace/simxdale da a. S. usasru-
lod. samyaros kompleqsurobis gacnobierebis magivrad amg-
var dapirispirebebze koncentrirebam SeiZleba, problemebi
Seqmnas, magram saqme imaSia, rom amgvari formebis gamoyenebis
Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia. amitomac sjobs, is viswavloT,
raTa zepir metyvelebasTan dakavSirebuli SemecnebiTi ins-
trumentis ukeT gamoyeneba da kontroli SevZloT. is, vinc
patara bavSvebs aswavlis, mixvdeba, ramdenad Cveulebrivi am-
bavia maT azrovnebaSi amgvari dapirispirebebi. magaliTad,
bruno beTelhaimi (Bruno Bettelheim) gamoyofs formas, romlis
saSualebiTac [bavSvebs Tavis] samyaroSi yvelafris or dapi-
rispirebul cnebad dayofa da wesrigis damyareba SeuZliaT
(beTelhaimi, Bruno Bettelheim, 1976, gv. 74).
binaruli dapirispirebebi, romlebsac zepir kulturaSi iye-

neben, ar aris aucilebeli, zusti dapirispirebebi iyos. am
tipis dapirispirebebi zogierTi sakiTxis mosawesrigeblad
gamoiyeneba da adamianebs sxvadasxva cnebis Semdgomi dayo-
fis saSualebas aZlevs. magaliTad, igulisxmeba iseTi dapi-
rispirebebi, rogorebicaa cxeli/civi an didi/patara, rom-
lebic temperaturisa da zomis Sesaxeb pirvelad warmodge-
nas gviqmnis. mogvianebiT SeiZleba cnebebisa da movlenebis
konceptualuri dayofeba da diapazonis kidev ufro gazrda:
Tbili, grili, erTi bewo, uzarmazari da a.S.
208 kiran igani
SeecadeT, ifiqroT bolo dros momxdar nebismier axal da

mniSvnelovan ambavze an warmoidgineT, rom sxva kontinentze
momxdari dramatuli politikuri movlenis Sesaxeb informa-
cia moismineT. Tqven, albaT, daiwyebT axali ambebisadmi Tqve-
ni poziciis iseTi dapirispirebebis saSualebiT Camoyalibe-
bas rogorebicaa kargi/cudi da dafiqrdebiT imaze, kargi iyo
Tu cudi, rom es movlena moxda. amis Semdeg eWvgareSea, rom
mis Sesaxeb ufro mets gaigebT da Tavdapirveli binaruli ka-
tegoriebis gadaxedvas daiwyebT, radgan zog aspeqts dadebi-
Tad, zogs ki uaryofiTad SeafasebT. Tuki Tqvens azrebze da-
fiqrdebiT, eWvi maqvs, rom uamrav dapirispirebas aRmoaCenT.
marTalia, fxizlad unda viyoT, rom dapirispireba borotad
ar gamoviyenoT (magaliTad, rogorc istoriaSia mocemuli
mamakaci/qalis aqtiur/pasiurTan da dominant/damorCile-
bulTan dakavSireba), magram aseve unda vaRiaroT swavlisa da
azrovnebis procesSi maTi Zala da efeqturoba. ra Tqma unda,
binarul dapirispirebebze fiqri da maT Sesaxeb meti codna
SeiZleba gamartivebuli da daudevari azrovnebis gamoswo-
rebasa da zemoT naxsenebi gamartivebis borotad gamoyenebis
SemTxvevebis gamovlenaSi dagvexmaros.
cota xnis win gazeTSi ramdenime wlis win Catarebuli kvlevis

Sesaxeb wavikiTxe. saqme im adamianebis beds exeboda, romleb-
mac latariaSi didi prizebi moiges. adamianebis umetesoba
latariis bileTs yidulobs da imaze ocnebobs, mravali mi-
lionis mogebis SemTxvevaSi Tanxas rogor moixmars. TiTqmis
yvela imas varaudobs, rom gamarjveba maT yoveldRiurobis
SezRudvebisagan da gamaRizianebeli faqtorebisgan Tavis
daRwevis saSualebas miscems da Tavisuflebis mopovebis,
dasvenebis, mzisa da samudamo mxiarulebis sawindari gaxde-
ba. kvlevis Tanaxmad, didi prizebis mogebis Semdeg adamianebs
ZiriTadad swored amis sapirispiro ram emarTebaT. statiaSi
saubari iyo imaze, rom Cveni umetesoba yoveldRiuri movle-
nebis rutinul struqturaze (sxva adamianebTan urTierTo-
bis buneba, dasaSvebi riskis gamoTvla da a. S.) imaze metadaa
damokidebuli, vidre amas Tavad xvdeba. erTi ram, rac didi
prizis mogebas Tan mohyva, am usafrTxo yoveldRiurobis
sruli darRveva iyo. Tavdapirveli eiforiis, samsaxuris-
Tvis Tavis danebebis, sayvarel kurortze uzarmazari binis
yidvis Semdeg adamianebi ubralod kargaven orientacias. isi-
209
ni Zveli reJimisgan gansxvavebuli tipis saqmianobebiT xde-

bian dakavebulni da arsebuli garemos Sevsebas daxmarebis
gareSe cdiloben. im adamianebis umetesoba, romelTac in-
terviu CamovarTviT, mogebas im wyevlad miiCnevda, romlis
gulisTvisac isini, visac araferi mougia, Tanaxma arian, ris-
kze wavidnen. erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT imaze, Tu ramdenad eyr-
dnoba es sagazeTo statia binarul dapirispirebebs. ramden
sxvadasxva dapirispirebas aRmoaCenT masSi?
gaixseneT klasikuri zRaprebi da is, rac maT siRrmeSi devs.

ris Sesaxebaa `henzeli da greteli?~ is usafrTxoebisa da Si-
Sis dapirispirebis Taobaze mogviTxrobs. `konkia?~ is mdid-
risa da Raribis, pativmoyvareobisa da Tavmdablobis, egoiz-
misa da altruizmis dapirispirebaa. `jeki da lobios Rero~
da sxvebi? yvela ambavi mamacobisa da simxdalis, safrTxi-
sa da usafrTxoebis, simdidrisa da siRaribis, Taosnobisa
da moridebulobis, siWkvianisa da sisulelis, nacnobisa da
ucnobis da a. S. ambavs mimoixilavs. gamodis, rom bavSvebi am
Zlieri binaruli dapirispirebis kategoriebis ganviTarebas
laparakis dawyebisTanave iwyeben. ra Tqma unda, es mxolod
bavSvebs ar exeba. SegiZliaT, am tipis analizi Tqven sayvarel
satelevizio Sousac miusadagoT. zedapiris qveS erTmaneTs
es uZvelesi da yvelaze fundamenturi abstraqtuli Semecne-
biTi instrumentebi upirispirdeba. gana sxva ra azria Cade-
buli klasikur vesternebSi, policielebisa da qurdebis ur-
TierTobaSi, an fantastikur moTxrobebSi?
zRaprebSi, romlebic patara bavSvebs ase moswonT, dapiris-

pirebebi SedarebiT ufro mkacria: usafrTxoeba/saSiSroeba,
kargi/cudi, simamace/simxdale da a. S. naTelia am dapirispi-
rebebis ori Tviseba, erTi is, rom isini emociurad Zlieria,
meore ki is, rom isini abstraqtulia. martivad rom vTqvaT,
ena abstraqciebsac gulisxmobs:
ena qmnis manZils Tavis Tavsa da obieqts Soris; is ax-
dens ganzogadebas da gansakuTrebul aRqmas zogad
aRqmad aqcevs; ena realobebs abstraqciebad gardaq-
mnis (kou, Coe, 1984, gv. 253).
sakiTxis ufro kompleqsuri ganxilvisas kamaToben imis Se-

saxeb, rom abstraqciebi konkretul sagnebTan Sexvedris Sem-
210 kiran igani
deg ar viTardeba. mxolod abstraqciebis gamoyenebiT xdeba

konkretuli detalebi ufro cnobadi:
konkretuli detalebi warmoadgens abstraqciebis

produqts, romelic gonebam imisTvis unda gadaamu-
Saos, r,om garkveuli grZnobebi, aRqmebi an saxeebi ga-
moscados (haieki, Hayek, 1970 gv. 311).
ra Tqma unda, es rTuli sakiTxia. magram brZnuli iqneboda,

eWvi gagvCenoda imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom zepir kultureb-
Si patara bavSvebi da adamianebi `konkretulad azrovneben.~
am ucnauri rwmenis gavrcelebam gaabundovana azric, rom isi-
ni SesaZloa aseve abstraqtuladac azrovnebdnen. vici, rom
es azri Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo azrovnebasa da mas-
wavleblebis saswavlo programebTan dakavSirebul erT-erT
yvelaze gavrcelebul varauds ewinaaRmdegeba. magram faqti,
rom es gavrcelebuli varaudia, mis siswores ar uzrunvel-
yofs. sinamdvileSi, rac ufro bevrs vfiqrobT mis Sesaxeb, is
ufro mcdari gveCveneba.
sasargebloa, gamovexmauroT gardneris (Gardner) dakvirvebas

imis Sesaxeb, rom bavSvTa ganviTarebis mkvlevarebma daagro-
ves mtkicebulebebis STambeWdavi raodenoba patara bavSve-
bis mier samyaroSi arsebuli abstraqtuli Tvisebebis aRqmis
Taobaze (Tvisebebis diapazoni gadaWimulia simravlesa da
sxvadasxva tipis silierebasa da dasrulebul mizezobriobas
Soris) (gardneri, Gardner, 1993, gv. 182). gardneri kerisa da
gelmanis (Carey, Gelman, 1990) `gauwvrTneli gonebis~, Tavisi
sakuTari (1991) da keilis (Keil, 1989) im naSromebis citirebas
axdens, romlebic Zalian patara bavSvebis mier xandaxan Zli-
er SemecnebiT an konkretul rigze ufro maRla abstraqtu-
li Tvisebebis dayenebis Sesaxeb gvamcnoben.
Cveni mxridan windauxedavi saqcieli iqneboda im Zlieri ins-

trumentis mimarT uyuradReboba, romelsac swavlaSi dasax-
mareblad yvela bavSvi iyenebs. Tumca, es ar gvaZlevs ufleba-
mosilebas, rom maT vaswavloT, TiTqos, yvelaferi binaruli
dapirispirebebisgan Sedgeba. es mxolod imisTvis SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT, rom vnaxoT, ra SesaZleblobebi arsebobs gan-
saxilveli sakiTxis binaruli dapirispirebis saxiT warmo-
211
saCenad da maTze mkafio da amomwuravi wvdomis uzrunvelsa-

yofad. wvdomis mopovebis Semdeg SegviZlia, dapirispirebul
mxareebs Soris Sualeduri pozicia davikavoT da Sinaarsis
sxvadasxva tipi gamovimuSaoT. magram Tu Sinaarsis damuSave-
bas ZiriTadi binaruli struqturis awyobamde daviwyebT, aR-
movCndebiT riskis winaSe, movaxdenT moswavleebis mier gaaz-
rebis erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari instrumentis ignorirebas,
SesaZloa maT ise vaswavloT, rom swavlis saganTan araadekva-
turi kavSiri davamyarebinoT. samwuxarod, es sakmaod xSirad
xdeba.
Cveni molodinis Tanaxmad, warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi bi-

naruli dapirispirebebis gamoyeneba, Cveulebriv, moswav-
leebisTvis Temebis warsadgenad moxdeba. garda amisa, uz-
runvelyofili iqneba drogamoSvebiT maTi axsna da ganxil-
va. es nebismieri sagnis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba. Tu, magaliTad,
gvsurs, rom mesame klasis bunebismetyvelebis gakveTili
`haeris Tvisebebs~ mivuZRvnaT, SeiZleba is im faqtis wardge-
niT daviwyoT, rom haeri, romelsac moswavleebi ver xedaven
da carieli Cans, sinamdvileSi, imaze ufro meti gansxvavebu-
li da araCveulebrivi nivTierebisgan Sedgeba, vidre yvela
is sagani, romlebsac isini xedaven. Tu gvsurs, rom moswavle-
ebs peplebis mier gancdili gardaqmnis Sesaxeb movuTxroT,
SegviZlia, maT peplis ganviTarebis adreul etapze matlisa
da Wupris mdgomareobaSi patara SezRudul sivrceSi moq-
ceuli cxovrebisa da imis Sesaxeb vuamboT, rom isini Zalian
bevrs Wamen. aseve SegviZlia vuTxraT, rom rodesac Wuprebi
peplebad iqcevian da did sivrceSi iwyeben moZraobas, isini
TiTqmis aRar ikvebebian. TemasTan dakavSirebiT aseTi dapi-
rispirebebis ganxilva Cven kidev erT damatebiT instruments
gvaZlevs imisTvis, rom sagani moswavleebis warmosaxvisTvis
saintereso gaxdes.
riTma, ritmi da struqtura
yvela zepiri kultura iZulebuli iyo, Tavisi codna cocxal

gonebaSi Seenaxa. Sesabamisad, Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo teq-
nika, romelic am informaciis dasamaxsovreblad gamoiyene-
boda. Tu ise moxdeboda, rom raime informacia, magliTad,
212 kiran igani
samkurnalo balaxis an romelime iSviaTi fesvis mopoveba da-

viwyebas miecemoda, is samudamod ikargeboda. zepirma kul-
turebma aRmoaCines, rom ritmi, riTma da struqtura damax-
sovrebis efeqturi instrumentebi iyo. Tu inglisurad mola-
parake adamianebs dRes hkiTxavT, martSi ramdeni dRea, isini
savaraudod erT Zvel leqss gaixseneben:
30 dRea seqtemberSi,
aprilSi, ivnissa da noemberSi.
yvela danarCen Tves
viTvliT 31 dRes...
isini gaixseneben, rom marti 31 dRes iTvlis da aRar gadav-

len leqsis im nawilze, sadac Tebervalia aRwerili. amgvari
leqsi literaturul periodSi warsulis iSviaT namsxvrevs
warmoadgens. Tumca, leqsi Tu dagvaviwyda, am informaciis
kalendarSi gadamowmebacaa SesaZlebeli. zepir kulturebSi
codnis didi nawilis Senaxva damaxsovrebis xarisxis asamaR-
leblad moTxrobaSi CarTuli raime struqturis mqone bge-
rebis saSualebiT xdeboda. iseTi wminda miTebis zepirad war-
moTqma, romlebic nebismieri zepirsityvieri sazogadoebis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani codnis umetes nawils Seicavs, Cveu-
lebriv, martivi simebiani instrumentis gamoyenebiT, dolis
ritmuli dakvris fonze an, ubralod, TeZoze xelis dartymis
TanxlebiT mimdinareobda.
garkveuli struqturis mqone bgerebi msmenels codnisa da

ideebis gonebaSi CabeWdvaSi exmareba. es ZiriTadi struqtu-
ra im didi masStabis mcire gamovlinebaa, sadac sasaowark-
veTisa da imedis, SiSisa da modunebis, Cagvris, aRSfoTebisa
da ajanyebis, axalgazrdobisa da siberis da a. S. ritmebi ena-
Sia daWerili da asaxuli. Cveni emociuri cxovreba garkveul
struqturas Seicavs da SegviZlia, ena swored am emociuri
struqturis Tavisebur ritmSi gameorebisTvis gamoviyenoT.
albaT, ukve SeamCnevdiT, rom Cveni ena da cxovreba ritmiTa
da riTmiTaa gaJRenTili. iseve, rogorc smenisTvis ritmi da
riTmaa mniSvnelovani, mxedvelobisa da sxva grZnobebis gamo-
sacocxleblad struqturis sxva formebi gamoiyeneba.
imedi gvaqvs, rom warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi riTmas, ritmsa

213
da struqturas kurikulumis yvela sferoSi meti dro daeT-

moba. magaliTad, omofonebze laparakisas SeiZleba leqsebis
gamoyeneba imisTvis, rom moswavleebs ìq~, `maTi~ da ìsini
arian~ tipis sityvebis sxvadasxvagvari damwerlobis damax-
sovrebaSi davexmaroT (mTargmnelis SeniSvna: inglisur vari-
antSi moyvanilia omofonebi: there, their da they’re). qvemoT nimu-
Sad moyvanili leqsi mark fets (Mark Fettes) ekuTvnis. is aq ar
momyavs, rogorc idealuri magaliTi an didi literaturis
nimuSi. es aris leqsi, romlis SedgeniTac maswavlebeli ram-
denime wuTis ganmavlobaSi gaerTo. informaciis damaxsov-
reba mniSvnelovania da SesaZloa, vinmem amaze ufro mokle
leqsebic moigonos, magram amgvari leqsebis Sedgena mxolod
maswavleblis saqme rodia. naswavli masalisa da dasamaxsov-
rebeli informaciis patara leqsebSi aRwera moswavleebsac
SegviZlia SevTavazoT.
saTamaSod wasuli sami patara sityva

saxelad ìq~, `maTi~ da ìsini arian~ daTvs gadaeyarnen.
sityvas ìq~ ar SeSinebia, arc caxcaxi dauwyia.
`me i asoze viwyebi, ese igi, iq var da ara aq~.
ìsini arian~ xelebs iqnevda:
`gaiqeci, daTvo! Sexede, isini modian!~
ar tiroda an kioda aseve `maTic~:
`maTi Tofebi ise brwyinaven, rogorc Cemi naTeli i.~
daTvma Tavi usafrTxo bunags Seafara da
Tavis belebs saSineli Sexvedris Sesaxeb uambo.
am dros ki ìq~, ìsini arian~ da `maTi~
Cais dasalevad saxlSi dabrundnen.
isini jer kidev mRerian Tavisi simamacis Sesaxeb!
maswavlebelma SeiZleba aseve moigonos leqsi `haeris Tvise-

bebis~ Sesaxebac. momdevno leqsis Sedgenas rva wuTi movan-
dome, Tumca, Tqven albaT fiqrobT, rom jobda, dro sxva ra-
meze damexarja:
haeri carielia, haeri sufTaa;

SegiZliaT is uSiSrad gaapoT.
da ar miaqcioT yuradReba
mzisgan momaval uTvalav mions,
uamrav gaxrwnil kans,
214 kiran igani
romelic masSi gasarTobad dalivlivebs;

yvavilis mtvers, romelic aqeT-iqeT dafrinavs,
uricxv radio talRas, romelic bgerebad iqceva.
baqteriebsa da virusebs, romlebic mzad arian, Tavs
dagesxan,
buzebis tonobiT ganavals.
haeri savsea da erT did wvnianians hgavs.
Tu maswavlebeli ramdenime wuTSi msgavs leqss Camoayali-

bebs, mas SeuZlia, moswavleebs mis gaumjobesebaSi monawi-
leoba sTxovos. SesTavazos maT, maswavlebels daexmaron, an
imave Temaze TviTonac daweron rame. moswavleebis enobrivi
unarebis ganviTarebis garda, amgvari aqtivoba haeris Tvise-
bebis gaazrebasac uwyobs xels. sasargebloa, maswavleblma
daimaxsovros, rom adamianis gonebas moswons riTmebisa da
struqturis xelovnebaSi, musikaluri instrumentebis si-
mebis vibraciaSi, talRebSi, silaSi, cocxali organizmebis
sistemebSi, Cvens sakuTar sxeulebSi (dawyebuli guliscemi-
dan da dasrulebuli siaruliTa da ZiliT) wvdoma da maTi
gamoyeneba. advilia, es yvelaferi raime Temaze Casatarebeli
gakveTilis struqturaze fiqris dros dagaviwydeT. magram,
amave dros, msgavsi instrumentebis gamoyenebis aucileblo-
bis damaxsovreba kidev ufro advilia, Tuki mas moswavleTa
warmosaxvasTan davakavSirebT.
xumrobebi da iumori
yvelaze pirveli xumroba, romelic maxsovs, msgavsi kiTxva-

pasuxis formisa iyo: `rodis ar aris karebi karebi?~ àr vici.~
`roca is SeRebulia.~ SesaZloa, is pirvelad mosmenidan gasu-
li amdeni xnis Semdeg jer kidev imitom maxsovs, rom maSin ar
vicodi, ras niSnavda sityva `SeRebuli.~ vfiqrobdi karebis
Sesaxeb, romelic raime ferad unda yofiliyo SeRebili, mag-
ram xumroba mainc gaugebari rCeboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cems megobar henri liCs is Zalian sasacilod miaCnda. momava-
li ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi aRmovaCine, rom arsebobda
sityva SeRebuli, romelic naxevrad Rias niSnavda. amis ga-
215
saazreblad cota dro damWirda, magram, darwmunebuli var,

henri liCs es ambavi ase kargad ar emaxsovreba. amgvar xumro-
bebs Cveni metaforuli potencialis gaZliereba da gafarTo-
eba SeuZlia.
wignierebis erT-erTi Sedegi enis xilulad qcevaa. wigniere-

bas ena yurTan dakavSirebuli erTi mediumidan TvalTan da-
kavSirebul meore mediumze gadahyavs. Cvens mier gamoyenebu-
li damwerlobis sistemis konkretuli tipi gavlenas axdens
enis Cveneul aRqmaze (olsoni, Olson, 1994). Tumca, zogadad, am
cvlilebis Rrma gavlenas enis aRqmaze ver vamCnevT. wignie-
reba enis axleburad gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ra Tqma
unda, zepirsityvierebac iyenebs teqnikebs, romlebic Cvens
yuradRebas enisken miapyrobs da mis gaazrebaSi gvexmareba.
erT-erTi aseTi teqnikaa xumroba. xumrobas naxevrad gaRe-
buli karis Sesaxeb mxolod zepir garemoSi aqvs mniSvneloba,
dawerili formiT misi wakiTxva ki azrs akninebs. mniSvnelo-
vania, gvaxsovdes, rom saklaso oTaxi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ze-
piri garemoa. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi xumrobebi
xSirad literaturul garemoSic kargad grZnobs Tavs, ga-
momdinare iqedan, rom omonimebzea dafuZnebuli. maTi mniS-
vnelovani saganmanaTleblo Rirebuleba is aris, rom isini
enas yuradRebas miapyroben, rogorc sagans da mas ar aRiq-
vamen, rogorc met-naklebad qvecnobier qcevas. imis Semdeg,
rac bavSvebi enis - rogorc sagnis - ganxilvas iwyeben, isini
`metaSemecnebiTi cnobierebis amaRlebis~ ganviTarebis gzas
adgebian, rac maTi inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisTvis Zali-
an mniSvnelovania:
maswavlebeli: jon, ra hqvia xis gare nawils?

joni: ar vici.
maswavlebeli: qerqi, jon. qerqi.
joni: ham, ham, ham.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia omonimebze. ing-
lisurad sityva bark niSnavs qerqsac da yefasac.)
gogona iluzionists: SegiZliaT, rom qudidan kurdReli

amoaZvrinoT?
216 kiran igani
iluzionisti: Cveulebriv, SemiZlia, magram axla Tma axa-

li dabanili maqvs. Sesabamisad, axla amas ver SevZleb.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia omonimebze. ing-
lisurad sityva hare niSnavs bocvers da amave dros gamo-
iTqmis, rogorc `Tma~. )
mogzauri: arsebobs speqtaklebi, romlebic adamians

arasdros aviwydeba.
misi biZaSvili: netav erTi-ori miSovo. me Cemi sul maviwy-
deba xolme.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia omonimebze. in-
glisurad sityva spectacles niSnavs `saTvales~ da gamoiTq-
mis rogorc `speqtakli.~)
stumari: sad aris parki?

macxovrebeli: aq parki axlo-maxlo arsadaa.
stumari: aba maSin aq ratom weria `gaaCereT manqana~?
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia sityvebis TamaS-
ze. inglisurad sityva park niSnavs manqanis gaCerebasac da
parksac.)
jimi: Semwvari qaTami TiTebiT unda Wamo?

jeini: ara. TiTebi calke unda unda miirTva.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia sityvaTa TamaS-
ze `TiTebiT/xeliT Wama~ da `TiTebis Wama~.)
meri: qiSmiSiani puri giyvars?

piteri: ar vici. arasdros gamifuebia.
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia omonimebze. in-
glisurad raisin niSnavs `qiSmiSs~ da gamoiTqmis iseve, ro-
gorc `gafueba, gazrda~.)
eqimi: pacients sicxe gauzomeT?
medda: ara. gana sadme daikarga?
(mTargmnelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia sityvebis TamaS-
ze. inglisurad take temperature niSnavs `sicxis gazomvas~,
217
magram sityvasityviT SeiZleba es fraza iTargmnos ro-

gorc `sicxis aReba~. Sesabamisad dialogi SeiZleba gavi-
goT ase: eqimi: pacientis sicxe Tqven aiReT? medda: ara.
sadme daikarga?)
am xumrobebisTvis bodiSs gixdiT. SesaZloa, isini msoflio-

Si arsebuli saukeTeso xumrobebi araa, magram yvela maTgans
aqvs Tavisi saganmanaTleblo Rirebuleba. isini yuradRebas
miapyrobs enas, rogorc sagans. eniT manipulireba ki garTo-
bis mizniT da, rogorc moswavleebi aRmoaCenenen, usasrulod
SeiZleba. magram imisTvis, rom enis mier SemoTavazebuli fa-
ruli mowveva miviRoT, jer es SesaZlebloba unda davinaxoT.
amis stimulireba ki xumrobebis konkretul tipebs SeuZlia.
xumrobebi adre ukve naxseneb sxvadasxva SemecnebiT instru-

mentTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini xSirad metaforul kavSirebs
efuZneba, Cveulebriv, mcire zomis ambavs warmoadgens an xum-
robis miRma momxdari ambis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. xumrobebs
aseve Cveni molodinebis gazrda da im emociuri ritmis diapa-
zonis ufro garTuleba SeuZlia, romelsac winaswar ganvWv-
retT. ZonZroxa adamiani, romelic bananis qerqze mocurdeba,
ucvleli moralis gakveTilTan erTad, xumrobebis usasru-
lo raodenobas warmoSobs.
wignierebis mier motanili erT-erTi ziani literaturuli

azrovnebaa. es is azrovnebaa, romelic logikur principebTa-
naa dakavSirebuli da romelic arsebobs moqnilobisa da kom-
pleqsurobis uaryofis xarjze. am movlenas xSirad vxvdebiT
im adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic rTul realobas Tavisi
SezRuduli ideebiT anacvleben da, ubralod, uars acxadeben
imis aRiarebaze, rac maT sqemas ar Seesabameba. iumori azrov-
nebaSi zedmeti literaturulobis araCveulebrivi gam damr-
Rvevia.
bavSvebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba, Cveulebriv, mdidaria

iumoriT. eniT TamaSis es forma zrdasrulobaSic narCunde-
ba. adamianebi, romelTa iumoris grZnoba raime mizeziT ganu-
viTarebeli rCeba, cxovrebaSi did siamovnebas akldebian. maT
ar gaaCniaT enis instrumentebis nakrebis mier boZebuli did
saCuqari.
218 kiran igani
xumrobiTa da iumoriT yuradRebas vaqcevT im manZils, ro-

melic enis mier Seqmnil samyarosa da realobas Soris aris
gadaWimuli; realoba ki verasodes asaxavs adekvaturad enis
mier Seqmnil samyaros. xumroba, rogorc Cans, enis ganviTare-
bis universaluri Sedegia. Cven ki swavlebis dros misi rolis
ignorirebas vaxdenT. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania stiven
pinkeris (Steven Pinker) dakvirveba:
metafora da iumori winadadebis gagebis ori goneb-

rivi qmedebis Sejamebis sasargeblo saSualebebia
(pinker, Pinker, 1994, gv. 230).
SesaZloa ise Candes, rom xumrobas swavlebis procesSi mci-

re adgili unda daeTmos da is xumrobis moyvarulTa mier ga-
sarTobad unda iyos gamoyeneuli. zogierTi mosazrebiT, man
swavlis mZime samuSaos Sesrulebis dros ubralod kauWis
funqcia unda Seasrulos, raTa moswavleebis yuradReba mi-
ipyros da maT namdvili muSaobis dawyebisken ubiZgos. magram
warmosaxviTi swavleba iumors SemTxveviTi gverdiTi moTa-
maSidan gafarToebuli gaazrebis erT-erT seriozul kompo-
nentamde aamaRlebs.
SesaZlebelia, vinmem CaTvalos, rom iumorisa da xumrobe-

bis gamoyeneba maswavleblis piradi gadawyvetilebaa da maT
mimarT maswavleblis pirad ganwyobazea damokidebuli. Ce-
mi azriT, ase fiqri informaciis gaazrebisTvis arsebuli am
erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri teqnikis gaubraloebas niSnavs.
xumroba, Cveulebriv, Seusabamobazea dafuZnebuli da rai-
mes imdenad araswori konteqstis an kategoriis saSualebiT
aRqmas ukavSirdeba, rom is dasangrevi kategoriis gaZliere-
baSi gvexmareba. ar aris saWiro, xumrobebis analizSi Rrmad
CavefloT imisTvis, rom adamianebis mier maTi garemomcveli
samyaros aRqmis mcdelobebSi raime ucnaurad komikuri aRmo-
vaCinoT. Cveni amocanis Sesasruleblad swored aseT sacodav
aRWurvilobas gTavazobT. adamianebi jgufebad cxovrebis-
Tvis, sakvebis mopovebisTvis, gamravlebisTvis da gardacva-
lebisTvis arian Seqmnili. sinamdvileSi ki Cven varskvlavebis
mowyvetasa da samyaros Cveni Semecnebis kategoriebSi moq-
cevas vcdilobT. marTalia, es mTlad fuWi mcdeloba araa,
219
magram kargia, rom bavSvebi samyaros Secnobis komediis kos-

mosur ganzomilebebs swavloben da aseve im gansakuTrebul
saSualebebs ecnobian, romlebic maT sxeulisa da azrovnebis
erTmaneTisgan daSorebaSi daexmareba. bavSvebi im adamianebis
codnas gaiazreben, vinc, SesaZloa, didi xania gardaicvala.
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi Cven meti iumoris gamoyenebas ve-

liT, vidre es axlaa miRebuli. Cveni warmodgeniT, maswavleb-
lebi raime TemasTan dakavSirebuli xumrobebis miCqmalvis
magivrad, moswavleebs kargi xumrobebis SeqmnaSi unda daexma-
ron. Zalian male gamoCndeba, rom suleluri enamoswrebuli
SeniSvnebi mxolod warmosaxvis warumateblobis niSania, WeS-
mariti xumroba ki waxalisebas imsaxurebs. yovel SemTxveva-
Si, gamocdileba, jerjerobiT, mxolod amgvaria. magaliTad,
maTematikis - iseve, rogorc sxva sagnebis - Seswavlisas, efeq-
turia iumoris gamoyeneba. Tvlis swavlisas maswavlebelma
SeiZleba moswavleebs hkiTxos: `ratom eSiniaeqvsians Svidi-
anis?~ ìmitom, rom Svidianma cxriani gadasansla.~ (mTargm-
nelis SeniSvna: xumroba agebulia omofonebis gamoyenebaze.
inglisurad èight, rva~ gamoiTqmis iseve, rogorc àte, SeWama~.
Sesabamisad, daTvlisas `Svidi, rva, cxra~ SeiZleba mogves-
mas, rom Svidianma gadasansla cxriani seven, eight, nine.) `ras
niSnavs, roca gvesmis: 39 kak-kuk, 39 kak-kuk, 39 kak-kuk...?~ ès
niSnavs, rom xisfexa ormocfexa gviaxlovdeba.~ `ratom aris
orjer aTi igive, rac orjer TerTmeti?~ ìmitom, rom orjer
aTi ocia da orjer TerTmetic oci~ (22) (mTargmnelis SeniS-
vna: xumroba agebulia sityvebis TamaSze: òci~ da òcic~ in-
glisurad ismis rogorc òcdaori~- twenty too. `Why is 2 times
10 the same as 2 time 11?~ `Because 2 times 10 equals 20, and 2 times 11
equals twenty, too~ (22)).
gonebrivi gamosaxulebebi
zepiri enis ganviTarebasTan erTad, saintereso aRmoCena

gakeTda imis Taobaze, rom sityvebis gamoyeneba gonebaSi sa-
xeebs qmnis. Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom es gonebrivi
gamosaxulebebi arafers hgavs, rasac ki msoflioSi vicnobT.
Cven maT mimarT cota damabnevel sityvas ,,gamosaxuleba’’ vi-
yenebT, radgan zogierTi TiTqosda mxatvruli gonebrivi
220 kiran igani
gamosaxuleba naxats hgavs. es msgavseba iseTia, rom Cven misi

aRqma daxuWuli TvalebiTac ki SegviZlia (Separdi, Shepard,
1975). magram bevri gamosaxuleba, romelsac gonebaSi vayali-
bebT, iseTia, romelsac vizualuri analogi ar gaaCnia. Cven
SegviZlia, magaliTad, SevqmnaT sunis `gamosaxuleba~.
imis gamo, rom zepiri kulturisTvis gonebaSi informaciis

Senaxva Zalian mniSvnelovania, yvela SemecnebiTi instrumen-
ti swored am socialurad cocxali aqtivobisken iyo mimar-
Tuli. magaliTad, miTebi savsea Zalian cocxali da ucnauri
saxeebiT. ukve didi xania cnobilia, rom rac ufro egzotiku-
ri, gasaocari an ucnauria Cven mier Camoyalibebuli saxe, miT
ukeTesad gvamaxsovrdeba.
cota xniT Sevwyvet Txrobas, raTa Cemi megobris ambavi ga-

gacnoT. mas dasavleT avstraliaSi, kalgurlis Crdilo-da-
savleTiT, ferma aqvs. saxls dasavleTi da samxreTi mxaree-
bidan Zalian farTo veranda artyams, romlis iatakic wiTeli
avstraliuri evkaliptisganaa damzadebuli. masze siaruli
fexSiSvelaa saWiro imisTvis, rom cxel dReebSi sigriliT
datkbeT. iqvea uxeSi balaxis molic, romelic patara mdina-
resTan Cadis. saxlis garSemo, mdinaris gayolebaze, saxlis
wina patronma Svidi jakarandas xe dargo. megobarTan bolo
stumrobis dros, yoveli SuadRis Semdeg, verandaze mewamu-
li jakarandebis CrdilqveS visxediT da, mdinaris kenWebis
Cxarunisa da surnelovani xeebis Srialis fonze, im dRis sa-
muSaos ganvixilavdiT.
ukacravad, vicrue. ar myavs megobari, romelsac kalgurlis

Crdilo-dasavleTiT ferma eqneboda. iq arasdros vyofil-
var. magram amgvari teqstis dawera or wuTSi nebismier adami-
ans SeuZlia. Tu amas cotaTi mainc kargad gaakeTebT, is mkiTx-
velis gonebaSi gamosaxulebis Camoyalibebasac SeZlebs. Cveni
narativebidan amgvar saxeebs bevri ver warmoSobs. SeadareT
es abzaci winas. is teqsti, romelic saxeebs ayalibebs ufro
advili wasakiTxi da dasamaxsovrebelia. sisulele iqneboda,
enis am Zlieri SesaZleblobisTvis swavlebis dagegmvisas yu-
radReba ar migveqcia. saxeebis tipebi, romelTa gamowvevac
Cven SesaZloa gvindodes, yvela SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva iq-
neba. Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi, saxeebis Sesaqmnelad saWiro
221
enis Zala mniSvnelovani SemecnebiTi instrumentia. SeiZleba,

erT dRes kalgurliSi gavemgzavro da avstraliuri evkalip-
tis verandisa da jakarandebis xeebis ukan mdinaris Zebna da-
viwyo. iqneb, Tqvenc igive gaakeToT?
Cven xSirad vixsenebT saxeebs bavSvobaSi mosmenili ambebi-

dan. ramdenadac ucnauri unda iyos, is saxeebi, romlebic
ambebis mosmenisas Camogviyalibda, xSirad Cvens gonebaSi
ufro cocxalia, vidre wignebSi nanaxi suraTebi (am dakvir-
vebas frTxilad vaxmovaneb xolme, radgan is ramdenime war-
suli wlis ganmavlobaSi Cems mier daaxloebiT oc mozardze
araformaluri dakvirvebis Sedegia. Tumca, monacemebi mainc
damafiqrebelia. TiTqmis yvela, vinc ki wignis wakiTxvis Sem-
deg films naxulobs, imedgacruebuli rCeba xolme. CemTvis
cnobili erT-erTi iSviaTi gamonaklisia beWdebis mbrZanebe-
li, romlis SemTxvevaSic tolkinis mier piradad datovebu-
li gamosaxulebebis simulirebisTvis auracxeli fuli dai-
xarja). sindbadis gamoqvabuli da mauglis junglebi mxolod
cocxali saxeebis TiTqosda mxatvruli gamosaxulebebi ro-
dia; isini, aseve, emociebs inaxaven da araCveulebrivad Zlie-
ri nostalgiuri grZnobebis gamowveva SeuZliaT. anu saxeebi
emociur elfersac iZens. Cven SegviZlia gonebaSi gamowveuli
saerTo saxeebis saSualebiT vifiqroT da vigrZnoT kidec.
swavlebis dros, yuradRebas ZiriTadad im Sinaarsze an una-

rebze SevaCerebT, romelTa gadacemac moswavleebisTvis
gvsurs. xSirad im ZiriTad koncefciebs ganvixilavT, romel-
Ta maTTvis axsnasac vcdilobT. Cemi gamocdilebidan da mas-
wavlebelTa ganaTlebis meToduri teqstebidan gamomdinare,
iSviaTad maxsovs, rom im cocxali saxeebis Sesaxeb gvefiqra,
romlebic, SesaZloa, im Sinaarss eyrdnobodnen, romlis swav-
lebac Cven mogvindeboda. yvela zepir kulturaSi arsebuli
saxeebis warmoSobis universalobis gaTvaliswinebiT, goniv-
ruli iqneboda, davfiqrebuliyaviT am SemecnebiTi instru-
mentis swavlebis procesSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. Cven SeiZleba
darwmunebuli viyoT, rom moswavleebi gonebrivi gamosaxu-
lebebis warmoSobis Zalas floben da mis gamoyenebas advi-
lad da siamovnebiT axerxeben. warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi
yvela saganSi saxeebis moxmoba gacilebiTi ufro xSirad mox-
deba. nominaluri Rirebulebis an maTematikaSi aTwiladebad
222 kiran igani
gardaqmnis swavlebisas principebis Cveulebrivi axsnisa da

Semdeg bevri wvrTnis, varJiSisa da gameorebis kvaldakval,
maswavlebeli gakveTilis dagegmvisas droebiT SeCerdeba da
dafiqrdeba imis Sesaxeb, sakiTxTan da mis gagebasTan dakavSi-
rebul warmosaxviT saqmianobaSi moswavles romeli saxe SeiZ-
leba daexmaros. SegviZlia, magaliTad, warmovidginoT mefe,
romelsac Tavisi jaris daTvla surs. Wkviani mrCeveli mas
Semdeg gamosavals SesTavazebs: xuTma msaxurma aTi kenWi un-
da aiRos da magidis ukan dadges. TiToeuli msaxuris win magi-
daze jami dgas. jari magidas Cauvlis, boloSi mdgari msaxuri
ki TiTo Cavlili jariskacisTvis jamSi TiTo kenWs Caagdebs.
rodesac msaxuri jamSi aTive kenWs Cayris, is saqmes Tavidan
daiwyebs. aTi kenWis Segrovebis paralelurad, mis Semdeg
mdgomi msaxuri jamSi erT kenWs agdebs da a. S. imaves imeorebs
yvela Semdgomi msaxuric. am procesSi bolo msaxurs sakmaod
mosawyeni drois gatareba uwevs, vidre mis gverdiT mdgomi
msaxuri Tavisi aTi kenWis jamSi xelaxla Cayras ar daiwyebs.
ramdenime saaTis gasvlis Semdeg sul marcxniv mdgomi msaxu-
ris jamSi erTi kenWi agdia, mis gverdiT mdgomis jamSi sami,
momdevnoSi ori, SemdegSi arc erTi, boloSi ki mTeli dRis
mZime Sromisgan daRlil msaxurs cxra kenWi aqvs mogrovi-
li. Wkviani mrCeveli mefes eubneba, rom mas cameti aTas oras
cxra jariskaci hyavs. wvrTna da varjiSi, romelic am gamosa-
xulebas sdevs Tan, SeiZleba moswavleebis mier erTmaneTis
an sxva sagnebis amave meTodiT daTvlas moicavdes. SeiZleba,
aRar gaxdes saWiro nominaluri Rirebulebis an aTwiladebad
gardaqmnis swavlebisTvis sxva teqnikis gamoyeneba, magram es
axsna moswavleebisTvis sakiTxs Zalian mkafiod gasagebs, az-
ris Semcvels gaxdis da maT warmosaxvasac daasaqmebs.
Wori
Woris mimarT agdebuli damokidebulebis gamo, mas uqmi lay-

bobis an boroti xmebis gavrcelebis, socialur mniSvnelobas
an seriozulobas moklebuli saubris statusi mieniWa. Wori,
rogorc Zveli da avtoritetdakarguli crurwmenis Sedegi,
Cveulebriv, qalTa SemTxveviT saubarTan iyo asocirebuli
da ZiriTadad saxlis, ojaxis an adgilobrivi movlenebis gan-
223
xilvas ufro ukavSirdeboda, vidre biznesisa da politikis

`mniSvnelovan~ (anu kacur) sakiTxebs. is pirad da ara sajaro
saubars niSnavda. inglisuri sityva momdinareobs Ziridan
godsibb rac RmerTTan dakavSirebul adamians aRniSnavs (iseve,
rogorc sityvaSi `naTlia - godparent). Wori swored im tipis
saubaria, romelic aseT adamianTan gvaqvs xolme.
anTropologebi sul ufro metad aRiareben im faqts, rom

Wori adamianTa socialuri stabilurobis erT-erTi yvela-
ze mniSvnelovani wyaroa. isini mas aseve enis pirveli SesaZ-
lo ganviTarebis sferod miiCneven (miTeni, Mithen, 1996, meaTe
Tavi). mniSvnelovania, rom yoveldRiuri socialuri saqmia-
nobis Sesaxeb saubari CvenTvis, Cveulebriv, yvelaze martivia
da swored im formas warmoadgens, romelSic (mamakacebica da
qalebic) yvelaze advilad erTvebian (danbari, Dunbar, 1991).
Woris narativi, ra Tqma unda, ambavia. Sesabamisad, am Semec-
nebiT instruments aqvs is Tvisebebi, romlebic moTxrobis
formis adreul ganxilvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca, amave
dros, Wori Tavisi araformaluri bunebidan, SemTxveviTobi-
dan da formaluri struqturis arqonidan gamomdinare, gans-
xvavebul fenomens warmoadgens.
cota xnis win konferenciaze gaxldiT, sadac erT-erTi uni-

versitetis studentma miTxra, rom saintereso moxseneba,
romelic cnobili profesori iqsisgan movismineT, sinamdvi-
leSi, misi dawerili iyo! man kursis farglebSi dawera dava-
leba, romlisTvisac profesorma mxolod `b~ niSniT Seafasa,
mogvianebiT ki studentis naSromi, TiTqmis ucvlelad, saku-
Tar moxsenebad gaasaRa. profesorma Tavisi Tavi imiT `gayi-
da~, rom moxsenebaSi, studenti gogonas msgavsad, fukos ci-
tirebas Seecada, magram SecdomiT, fukos citatis magivrad,
studentis msjelobis teqsti moiyvana! ludis smis dros go-
gonam miTxra, rom Tavis Tavzec iseve iyo gabrazebuli, ro-
gorc profesorze. unda amdgariyo da yvelasTvis eTqva, rom
man misi naSromi moipara; magram eSinoda, rom aravin dauje-
rebda. Tanac, isic aRelvebda, rom ramdenime TveSi profeso-
risTvis samsaxurSi warsadgenad rekomendaciis dawera unda
eTxova. misi kariera ki, savaraudod, profesoris mxridan we-
rilis daweris survilze iqneboda damokidebuli.
ukacravad, magram es ambavic me movigone (Tumca, vSiSob, am
224 kiran igani
gamogonil istoriaSi Zalian bevri realuri analogiaa moy-

vanili). iyo Tu ara es abzaci ufro advili wasakiTxi, vidre
misi winamorbedi?
Woraobis SesaZlebloba moicavs movlenebis narativis for-

maSi moqcevas, maTi Sesabamisi aRiarebuli emociuri gadmo-
cemiT Sefervas, maT misaRebi mizezobrivi Tanmimdevrobis
dadgenis Sesabamisad mowesrigebas, mizezobriv wyobaSi moti-
vebis CarTvas, sxvadasxva pirovnebis ganzraxvebis interpre-
tacias da a. S. albaT, zedmetia imaze saubari, rom saqme Zali-
an daxvewil SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebTan gvaqvs. SegviZlia,
darwmunebulebi viyoT, rom Cvenma moswavleebma es instru-
mentebi ukve sakmaod maRal donemde ganaviTares.
maSin, roca Cven vfiqrobT, rom Woraoba drois fuW kargvas-

Tan dakavSirebuli usargeblo saqmianobaa, is, ra Tqma unda,
agrZelebs sacicocxlo socialuri rolis Sesrulebas. Se-
saZloa, Wori zepirsityvierebis SemecnebiT instrumentebs
Soris erT-erTi yvelaze Zvelic kia. unda davfiqrdeT, ro-
gor SegviZlia swavlebis procesSi Woris SesaZleblobebze
raimes dafuZneba im moswavleebisTvis, romlebsac zepiri in-
strumentebi ukve ganviTarebuli aqvT.
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi Cven Woris gamoyenebis ufro

did mzaobas moveliT, vidre es axlaa miRebuli. yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, im saklaso oTaxebSi, romlebic me minaxavs, es asea. yve-
la maswavlebelma icis, rom Tuki isini patara pauzas gaake-
Teben da moswavleebs skolis gzaze danaxuli raime ucnauri
movlenis da ubeduri SemTxvevis Sesaxeb mouTxroben, isini
maT yuradRebas maSinve miipyroben. Tuki maswavlebeli ambavs
kargad yveba, is igrZnobs moswavleebSi gaRviZebul interess.
mniSvnelovania, ifiqroT im Temis Sesaxeb, romelsac aswav-
liT da Woris is detalebi SemoitanoT saubarSi, romlebic
gaazrebas Seuwyobs xels da moswavleTa warmosaxvas gaaaqti-
urebs. maTematikosebis, mecnierebisa da mkvlevarebis cxov-
reba savsea SemTxvevebiT, romlebic, Cveulebriv, swavlebis
procesis yuradRebis sferoSi ar eqceva - miuxedavad imisa,
rom im samyaros didi nawilis gasxivosneba da gacocxleba Se-
uZliaT, romlis Sesaxebac moswavleebi swavloben.
naklebadaa aRiarebuli faqti, rom kargi literaturuli
225
unarebi mniSvnelovanwilad kargi zepiri unaris ganviTare-

bazea damokidebuli. zepir kulturaSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis
zepiri SemecnebiTi instrumentebi xSirad Sesaferisad gan-
viTarebuli araa. is, rac wignierebasTan dakavSirebiT prob-
lemebis mqone studentebs sWirdebaT, - iseTi ufro mdidari
zepiri kulturis qonaa, romelzec mogvianebiT isini ramis
dafuZnebas SeZleben. skolebSi moswavleebi, romlebsac we-
ra-kiTxva uWirT, Cveulebriv, TavisTvis sxedan kompiuteris
win, an cxrilebze muSaoben. es ki xels uSlis swored im zepir
ganviTarebas, romelic maT ase sWirdebaT. SesaZlebelia, rom
saxlSi isini saaTebs atareben televizoris win, an erTobian
eleqtronuli manqanebiT, rac aseve ar uwyobs xels im Semec-
nebiTi instrumentebis ganviTarebas, romlebic maT yvelaze
metad sWirdebaT. Wori adreul bavSvobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
martivi gzaa mdidari zepiri kulturis safuZvlisa da, mog-
vianebiT, masze dayrdnobiT mdidari wignierebis gasaviTa-
reblad. wignierebis kargi unari mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
kargi zepiri unarebis ganviTarebasTan.
TamaSi
TamaSis mniSvnelobaze uamravi wigni da statiaa dawerili,

ase rom, maTi saganmanaTleblo gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRar vi-
saubreb. es Cemze ukeT sxvebma ukve aRweres. Tumca, mokled
vityvi, rom SemecnebiTi instrumentebis TvalsazrisiT, Ta-
maSs simboluri funqciebis didi diapazonis ganviTareba Se-
uZlia. Woris fenomenis ganxilvas Tu gavagrZelebT, vnaxavT,
rom SesaZloa, yvelaze sasargeblo is warmosaxviTi TamaSe-
bi iyos, romlebsac bavSvebi Tavad igoneben: roluri TamaSi,
warmosaxviTi samyaros marTva, ganuwyvetliv Woraoba, wese-
bis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebi da, ubralod, drois kargad gatareba.
TamaSis erT-erTi mTavari Rirebuleba mis mier gonebis gaTa-
visuflebasa da samyaros Sesaxeb fiqrSi mdgomareobs. kidev
erTxel vityvi, rom es aris instrumenti, romelic azrovne-
bis meta-dones aviTarebs. is gvexmareba, samyaros Sesaxeb ise
vifiqroT, TiTqos is Tavisufalia yovelgvari SezRudvis-
gan, romlebsac msoflio, Cveni qceva da yoveldRiuri mizne-
bi Tavs gvaxvevs.
226 kiran igani
TamaSis dros Cven aseve viZenT TviTkontrolis mniSvnelo-

van unars. Tu Cvens Tavze romelime rols movirgebT, maSin
adamianebs pasuxic am rolidan gamomdinare unda gavceT. Tu
kudians vTamaSobT, boroteba unda ganvasaxieroT da, amave
dros vaRiaroT, rom borotebas CavdivarT. aq ar daviwyeb im
daxvewili TamaSisa da misi mravalferovani ganviTarebis gan-
xilvas, romelic SesaZloa Sedges saswavlo procesSi, Tu Ta-
maSs did mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT. es udidesi Rirebulebisa
da gansxvavebuli formebis mqone SemecnebiTi instrumentia.
vigotskis azriT, (Vygotsky) TamaSi Cveulebriv `proqsimalu-

ri (centrTan axlos myofi) ganviTarebis zonas~ warmoSobs,
bavSvs fsiqologiuri funqcionirebis ufro maRal doneze
ganviTarebisken ubiZgebs, aumjobesebs maxsovrobas, enas, Ta-
nagrZnobasa da azrovnebas. vigotski amtkicebda, rom TamaSis
dros saSualo unarebis bavSvebi ufro maRal Sedegebs aCve-
neben. TamaSi sTavazobs maT did eqsperimentul situaciebs,
sadac bavSvebi sakuTari sazogadoebisa da kulturis wesebs
ikvleven (1978).
eleqtronuli `TamaSi~, romelic Zalian cdilobs (zogier-

Tebis sasargeblod) bavSvebs Soris molaparakebul, maTTvis
Rirebul TamaSs SeuSalos xeli, `warmosaxvis swrafi kvebis~
saxeliTaa cnobili.
zedmetad gaTamamebuls (amis miRwevas ki bevri ar sWirdeba)

msgavsi efeqti aqvs warmosaxvis arteriebze.
Cven veliT, rom warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi ufro mets iTa-

maSeben, vidre es axla xdeba. Tavad TamaSis tipi: samagido Ta-
maSi, gamogoneba, Sejibri, kvleva, asawyobi naxatebi an sxva
ram damokidebulia Tavad Sesaswavl sakiTxze. `warmosaxviTi
ganaTlebis~ sferoSi Cven mier dagrovili gamocdilebis Ta-
naxmad, am instrumentebis gamoyeneba saklaso oTaxSi qmnis
situacebs, roca bavSvebi gundurad cdiloben raime rolis
Sesrulebas. amgvarad, Tu moswavleebs haeris Tvisebebs as-
wavliT, SeiZleba isini dayoT jgufebad da radiotalRebis
an mtvris Seswavla daavaloT. isini am erTeulebis rolebs
moirgeben da erTmaneTTanac Sesabamisad daamyareben kon-
taqts. daskvnis saxiT, maT SeuZliaT warmodgenili erTeu-
227
lebis gadidebuli modelebi Seqmnan, an ricxvebis Tanrigebis

Seswavlisas mefe da misi mrCeveli ganasaxieron, an jariska-
cebis roli Seasrulon. kurikulumis praqtikulad yvela Te-
ma SeiZleba Tavidanve ise iyos Cafiqrebuli, rom bavSvebisT-
vis SesaZlebeli gaxdes rolebis danawileba da sakiTxis uf-
ro didi intensivobiTa da CarTulobiT kvleva.
saidumlos aRiareba
vaRiareb, rom saidumlos SemecnebiTi instrumentebis am si-

aSi CarTva garkveul riskTanaa dakavSirebuli. yvelafers
rom Tavi davaneboT, SesaZloa, saidumloebisTvis `Semecne-
biTi instrumentis~ wodeba ucnaurad JRerdes. garda amisa,
am sityvis gamoyenebasTan populisturi sensaciurobis aso-
ciaciebia dakavSirebuli: magaliTad, `bermudis samkuTxedis
saidumloeba~ an àntikuri samyaros saidumloebebi~, SesaZ-
loa naklebad uxerxuli `bunebis saidumloebebic.~ magram,
vfiqrob, SegviZlia im gzebis danaxva, romelTa Tanaxmadac,
sagnebis saidumloeba gaazrebis zrdis mniSvnelovani Semad-
geneli nawilia. es is instrumentia, romelic imis gaazrebis
saSualebas iZleva, rom is, rasac vswavlobT, saukeTeso Sem-
TxvevaSi, Cven mier Sesaswavli sakiTxebis mxolod patara na-
wilia. saidumloebis grZnoba amis gaazrebas damTrgunvelad
an far-xmalis dayris sawindrad ki ar aqcevs, aramed moswav-
leebs daainteresebs. is maT arsebuli usazRvro simdidree-
bisken ubiZgebs. amitomac ar msurs, ubralod uarvyo saidum-
loebis sensaciuri aspeqti, mxolod imis gamo, rom misi dam-
saxurebiT, SesaZloa, erovnuli mkvlevaris (National Enquirer)
wina gverdze movxvde. me misi saganmanaTleblo miznebiT ga-
moyeneba msurs.
saidumloebebi gonebas saSualebas aZlevs, gaiazros, rom

samyaro, romelic gars gvartyams, romelic gvesmis, romel-
sac vxedavT da romelSi moqcevasac vswavlobT, mxolod ze-
dapiria. samyaros qveS an mis ukan Zalian bundovnadaa Sesam-
Cnevi inteleqtualuri simdidre da gamocdileba. saidum-
loeba gviRvivebs im gancdas, rom Cvens garemoSi kidev bevri
ramea, rasac ver vxedavT, ver SevigrZnobT da rac ver gvesmis.
228 kiran igani
gonebas am ufro farTo, ucnaur da naklebad xelmisawvdomi

samyarosken mivmarTavT da misi kvlevis pirvel instruments
vqmniT. vfiqrob, poetebma yvelaze kargad gamoxates sur-
vili, gascdenodnen yoveldRiurobas. tenisonis (Tennyson)
sityvebiT:
mTeli gamocdileba im TaRs warmoadgens

romelic kaSkaSebs da romlis
erT adgilas myofi samyaros sazRvrebi
Cems moZraobasTan erTad iSleba.
imisTvis, rom codnas rogorc CaZirul varskvlavs
unda vsdio, adamianis azrebis miRma vicqirebode.
ulisedan
tenisonma es idea dantesgan aiRo, romlis ulisec Tavis sur-

vils ase aRwers:
... axali gamocdilebis gamo ki ar dapataravde,

aramed kvlav gaagrZele Camavali mzis mimarTulebiT cur-
va.
Cven veZebT axal samyaros,
sadac adamians Cvenamde jer arasdros gaumarjvia.
awon-dawone Seni amayi bedi:
cxovelebis msgavsad Rorulad mosaqcevad ki ar dabade-
bulxar,
aramed saTnoebisa da saukeTeso ganaTlebis misaRebad.
kanto, jojoxeTi, XXVI
garkveul etapze saidumloebis SegrZneba inteleqtualuri

Tavmdablobis nawili xdeba. amis saukeTeso magaliTebia yve-
la drois yvelaze didi samecniero gonebis mqone adamianebis
cxovreba. ser isaak niutoni (1642-1727) Tavis ZmisSvils wer-
da, rom SesaZloa, xalxs is maTematikaSi, optikaSi, fizikasa
da astronomiaSi gaweuli muSaobisa da gravitaciis kanonis
229
aRmoCenis, moZraobis ZiriTadi kanonebis Camoyalibebis, kal-

kulusis ganviTarebisa da TeTri sinaTlis bunebis analizis
gamo Zalian mcodne adamiani hgonia. sinamdvileSi, is Tavis
Tavs aseTad sulac ar Tvlis:
sanapiroze moTamaSaze patara biWs vgavar, romelic perio-

dulad ufro gluv kenWs an Cveulebrivze ufro lamaz niJa-
ras ipovis. da es maSin xdeba, roca mis win WeSmaritebis aRmo-
uCeneli okeanea gadaWimuli (brusteri, David Brewster, 1965).
am instrumentis aRwerisaTvis ramdenime seriozuli argu-
menti unda moviSvelio. magaliTad, poetebi saidumloebas
SemecnebiT instrumentad aRiareben, rac misi SesaZleblo-
bebis daxasiaTebis sirTuleze mianiSnebs. Tumca, imedi maqvs,
rom mogvianebiT moyvanili magaliTebi situacias ufro na-
Tels gaxdis. albaT, samarTliani iqneboda imis Tqma, rom
yvela ganmartebis ukan saidumloeba imaleba. es imdenad lo-
gikuri Cans, rom darwmunebuli var, viRac Cemamde amas ukve
aRniSnavda.
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi saidumloebebs, savaraudod,

meti mniSvneloba mieniWeba. es popularuli gazeTebis mier
sensaciuri ambebis gavrcelebasac SeiZleba niSnavdes, magram
Cveni codnis miRma arsebul ufro Rrma saidumloebebsac un-
da moicavdes. Zalian martivi gamoTvlebis saSualebiT, pata-
ra bavSvebsac ki SeiZleba usasrulobis idea avuxsnaT. marti-
vi ricxvebis Seswavlisas SegviZlia moswavleebs maTSi gark-
veuli kanonzomierebebis povna vTxovoT da Semdeg vuTxraT,
rom es is yvelaze ufro kerketi amocanaa, romlis amoxsnasac
maTematikosebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cdiloben. punqtu-
acia (magaliTad, ubralo mZime) SeiZleba gaxdes moswavleTa
mier aramarto wesebis Seswavlis safuZveli, aramed imis gan-
xilvis saganic, rogor axerxebs sxvadasxva niSani, sakiTxavi
gverdi TvalisTvis ufro martivad aRsaqmelad aqcios. Seg-
viZlia, moswavleebs vTxovoT, punqtuaciis axali niSnebi mo-
igonon da amiT Tavad punqtuaciis koncefcia gaamdidron.
nacnobi sakiTxebis axleburad danaxva mudmivad gvawvdis Cve-
ni codnis patara da daucveli sivrcis garemomcveli saidum-
loebebis amoxsnas.
moswavleebis mier enisa da misi mravali formis zogadi ins-

trumentebis nakrebis gamoyenebis kompetenciis zrdam, maTi
230 kiran igani
ufro daxvewil mkiTxvelebad da mwerlebad Camoyalibebam,

SesaZloa, maswavleblebs swavlebis dagegmvaSi wignierebis
instrumentebis nakrebidan zogierTi SemecnebiTi instru-
mentis CarTva moandomos. gansakuTrebiT vgulisxmob gamoc-
dilebis ukiduresobebis, realobis CarCoebisa da gmirebis
Tavgadasavlebis, naratividan miRebuli gaocebis grZnobas
da mis gamoyenebas.
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi, savaraudod, moxdeba im cvli-

lebebis aRiareba, romlebic moswavleebis azrovnebaSi wigni-
erebis zrdasTan erTad xdeba. marTalia, maT meore TavSi Se-
vexebi, magram zogadad naTelia, rom wignierebisken gadanac-
vleba aseve informaciis mogrovebisas smenidan mxedvelobis
dominirebisken gadanacvlebas niSnavs. garkveul aqtivobebs
SeuZlia amgvari gadanacvlebis xelSewyoba da moswavleebis-
Tvis imis Cveneba, wignierebas romeli axali Zalebi moaqvs.
yvelaze efeqturi aqtivobis SerCeva siebis, cxrilebis, diag-
ramebisa da a. S. SedgeniTa da maTi manipulirebiTaa SesaZle-
beli. es is instrumentebia, romlebic zepir sazogadoebebSi
ar arsebobs da, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, mxolod SezRudu-
li formiTaa xelmisawvdomi. magram moswavleebma, romelTa
wigniereba viTardeba, SesaZloa, siebis Sedgenisa da maTiT
manipulirebis gamo, Zalian didi siamovneba miiRon da warmo-
saxvis stimulireba moxdes. magaliTad, sTxoveT maT atlasis
gamoyenebiT mdinareebis siis Sedgena. mogvianebiT maT kla-
sifikacia unda moaxdinon da Seqmnan cxrilebi, romlebic,
savaraudod, Semdeg kategoriebs Seicavs: `500 milze grZeli
mdinare,~ `ramdenime qveyanaSi arsebuli mdinare~, àdamianis
saxelis mqone mdinare~ da a. S. moswavleebs aseve SeuZliaT
maTTvis nacnobi sportis saxeobebis sia Camoweron, mogviane-
biT ki klasifikacia moaxdinon da qvesaTaurebi gamoyon: `sa-
xeoba, romelSic burTs viyenebT,~ `saxeoba, romelSic burTs
rames vurtyamT~, `saxeoba, sadac goli miwis zemoT gadis,~
`saxeoba, romelsac SenobaSi vTamaSobT,~ `saxeoba, romelSic
orze meti gundi monawileobs~, `saxeoba, romelSic mxolod
ori adamiani monawileobs,~ da a. S.
***
am Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul mimoxilvaSi is SemecnebiTi ins-
trumentebi warmogidgineT, romelTa Sesaxebac TqvenTan la-
231
paraks vapirebdi. amis Semdeg, maT Sesaxeb giambeT kidec. axla

ki droa, giTxraT, ra mogiyeviT.
ZiriTadi Teoria im azrs emyareba, rom ganaTlebis procesi

da swavla SesaZloa gacilebiT ufro efeqturi gaxdes, Tu
maT Sesaxeb fiqrisas, im SemecnebiTi instrumentebs gamovi-
yenebT, romelTa daxmarebiTac moswavleebma unda iswavlon
(igani, Egan, 1997). am TavSi me is ZiriTadi instrumentebi aR-
vwere, romlebic bavSvebs kurikulumiT gaTvaliswinebuli
sakiTxebis gasagebad sWirdebaT. zogierTi maTgani TqvenT-
vis raime formiT ukve iqneba nacnobi (magaliTad, ambebis an
iumoris gamoyeneba), magram nakrebis saxiT maTi warmodgena,
SesaZloa, cota uCveulod mogeCvenoT. maswavleblebi bavS-
vebis swavlebis dros, Cveulebriv, am mimarTulebiT ar fiq-
roben. winaswar saganmanaTleblo programebSi instrumente-
bis am nakrebis gamoyeneba arc dagegmvisa da swavlebis meTo-
debis aRwerisas iqcevs did yuradRebas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod uCveulo instrumentebi Se-

mogTavazeT, vimedovneb, maTi mokle aRweridanac ki gasage-
bia, rom saganamanTleblo miznebisTvis zogierTi maTganis
gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebelia. imedi maqvs, kiTxvis pro-
cesSi TqvenTvis sul ufro da ufro metad gaxdeba naTeli,
rom sinamdvileSi amgvar SemecnebiT instrumentebze yurad-
rebis gamaxvileba swavlis procesSi moswavleTa warmosaxvis
CarTvisTvisaa saWiro. es instrumenti ar unda ganvixiloT,
rogorc mxolod `kauWi~ an motivaciis amaRlebis saSuale-
ba, is erTgvari gasaRebia, romelic maswavlebels exmareba
samyaros Sesaxeb arsebuli codna ise ,,gardaqmnas~, rom mos-
wavleTaTvis ufro gasagebi gaxdes. warmosaxvis gaaqtiure-
ba swavlis procesis lamazad SefuTuli danamati ar aris; is
swavlebis arsia. swored is aZlevs azrs, Sinaarss, konteqsts
im codnas, romlis gadacemac gvsurs.
is, rac me ambebis, metaforebis, binaruli dapirispirebebis,

ritmisa da riTmis, Targis, xumrobebisa da iumoris, goneb-
rivi suraTebis, Woris, TamaSisa da saidumloebis Sesaxeb gi-
ambeT, im pirvel mniSvnelovan gasaRebTa Sorisaa, romlebic
Cveni kulturuli simdidreebis kars aRebs. es im damxmare
instrumentebis nakrebia, romlebsac Tavad enis didi inst-
rumenti moicavs. Cven maT aramarto ubralod gamovikvlevT,
232 kiran igani
aramed, amave dros, maT gamoviyenebT kidec, radgan es Cveni

adreuli gagebis instrumentebia.
isRa dagvrCenia, giCvenoT, moswavleTa gonebis amgvar dama-

xasiaTebel Tvisebebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas dagegmvisa
da swavlebis axal da efeqtur gzebamde Cveni miyvana rogor
SeuZlia. Cemi Tavdapirveli gegma SemecnebiTi instrumente-
bis im nakrebis aRweras moicavda, romlebic enas, wignierebas,
Teoriul azrovnebas mosdevs Tan. amis Semdeg, magaliTebis
moyvanas vgegmavdi. magram SemecnebiTi instrumentebis aRwe-
ra nakrebebis instrumentebis gamoyenebis ganxilvamde Zali-
an grZel procesad meCveneba. amitomac vifiqre, rom aRweris
Semcveli Tavis Semdeg teqsts erT Sualedur Tavs imisTvis
davamatebdi, rom swavlebisa da swavlis procesSi instrumen-
tebis gamoyenebis gemo meCvenebina.
meore TavSi wignierebis instrumentebis nakrebis Semcvel Se-

mecnebiTi instrumentebis axal nakrebs ganvixilav. Tumca, es
ar niSnavs imas, rom aqamde warmodgenili nakrebi axalis ganvi-
TarebasTan erTad daikargeba. isini periodulad erTmaneTs
Seerwymeba, drodadro ki gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis gzas
daadgeba. magaliTad, ambebi SeiZleba ufro daxvewili nara-
tiviT Seicvalos, SedarebiT martivma moTxrobebma ki ufro
niWieri moswavleebi da ufrosebi dainteresos. metaforisa
da gonebrivi suraTebis SesaZleblobebi kvlav viTardeba,
magram maTgan zogierTs Zalian detalurad ar ganvixilav.
ubralod msurs, aRvniSno, rom SemecnebiTi instrumentebi
da maTTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi, romlebsac adami-
anebi adridanve swavloben, damatebiTi instrumentebis SeZe-
nasTan erTad ar ikargeba. marTalia, isini viTardeba, magram
martivi formebiT maTi povna kvlavac SeiZleba. ra Tqma unda,
yvelaferi cota CaxlarTulad gamoiyureba, magram es buneb-
rivi adamianuri movlenaa. miuxedavad ganviTarebis martivi
Teoriebis momxibvlelobisa, msoflios areul-dareuli kom-
pleqsurobisa da adamianebis fonze, maTi seriozulad aRqma
Znelia.
233
magaliTebi yoveldRiuri gakveTilebidan
am Tavis mizani pirvel nawilSi aRwerili principebisa da Se-

mecnebiTi instrumentebis yoveldRiur praqtikaSi gamoyene-
bis sxvadasxva gzis kvlevaa. me ukve aRvwere individualuri
instrumentebi da gamovTqvi garkveuli mosazrebebi gakve-
Tilze maTi gamoyenebis Taobaze. axla ki msurs, swavlebis
yoveldRiuri procesis mimarT maswavleblis midgomaze am
intrumentebis erToblivi gamoyenebis gavlena gamovikvlio.
pirvel TavSi aRwerili SemecnebiTi instrumentebis erTob-

lioba dagegmvis CarCos qmnis. aqve minda, bodiSi mogixadoT
aSkara metaforuli gaurkvevlobis gamo - es xom iseve cxadia,
rogorc is, rom orjer ori oTxia! modiT, vnaxoT ras vgulis-
xmob, rodesac vsaubrob instrumentebis, rogorc CarCos Se-
madgeneli nawilebis gamoyenebaze da ara ubralod maTi dax-
marebiT CarCos Seqmnaze. mTavaria, yvela idea, principi da
SemecnebiTi instrumenti iseT formatSi iyos erTad Tavmoy-
rili, romelic warmosaxvis unaris gasaaqtiurebeli gakveTi-
lebisa da saswavlo erTeulebis dagegmvaSi dagexmarebaT.
udavoa, rom CarCo, erTi SexedviT, cota ucnaurad mogeCvene-

baT. is namdvilad ar Seesabameba ralf taileris (Ralph Tyler,
1949) naSromSi aRweril meTodebs (`miznebi/Sinaarsi/meTo-
debi/Sefaseba~), romlebic dResac warmoadgens winasamsaxu-
rebrivi saswavlo programebis umetesobis nawils. CarCoebi
maswavleblis damxmare saSualebebia, romlebic gakveTilis
an saswavlo erTeulis dagegmvas aiolebs. isini, wina TavSi
aRwerili SemecnebiTi instrumentebis gamoyenebiT, moswav-
leebis warmosaxvis unaris gaaqtiurebisTvisaa saWiro. Cemi
azriT, CarCoebi maswavleblebs am tipis gakveTilis dagegm-
vis sawyis etapze dasWirdebaT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, maswav-
leblebi maT daiviwyeben da Tavis yoveldRiur praqtikaSi im
elementebs CarTaven, romlebsac saWirod miiCneven. SesaZ-
loa, ganmartebebi maT mogvianebiT miniSnebis an Sexsenebis
saxiT ufro gamoadgeT.
bunebrivia, wlebis manZilze mraval maswavlebelTan muSa-

obis Sedegad es CarCoebi Seicvala da daixvewa, Tumca, maTi
234 kiran igani
ZiriTadi struqtura didad ar Secvlila. is ubralod ufro

ganviTarda da garTulda. amitomac sakiTxis ganxilvas yve-
laze martivi agebulebis CarCoTi daviwyeb. misi gamoyenebis
ramdenime magaliTs moviyvan, Semdeg ki im ufro rTul versi-
aze gadaval, romelic dagegmvis process metad uwyobs xels.
pirveli ramdenime magaliTi gviCvenebs, ra gavlenas axdens
konkretuli sakiTxis swavlebaze martivi CarCos gamoyene-
ba. mogvianebiT sxva alternativebs, ufro rTul formebs Se-
mogTavazebT, moviyvan sxvadasxva sakiTxis martiv (igulisx-
meba sakiTxebi, romlebTan mimarTebaSic warmosaxvis unaris
gaaqtiurebis SesaZleblobebi sakmaod ioli dasanaxia. maga-
liTad, kvercxidan matlis dabadeba, misi jer Wuprad, Semdeg
ki peplad gardasaxva) da SedarebiT rTul magaliTebs (moi-
azreba sakiTxebi, romlebTan dakavSirebiTac moswavleebis
warmosaxvis unaris gaaqtiureba rTuli warmosadgenia. maga-
liTad, ricxvis Tanrigi maTematikaSi, an gramatikuli wese-
bis gamoyenebis damaxsovreba da a. S.).
moyvanili magaliTebi sakmaod lakonuria. didi brZola dam-

Wirda, gavmklavebodi cdunebas, rom ramdenime gverdi dam-
xmare masalebiTa da aqtivobebis Sesaxeb rCevebiT gamevso.
gTxovT, mocemuli gegmebisTvis xorcis Sesasxmelad Tqveni
sakuTari gamocdileba da unarebi gamoiyenoT (warmosaxvis
unaris gasaaqtiurebeli damatebiTi masalis moZieba ganaT-
lebis kvleviTi jgufis (IERG) vebgverdzea - www.ierg.net- Se-
saZlebeli). Cemi mizania, yoveldRiuri kurikulumis Sinaars-
ze CarCoebis zegavlena giCvenoT da im sxva SesaniSnavi wigne-
bis Sinaarsi ar gavimeoro, sadac calkeul aqtivobebsa da maT
gamoyenebazea saubari. Tumca, ra Tqma unda, SigadaSig garkve-
ul rCevebs am sakiTxebzec mogcemT.
martivi versia
CarCos martivi versia aseTia:

sawyisi dagegmvis CarCo (martivi versia)
1. mniSvnelobis gansazRvra:
ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani am sakiTxSi? riT aris is
mniSvnelovani moswavleebisTvis? ra aris iseTi, rac mos-
wavleTa emociur CarTulobas gamoiwvevs?
235
2. binaruli dapirispirebebis povna:

romeli binaruli dapirispirebebi gamoxatavs yvelaze
ukeT mocemuli sakiTxis mniSvnelobas?
3. Sinaarsis ambis saxiT Camoyalibeba:
3.1. rogor Sinaarss SeuZlia binaruli dapirispirebebis
mniSvnelobis Cveneba da sakiTxze mkafio wvdoma?
3.2. romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens mocemuli sakiTxis di-
namikur ambad gadaqcevis saukeTeso gzas?
4. daskvna:
romelia binaruli dapirispirebebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li mwvave konfliqtis gadaWris yvelaze efeqturi gza?
ra xarisxiT SeZlebs es gza binarul dapirispirebebs So-
ris Suamavlobas?
5. Sefaseba:
rogor unda mivxvdeT, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma sa-
kiTxi, misi mniSvneloba? rogor gaiTavises Sinaarsi?
magaliTi pirveli: ricxvis Tanrigi
rogor gamoviyenoT es CarCo meore klasis tipur gakveTilze

ricxvis Tanrigisa da aTobiTi sistemis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,
rom moswavleebis warmosaxva gavaaqtiuroT? qvemoT mocemu-
lia Cem mier SemuSavebuli originaluri magaliTi, romelic
maswavlebels daexmareba CarCos gamoyenebis procesSi.
pirvel rigSi, sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani da

emociuri monawileobis gamomwvevi komponenti unda vipo-
voT. SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, rom saqmes amiT viwyebT: ra kav-
SirSia emociuri monawileoba ricxvis TanrigTan?! swavle-
baze amgvari Sexedulebis waxaliseba iSviaTad xdeba, magram,
Cemi azriT, Zalian kargi maswavlebeli msgavs rames intui-
ciurad akeTebs. emociuri CarTuloba am midgomis saswavlo
procesis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da xSirad yvelaze rTuli
amocanaa.
albaT, aqve unda aRvniSno, rom Cveni saubris sagani sakmaod

gansxvavdeba farTod gavrcelebuli Sexedulebisgan imis
Sesaxeb, rogor unda vipovoT `kauWi~, romelzec moswavlis
236 kiran igani
interess `wamovagebT~. es, garkveulwilad, moswavleTa war-

mosaxvis gaaqtiurebaSic dagvexmareba, Tumca, Cveni ZiriTadi
amocana am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxis mimoxilva da moswavleebis-
Tvis misi mniSvnelobis gansazRvraa. sakiTxis mniSvnelobis
ganxilva unda moxdes ara mxolod praqtikuli, aramed mos-
wavleTa mier samyaros aRqmis, misi Sefasebis ganviTarebisa
da gaRmavebis TvalsazrisiTac.
teqstis momdevno nawilebi mocemuli modelis safexurebs, maT

mier gakveTilis formirebisa da misi gamococxlebis saSuale-
bebs Seicavs:
ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani am sakiTxSi? riT aris is mniSv-

nelovani moswavleebisTvis? ra iwvevs masSi emociur CarTu-
lobas?
es modeli iTvaliswinebs ricxvis Tanrigis mniSvnelobis

dadgenasa da molodins, rom, Sedegis miuxedavad, mas garkve-
uli emociuri rezonansi mainc eqneba. didia cduneba, mniSv-
nelobis Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvas utilitaristuli pasuxi
gasce:
dResdReobiT, maTematikas praqtikuli Rirebuleba

nebismieri adamianisTvis aqvs. amitomac, ricxvis Tan-
rigis swavla moswavleebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini am sakiTxs ver gaigeben, moma-
valSi sakuTari finansebis gamoangariSebisas mudmivad
dauSveben Secdomebs.
marTalia, es swori pasuxis nawilia, magram, amave dros, sa-

kiTxis Sesaxeb mxolod meqanikuri dafiqrebis iseT magaliT-
sac warmoadgens, romelic ugulebelyofs maswavleblebisa
da moswavleebis mxridan ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
emociuri CarTulobis mniSvnelobas. vfiqrob, am etapze amg-
vari emociuri midgoma maswavleblebisTvis ufro mniSvnelo-
vania, radgan imaSi, ris swavlebasac vapirebT, Tu verafers
vipoviT, rac Cvens sakuTar emociur CarTulobas gamoiwvevs,
maSin verc moswavleebis emociuri CarTulobis uzrunvelyo-
237
fas SevZlebT.
amitomac, ricxvTa Tanrigis sistemaSi raime gansakuTrebiT
gamorCeuls unda mivagnoT. xSirad ,,gamorCeuli~ imdenad
Cveulia, rom adamianebi mas veRarc ki amCneven. Tu Cven ricxv-
Ta Tanrigs moswavleebs mxolod imis gamo vaswavliT, rom maT
momavalSi ufro meti iangariSon, maTTvis swavla mosawyeni
aRmoCndeba. moswavles Zalian iolad davarwmunebT, rom sa-
ocrebebi bunebrivad xdeba, Tu maT ar davexmarebiT, gansazR-
vron, ra ganapirobebs am sakiTxis gansakuTrebulobas. ase
rom, gansazRvreT, raSi mdgomareobs ricxvis Tanrigis mniSv-
neloba, ratom unda mivaqcioT mas yuradReba da romelia misi
emociuri komponenti, romelic sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dag-
vainteresebs.
romeli binaruli dapirispirebebi gamoxatavs yvelaze ukeT

mocemuli sakiTxis mniSvnelobas?
Tuki dadginda, rom ricxvis Tanrigis mniSvnelovani Tvise-

ba misi moxerxebulobaa, maSin SegiZliaT Tqveni saswavlo
erTeuli moxerxebulobasa da ucodinrobas, anda warmosax-
vis unarsa da mis ararsebobas Soris arsebul gansxvavebaze
aagoT.
am punqts ori damatebiTi SekiTxva axlavs Tan: rogor Sina-

arss SeuZlia binaruli dapirispirebebis mniSvnelobis Cvene-
ba da sakiTxze mkafio wvdoma? romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens
mocemuli sakiTxis dinamikur ambad qcevis saukeTeso gzas?
aq me, pirvel rigSi, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSno: Sinaarsis ambis

saxiT Camoyalibeba ar niSnavs, rom yoveli gakveTili da sas-
wavlo erTeuli gamogonil ambebad aqcioT. ,,ambis saxe~ yo-
velTvis ar gulisxmobs ambebis moyolas. maswavleblebs am
CarCos gamoyeneba ise SeuZliaT, rom gamogonili ambis moyo-
la erTxelac ki ar mouwioT. daaxloebiT ise, rogorc gaze-
Tis redaqtori Jurnalists sTxovs qalaqSi momxdari xanZris
Sesaxeb statiis daweras da ara raime ambis gamogonebas. Tum-
238 kiran igani
ca, aqve isic minda aRvniSno, rom ama Tu im sakiTxis swavle-

bisas SegiZliaT, Sesabamisi gamogonili ambavic gamoiyenoT.
amitomac axla, erT magaliTSi, gamogonil ambavs mogiyvebiT,
meoreSi ki giCvenebT, rogor gamoviyenoT faqtobrivi infor-
macia àmbis~ saxiT.
amgvarad, swavlebis pirveli amocana moxerxebulobasa da

ucodinrobas Soris kontrastis iseTi formiT gamoaSkarave-
baa, romelic moswavleebs aTobiTi sistemis aSkara moqnilo-
bas cxadad daanaxebs. amis miRweva SeiZleba rogorc aTobiTi
sistemis SedarebiT sxva sistemebis funqcionirebasTan, ase-
ve, ufro martivad, imis axsniT, Tu riT gansxvavdeba aTobiTi
sistemisa da naturaluri ricxvebis gamoyeneba.
xandaxan, am sakiTxis swavlebas yvavisa da fermeris Sesaxeb am-

bis moyoliT viwyeb. SesaZloa, es ambavi Tqvenc icodeT.
erT fermers uzarmazari ZvelisZveli farduli hqonda, sa-

dac marcvleuls inaxavda. farduli bevr RriWosa da nap-
rals daeRara. yoveldRe masTan msuqani yvavi mofrinavda,
SigniT Zvreboda da marcvleuls miirTmevda. fermers yvavis
Tavidan moSoreba Zalian undoda, magram yovelTvis, rodesac
ki fermidan fardulisken gaemarTeboda, yvavi karis gaRebis
xmas igebda, mifrinavda da moSorebiT, xeze Semoskupdebo-
da xolme. fermeri Tofs moimarjvebda da yvavis fardulSi
dabrunebas uSedegod ucdida. sakmarisi iyo, is fermaSi dab-
runebuliyo, rom yvavi maSinve fardulisken mifrinavda da
marcvleulis aCanagebda. erTxelac fermerma SesaniSnavi ram
moifiqra. man fardulSi Tavisi megobari gaiyola. rogorc
yovelTvis, yvavma isini dainaxa Tu ara, maSinve gafrinda. da-
axloebiT aTi wuTis Semdeg, fermeris megobari fardulidan
gamovida, kari miijaxuna, fermaSi dabrunda da iqac xmauriT
mixura kari. amasobaSi fermeri Tavisi datenili TofiT far-
dulSi darCa da yvavs elodeboda. yvavi aRar mofrinda. bo-
los da bolos, fermers fardulSi jdoma mobezrda da fer-
maSi dabrunda. rogorc ki is fermaSi Sevida, yvavi isev mof-
rinda da marcvlis Wama ganagrZo. meore dRes fermerma Tan
ukve ori megobari waiyola. cota xnis Semdeg is orni fermaSi
dabrundnen, Tavad fermerma ki yvavis lodini gaagrZela. mag-
239
ram amjeradac yvavi mxolod maSin dabrunda ukan, rodesac

fermerma farduli datova. amis Semdeg, fermerma Tan oTxi
megobari waiyvana, magram amaod. kviris bolos farduls fer-
meri da axla ukve Svidi misi megobari estumrnen. male Svidi
megobari fermaSi dabrunda, fermeri ki isev fardulSi dar-
Ca. amjerad, yvavi rogorc iqna, mofrinda. fermerma mas Tofi
esrola da mokla!
ra saSineli ambavia! misi dedaazri isaa, rom raodenobis aRqma

yvavebs, adamianebis msgavsad, daaxloebiT Svidis farglebSi
ZaluZT. am ambiT, romlis moyolasac sami-oTxi wuTi sWir-
deba (imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad dramatulad surs maswav-
lebels fabulis aRwera) Tvlis sistemebis mniSvneloba war-
moCindeba. Tu Cven raodenobis iseT aRqmas mivendobiT, ro-
melic Svidis zemoT sizustes kargavs, SeiZleba, yvavis bedi
gaviziaroT. Tu Tvla gvecodineba, uamravi ramis gakeTebas
SevZlebT da Zalian didi ricxvebis zust aRqmasac movaxer-
xebT.
mas Semdeg, rac yvavis ambis moyoliT daTvlis codnis sasar-

geblo mxares warmovaCenT, SegviZlia, meore ambavze gadavi-
deT. is Sinaarsis iseTi formiT CamoyalibebaSi dagvexmareba,
romelic moswavleTa emociur CarTulobas uzrunvelyofs.
qvemoT pirvel TavSi aRwerili jariskacebis daTvlis ambis
cota ufro daxvewili versiaa mocemuli:
warmovidginoT mefe, romelsac Tavisi jaris daTvla surs. is

mrCevelebs mimarTavs, magram maT ar ician, es martivad ro-
gor gaakeTon. erTi mrCeveli mas grZeli joxis aRebasa da
zed TiToeuli jariskacis Sesabamisi erTi Wdis gakeTebas
sTavazobs. meore - jariskacebis maTive raodenobis nivTeb-
Tan dakavSirebasa da Semdeg maT daTvlas fiqrobs, zogierTs
ki miaCnia, rom jarSi `Zalian bevri~ jariskacia. jariskace-
bis daTvlis kargi sistemis idea TavSi verc erT mrCevels
ver mosdis. maSin sasowarkveTili mefe Tavis brZen qaliS-
vils mimarTavs. is ambobs, rom jariskacebis zusti ricxvis
dadgena SeuZlia da dabneul mrCevelebs xelSi aT-aTi qvis
aRebas sTxovs. amis Semdeg qaliSvili mindorSi magidis dadg-
mas brZanebs, jariskacebs ki karvebidan gamosvlasa da masTan
240 kiran igani
mwyobri svliT miaxlovebas sTxovs. suleli mrCevelebi ma-

gidis ukan erT rigad dgebian. TiToeul maTgans win carieli
jami udgas.
rodesac jariskacebi maT gverdiT Caivlian, kideSi mdgomi
mrCeveli TiTo jariskacis aRmniSvnel TiTo qvas debs jamSi.
aTive qvis jamSi Cagdebis Semdeg, isini isev amoaqvs da proce-
si Tavidan iwyeba. ase rom is mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi jamSi
qvebis CayriTa da amoRebiT sakmaod dakavebulia. misgan xel-
marcxniv mdgom meore mrCevels SedarebiT ufro ioli saqme
aqvs dakisrebuli. is gverdiT mdgom mrCevels uyurebs da mis
jamSi aTi qvis dagrovebis Semdeg TavisaSi erT kenWs agdebs.
rodesac meore mrCeveli Tavis jamSi aT qvas daagrovebs, isi-
ni isev amoaqvs da yvelaferi Tavidan iwyeba. mesame mrCeveli
mxolod meore mrCevels adevnebs Tval-yurs. rodesac meo-
re mrCeveli jamidan aTive qvas amoiRebs, mesame TavisaSi erT
qvas Caagdebs. imaves imeorebs meoTxe mrCevelic, mesamesTan
mimarTebaSi. mexuTe mrCevels ki yvelaze naklebi saqme aqvs.
dRis bolos, mexuTe uvic mrCevels jamSi erTi qva aqvs, me-
oTxes Svidi, mesames da meores ki arc erTi. araqaTgamocli-
li pirveli mrCevelis jamSi eqvsi qvaa. mefis asuli jamebSi
Caixedavs, qvebs daiTvlis da mefes eubneba, rom mis jarSi
Cvidmeti aTas Teqvsmeti jariskacia.
sxvebTan SedarebiT es ambavi arcTu ise mZafrsiuJetiania,

magram is yuradRebas didi raodenobis sagnebis daTvlis
dros aTobiTi sistemis Cinebuli moxerxebulobis gamoyene-
baze amaxvilebs da moswavleebs ricxvis Tanrigis mniSvnelo-
bas aCvenebs. gakveTilis darCenili nawili an Semdegi gakve-
Tili moswavleebs SeuZliaT, sagnebis zemoT aRniSnuli me-
TodiT daTvlas dauTmon.
ricxvis Tanrigis am meTodiT swavlebisas, Cveulebriv, ori

ram xdeba. pirveli isaa, rom moswavleebi swrafad da safuZ-
vlianad iTviseben aTobiTi sistemis arss, igeben, ratom ar
SeiZleba aTobiT sistemaSi nulis ugulebelyofa. meore ki
isaa, rom moswavleebs mefis asulisa da, Sesabamisad, aTobiTi
sistemis moxerxebulobasTan emociuri asociacia uCndebaT.
isini mefis asuls Wkvian da mniSvnelovan adamianad aRiqvamen,
xolo aTobiT sistemas saocar sistemad Tvlian. is moswavle-
241
ebSi gaocebis SegrZnebas iwvevs, xolo amgvari gakveTili maT

emociur CarTulobas aaqtiurebs.
4. daskvna:
romelia binaruli dapirispirebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mwvave konfliqtis gadaWris yvelaze efeqturi gza? ra xaris-
xiT SeZlebs es gza binarul dapirispirebebs Soris Suamavlo-
bas?
rogor unda davasruloT aseTi gakveTili? aucilebelia,

rogorme problema gadavWraT, an gavaSualedoT gansxvaveba
moxerxebulobasa da ucodinrobas Soris. gakveTili xom swo-
red amazea agebuli. gakveTilis bolos, SegiZliaT, moswav-
leebs hkiTxoT, rogor SeZlebda mefis asuli jariskacebis
daTvlas, qvebi rom ar hqonoda. maTi azriT, qvebis nacvlad,
ris gamoyenebas SeZlebdnen? mefis asuls SeeZlo, pirveli
mrCevelisTvis eTxova, mas yovel jerze, rodesac ki gverdiT
erTi jariskaci Cauvlida, erTi TiTi gaeSala, xolo mas Sem-
deg, rac aTive TiTs gaSlida, muSti Seekra. meore mrCeveli,
piriqiT, maSin gaSlida erT TiTs, rodesac pirveli mrCeveli
muSts Sekravda da a. S. SegiZliaT, aseve, sTxovoT moswavle-
ebs, aRiaron, rom Tvlis aTobiTi sistemis gamogoneba marT-
lac saocari fenomenia. sinamdvileSi, mrCevelebs ucodinre-
bi ar unda vuwodoT imis gamo, rom maT, iseve, rogorc bevr
Cvengans, warmosaxvis unari ar hqondaT ganviTarebuli. Tum-
ca, daTvlis aTobiTi sistemis gamomgoneblis warmosaxvisa
da moxerxebulobis unaris aRiarebiT, masTan asocirebiT,
moswavleebi Tavadac gaxdebian – an, sul mcire, moundebaT
- rom ufro moxerxebulebi gaxdnen. aseve sasargeblo iqneba
imis ganmartebac, rom marTalia, mocemuli ambavi sinamdvi-
leSi ar momxdara, mefis asulic gamogonili personaJia, mag-
ram odesRac viRacam Tvlis aseTi sistema marTlac gamoigo-
na. es ar aris morigi saxelmZRvanelodan aRebuli informa-
cia, romelic SegiZliaT ugulebelyoT. es gansakuTrebulad
gamWriaxma adamianma moigona.
242 kiran igani
5. Sefaseba:
rogor unda gavigoT, moxda Tu ara sakiTxis gageba, misi mniS-

vnelobis aRqma da Sinaarsis gaTaviseba?
amisTvis SegiZliaT Sefasebis nebismieri Cveuli procedu-

ra gamoiyenoT. Cemi gamocdilebiT, im moswavleebs, romel-
Ta warmosaxvac gaaqtiurebulia, yvela standartul testSi
ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT. mgoni, yvela maswavlebelma icis, rom
moswavleTa warmosaxvis gaaqtiureba gansakuTrebiT rTulia
maSin, rodesac isini ricxvis Tanrigs, punqtuacias da sxva
msgavss swavloben. xolo, savaraudod, Sinaarsis aTvisebis
xarisxis Sesamowmeblad standartuli testebis gamoyeneba
problema ar unda iyos.
Tumca Cveni mizani swavlis procesSi moswavleTa warmosax-

vis unaris gaaqtiurebaa, sasurvelia, Cveni miRwevebis mtki-
cebulebac gvqondes. moswavleTa mier miRweuli Sedegebis
damadasturebeli masalis mopoveba sxvadasxva saxis infor-
maciidan, maT Soris, diskusiidan, debatebidan, naxatebidan
da dRiurebidanac SeiZleba. amis garda, yuradReba miaqcieT
emociur CarTulobas, warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebasa da Tqven
mier gamoyenebul im SemecnebiT instrumentebs, romelTa
ganviTarebasac isurvebdiT. ra saxis mtkicebulebebia saWi-
ro emociuri CarTulobis, warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebisa da Se-
mecnebiTi instrumentebis ganviTarebis gasazomad?
gamocdili maswavleblebis umetesobas, rogorc wesi, ar

uWirs moswavlis Sefaseba. maswavlebels SeuZlia, yuradReba
iseT garemoebebze gaamaxvilos, rogorebicaa: drois xangrZ-
livoba, romlis ganmavlobaSic moswavle uwyvetadaa CarTu-
li sawyis ambavze agebul proeqtSi; moswavlis mier dasmuli
SekiTxvebi da komentarebi; ambavze dayrdnobiT SemuSavebul
davalebaSi moswavlis mier Setanili wvlilis originaloba;
pasuxismgebloba proeqtis ganxorcielebis procesSi; mefis
asulis didi gamWriaxobis aRiareba da sakuTar davalebebSi
am gamWriaxobis gamoxatvis mcdelobebi; werilobiTi kompe-
tenturoba da Tavdajerebuloba; zepiri da dasuraTebu-
li prezentaciebisas, Txrobisas, weris an xatvisas Seqmnili
TvalsaCino aRwerilobebi, maTi originaloba da sakiTxTan
243
Sesabamisoba. moswavleTa mier Sinaarsis codnis siRrmisa da

xarisxis dasamtkiceblad, ra Tqma unda, Sefasebis SedarebiT
tradiciuli meTodebisa da Tanamedrove xarisxis Sefasebis
saSualebebis gamoyenebacaa SesaZlebeli.
cxadia, TiToeuli gakveTilisTvis Sefasebis procedurebis

aseT raodenobas arc erTi maswavlebeli ar gamoiyenebs. me,
ubralod, mindoda meTqva, rom moswavleTa mier Seqmnil masa-
lebze da Tavad moswavleebze dakvirvebiT, SegviZlia Seviq-
mnaT warmodgena, ramdenad warmatebiT axerxebs bavSvi, masa-
lis Sinaarsis SeswavlasTan erTad, warmosaxvis gaaqtiure-
bas. garda amisa, arsebobs dinamikuri Sefasebis rigi meqaniz-
mebi, romlebic vigotskis (Vygotsky) naSromze dayrdnobiTaa
miRebuli da xelmisawvdomia vebgverdze: www.ierg.net.
(SeniSvna: Tenis qalderma (Tannis Calder) aq moyvanili koncef-

ciis Sesaxeb ufro rTuli da bevrad ukeTesi ambavi dawera.
misi saxelwodebaa `mita da ograki~ da misi naxva vebgverdze
www.ierg.net SegiZliaT. Tenis qalderis mier moTxrobil am-
bavSi patara gogona didi ricxvebis dasaTvlelad ramdenime
nivTsa da jibeebs iyenebs da, Sedegad, Tavis sofels urCxu-
lisgan gadaarCens).
magaliTi meore: peplis transformaciebi
peplis magaliTze ìolia~ imis Cveneba, rogor SegiZliaT da-

gegmvis CarCos faqtebis (namdvili ambis) saxiT Camoyalibeba-
Si gamoyeneba.
transformaciis is stadiebi, romlebsac pepela Tavisi sa-

ucxoo saboloo formis miiRebamde gadis, imdenad STambeW-
davia, rom masSi moswavleTa warmosaxvis CarTulobis uzrun-
velyofa sirTules ar warmoadgens. modiT, mainc swrafad
gadavxedoT CarCos da vnaxoT peplis transformaciebTan
dakavSirebul saswavlo erTeuls misi romeli forma moer-
geba. aq ar daviwyeb im aqtivobebis CamoTvlas, romelTa gan-
xorcielebac moswavleebTan erTad SegiZliaT, vinaidan isini
TqvenTvis albaT isedac nacnobia. metic, maTTvis saWiro re-
sursis maragi isedac ulevia. me mxolod imas Sevecdebi, rom
244 kiran igani
saswavlo erTeulisTvis iseTi formis micemaSi dagexmaroT,

romelic warmosaxvis gasaaqtiureblad saWiro STabeWdile-
bebis gamovlenas Seuwyobs xels da romlebic peplis trans-
formaciebis sakiTxSi esoden cxadia.
ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani am sakiTxSi? riT aris is mniSv-

nelovani moswavleebisTvis? ra iwvevs masSi emociur CarTu-
lobas?
SeCerdiT da dafiqrdiT, emociuri CarTulobis gansazRvri-

saTvis, ra aris mniSvnelovani peplis transformaciis pro-
cesSi. is gardasaxva, romelsac pepela cxovrebis ciklis
ganmavlobaSi ganicdis, unikaluria. misi cxovreba ukidu-
resobebisgan Sedgeba. mxolod WamiT dakavebuli muxluxo-
dan is gadaiqceva peplad, romelic mxolod neqtars svams da
arafers Wams. mosawyeni Wupridan is ulamazesi WrelfrTe-
biani arseba xdeba; TiTqmis umoZrao muxluxodan gadaiqceva
moZrav peplad, romelic migraciisas aTasobiT kilometrze
gadaadgildeba. TiTqmis mudmivad mzardi muxluxo xdeba pe-
pela, romelic Wupridan gamoCekvis Semdeg aRar icvleba da
a. S. yvela arseba, maT Soris, adamianic, asakis matebasTan er-
Tad. dramatul cvlilebebs ganicdis, magram TiTqmis arc
erTi arsebis saxecvlileba araa iseTi gasaocari, rogoric -
peplis. peplis Sesaxeb miRebuli codna saSualebas gvaZlevs,
mkafiod aRviqvaT is saocreba, rac dedamiwaze mcxovrebi so-
cocxlis sxvadasxva formaa.
romeli binaruli dapirispirebebi gamoxataven mocemuli sa-

kiTxis mniSvnelobas yvelaze ukeT?
romel abstraqtul, emociurad dapirispirebul koncefci-

ebze SegviZlia codnis dafuZneba? erT-erTi SesaZlo vari-
antia SezRuduli/Tavisufali. am SemTxvevaSi, saswavlo er-
Teulis ambavi imas Seexeba, Tu rogor SeZleben peplebi mi-
waze SezRudulad, TiTqmis umoZraod yofnis Semdeg haerSi
245
Tavisuflad frenas. aq sxva sapirispiro cnebebis SerCevacaa

SesaZlebeli. Tqveni arCevanidan gamomdinare, Sesabamisad,
ambis Sinaarsic met-naklebad Seicvleba, Tumca is codna,
romlis moswavleTaTvis gadacemac gvinda, ucvleli darCe-
ba. alternatiuli variantebi, romlebic odnav Secvlian gak-
veTilis mimdinareobis mimarTulebas, SeiZleba iyos cvli-
leba/dramatuli cvlileba, gaumaZRari/TavSekavebuli, anda,
sulac, uSno/lamazi.
am punqts ori damatebiTi SekiTxva axlavs Tan: rogor Sina-

arss SeuZlia binaruli dapirispirebebis mniSvnelobis Cvene-
ba da sakiTxze mkafio wvdoma? romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens
mocemuli sakiTxis dinamiur ambad qcevis saukeTeso gzas?
gakveTili SegiZliaT peplis kvercxebze saubriT daiwyoT.

isini pawawina da umoZraoa. ar Cans, male iqidan ra gamoiCeke-
ba. Semdeg SegiZliaT moswavleebs uTxraT, rom naWuWis ked-
lebs SigniT datyvevebuli arsebebi gamosaCekad emzadebian,
magram manamde ramdenime transformaciis gavla mouwevT,
vinaidan gaTavisuflebamde ramdenime winaaRmdegoba unda
gadalaxon. male erTi cida muxluxoebi kvercxebis naWuWSi
xvrelebs amoWamen da gareT gamoZvrebian, Semdeg danarCen na-
WuWsac Seaxramuneben da merec sul Wamen, Wamen da Wamen. cxo-
velTa samyaroSi muxluxoebi yvelaze mizanmimarTul da gau-
maZRar arsebebad arian cnobili. isini Wamasa da zrdas manam
ar wyveten, vidre kani ar dauskdebaT. amis Semdeg isini kans
icvlian da axali kanis daskdomamde isev Wamas agrZeleben. am-
deni Wama maTi gaTavisuflebisTvis mzadebis nawilia. rogor
daexmareba maT es dausrulebeli Wama da zrda im foTlebi-
dan Tavis daRwevaSi, romlebsac ver toveben da romlebzec
mxolod imitom moZraoben, rom axal saWmels miagnon? mux-
luxoebi Tavis wonaze asjer, zogierTi saxeobis SemTxvevaSi
ki- aTasjer met sakvebs iReben. muxluxo, faqtobrivad, ybe-
bis, klanWebis, sacecebisa da saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis-
gan Sedgeba. maT gadidebul fotoebze TvalnaTliv Cans, rom
isini saSiS, maxinj monstrebs hgvanan.
muxluxoebi Wamas uecrad wyveten, bolojer icvlian kans,

246 kiran igani
garSemo apks ikeTeben, Tavad ki SigniT umoZraod, umweod da

siciveSi agrZeleben arsebobas. rogor axerxeben isini aseT
mdgomareobaSi gaTavisuflebisTvis brZolas? isini isev ic-
vlebian da Wuprebad gadaiqcevian. vxedavT, rom warmoqmnili
parkis SigniT, TandaTanobiT, ganviTarebis procesSi myofi
Wupris Tavi, gulmkerdi da fexebi gamoisaxeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom parkSi aSkarad raRac xdeba, mimdinare procesi
Wupris mier Tavis daRwevas ar hgavs.
im dakvirvebebisa da aqtivobebisTvis, romlebSic bavSvebi

arian CarTulni, mniSvnelovania, moxdes imis xazgasma, rom
parkSi moqceuli muxluxoebisa da Wuprebis moZraoba da maTi
saqmianoba Zalian SezRudulia. isini iZulebulebulni arian,
jer sakvebis wyaros, Semdeg ki parks miejaWvon. maTi arsebo-
ba erTferovania, isini zantebi da mosawyenebi arian. saWiroa
yuradRebis gamaxvileba im daZabulobasa da Tavsatexis amox-
snis molodinze, rac jer muxluxoebis foTlebidan, Semdgom
ki Wuprebis parkidan Tavis daRwevas ukavSirdeba.
garkveuli drois Semdeg, parkebi nel-nela ixsneba. netav, ras

gaakeTeben gaTavisuflebuli muxluxoebi? magram parkidan
sruliad Secvlili arseba gamodis. mas sxvanairi Tavi, akan-
kalebuli sxeuli da daWmuWnuli frTebi aqvs. rodesac sust
sxeulSi sisxli aCqefdeba, Wreli frTebi gaiSleba da qneva-
sa da prials daiwyebs. sust, axlad dabadebul pepelas gaf-
rena maSinve SeuZlia. is migraciisas xSirad aTasobiT kilo-
metrs faravs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad pepelas ukve aRar
aqvs Wamis unari, Tavis kvercxebs is mainc saWmlis wyaros-
Tan axlos debs, raTa gamoCekilma gaumaZRarma, mravalmxriv
SezRudulma muxluxoebma, Tavis mxriv, igive mosamzadebeli
gza gaiaron da iseTive transformaciebi ganicadon, vidre
Tavisufal, frTafarfata peplebad gadaiqcevian.
marTalia, gakveTilis msvlelobisas peplebis transforma-

ciis Sesaxeb miwodebul informaciaSi axali araferia, magram
gansxvavebulia Tavad ambis mimarT midgoma, roca transfor-
maciis yoveli etapi jer kvercxisgan, Semdeg muxluxosgan da,
bolos, Wuprisgan gaTavisuflebis morig mcdelobad aRiqme-
ba.
247
4. daskvna:
romelia binaruli dapirispirebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mwvave konfliqtis gadaWris yvelaze efeqturi gza? ra xaris-
xiT SeZlebs es gza binarul dapirispirebebs Soris Suamavlo-
bas?
maswavlebelma peplis cxovrebis ciklSi SezRudulobasa da

Tavisuflebas Soris arsebuli kompleqsuri urTierTdamo-
kidebulebis demonstrireba unda moaxdinos. mxolod misi
adreuli formebis SezRudulobis damsaxurebaa is, rom pe-
pela, sabolood, Sor manZilze gadafrenis Tavisuflebas
aRwevs. ciyvi dabadebidan maleve iwyebs sirbils da sicocx-
lis darCenil nawils erTferovnad, met-naklebad SezRudul
teritoriaze sirbilSi atarebs. ciyvisgan gansxvavebiT, pe-
pelas sicocxlis sawyisi etapi umoZrao da SezRuduli aqvs,
magram es samzadisia iseTi TavisuflebisTvis, romelic ciyvs
arasdros eqneba. saswavlo erTeuli SegiZliaT sxva arsebe-
bis sicocxlis sawyis etapze arsebuli SezRudvebisa da Ta-
visuflebebis ganxilviTa da pepelasTan maTi SedarebiT da-
asruloT.
5. Sefaseba:
rogor unda gavigoT, moswavleebma gaiges Tu ara sakiTxi da

misi mniSvneloba? rogor gaiTavises Sinaarsi?
SegiZliaT, Sefasebis nebismieri aRiarebuli meTodi gamoiye-

noT. magaliTi 1-is bolos gakeTebuli komentarebi am nawil-
zec vrceldeba.
rogor SevmatoT CarCos siRrme
axla, modiT, CarCos im ufro rTul versiaze gadavideT, rom-

lis mizanicaa, maswavlebels saswavlo erTeulis an gakveTi-
lis struqturis SemuSavebis procesSi daexmaros. Tqven na-
xavT, rom CarCos martivi versiisgan gansxvavebiT, aq garkve-
uli maxasiaTeblebi Secvlilia. es gansxvavebebi imisTvis ar
keTdeba, rom SemecnebiTi instrumentebis gamoyenebis swori
248 kiran igani
gzis arseboba vivaraudoT. piriqiT, isini imaze migvaniSnebs,

rom aq moyvanil principebsa da SemecnebiT instrumenteb-
ze dayrdnobiT, sakuTari CarCos SemuSaveba yvelas SeuZlia.
warmosaxvis gasaaqtiurebeli ganaTlebis kvleviTi jgufis
(IERG) wevrebs, am SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebuli araferi gau-
keTebiaT. qvemoT dagegmvis pirveli CarCos SedarebiT rTu-
li versiis monaxazia mocemuli:
dagegmvis pirveli CarCo (ukeTesi damxmare versia)
1. emociuri datvirTvis povna:

mocemul sakiTxSi ras aqvs emociuri datvirTva? riT Se-
uZlia mas Cveni gaoceba? ratomaa is CvenTvis mniSvnelo-
vani?
2. Sinaarsis ambis saxiT gadmocema:

rogor gadmovceT Sinaarsi ise, rom mas emociuri mniSv-
neloba SevZinoT? rogor warmovaCinoT emociuri mniSv-
neloba ise, rom man warmosaxvis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvios?
2.1. binaruli dapirispirebebis moZebna: romeli bina-
ruli dapirispirebebi gamoxatavs mocemuli sa-
kiTxiT gaocebas da yvelaze ukeT aRZravs mis mi-
marT emocias? am sakiTxs rom ambis saxe hqondes,
ra iqneboda masSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli/
sawinaaRmdego mxareebi?
2.2. gamosaxulebebis, metaforebisa da dramatulo-
bis moZebna: sakiTxis romel nawilebSia yvelaze
dramatulad gamoxatuli binaruli dapirispire-
bebi? romeli gamosaxuleba aRwers yvelaze ukeT
sakiTxis Sinaarssa da mis dramatul kontrasts?
romeli metaforebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sakiTxis
ukeT aRsaqmelad?
3. gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis struqturis SemuSaveba:
rogor vaswavloT sakiTxis Sinaarsi ambis saxiT? romeli
damatebiTi SemecnebiTi instrumentebis gamoyeneba SeiZ-
leba imisTvis, rom sakiTxi moswavleTa warmosaxvisTvis
ufro mimzidveli gavxadoT?
249
3.1. Worisa da TamaSisTvis saWiro masalis moZieba: mo-

cemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli ra informacia
gamodgeba saWorao masalad, romelic moswavle-
Ta dainteresebas uzrunvelyofs, gamoacocxlebs
maT da sakiTxis ukeT aRqmaSi daexmareba? sakiTxis
Sinaarsis ra aspeqtebi gamodgeba raime TamaSis an
gamogonili speqtaklisTvis?
3.2. samomavlo SemecnebiTi instrumentebis sawyisi
formebis SemuSaveba: rogor SevuwyoT sakiTxis
swavlebisas xeli im zogierTi SemecnebiTi inst-
rumentis gamoyenebas, romelic wera-kiTxvis Ses-
wavlasTan erTad xdeba xelmisawvdomi?
4. daskvna:
ra aris gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebis
saukeTeso gza?
 ambis damakmayofilebeli daboloeba: rogor mTavr-
deba es ambavi? rogor unda gadavWraT binarul da-
pirispirebebs Soris arsebuli konfliqti? ramde-
nad dawvrilebiT da zustad unda avuxsnaT moswav-
leebs binaruli dapirispirebebis arsi?
4.2. miniSneba mocemuli sakiTxis miRma damalul saidum-
loze: rogor SevuqmnaT moswavleebs ama Tu im sa-
kiTxTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli idumalebis Segr-
Zneba?
5. Sefaseba:
rogor unda gavigoT, moxda Tu ara sakiTxis gageba, misi
mniSvnelobis aRqma da Sinaarsis gaTaviseba?
CarCos martiv versiasTan SedarebiT, zemoT CamoTvlili Se-

kiTxvebi ufro Rrma da mravalricxovania. Sesabamisad, mom-
devno magaliTebze gadasvlamde, kargi iqneba TiToeuli maT-
ganis detalurad garCeva.
250 kiran igani
mocemul sakiTxSi ras aqvs emociuri datvirTva? riT SeuZ-

lia mas Cveni gaoceba? ratomaa is CvenTvis mniSvnelovani?
warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebisTvis mniSvnelovania, maswavlebel-

ma masalis wardgenisas SeZlos moswavleTa gaoceba da swav-
lis procesSi maTi emociuri CarTuloba uzrunvelyos. imis-
Tvis, rom moswavleebs masalasTan emociuri kavSiris damya-
rebaSi daexmaron, maswavleblebma, pirvel rigSi, es Tavad un-
da SeZlon. amitomac, zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebidan pirveli
maswavleblisgan moiTxovs, - SeigrZnos, ra aris sakvirveli
mocemul sakiTxSi. es sakmaod rTulia, rodesac saqme sasveni
niSnebis gamoyenebas exeba! aseT SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria moxer-
xeba; mTavaria, SevecadoT, mocemul Temas axleburad, bavSvis
TvaliT SevxedoT. amiT yvelaze rutinul sakiTxebSic ki Sev-
ZlebT raime gasaocaris aRmoCenas. amis gakeTeba gansakuTre-
biT rTuli im maswavleblebisTvis iqneba, romlebic saklaso
aqtivobebis organizebisa da sakiTxebis saswavlo erTeule-
bad Camoyalibebis eqspertebi arian. maT iseTi raRacis gake-
Teba mouwevT, rac maTTvis, savaraudod, sakmaod ucxoa. Cven
xom maT vTxovT, ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT raRac ig-
rZnon. SeecadeT, miuTiToT, raSi mdgomareobs TiToeuli
sakiTxis gansakuTrebuloba; ras SeuZlia mis mimarT bavSvis
emociuri dainteresebis gamowveva.
CamoTvaleT:
• Sesaswavl sakiTxSi ra iwvevs gaocebas:
• mocemul sakiTxSi emociuri CarTulobis wyaroebi:
rogor gadmovceT Sinaarsi ise, rom mas emociuri mniSvnelo-

ba SevZinoT? rogor warmovaCinoT emociuri mniSvneloba ise,
rom man warmosaxvis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvios?
251
es SekiTxvebi ramdenime mimarTulebiT wagviyvans.
2.1. binaruli dapirispirebebis moZebna: romeli binaruli

dapirispirebebi gamoxatavs mocemuli sakiTxiT gaocebas da
yvelaze ukeT aRZravs mis mimarT emocias? am sakiTxs rom am-
bis saxe hqondes, ra iqneboda masSi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
mxareebi?
modiT, axla ganvsazRvroT is saukeTeso binaruli dapiris-

pirebebi, romlebzec mosayol ambavs aagebT. unda SeZloT
erTi iseTi wyvilis SerCeva, romelic Tqvens istorias yvela-
ze ukeT miesadageba. Tumca, sasurvelia, ramdenime alterna-
tiuli wyvilic moiniSnoT im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu gakveTilis
an saswavlo erTeulis msvlelobisas Tqvens pirvel arCevans
iseTi warmatebiT ver gamoiyenebT, rogorc elodiT.
CamoTvaleT:
• ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba:
• SesaZlo alternativebi:
2.2 gamosaxulebebis, metaforebisa da dramatulobis moZeb-

na: sakiTxis romel nawilebSia yvelaze dramatulad gamoxa-
tuli binaruli dapirispirebebi? romeli gamosaxuleba aR-
wers yvelaze ukeT sakiTxis Sinaarss da mis dramatul kon-
trasts? romeli metaforebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba sakiTxis
ukeT aRsaqmelad?
Cveni mizania, sakiTxis dramatuloba ganvsazRvroT. ar daga-

viwydeT, rom raime dramatuli dapirispireba nebismier sa-
kiTxSi arsebobs. ra saxis konfliqti gamoxatavs saukeTesod
Tqven mier SerCeul binarul dapirispirebebs? da isev, - mas-
wavleblis mier dramatulobis SegrZneba iseTive mniSvnelo-
vania, rogorc masze fiqri. am amocanis Sesruleba Tavidan
SesaZloa sakmaod rTuli iyos (Tumca, saqme gaioldeba rode-
sac mixvdebiT, rom ase azrovneba sruliad bunebrivia). sas-
veni niSnebis dramatulobis danaxva, an punqtuaciis Sesaxeb
gakveTilis binarul dapirispirebad dayofa arc ise iolia.
sinamdvileSi, garkveuli dramatizmi yvelaferSi gvxvdeba
252 kiran igani
da sapirispiro cnebebis danaxva nebismier sakiTxSi SeiZle-

ba. Cven imdenad miveCvieT Sinaarssa da koncefciebze fiqrs,
rom xSirad gvaviwydeba, TiToeul sakiTxs ramdeni gamosa-
xuleba ukavSirdeba. gaixseneT, rom gamosaxulebas sakiTxis
emociuri mniSvnelobis gadmocema SeuZlia, - efeqtur gamo-
saxulebebs adamianebi kargad imaxsovreben. es, ra Tqma un-
da, im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, Tu Tqven Sesaferisi gamosaxulebis
povnas SeZlebT. eZebeT Zireuli konfliqti, dapirispireba an
vnebaTaRelva, romelic sakiTxis sakvirvelebasa da emocias
yvelaze ukeT gadmoscems.
CamoTvaleT:
• gamosaxuleba an metafora, romelic binarul
dapirispirebas gamoxatavs:
• Sinaarsi, romelic binarul dapirispirebas asaxavs:
3. gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis struqturis

SemuSaveba:
rogor vaswavloT sakiTxis Sinaarsi ambis saxiT?
mas Semdeg, rac mZime samuSaos daasrulebT da ZiriTad

struqturul elementebs gansazRvravT, anu sruliad sa-
pirispiro cnebebs ipovniT da sakiTxis dramatulobas da-
adgenT, Sinaarsis siuJeturi xazis Seqmna, wesiT, aRar unda
gagiWirdeT. ambis SemecnebiT da emociur CarCos winaaRmde-
gobebi gansazRvravs. gaxsovdeT, rom yvela kargi gamogoni-
li ambavi dapirispirebisa da saidumlos amoxsnis elements
emyareba. erTaderTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom, Cvens SemTxvevaSi,
àmbis~ Sinaarsi kurikulumiTaa gansazRvruli.
CamoTvaleT:
• gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis axsnisas
gamoyenebuli ambis saerTo struqtura:
3.1 Worisa da TamaSisTvis saWiro masalis moZieba: mocemul

253
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli ra informacia gamodgeba saWorao

masalad, romelic moswavleTa dainteresebas uzrunvel-
yofs, gamoacocxlebs maT da sakiTxis ukeT aRqmaSi daexmare-
ba? sakiTxis Sinaarsis ra aspeqtebi gamodgeba raime TamaSis
an gamogonili speqtaklisTvis?
gmirebze Woraobis saSualebas TiTqmis yvela sakiTxi iZle-

va. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vin arian gmirebi: maTematikosebi,
istoriuli pirebi, mecnierebi Tu mxatvrebi. maswavleblebs
SeuZliaT, maTi cxovrebis saintereso detalebi moZebnon
da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba swored gakveTilis TemasTan
dakavSirebul SemTxvevebs miaqcion. xandaxan SegiZliaT mxo-
lod miRebuli codnis gamoyenebaze iWoraoT, an imaze isaub-
roT, ra viTarebaSi SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba dramatulad an
garTobis mizniT. arsebobs iolad gansaxorcielebeli Tama-
Sebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac moswavleebi zogierT sakiTxs
ukeT igeben. es, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iseTi roluri
TamaSebi iyos, romlebSi monawileoba maswavlebelsac SeuZ-
lia. SesaZloa, xandaxan garkveul sakiTxze gamogonili Tama-
Sis gansaxiereba gagviWirdes, magram es saqme iseTi rTulic
araa, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. maswavleblis mier marTu-
li savarjiSoebi, romlebic moswavleebs raimes aRmoCenisken
ubiZgebs, maTi warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebas dadebiT stimuls
SesZens. moswavleebma maswavlebis mier moyolili ambavi Ta-
viseburad unda gamoxaton.
CamoTvaleT:
• mocemuli sakiTxis is aspeqtebi, romlebic
Woraobisa da TamaSis saSualebas iZleva:
3.2 samomavlo SemecnebiTi instrumentebis sawyisi formebis

SemuSaveba: rogor SevuwyoT sakiTxis swavlebisas xeli im zo-
gierTi SemecnebiTi instrumentis gamoyenebas, romelic we-
ra-kiTxvis SeswavlasTan erTad xdeba xelmisawvdomi?
SeiZleba mogeCvenoT, rom es davaleba dakavebuli maswavleb-

lisgan Zalian bevri energiis daxarjvas moiTxovs, magram
254 kiran igani
xSirad aRmoaCenT, rom amis gakeTeba gasaocrad advilia. ro-

desac kiTxvis procesSi SemecnebiTi instrumentebis Sesaxeb
ufro da ufro mets gaigebT, dainaxavT, rom bevr maTgans met-
naklebi sixSiriT ufro dabal klasebSi myofi moswavleebic
iyeneben. zogi maswavlebeli aRmoaCens, rom aq CamoTvlili
SemecnebiTi instrumentebis gamoyenebiT azrovnebisken mid-
rekileba isedac aqvs da aseT maswavlebels gakveTilis pro-
cesSi maTi gamoyeneba sakmaod uadvildeba.
CamoTvaleT:
• damatebiTi SemecnebiTi instrumentebi,
romlebic gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis
dagegmvaSi dagexmarebaT:
4. daskvna:
aucilebelia gakveTilis Sesabamisad dasruleba. es proce-

si ufro martivi gaxdeba, Tu ramdenime konkretul SekiTxvas
dasvamT.
4.1 ambis sasurveli dasasruli: rogor mTavrdeba es ambavi?

rogor unda gadavWraT binarul dapirispirebebs Soris arse-
buli winaaRmdegoba? ramdenad dawvrilebiT da zustad unda
avuxsnaT moswavleebs binaruli dapirispirebebis arsi?
yvela ambavs aqvs dasasruli, romlis drosac konfliqtis ase

Tu ise mogvareba an misi axna mainc xdeba. SedarebiT umcro-
si asakis moswavleebisTvis, SesaZloa, konfliqtis martivi
gadaWra ufro mizanSewonili iyos. ufrosi asakis moswavle-
ebisTvis ki SesaZlebelia sapirispiro cnebebis mniSvnelobis
axsna da maT Soris arsebuli sxvaobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dramatizmis warmoCena. Sesabamisad, gakveTilic sxvadasxva-
nairad SeiZleba dasruldes: moswavleTa prezentaciebiT, ga-
mofenebiT, moTxrobebiT sxva sapirispiro cnebebis Sesaxeb,
vizualuri masalis safuZvelze ambis dramatuli wardgeniT
da a. S. gaxsovdeT, rom gakveTilis dasasruli kidev erTi sa-
Sualebaa imisTvis, rom moswavleebma ambis dramatizmi Seigr-
255
Znon, naswavli masala gaiTavison da yvelaferi es sxvadasxva-

nairad, warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebiT gamoxaton.
CamoTvaleT:
• Semajamebeli aqtivoba:
4.2 miniSneba mocemuli sakiTxis miRma damalul saidumloze:

rogor SevuqmnaT moswavleebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT garkveuli idumalebis SegrZneba?
Cveni amocana moswavleTa mier sakiTxis aRqmis gaRmaveba da

gafarToebaa. maT ramenairad ama Tu im sakiTxis idumale-
ba unda dainaxon. maT unda igrZnon, kidev ramdeni ram dar-
Ca amouxsneli. amas adasturebs CvenTvis Cveuli SegrZnebac
- ,,sinamdvileSi, ramdenad cota ram aris CvenTvis cnobili~.
Tumca, isic marTalia, rom ra aris yvelaze mniSvnelovani,
jer ar viciT da, SesaZloa, verasdros gavigoT.
CamoTvaleT:
• is sakiTxebi, romlebic moswavleebSi
idumalebis SegrZnebas gaaRvivebs:
5. Sefaseba:

Sefasebisas nebismieri tradiciuli formis gamoyeneba SeiZ-

leba, Tumca, damatebiT SesaZloa mogindeT imis gageba, ram-
denad iyo gaaqtiurebuli moswavleTa warmosaxva mocemul
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. gaxsovdeT, rom saswavlo erTeulis
swavlebisas sxvadasxva saxis araformaluri Sefasebis gamo-
yeneba SegiZliaT. maT Sorisaa: diskusiebi, debatebi, naxate-
bi, dRiuris warmoeba da eqsperimentis analizi.
256 kiran igani
CamoTvaleT:
• Sefasebis formebi:
magaliTi mesame: haeris Tvisebebi
Cven, rogorc wesi, did dros ar vuTmobT fiqrs haerze, rome-

lic gars gvartyams. mocemuli saswavlo erTeulis erT-erTi
mizania, daexmaros moswavleebs, haeri mdidar da mravali Tvi-
sebis mqone im airebis narevad aRiqvas, romelsac isini yovel-
dRiurad, TumcaRa, SeumCnevlad moixmaren. saklaso oTaxSi,
sadac moswavleebi sxedan, haeri TiTqmis yvela sxva saganTan
SedarebiT, yvelaze ufro rTuli Semadgenlobis mqone da sa-
intereso narevia.

emociuri datvirTvis wyaro: ganaTlebis mniSvnelovani fun-

qcia is aris, rom yoveldRiur yofas axali mniSvneloba Ses-
Zinos da raime CveulebrivSi araCveulebrivi dagvanaxos. Tu
magaliTisTvis haers aviRebT, davinaxavT, rom Cven mis arse-
bobas Cveulebriv movlenad aRviqvamT. CvenTvis es is ,,sica-
rielea’’, romelSic vmoZraobT. mocemuli sakiTxi moswavle-
ebisTvis mniSvnelovani imdenadaa, ramdenadac is ganavrcobs
da aRrmavebs samyaros Sesaxeb maTSi arsebul codnas, aseve,
maT gamocdilebis gacnobierebis saSualebas aZlevs. es sa-
kiTxi SeiZleba sakmaod saintereso aRmoCndes, vinaidan is ara
mxolod efeqturad aRZravs, aviTarebs da stimuls matebs
moswavleTa interess, aramed mas realobasTanac akavSirebs.
interess SeuZlia, radikalurad Secvalos moswavleebis mier
sufTa haerze yoveldRiuri seirnobisa da, zogadad, haerze
yofnis aRqma.
mocemul sakiTxSi emociuri CarTulobis wyaroebi: yovel-

dRiurad da daufiqreblad moxmarebuli haeris gansakuT-
rebulobisa da misi Semadgeneli nivTierebebis aRqma. haers
257
adamianebisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. amavdrou-

lad, gasaocaria im cocxali arsebebis raodenoba, romlebsac
haerTan erTad SevisunTqavT. haeris TiToeuli kvadratuli
duimi imden sxvadasxva nivTierebasa da sicocxlis formas
Seicavs, rom Cven aseTi simravlis aRqma gviWirs.

2.1 binaruli dapirispirebebis moZebna: Sesaswavli sakiTxis

romel binaruli dapirispirebebs SeuZliaT adamianis gao-
ceba? romeli aRZravs am dapirispirebebis mimarT emocias
yvelaze ukeT? am sakiTxs rom ambis saxe hqondes, ra iqneboda
masSi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego mxareebi?
ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba: haeris Tvisebebis aRsaniSnavad ga-
mosayenebeli erT-erTi binaruli wyvilia carieli/savse. Se-
iZleba, es wyvili cota martivad gveCvenos da masSi is mkafio
emociuri `kauWi~ ver davinaxoT, romelzec moswavleebis
warmosaxvas `wamovagebT~. Tumca, Tqven SegiZliaT sicariele
iseTi emociuri komponentebis saSualebiT aRweroT, rogo-
rebicaa absoluturi araraoba da sococxlisTvis gamousa-
degaroba. sisavse ki, piriqiT, mravalferovnebiT, kompleq-
surobiTa da sasicocxlo pirobebis SeqmniT daaxasiaToT.
binaruli dapirispirebis SesaZlo alternativa: umoZravi/

moZravi.
2.2 gamosaxulebebis, metaforebisa da dramatulobis moZebna:

sakiTxis romel nawilebSia yvelaze dramatulad gamoxatu-
li binaruli dapirispirebebi? romeli gamosaxuleba aRwers
yvelaze ukeT sakiTxis Sinaarss da mis dramatul kontrasts?
gamosaxuleba an metafora, romelic binarul dapirispire-

bas asaxavs: SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, CaabneleT oTaxi da
sinaTlis mxolod erTi sxivi datoveT, romlis SuqSic auci-
leblad gamoCndeba haerSi molivlive mtveri. hkiTxeT mos-
wavleebs mtvris Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. uTxariT maT, rom
258 kiran igani
mtvris 60%-s adamianis kanis gaxrwnili nawilebi Seadgens.

yovelTvis, roca ki isini erTmaneTs saxiT an xelebiT exebi-
an, kanis erTi bewo nawilakebi iqercleba, Semdeg ixrwneba da
haerSi livlivs iwyebs. hoda, rodesac Cven haers SevisunT-
qavT...! Tuki TvliT, rom es magaliTi arasakmarisad xatova-
nia, SeecadeT gaarkvioT, sad moisaqmeben buzebi da ra emar-
Teba Semdeg maT ganavals. sinamdvileSi, isic haerSi ixrwneba
da...! anda CarTeT radio saklaso oTaxis erT kuTxeSi da ram-
denime wuTiT usmineT iqedan gamosul xmas. Semdeg gamorTeT
radio, gadadiT oTaxis meore kuTxeSi, isev CarTeT is da ro-
melime musikalur arxze daayeneT. hkiTxeT moswavleebs, ro-
gor aRwevs xma radioSi? zogierT maTgans SeiZleba smenia
radiotalRebis Sesaxeb. hkiTxeT, rogor gamoiyureba oTaxi
radiosTvis? maT rom radios msgavsi iseTi `Tvali~ hqondeT,
romelic radiotalRebs `xedavs~, rogori gamoCndeboda sak-
laso oTaxi? maTi `mzera~ kedlebSic gaatanda? SegiZliaT
moiSvelioT metafora, romlis mixedviTac haeri oTaxSi ga-
maval, gadaxlarTul gzatkecilebs hgavs. maTze sxvadasxva-
nairi, ucnauri transporti moZraobs: zogi Zalian swrafad
miqris, zogi ki miizlazneba.
Sinaarsi, romelic binarul dapirispirebebs gamoxatavs: da-

iwyeT haeris, rogorc raRac carielisa da mosawyenis aRwe-
riT da moswavleebs TandaTanobiT daanaxeT, rom, sinamdvi-
leSi, is saklaso oTaxSi arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze mraval-
ferovani, ucnauri da rTuli Semadgenlobis mqone narevia.

SemuSaveba:
gakveTilis axsnisas gamoyenebuli ambis zogadi struqtura:

ra ambis moyola SeiZleba haeris Sesaxeb? cxadia, erTi àmba-
vi~ im faqtidan gamomdinareobs, rom haeri Cveni arsebobisT-
vis aucilebelia. magram ramdeni sxvadasxva saxis airi Sedis
haerSi, romliTac vsunTqavT? rogori sanaxavi iqneboda sak-
laso oTaxi, gansxvavebul airebis rom sxvadasxva ferad vxe-
davdeT? kidev ra Sedis haerSi? gaSaleT xeli: am wuTas masSi
mzidan wamosulma milionobiT nawilakma gaiara. ras warmo-
259
adgenს es nawilakebi? nuTu isini CvenSi mudmivad miedine-

ba? ra aris mioni? rogor davinaxavdiT saklaso oTaxs masSi
gamavali yvela atomuri da subatomuri nawilakebis danaxva
rom SegveZlos? ratom vaceminebT? vis aqvs alergia yvavilis
mtverze? sul ramdeni sxvadasxva saxis yvavilis mtveria axla
am oTaxSi da maTgan ramdeni dalivlivebs haerSi? virusebsa
da baqteriebze raRas ityviT? rogori sanaxavi iqnebodა isi-
ni, Cvenc rom maTi zomis viyoT? baqteriebi yvavilis mtvris
nawilakebze ufro patarebi arian Tu ufro didebi? risgan
Sedgeba sxvadasxva suni? rogor davinaxavdiT oTaxs, mxolod
sxvadasxva sunis danaxva rom SegveZlos? roca ventiliators
swrafi trialis reJimze vayenebT, ras atrialebs igi?
maswavleblis daxmarebiT aRmoCenebiT swavlebis dros Seg-

viZlia moswavleebs vTxovoT, Tvalebi daxuWon da warmoid-
ginon, rom ufro da ufro pataravdebian da es procesi manam-
de grZeldeba, vidre isini oTaxis haerSi molivlive mtvris
nawilakebis zomisani ar gaxdebian. amis Semdeg maswavlebeli
maT rig-rigobiT gaacnobs haerSi myof sxva nawilakebs: mo-
seirne baqteriebsa da baton yvavilis mtvers; urCevs, radi-
otalRebis uwyveti nakadebis mier gadakveTili sxvadasxva
airis TvalismomWreli ferebiT datkbnen; sTxovs, daakvird-
nen mionebsa da neitronebs, romlebic gverdiT Cauqroleben
xolme da a. S.
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, gakveTilebi haeris sxvadasxva Se-

madgenel nawils miuZRvnan da gamudmebiT aRniSnon kontras-
ti, erTi mxriv, realobas, xolo, meore mxriv, haeris sicarie-
lesa da misi mosawyeni bunebis Sesaxeb moswavleTa Tavdapir-
vel warmodgenas Soris. ambis aRwera TandaTan gaarTuleT,
ufro da ufro sakvirveli gaxadeT, vidre moswavleTa warmo-
saxvaSi haeri im saocari elementebiT ar gaivseba, romlebsac
Cveni sididis gamo verc ki vamCnevT.

masalad, romelic moswavleebs daainteresebs, gamoacocx-
lebs da sakiTxis ukeT aRqmaSi daexmareba? sakiTxis Sinaarsis
ra aspeqtebi gamodgeba raime TamaSis an gamogonili speqtak-
lisTvis?
260 kiran igani
mocemuli sakiTxis aspeqtebi, romlebic Woraobisa da Tama-

Sis saSualebas iZleva: gakveTilis msvlelobisas moyeviT im
adamianebis Sesaxeb, vinc airebi an baqteriebi aRmoaCina. gas-
cdiT maT dabadebis TariRebsa da miRebul ganaTlebas, mos-
wavleebs maTi cxovrebis saintereso niuansebisa da sasacilo
ambebis Sesaxeb uambeT. am informaciaze dayrdnobiT SeiZle-
ba `satelevizio interviu~ CaataroT, sadac erTi moswavle
cnobili aRmoCenis avtoris, meore ki - Jurnalistis rols Se-
asrulebs. imave principiT SeiZleba, gaxrwnili kanis rolSi
myofi moswavle intervius yvavilis mtvris nawilakis rolSi
myofi megobrisgan iRebdes. maT mogvianebiT adgilebis gacv-
la da imaze saubaric SeuZliaT, sad iyvnen dRis ganmavloba-
Si, ram aiZulaT oTaxis erTi bolodan meoreSi gadasvla, ra
Tavgadasavlebi gadaxdaT gzaSi da, saerTod, aq rogor aR-
moCndnen.

damatebiTi SemecnebiTi instrumentebi, romlebic gakveTi-

lis an saswavlo erTeulis dagegmvaSi dagexmarebaT: waxali-
seT moswavleebi, pasuxebi gascen amgvar SekiTxvebs: ra aris
haerSi molivlive yvelaze didi da yvelaze patara ram? rome-
li airi gvxvdeba yvelaze iSviaTad da romeli - yvelaze xSi-
rad? romelia yvelaze saSineli suni da risgan Sedgeba igi?
ra mosdis haers, rodesac oTaxSi cxela an, piriqiT, civa? vin
aRmoaCina airebi da risTvis gvWirdeba isini? vin aRmoaCina
baqteriebi da virusebi da ratom vxdebiT xandaxan maT gamo
avad?
4. daskvna:
rogoria gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis sasurveli dasa-

ruli?
4.1 ambis sasurveli dasasruli: rogor mTavrdeba es ambavi?

261

Semajamebeli aqtivoba: dayaviT moswavleebi mcire jgufe-

bad. maT haeris sxvadasxva komponenti unda ganasaxieron.
pirveli jgufi yvavilis mtveri iqneba, meore jgufi - radio-
talRebi, mesame - mtveri, meoTxe - airebi da a. S. maswavleblis
daxmarebiT, TiToeuli jgufi jer rac SeiZleba met infor-
macias miiRebs Tavisi komponentis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki or da-
valebas Seasrulebs. pirveli davaleba klasis winaSe Tavisi
komponentis wardgenas (prezentacias) gulisxmobs, meore -
komponentis modelis Seqmnas. prezentacia da modelis Seqmna
erTdroulad SeiZleba moxdes. davalebis mizania, gakeTdes
modelebi, romlebic realur originalTan SedarebiT bevrad
ufro didi iqneba, magram haeris danarCen komponentebTan mi-
marTebaSi proporciebsa da raodenobriv Tanafardobas met-
naklebad SeinarCunebs. anu, SeiZleba yvavilis mtvers warmo-
adgendes xuTi didi burTi, xolo mtvers - Sesabamisi zomis
myari sagnis oci natexi. gakveTilis bolos ki SegviZlia mos-
wavleTa mier damzadebuli modelebi Weridan iatakamde ho-
rizontalurad CamovkidoT, mzis brWyviala nawilakebis aR-
saniSnavad feradi Zafebi gavabaT, radiotalRebis magivrad
ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sqelo, xveuli lentebi gavWi-
moT. saboloo jamSi, ase morTul-mokazmulma oTaxma moswav-
leebs TvalsaCinod unda daanaxos haeris mravalferovani da
marTlac rom sakvirveli Semadgenloba, romelsac Cven Seu-
iaraRebeli TvaliT ver vxedavT. haeris Semadgeneli kompo-
nentebiT savse oTaxi gviCvenebs, rogori iqneboda adamiane-
bis cxovreba sul erTibewoebi rom viyoT.
4.2 miniSneba mocemuli sakiTxis miRma damalul saidumloze:

mocemuli sakiTxis aspeqtebi, romlebic moswavleebSi iduma-

lebis SegrZnebas gaaRviveben: Tu haeris gareSe ver vicocx-
lebT da sul haeriT vsunTqavT, maSin ratom ar mTavrdeba igi
da saidan Cndeba axali Jangbadi? da Tu mas mcenareebi warmoq-
mnian, maSin rogor xdeba haerSi adamianebisTvis aucilebeli
Jangbadisa da mcenareebisTvis saWiro naxSirorJangis Semc-
262 kiran igani
velobis wonasworobis SenarCuneba? ramdenad Txelia haeris

safari dedamiwis garSemo? sadme sxvagan, samyaroSi Tu aris
kidev dedamiwis msgavsi atmosfero? ramdenad gansxvavdeba
dedamiwis ganviTareba samyaros sxva planetebis ganviTare-
bisgan? es rogor unda gavigoT? SesaZlebelia, rom mocemul
momentSi romelime sxva galaqtikaSi iisferi niadagidan pa-
tara lurji mcenaris foTlebi amoiwveros? ramdenad mra-
valferovani arian cocxali arsebebi? ramdenad iSviaTebi
arian isini an, piriqiT, gavrcelebulebi?
5. Sefaseba:
rogor unda gavigoT, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma sakiTxi, ro-

gor aRiqves misi mniSvneloba, rogor gaiTavises misi Sinaar-
si?
Sefasebis formebi: imis dasadgenad, moswavleebma maTi gare-

momcveli haeris Tvisebebi gaiges Tu ara, Sefasebis nebismie-
ri tradiciuli formis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. garda amisa,
maswavleblebs moswavleTa mier mocemuli sakiTxis aTvise-
bis, enTuziazmisa da warmosaxvis unaris gaaqtiurebis xaris-
xis Sefaseba modelebis damzadebis procesSic SeuZliaT. wina
saswavlo erTeulebis `Sefasebis~ nawilebSi gakeTebuli ko-
mentarebi aqac vrceldeba.
magaliTi meoTxe: omofonebi (vardebi/vvardebi)
inglisurisa da sxva enebis marTlweris swavlebisas, erT-er-

Ti sirTule iseTi sityvebia, romlebic erTmaneTis msgavsad
an sruliad identurad gamoiTqmis, magram romlebsac gansx-
vavebuli damwerloba da mniSvneloba aqvT. qvemoT mocemuli
midgomis gamoyenebiT, bavSvebis warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebas-
Tan erTad, maT mier marTlweris swori formebis damaxsovre-
bis procesi maTTvis mosawyeni aRar iqneba. am meTodis gamo-
yeneba sxvadasxvanairad SeiZleba.

263
emociuri datvirTvis wyaro: es gakveTili moswavleebSi ga-

aRvivebs gaocebis grZnobas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rogor
gadmoscemen bgerebi mniSvnelobas, ramdenad uCveuloa Cveni
unari, azri umniSvnelo da abstraqtuli simboloebidan ga-
movitanoT.
mocemul sakiTxSi emociuri CarTulobis wyaroebi: sasaubro

enis siRrmiseuli idumaleba da sakvirveleba.

2.1. binaruli dapirispirebebis moZebna: romeli binaruli

dapirispirebebi SeZlebs yvelaze ukeT mocemuli sakiTxiT
gaocebas da aRZravs mis mimarT emocias? am sakiTxs rom am-
bis saxe hqondes, ra iqneboda masSi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego
mxareebi?
ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba: Sinaarsiani gamoTqma/uSinaarso

simbolo.
SesaZlo alternativebi: bgera/Sinaarsi, msgavsi/gansxvavebu-

li.
2.2 gamosaxulebebis, metaforebisa da dramatulobis moZeb-

wers yvelaze ukeT sakiTxis Sinaarss da mis dramatul kont-
rasts?
gamosaxuleba an metafora, romelic binarul dapirispirebas

asaxavs: mivubrundeT pirvel TavSi moyvanil magaliTs. omo-
fonebi ojaxis wevrebs hgvanan: maT zogi ram saerTo aqvT, zo-
gic gansxvavebuli. ase rom, sityvebze `vardebi~ da `vvardebi~
rogorc ojaxis wevrebze, ise SegiZliaT isaubroT. maT erT-
maneTisgan gansxvavebuli xasiaTi, magram aSkara saerTo maxa-
siaTeblebic aqvT. maT sanacvlod SegiZliaT ori iseTi adami-
264 kiran igani
ani warmoidginoT, romlebic garegnulad erTmaneTs hgvanan.

maTi erTmaneTSi areva sakmaod iolia, miuxedavad imisa, rom
isini sruliad gansxvavebuli xasiaTis ori sxvadasxva pirov-
nebaa. saubrisas es sityvebi arasdros gvereva erTmaneTSi, we-
risas ki iolad gveSleba.
Sinaarsi, romelic binarul dapirispirebebs gadmoscems:

moswavleebma unda SeZlon, testebSi da saubrisas omofone-
bis erTmaneTisgan maTi mniSvnelobis mkafiod ganasxvaveba.
amis Semdeg, TiToeuli omofonis damwerloba naTlad iqneba
aRbeWdili moswavlis gonebaSi.

SemuSaveba:
gakveTilis axsnisas gamoyenebuli ambis saerTo struqtu-

ra: rogoria omofonebis ambis Sinaarsi? rogori konteqstis
mqone ambavi unda moigonoT, rom bavSvs naTlad daanaxoT gan-
sxvaveba sityvebs `vardebi~-sa da `vvardebi~-s Soris?
moswavleTa TiTo jgufs TiTo sityva eZleva. pirvel jgufs

Sexvdeba personaJi gogona, romelsac `vardebi` hqvia. meore
jgufs misi tyupiscali Zma `vvardebi.~ personaJebis saxele-
bis damwerlobaze dayrdnobiT, jgufebma unda gamoigonon da
detalurad aRweron maTi Sesabamisi xasiaTebi.
am gakveTilze gamoyenebuli ambavi moswavleebs individua-

luri xasiaTis mqone pirovnebebis gamogonebisken ubiZgebs.
maswavlebels SeuZlia maT gamogonili personaJebis daxatva
da im maxasiaTeblebis dawera urCios, romlebic maT erTmane-
Tisgan ganasxvevebs.
maswavlebels SeuZlia daiwyos imiT, rom gogona saxelad

`vardebi~ Zalian keTilia, uyvars sxvebis daxmareba. misi sa-
xelis bolo sami asoc xalxs, TiTqos, imaze miuTiTebs, rom is
sxvebs `debiviT~ uyurebs da exmareba. asoebi èb~ migviTiTebs
imaze, rom is bevri adamians exmareba.
265
meores mxriv, `vvardebi~ namdvili egoistia. is sul sakuTar

Tavze fiqrobs da es imazec etyoba, rom misi saxeli sityva
`var~-ze iwyeba. mas es sityva sxva asoebs Soris aqvs moqceuli
da yvela mxridan icavs. samwuxarod, is sakmaod Zunwi da eWvi-
ani adamiania da sul imaze saubrobs, vis ra ekuTvnis (mTar-
gmnelis SeniSvna: inglisur originalSi sityvebis `vardebi~
da `vvardebi~ magivrad mocemulia sityvebi `there, iq~, `they’re,
isini arian~, da `their, maTi~.)
imedia, mimixvdiT, rasac vgulisxmob. moswavleebs SeuZliaT,

personaJebis xasiaTebi maTi saxelebis damwerlobidan gamom-
dinare kidev ufro metad ganavrcon.
personaJebis gamogonebis Semdeg, gakveTilis darCenili na-

wili iseTi ambis Seqmnas daeTmoba, romelSic orive persona-
Ji monawileobs da romlis Sinaarsic maTi xasiaTebis mixedvi-
Taa agebuli. aq am ambis moyolas aRar daviwyeb, magram imedia,
xedavT, rogori iolia moswavleebis iseTi ambis gamogonebaSi
CarTva, sadac gulkeTili gogona saxelad `vardebi~ yvelas
exmareba, misi egoisti tyupiscali Zma `vvardebi~ ki yvelaf-
ris dapatronebas cdilobs.

yofs, gamoacocxlebs maT da sakiTxis ukeT aRqmaSi daexma-
reba? sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli ra saxis Sinaarsi gamodgeba
raime TamaSis an gamogonili speqtaklisTvis?
mocemuli sakiTxis is aspeqtebi, romlebic Woraobisa da Ta-

maSis saSualebas iZleva: mcire jgufebSi muSaobisas, moswav-
leebs SeuZliaT zemoT dasaxelebuli personaJebi gainawi-
lon da raime Tavgadasavali moigonon, sadac maT ganasaxie-
reben. SeiZleba jgufuri muSaobac. TiTo jgufma TiTo per-
sonaJi ganasaxieros, personaJis xasiaTebidan gamomdinare,
moswavleebma sasacilo ambebi moigonon.

266 kiran igani


lis an saswavlo erTeulis dagegmvaSi dagexmarebaT: moswav-
leebs SeuZliaT warmoidginon, rom ambis personaJebs indivi-
dualuri popvarskvlavebis an duetis warmatebuli kariera
aqvT. Semdeg SeiZleba maT personaJebi musikosebis ampluaSi
ise daxaton, rom maTi xasiaTic warmoaCinon. wyvilebSi mu-
Saobisas, moswavleebs SeuZliaT personaJebi gainawilon da
erTmaneTs rigrigobiT interviuebi CamoarTvan. intervius
dros isini simReris maneris Sesaxeb dasvamen SekiTxvebs, rac
maT personaJis xasiaTis ukeT warmoCenis saSualebas miscems.
amave dros, maT SeeZlebaT iseTi Canawerebis gakeTebac, ro-
melTa mixedviTac mogvianebiT popmusikis Sesaxeb davalebas
daweren.
waaqezeT moswavleebi, yvelaze meti mniSvnelobis mqone omo-

fonebi ipovon. magaliTad: `bani~, romelic xmis tembrs, sax-
lis saxuravs, anbanis meore asos niSnavs (mTargmnelis SeniSv-
na: inglisur enaSi aq gamoyenebulia sityvebi `right, rite, wright,
write~, `marjvena, wesi, ostati da wera~). amaSi Semdeg nawilSi
miTiTebuli vebgverdic dagexmarebaT. sTxoveT moswavleebs,
iseTi omofonebi moiZion, romlebSic yvelaze meti an naklebi
asoa, an romlebsac TiTqmis sapirispiro mniSvnelobebi aqvT.
maswavlebels SeuZlia kedelze Camokidos furceli saTau-
riT - xmis Camweri studia òmofoni~ - romelzec moswavleebi
maT mier moZiebul sityvebs daweren.
4. daskvna:
rogoria gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebis
saukeTeso gza?
4.1. ambis sasurveli dasasruli: rogor mTavrdeba es ambavi?

Semajamebeli aqtivoba: mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba, gaer-

267
Ton da Tavad moigonon omofonebi. magaliTad `kari~ (kare-

bi) da `kari~ (wignis Tavi), `bari~ (dablobi) da `bari~ (saxnavi
instrumenti), `bali~ (xili) da `bali~ (miwisZvris siZlieris
sazomi). inglisurenovani omofonebis mosaZebnad ewvieT veb-
gverds www.taupecat.com/personal/homophones/. vebgverdze www.
marlodge.supanet.com/wordlist/homophon.html kidev ufro meti
omofonia Tavmoyrili.
garda amisa, SegiZliaT, moswavleebs qvemoT mocemuli xum-

robebis msgavsi istoriebis mogoneba SesTavazoT (magaliTe-
bi aRebulia vebgverdidan www.cooper.com/homophonezone/):
• ori svavi adis TviTmfrinavSi. TiToeuls xelSi or-ori

mkvdari enoti uWiravs. bortgamcilebeli Sexedavs maT
da eubneba: `batonebo, bodiSs gixdiT, magram TiTo mgzav-
risTvis salonSi mxolod erTi leSis Semotanaa dasaSve-
bi~. (mTargmnelis SeniSvna: inglisur enaSi sityvebi `carry-
on~ (xelbargi) da `carrion~ (leSi) omofonebia).
• soko Sedis barSi da barmeni eubneba: `gaeTrie! aq Sennai-
rebs ar vemsaxurebiT~. soko pasuxobs: `ki magram ratom?
me xom mxiaruli biWi var!~ (mTargmenlis SeniSvna: ingli-
surad `fun guy~ (mxiaruli biWi) da `fungi~ (sokoebi) omo-
fonebia. sityva `serve~ ki rogorc momsaxurebas, aseve saW-
mlis sufraze mirTmevas aRniSnavs).
4.2. miniSneba mocemuli sakiTxis miRma damalul saidumloze:

sakiTxis is aspeqtebi, romlebic moswavleebSi idumalebis

SegrZnebas gaaRvivebs: omofonebiT TamaSis saSualebiT vac-
nobierebT ama Tu im enis iseT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebsac ma-
namde verc ki vamCnevdiT, an umniSvnelod gveCveneboda. ro-
gor inarCunebs es saqme dRemde aseT efeqturobas? maswav-
lebels sxva ucnauri magaliTebis moyvanac SeuZlia. ratom
vambobT magaliTad: `me mivrbivar~ da ìs mirbis~? ratom ar
vambobT: `me mivrbivar, Sen mivrbivar, is mivrbivar?~ ra saWi-
roa zmnis piris niSnebi? da Tu SeiZleba, rom erTsa da imave
bgeras erTnairi mniSvneloba hqondes, erTi sityva ki ramde-
268 kiran igani
nime mniSvnelobas gadmoscemdes (rogorc es omonimebis Sem-

TxvevaSi xdeba: sityva `pool~ niSnavs auzs, romelSic vbanaobT
da agreTve banqos, romelsac magidaze vTamaSobT), maSin xom
gamodis, rom Zalian rTuli komunikaciis sistema gvqonia?
ratom ar SegviZlia komunikaciis sistemis racionalizeba,

raTa is ufro logikuri gavxadoT? da mainc, enis aralogiku-
ri Tvisebebis miuxedavad, efeqtur komunikacias vaxerxebT.
ramdenadac sakvirveli unda iyos, es ucnaurobebi ganapiro-
bebs enis originalurobas. da xSirad aSkaraa, rom isini, pi-
riqiT, komunikacias gviadvileben kidec. magaliTad, zmnis
piris niSnebi gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asacileblad gamoiye-
neba. enebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mravalsityvaoba imas niS-
navs, rom maSinac ki, roca winadadebis an frazis nawils ver
gavigonebT, danarCeni sityvebi mis Sinaarss mainc migvaxved-
rebs. winadadebis aRsaqmelad, kompiuteuli programirebis
enebi zeadamianur sizustes saWiroebs maSin, rodesac buneb-
riv enebs, mravali uzustobis miuxedavad, azris gadmocema
SeuZliaT. enis misteria niuansebSia da aseTi martivi dakvir-
vebebiT mJRavndeba. kompiuterebs xom, rogorc wesi, omofo-
nebis garCevis unari ar SeswevT.
swavlebisas, moswavleebs mudmivad mianiSneT enis, rogorc

qcevis unikaluri formis, Taviseburebaze. is Cveni sxeulis
erT-erTi gansxvavebuli funqciaa, is ucnauri gzebiT gva-
erTianebs. adamianebi yvelasgan gansxvavebuli `socialu-
ri cxovelebi~ varT. Tavisebur enas ama Tu im formiT bevri
cxoveli iyenebs, magram verc erTi maTgani axlosac ver mo-
va adamianebis enasTan. arc erTi sxva arseba ar yveba zepirad
kompleqsur, gamogonil ambebs. amitomac, swavlebis proces-
Si aucilebelia im saocrebebis gamomJRavneba, romlebsac Se-
iZleba verc ki vamCnevdeT, an umniSvnelod miviCnevdeT.
me ar veli imas, rom maswavleblebi moswavleebs iseve damoZR-

vraven, rogorc es bolo sam abzacSi Tavad gavakeTe. xriki
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom maswavlebelma ubralod enis sakvir-
veli maxasiaTeblebi axsenos, moswavleebis yuradReba miapy-
ros imas, Tu rogor ucnaur formas vaZlevT Cveni yelidan
amosul haers da misi meSveobiT kidev ramdeni saocari ramis
gakeTeba SegiZlia.
269
5. Sefaseba:
Sefasebis formebi: imis gasagebad, moswavleebs am gziT nas-

wavli sxvadasxva omofonis Sesabamisi mniSvnelobebi esmiT
Tu ara, Sefasebis nebismieri tradiciuli formis gamoyene-
ba SeiZleba. erT-erTi gavrcelebuli meTodis Tanaxmad, mos-
wavleebs eZlevaT winadadebebi, sadac Sesabamis adgilebSi
sworad unda SearCion da Caweron omofonebi `vardebi~ da
`vvardebi~. Cemi azriT, maT amis gakeTeba ar unda gauWirdeT,
radgan mofiqrebuli hqondaT ambebi im personaJebis gamo-
yenebiT, romlebic am sityvebis marTlweraze varjiSobdnen.
aseTi ambis magaliTi SegiZliaT ixiloT vebgverdze
http://www.teachingideas.co.uk/english/homophone.htm (am magali-
TisTvis madlobas vuxdi moira grins (Moira Green), zrdas-
rulTa ganaTlebis programis xelmZRvanels, irlandiuri
organizaciidan `qleris sagrafos wera-kiTxvis sqema~ (County
Clare Reading and Writing Scheme)).
magaliTi mexuTe: siTbo

ai kidev erTi magaliTi:

maswavlebels SeiZleba gauWirdes pirovnuli emociuri Car-

Tulobis gaaqtiureba iseT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, rogori-
caa siTbo. rogorc wesi, es Tema bunebismetyvelebaSi saswav-
lo erTeulis saxiT iswavleba, romlis drosac moswavleebs
siTbos Sesaxeb informacia miewodebaT. am SemTxvevaSic mTa-
varia, mocemul sakiTxs moswavleebis TvaliT SevxedoT da
masSi iseTi rame vipovoT, rac maTSi gaocebas gamoiwvevs.
sakiTxis Sinaarsis wyaroebi: sabunebismetyvelo sakiTxebis

swavlebisas masalis axsnas xSirad Zveli berZnuli miTebiT
270 kiran igani
viwyeb, vinaidan isini sakiTxis mTavari nawilis mkafiod asax-

vaSi mexmareba. Semdeg am safuZvelze vageb danarCen gakve-
Tilsac (bolos da bolos, Tanamedrove mecnierebis istori-
uli fesvebi xom swored antikur saberZneTSia). miTebi siT-
bos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT farTo arCevans gvTavazobs. maT-
gan yvelaze TvalsaCino promeTes Sesaxeb SeTxzuli miTia.
mocemul sakiTxSi emociuri CarTulobis wyaroebi: sicxade,

romliTac Zveli berZnuli miTebi im Zalauflebasa da mis
Tanmdev saSinel safrTxeebs asaxavs, romelic kaciobriobam
siTbos wyaros damorCilebis Sedegad miiRo.

2.1 binaruli dapirispirebebis moZebna: romel binaruli da-

pirispirebebs SeuZlia adamianis gaoceba? mis mimarT emociis
yvelaze ukeT aRZvra? am sakiTxs rom ambis saxe hqondes, ra
iqneboda masSi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego mxareebi?
ZiriTadi winaaRmdegoba: siTbo, rogorc damxmare/siTbo ro-

gorc gamanadgurebeli.
SesaZlo alternativebi: cxeli/civi.
2.2. gamosaxulebebis, metaforebisa da dramatulobis moZeb-

wers yvelaze ukeT sakiTxis Sinaarss da mis dramatul kont-
rasts?
gamosaxuleba an metafora, romelic binarul dapirispirebas

asaxavs: promeTe, romelic RmerTebs cecxls hparavs da zev-
sis mier isjeba; faetoni, romelic caSi apolonis cecxlova-
ni etlis marTvas cdilobs da marcxdeba; Tavis samWedloSi
koWlobiT mosiarule hefesto, romelsac romaelebi vul-
kans uwodebdnen.
271
Sinaarsi, romelic binarul dapirispirebas gadmoscems: siT-

bos gamoyenebis sxvadasxva gza, romlebsac SeuZlia kacobri-
obas an sargebeli moutanos, an umarTavi gaxdes da gagvanad-
guros.

SemuSaveba:
gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis axsnisas gamoyenebuli am-

bis saerTo struqtura: mocemuli sakiTxis swavleba SegiZ-
liaT iseTi miTiuri istoriebiT daiwyoT, romlebic moswav-
leTa emociur CarTulobas uzrunvelyofs da TvalnaTliv
warmoaCens rogorc adamianisTvis siTbos sasicocxlo mniS-
vnelobas, aseve masTan dakavSirebul safrTxeebs. promeTes
gambedaoba, rodesac man adamianebs cecxli aCuqa da zevsis
sastiki sasjeli gviCvenebs, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania siT-
bos kontroli civilizaciisTvis. es is Zalauflebaa, romel-
mac Cven RmerTebs dagvamsgavsa.
faetonis magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs imas, Tu rogori dam-

Rupveli Sedegebi moaqvs Cvens saSiS msaxurze, siTboze kont-
rolis dakargvas. faetons ufleba misces, mzis cis kabadonze
apolonis cecxlovani etli emarTa, magram man kontroli da-
karga, rasac Sedegad dedamiwis aoxreba mohyva. manamde, apo-
lonma inana, rom Svils survili Seusrula da etlis marTvis
neba darTo. apolonma sTxova mas:
ar ginda, Svilo. Sen Zalian saxifaTo survilis Sesru-

lebas mTxov. Weqa-quxilis RmerTi, yovlisSemZle zev-
sic ki ar marTavs mzis gavarvarebul etls. masSi Seb-
mul bedaurebs cecxlovani sunTqva aqvT. isini iseTi
Zlierebi arian, mec ki Zlivs vakaveb, miuxedavad imisa,
rom RmerTi var. Sen, mokvdav biWs, es rogor unda ga-
mogivides? gza rTulia da xandaxan, rodesac aseTi si-
maRlidan dedamiwas davyureb, Tavbru mexveva. etliT
gasavleli gza varskvlavebze gadis. iq ki uzarmazari,
saSiSi arsebebi budoben. mogiwevs gverdiT Cauqrolo
272 kiran igani
veeberTela kurosa da mZvinvare loms. maT Tu Tavs

daaRwev, win veeba momakvdinebeli nestris mqone Rri-
ankali da marwuxebiani giganturi kirCxibi Semogxvde-
bian. gevedrebi, saCuqrad rame sxva survilis Sesru-
leba mTxove. ifiqre mTeli msoflios simdidreebze an
uZiro zRvis margalitebze. mTxove nebismieri maTgani
da sixaruliT gaCuqeb.
nebismiers, vinc am ambebs ar icnobs, SeuZlia Zveli berZnuli

miTebi waikiTxos. maTi wakiTxvis Semdeg naxavT, rom Zalian
rTulia, isini mosawyeni gaxado.
saswavlo erTeulis SuaSi saWiroa, ganvaviTaroT Tema: siT-

bo, rogorc gamanadgurebeli/siTbo, rogorc damxmare. mag-
ram amisaTvis Sesabamisi informaciis logikuri Tanmimdev-
robiT dalageba ar kmara. maswavlebelma im mezRapresaviT
unda ifiqros, romelic ambavs igonebs. maSin, informaciis
Tavmoyra SerCeuli Temis mixedviT moxdeba. ase magaliTad,
saukeTeso eqsperimentebi, rogorc wesi, isinia, romlebic
Temis fonze sakvanZo sakiTxebs gamokveTs da ara isini, rom-
lebic pirdapir faqtebze gadadis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, siT-
bos gamoyofis konstruqciuli da destruqciuli Zalebis
gamokveTaa mniSvnelovani. mocemuli Temis sailustraciod,
iseTi gavrcelebuli eqsperimentebis Catareba SeiZleba, ro-
gorebicaa vercxlis an Savi, gluvi refleqtorebis WiqaSi
Casxmuli wylis gasaTbobad gamoyeneba. garkveuli drois gan-
mavlobaSi mzeze yofnis Semdeg, wylis temperatura izomeba.
am eqsperimentis gakveTilis TemasTan dasakavSireblad, ur-
CieT moswavleebs, ifiqron, rogor unda daicvan kosmosuri
xomaldebi da astronavtebi kosmosur sivrceSi mzis simxur-
valisgan da a. S. am midgomis gansxvavebuloba mis konteqstsa
da emociurobaSi ufroa, vidre msgavsi saswavlo erTeulis
tipur SinaarsSi. amis Semdeg, maswavlebels SeuZlia siTbos
gadacemasa da Senaxvaze isaubros. orive SemTxvevaSi, moswav-
leebi siTbos, rogorc gamanadgurebeli an damxmare fenome-
nis potencialze unda davafiqroT.
gakveTilis dawyeba aseve SesaZlebelia hefestos ambis gac-

nobiT da mogvianebiT vulkanebis Seswavlis sakiTxze gadasv-
273
liT. maT xom hefestos samWedlodan amosul alebad miiCnev-

dnen. es ki, Semdgom, siTbos gazomvis gzebamde migiyvanT.
dResdReobiT, internetSi gakveTilis aTasobiT gegmis moZi-

ebaa SesaZlebeli. nebismier maTganSi mocemulia eqsperimen-
tebi, romelTa saSualebiTac maswavleblebs moswavleTa mi-
er siTbos aRqmis gaRrmaveba SeuZliaT. maTi CarTva mocemul
saswavlo erTeulSi iolia, oRond, isini siTbos, rogorc dam-
xmare/gamanadgurebeli fenomenis Temas unda ganavrcobdnen.
rogorc wesi, eqsperimentebis gamoyeneba yvelaze efeqturi
maSinaa, Tu maT gakveTilis dasawyisSi moyolil romelime
STambeWdav ambavs davukavSirebT. mas Semdeg, rac moswavle-
ebi am ambavs moismenen, msgavi saswavlo erTeulisas miwode-
bul tipur informaciasTan erTad, isini imasac iswavlian,
rom siTbo energiis erT-erTi saxeobaa, romelic cxelidan
civ sagnebs gadaecema. aqve moxdeba siTbosTan dakavSirebu-
li, farTod gavrcelebuli mcdari Sexedulebebis gamoaSka-
raveba (magaliTad, Tbili sviteri da a. S.).
3.1. Worisa da TamaSisTvis saWiro masalis moZieba: mocemul

yofs, gamoacocxlebs maT da sakiTxis ukeT aRqmaSi daexmare-
ba? sakiTxis Sinaarsis ra aspeqtebi gamodgeba romelime Tama-
Sis an gamogonili speqtaklisTvis?
mocemuli sakiTxis is aspeqtebi, romlebic Woraobisa da Ta-

maSis saSualebas iZleva: siTboze rogor unda iWorao? al-
baT, ufro ioli iqneba, moswavleebs sTxovoT, iseT xanZrebze
isaubron, romlebic Tavad unaxavT, an romlebzec smeniaT.
maT samzareulSi Tu gaCenila xanZari? rogor Caaqres? ici-
an, rom SesaZlebelia mZime liTonebis imdenad gaxureba, rom
isini siTxed aqcion? iolia, xanZris Sesaxeb moyolili dra-
matuli ambebi miTebidan naswavl siRmiseul gakveTilebTan
daakavSiroT. moswavleebi faetonTan advilad gaaigiveben
pirs, romelic riskze midis da kontrols kargavs. zogierTi
magaliTi dedalosis daudevar da windauxedav vaJs, ikaross
mogvagonebs, romelsac mzesTan zedmetad axlos mifrenis
Semdeg sxivebma xelovnuri frTebis dasamagrebeli cvili da-
274 kiran igani
udno (gaafrTxileT moswavleebi, rom amis gakeTeba saxlis

pirobebSi ar cadon!).
yvelam viciT, rom cecxlTan TamaSi ar SeiZleba, magram Tu

saTanado sifrTxiliT vimoqmedebT, Cveni saWiroebebis mi-
xedviT mis gamoyenebas SevZlebT. Tumca, Tu am saocar msa-
xurze kontrols davkargavT, mas Cveni ganadgureba SeuZlia.
3.2. samomavlo SemecnebiTi instrumentebis sawyisi formebis


lis an saswavlo erTeulis dagegmvaSi dagexmarebaT: eqsperi-
mentebi wylis gacxelebasa da orTqlis warmoqmnaze aleqsan-
drieli gmiris mier gamogonil orTqlis Zravasa (romelsac
religiuri ceremoniebisTvis iyenebdnen!) da jeims vatis (Ja-
mes Watt) istoriebs ebmis. es ambebi unda Seicavdes informa-
cias gamomgonebelTa saWiroebebis, imedebis, SiSebisa da pi-
rovnuli Widilis Sesaxeb. maTi aRmoCenebi da gamogonebebi ki
gakveTilis Temas unda ukavSirdebodes. amiT Tqven moswavle-
ebs aZlevT SesaZleblobas, eqsperimentebis maxasiaTeblebi
ara mxolod miTebTan, aramed realur pirovnebebTan da maT
miRwevebTan dakavSirebiT aRiqvan, rac, Tavis mxriv, Semdgom
SemecnebiT instrumentebTan damakavSirebeli rgoli gaxde-
ba.
waaxaliseT moswavleebi, moiZion informacia amindis prog-

nozis arqivebidan. SeadgineT da klasSi CamokideT `tempe-
raturis grafiki~. ramdeno gradusia dedamiwaze daregist-
rirebuli siTbos yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli? ramden gra-
dusia Cvens planetaze aRnusxuli yvelaze dabali tempera-
tura? aRricxuli istoriuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, romel
vulkanur amofrqvevas hqonda yvelaze didi damangreveli
Zala? romelia adamianis mier gamogonili yvelaze mZlavri
Zrava? da a. S.
275
4. daskvna:
rogoria gakveTilis an saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebis sau-
keTeso gza?
4.1. ambis damakmayofilebeli daboloeba: rogor mTavrdeba

es ambavi? rogor unda gadavWraT binarul dapirispirebebs
Soris arsebuli dapirispireba? ramdenad dawvrilebiT da
zustad unda avuxsnaT moswavleebs binaruli dapirispirebe-
bis arsi?
Semajamebeli aqtivoba: sTxoveT moswavleebs, CamoTvalon ra

sargebloba moaqvs maTTvis siTbos da, agreTve, rogor uqm-
nis is maT safrTxes; raime discomforts an tkivils Tu aye-
nebs? Semdeg mieciT maT orive CamonaTvalis zepirad an weri-
lobiT Sefasebis saSualeba. moswavleebma unda mogawodon
Tavisi azri, ramdenad Zviri gvijdeba Cveni saxlebis, skole-
bis, savaWro centrebisa da a. S. gaTboba. dafiqrdnen, faeto-
niviT xom ar viqceviT, an yovelTvis gonivrulad viyenebT Tu
ara promeTes saCuqars.
Tuki maswavlebeli fiqrobs, rom esa Tu is klasi am Temaze sa-

saubrod mzadaa, saswavlo erTeulis dasrulebis meore gza
birTvul energiaSi gamoyenebuli siTbos konstruqciul da
destruqciul SesaZleblobebze msjelobaa. es mniSvnelova-
ni sakiTxia, romelic Zalian cocxladaa aRwerili promeTesa
da zevsis Sesaxeb SeTxzul Zvel berZnul miTebSi. birTvuli
energia im saCuqars hgavs, romelic promeTem kacobriobas
miuZRvna. magram zevsma misi RvTaebrivi Zalis gamoyenebis
mcdelobisTvis SeiZleba Suri iZios. rodesac saqme siTbos
konstruqciuli da destruqciuli SesaZleblobebis mimarT
Cvens damokidebulebas exeba, Cven iseTive emociuri gaoreba
gviCndeba, rogoric am miTSia gadmocemuli.
4. 2 miniSneba mocemuli sakiTxis miRma damalul saidumloze:

sakiTxis is aspeqtebi, romlebic moswavleebSi idumalebis

SegrZnebas gaaRviveben: promeTes ambavi idumalebas SesZens
276 kiran igani
siTbos sakiTxs. siTbo gvaZlevs energias, romelic kacobrio-

bis kulturuli cxovrebis centraluri nawilia. Cveni Sore-
uli winaprebis cxovrebis wesi swored maSin Seicvala, roca
maT saWmlis moxarSva daiwyes. cecxlis gamoyenebiT siTbos
misaRebad Cven ukeTesi xelsawyoebisa da iaraRis damzadeba
SevZeliT (moswavleTa asakis gaTvaliswinebiT, maswavlebels
SeuZlia maT Carlz makeis poema `tubal qeini~ waukiTxos
(Charles Mackay, `Tubal Cain~). masSi saubaria kacze, romelmac
mTeli cxovreba `Tavis buxarSi mogizgize cecxlis win~ iara-
Ris damzadebaSi gaatara. is sevdam moicva, roca dainaxa, ram-
deni ubedureba mohqonda mis mier damzadebul iaraRs. bevri
fiqris Semdeg saxelosnoSi dabrunda da pirveli saxnisi da-
amzada. poemas Zlieri ritmi da riTma aqvs da friad saintere-
so SeiZleba iyos sakmaod mcire asakis moswavleebisTvisac).
sakiTxis idumalebis SegrZnebas im udidesi Zalauflebis gac-

nobierebac uwyobs xels, romelic siTbos kontrolma mogv-
ca. faqtobrivad, yvela sagani an misi Semadgeneli nawilebi,
romlebsac ki moswavleebi xedaven, damzadebis procesis ro-
melime etapze siTbos regulirebul gamoyenebas saWiroebs.
saerTod, ra aris siTbo? saswavlo erTeulis dasasruls, Se-
giZliaT, garkveuli miniSneba entropiis cnebazec gaakeToT.
5. Sefaseba:
rogor unda gavigoT, rogor gaiges moswavleebma sakiTxi, mi-
si mniSvneloba? rogor gaiTavises misi Sinaarsi?
Sefasebis formebi: aseTi saswavlo erTeulis Sefaseba ro-

gorc tradiciuli instrumentebiT, ise iseTi araformaluri
SekiTxvebiTac SeiZleba, romlebic moswavleTa codnas afa-
sebs. SesaZlebelia, aseve, SedarebiT ufro formaluri `Sema-
jamebeli~ Sefasebebis gakeTeba saswavlo erTeulis bolos.
aseTi saxis CarCo moiTxovs weras, gansaxierebas an daxatvas.
am tipis Sefaseba adasturebs, rom saswavlo erTeulma dama-
tebiTi codnis, unarebisa da aRqmis gamoyenebiT moswavleeb-
ze emociuri zegavlena moxdina. amitomac, SegiZliaT moswav-
leebs raime formiT maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi monawile
siTbos im aspeqtebis aRwera SesTavazoT, romlebsac isini
yvelaze metad afaseben da romlebisac eSiniaT.
277
axla ki magaliTebis moyvana unda Sevwyvito. vebgverdze www.

ierg.net bevrad meti nimuSia Tavmoyrili. Tu axal magaliTs Ta-
vad gamoigonebT, gaagzavneT igi zemoT aRniSnul vebgverdze,
raTa is iq amJamad arsebul magaliTebs daamaton.
msurs, agreTve, aRvniSno, rom aq moyvanili magaliTebi Car-

Cos realurad srulyofilad gamoyenebas ar asaxavs. isini,
ubralod, SemTxveviTobis principiT SerCeuli sakiTxebia,
romlebic CarCos movarge. imeds vitoveb, Sedegebidan gamom-
dinare, CaTvliT, rom Rirs am savarjiSos gamoiyeneba Tava-
dac cadoT.
Teoriuli azrovnebisaTvis saWiro instrumentebis

nakrebi
RmerTo Cemo! win JargoniT gajerebuli teqstis kidev er-

Ti monakveTi gvelis... ra gamoarCevs am Teoriul azrovnebas
azrovnebis im tipebisgan, romlebzec aqamde vlaparakobdi?
SemecnebiTi instrumentebis romeli nakrebi monawileobs
mis muSaobaSi? garkveuli warmodgena Teoriuli azrovnebis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb yvelas aqvs.Tavis saTaurSi terminis ga-
moyenebas erTi saSiSroeba sdevs Tan: SesaZloa, Jargonad is
sityva vaqcio, romelic manamde adamianebis gonebaSi mSveniv-
rad aRwerda imas, rasac, SesaZloa, is konkretuli mniSvne-
loba ar hqonia, ra mniSvnelobiTac mis gamoyenebas vapireb.
imisaTvis, rom ufro gasagebi gaxdes, terminSi ras vgulisx-

mob, erT magaliTs moviyvan. me da Cems cols Cveni erT-erTi
vaJi fexburTis savarjiSod migvyavda. maSin is ToTxmeti wli-
sa iyo. federaluri arCevnebis periodi axlovdeboda da Sem-
xvedr bevr gazonsa da fanjaraSi SeamCnevdiT xasxasa wiTeli,
lurji, yviTeli da mwvane feris abrebs, romlebic ama Tu im
kandidatisa da partiisTvis xmis micemisken mogiwodebdnen.
oTxi wliT adre Catarebuli arCevnebis dros, Cvens Svilebs
ainteresebdaT, ramdeni abra ekuTvnoda `Cvens~ kandidats,
vis hqonda meti da yvelaze didi abra, romel partias hqon-
da gamarjvebis ukeTesi Sansi da rogor SeiZleboda, vinmes im
278 kiran igani
aramzadebisTvis mieca xma, romlebic Cvens `karg biWebs~ upi-

rispirdebodnen. oTxi wlis Semdeg, fexburTis bucebis man-
qanaSi Cawyobisas, Cvenma vaJma ikiTxa, - gazonTan kandidatis
abris dadgmaSi Cven unda gadagvexada fuli Tu kandidats;
dakavSirebuli iyo Tu ara fasi abris zomasTan an mis gazon-
Tan dadgmasTan. vuTxari, rom kandidatebi da maTi partiebi
fuls abrebis damzadebaSi ixdidnen, an maT Tavad amzadebd-
nen, xalxi ki mxardaWeris gamosaxatavad maT ufasod amagreb-
da Tavis gazonebze. `da ratom unda misces vinmem partias xma
gazonze dasobili abris gamo?~ - ikiTxa man Wkvianurad da da-
amata: `partiebi da kandidatebi romelime konkretul soci-
alur Rirebulebebsa da prioritetebs rom warmoadgendnen,
gana xalxi maT xmas principebis gamo ar miscemda da ara ga-
zonze dasobili abrebis gamo?~ amis Sesaxeb cota xans visaub-
reT. misi kiTxvebi im sakiTxebsac Seexo, romelTa mixedviTac,
gazonze dasobili abrebi demokratiuli arCevnebis proce-
sis nawili iyo.
amas imisTvis ki ar vyvebi, rom Cveni Wkviani SvilebiT Tavi

moviwono... amas imisTvis vakeTeb, rom azrovnebaSi momxdari
cvlilebebisa da gamoyenebuli Semecnebis instrumentebis
nakrebis magaliTi mogiyvanoT. Cemi mizani araa, Sevecado av-
xsna, ratom xdeba cvlileba, romelsac, Cveulebriv, wignie-
ri SemecnebiTi instrumentebis ganviTarebis procesSi myofi
mozardobis asakis moswavleebSi vxvdebiT. me msurs cvlile-
bis zogierTi Tvisebis aRwera imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor
SeuZliaT maswavleblebs swavlis procesSi Teoriuli warmo-
saxvis gamoyeneba (cvlilebis mizezebis axsnis mcdeloba mo-
cemulia iganis (Egan) mier 1997 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi).
amgvarad, iseve, rogorc wina Tavebis SemTxvevaSi, Txrobas

winaswari gegmiTa da masSi SemecnebiTi instrumentebis axali
nakrebis aRweriT daviwyeb. vfiqrob, es Tavi gansakuTrebiT
skolis ufrosi klasebis maswavleblebsa da universtete-
bis leqtorebs daainteresebT. Tumca, am instrumentebidan
zogierTis Canasaxovani ganviTareba bevr SedarebiT umcro-
si asakis moswavleSic iqneba dawyebuli da maTi gamoyeneba –
Tuki maswavlebeli mizanSewonilad miiCnevs - ufro adreul
asakSic iqneba SesaZlebeli. am ideebis erT cxrilSi moqceva
arc ise advili saqme aRmoCnda, ris gamoc, zogierTi ganmar-
279
teba cota dauxvewavi meCveneba. miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc

Seuqmnian mkiTxvels garkveul warmodgenas SemecnebiTi ins-
trumentebis Sesaxeb. imedi maqvs, rom mogvianebiT maT ufro
dawvrilebiT ganxilvasa da axsnasac SevZleb.
SemecnebiTi instrumentebi
cxrilSi warmodgenilia is zogierTi mTavari SemecnebiTi in-

strumenti, romelic moswavleebs Teoriuli azrovnebis gan-
viTarebasTan erTad met-naklebad gamoumuSavdebaT:
is instrumentia, romelic samyaros

arsis ideebis saSualebiT gamoxatvis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. ganviTarebis
procesSi myofi goneba iwyebs zogadi
koncefciebis abstraqtuli samyaros
Seqmnas da realobis axleburad Cvenebas.
abstraqtuli
abstraqtuli realobis aRqma bunebisa da
realobis aRqma
sazogadoebis funqcionirebis procesisa
da masze Cveni mzardi kontrolis gaazrebis
saSualebas iZleva. abstraqtuli realobis
grZnoba damoukidebeli, racionaluri da
logikuri struqturis mqone azrovnebis
formebis farglebSi yalibdeba.
is instrumentia, romelic Cveni

da samyaros kavSiris kompleqsuri
mizezobrivi jaWvisa da kavSirebis
gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. misi
Tanamonawileobis
daxmarebiT Cven ufro realisturad
gancda
aRviqvamT Cvens rols realur samyaroSi
da Cvens Tavs istoriuli da socialuri
procesebis produqtad moviazrebT.
is instrumentia, romelic bunebis,

sazogadoebis, istoriisa da adamianis
zogadi ideebisa da fsiqologiis Sesaxeb abstraqtuli ideebis
maTgan gadaxrebis aRqmisa da Camoyalibebis, mogvianebiT
aRqma ki - maTi Seusabamobis aRmoCenisa da
ufro kompleqsur ideebad gardaqmnis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.
280 kiran igani
is instrumentia, romelic zogadi

ideebis Rirebulebis Sefasebis,
maTi safuZlianobis Semowmebisa da
misgan azris gamotanis saSualebas
iZleva. is gansakuTrebul formasa da
mniSvnelobas abstraqtuli Teoriu-
mtkicebulebebisa
li azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan erTad
da simarTlis Zieba
iZens da realobis obieqtur, zust da
upiratesobis mqone xedvas eswrafvis.
am SemecnebiTi instrumentis istoriul
produqtTa Sorisaa daculi codnis
sacavebi: leqsikonebi, enciklopediebi da
saxelmZRvaneloebi.
is instrumentia, romelic faqtebs an

movlenebs zogad ideebad awesrigebs
da Cven maTTan emociuri kavSirebis
Camoyalibebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
metanaratiuli
faqtebs, ubralod, Teoriebad ki ar
aRqma
gardavqmniT, aramed, Cvens Teoriebs ufro
zogadi metanarativis formas vaZlevT,
romelic mogvianebiT Cvens emociur
valdebulebebs ayalibebs.
zemoT naxsenebi SemecnebiTi instrumentebi maSin xvdeba yu-

radRebis centrSi, roca Cveni ZiriTadi interesis sagani mos-
wavleebis warmosaxvis amuSavebaa. Tuki moswavleebis warmo-
saxvis amuSavebas warmatebuli swavlebis pirobad miviCnevT,
es instrumentebi is kategoriebi iqneba, romelTa mimarTac
Cveni yuradReba unda mivmarToT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amocanad imas davisaxavT, rom moswavle-

ebs aramarto codna da unar-Cvevebi gadavceT, aramed isini
im ideebiTac davainteresoT, romlebic maT mier miRebul
codnasa da ganviTarebul unar-Cvevebs udevs safuZvlad,
SevZlebT, swavlebis procesi maTi warmosaxvisaTvis ufro
mimzidveli da gaazrebuli, CvenTvis ki - ufro saintereso
gaxdes.
garda amisa, unda iTqvas isic, rom wina TavebSi ganxiluli

instrumentebi: istoriebi, ormagi winaaRmdegobebi, metafo-
281
rebi, gonebaSi Seqmnili saxeebi, ukiduresobebi da SezRudve-

bi, gmirebTan kavSiri, gaocebis grZnoba da sxvebi, Teoriuli
ganyenebulobebis ganviTarebasTan erTad ar ikargeba. maTi
gamoyeneba kvlavac SeiZleba.
abstraqtuli realobis aRqma
Cemi vaJis mier gazonebze damagrebuli saarCevno abrebis am-

bis ganxilva gviCvenebs, rogor iwyebs xiluli yoveldRiuri
realoba zogadi ideebisgan Semdgari sxva realobis Camoya-
libebas. am da sxva saubris, skolaSi sxvadasxva sagnis Seswav-
lisa da televizoris yurebis Sedegad, politikas, sazoga-
doebasa da demokratiis ideebs axali mniSvneloba mieniWa, Za-
lian abstraqtuli ideebi erTmaneTTs daukavSirda. Cems vaJs
warsulSi udavod SeeZlo sityvebis: politika, sazogadoeba
da demokratia Sesatyvisi gansazRvrebebis micema, magram man-
qanaSi gamarTulma saubarma cxadyo, rom misTvis es sityvebi
axal, da rac yvelaze mTavaria, gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas
iZenda.
eWvgareSea, rom Cems vaJs es sityvebi saubarSi adrec gamou-

yenebia, magram maTi gamoyeneba axla ufro xSiri da TvalSi-
sacemi gaxda. es aRar iyo mxolod sityvebi, romelTa mniSv-
nelobac man icoda. maT, garkveuli gagebiT, damoukidebe-
li àrseboba~ daiwyes. sazogadoeba axla aRar iyo iSviaTad
gamoyenebuli gaugebari termini. misma abstraqtulobam da
bundovanma kavSirma saxlebTan, ojaxebTan, samezobloebTan,
socialur samsaxurTan, mTavrobasTan da a.S. TandaTan SeiZna
zusti mniSvneloba.
Teoriuli azrovneba abstraqtuli ideebisa da ganzogade-

bebis saSualebiT azrovnebis mzardi SesaZleblobis axali
samyaros ganviTarebaa. Teoriuli azrovneba abstraqtuli
azrovnebis Sedegebis konkretul samyarosTan dakavSirebas
gulisxmobs. amgvari azrovneba Tavsatexad yalibdeba iseT
matematikur amocanebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad: èrTi kaci
rom alebukerkidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT 60 mili sa-
aTis siswrafiT moZrav matarebelSi Cajdes, meore ki im ma-
tarebelSi, romelic 80 mili saaTis siswrafiT moZraobs qa-
282 kiran igani
laqidan...~ Semdeg moswavleebs vTxvoT, gamoiangariSon, sad

Sexvdeba erTmaneTs es ori matarebeli (saintereso diskusia
amgvari leqsikuri problemebis Sesaxeb mocemulia gerofs-
kis (Gerofsky) mier 2004 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi). amgva-
ri amocanebis amoxsnis dros moswavleebs mxolod is surT,
rom realur samyaroSi daaxloebiT erTi milis manZilidan
uyuron im adgils, sadac namdvili matareblebi erTmaneTs
Cauvlian. magram moqmedeba maTematikis gakveTilze xdeba,
maswavlebels ki surs, rom moswavlem albukerkidan momavali
matareblis anonimi mgzavri daiviwyos, moaxdinos problemis
realuri samyaros situaciidan ganzogadeba, is ricxvebad
gardasaxos, formula gamoiyenos da gamoTvalos, sad Sexvde-
ba ori mgzavri erTmaneTs. amocanis mizani araa imis garkveva,
es ori adamiani sevdiania Tu bednieri, dabalia Tu maRali, be-
isbols kargad TamaSobs Tu ara, hyavT Tu ara vaJebi, romleb-
sac ainteresebT xalxi im kandidats miscems Tu ara xmas, visi
saxelic gazonze dasobil yvelaze met niSanze ewereba. amis
nacvlad, amocana abstraqtuli realobis sferoSi Sebijebas
gvTavazobs.
wignierebis mier marTuli SemecnebiTi instrumentebis ganvi-

Tarebis periodisgan gansxvavebiT, abstraqtuli Teoriuli
azrovnebis ganviTarebisas, moswavleebis realobasTan urTi-
erToba sruliad gansxvavebulia. gansxvavebaze ufro naTeli
warmodgena rom SeviqmnaT, moswavleebis saganmanaTleblo
ganviTareba landSaftis Seswavlis an italiur mTagorian
qalaqSi gzis gakvlevis saxiT wamovidginoT. moswavleebi ad-
re ganviTarebul instrumentebs imisTvis iyeneben, rom maTi
garemomcveli samyaros yvelaze ukiduresi damaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebis azri gaigon; daadginon maTi sazRvrebi; mokrZale-
biT axedon yvelaze maRal Senobebs; gaarkvion, sadaa mTavari
moedani da a.S. magram axla, imave amocanis SemTxvevaSi, isini
rukis xatvas, garemos mimoxilvasa da yvela nawilis erTma-
neTTan kavSiris sqemis Sedgenas daiwyeben. anu, isini axla yo-
velTvis Seecdebian sakiTxze zogadi warmodgenis Seqmnas.
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi, rogorc wesi, Teoriuli sam-

yaros enis gamoyeneba moxdeba da maswavlebeli moswavleebs
mudmivad daexmareba mis gagebasa da piradad gamoyenebaSi.
daxmareba SeiZleba iseTi calkeuli elementebis xSiri maga-
283
liTebis moyvanaSi gamoixatos, romelTaganac zogadi sity-

vebi miiReba. magaliTad, sityva ,,sazogadoebis’’ gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli ar ivaraudebs, rom sityvis mniSv-
nelobis Teoriuli aRqma yvela moswavles eqneba. amitomac,
maswavlebels SeuZlia am sityvis ganxilvas garkveuli dro
dauTmos da moswavleebs misi ganviTarebis istoriac Seaxse-
nos. Cemi azriT, etimologiur leqsikons Teoriuli Semecne-
bis instrumentebis ganviTarebisTvis fasdaudebeli daxma-
rebis gaweva SeuZlia. amgvarad, maswavlebelma xuT wuTSi an
amaze nakleb droSic ki SeiZleba axsnas, rom sityva laTinuri
socius-dan momdinareobs da Tanamgzavrs (kompanions) niSnavs.
Cveni sazogadoeba Cveni Tanamgzavrebisgan, anu im xalxisgan
Sedgeba, vinc saerTo miznebs iziarebs. sinamdvileSi, Tanam-
gzavri an kompanioni sityvasityviT im adamians aRniSnavs,
visTanac purs vinawilebT (cum -Tan, panis-puri). sityvis – sa-
zogadoeba (society) - ufro xSiri gamoyeneba mecxramete sau-
kuneSi daiwyes. misi Sinaarsi ufro kompleqsuri gaxda, rad-
gan adamianebs sul ufro gauZlierdaT imis grZnoba, rom maT
garemomcvel sazogadoebaSi myofi bevri adamianis kompanio-
noba ar surdaT. sityvis ganyenebuloba gvaZlevs safuZvels,
vifiqroT, rom dRes adamianebs uWirT sazogadoebis wevrebs
Soris arsebuli saerTo kavSirebis zustad gamoxatva.
Cemi mizani zusti etimologiis Cveneba ki ar yofila, aramed

im tipis saubarze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, romelsac moswav-
leebis Teoriuli azrovnebis mimarTulebiT wayvana SeuZlia.
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb laparakis amgvarad dawyebis Semdeg,
SegiZliaT hkiTxoT moswavleebs, maTi azriT, ratom daiwyo
terminis ufro farTod gamoyeneba swored maSin, roca sazo-
gadoeba ufro kompleqsuri da zogierTisTvis gaucxoebuli
gaxda. amis Semdeg SegiZliaT xuTi wuTi sityva gaucxoebul-
sac dauTmoT. Tumca, isic ar dagaviwydeT, rom gakveTilis
dros sxva Temebic unda mimoixiloT!
yvelafers, rasac vaswavliT, Tavisi Teoriuli ganzomileba
eqneba. maswavleblebs SeeZlebaT moswavleebis warmosaxvis
stimulireba da ganviTareba im sxvadasxva Teoriuli saSua-
lebis mimarT fxizeli damokidebulebiT moaxdinon, romelic
Seswavlis saganTanaa dakavSirebuli, an misgan momdinareobs.
Tuki fizikis gakveTilze sinaTlis fenomens vaswavliT, sa-
sargeblo iqneboda, moswavleebis yuradReba migvepyro si-
284 kiran igani
naTlis bunebasTan dakavSirebuli warsuli da mimdinare Zi-

riTadi Teoriuli ganxilvebisken. igive exeba Seqspirs, okea-
nis fskerebis geografias, maTematikasa da nebismier sakiTxs.
mTavaria, maswavleblebi icnobdnen moswavleebis konkretu-
li jgufis mier Teoriuli azrovnebis diapazonis damouki-
deblad daZlevis SesaZleblobebs da mzad iyvnen, daxmareba
gauwion maT, vinc am Tavbrudamxvev sferoSi mTlad Tavdaje-
rebuli ver aris.
Tanamonawileobis gancda
Cemi vaJis SekiTxva, dakavSirebuli gazonebze dasobil niS-

nebTan, mis azrovnebaSi mimdinare kidev erT cvlilebaze
miuTiTebs. oTxi wliT adre gamarTuli arCevnebis dros is
`mxareebiT~ da mTavari oponentebis damarcxebisa da gamar-
jvebis SansebiT iyo dainteresebuli. maSindeli kiTxvebi ar
gulisxmobda procesSi Tavad mis raime saxiT CarTulobas:
arCevnebTan is mxolod damkvirveblis funqciiT an mSoble-
bis saSualebiT iyo dakavSirebuli. magram manqanaSi is iwyebs
gaazrebas, rom gazonebze dasobili niSnebi zogadi procesis
mxolod nawilia. Sesabamisad, misi garemo calkeuli movle-
nebidan da obieqtebidan sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis, sadac
konkretuli movlenebi da obieqtebi iseTi ufro zogadi
procesebis nawils warmoadgenen, romelTa gageba mxolod
sityvebisTvis sazogadoeba, politika, demokratia axali,
mniSvnelovani azris miniWebiT xdeba SesaZlebeli.
mas Semdeg, rac Cemi vaJi samyaros iseT mTlianobad aRqmas

iwyebs, sadac abstraqtulad aRwerili procesebi Cveuleb-
rivi da mniSvnelovani gaazrebis sagnebia, is iwyebs im grZno-
bis ganviTarebasac, rom am procesebSi garkveuli roli masac
aqvs. is iwyebs imis gacnobierebas, rom `Tavadac~ sxvadasxva
procesis nawilia da misi formireba warsulSi momxdari mov-
lenebis Sedegad moxda. is istoriuli procesis nawilia da
gaiazrebs, rom `Tavis warsulTan erTad daibada~ (makintai-
ri (MacIntyre), 1981, gv. 205). iseTi SemecnebiTi instrumentis
ganviTarebasTan erTad - romelic abstraqtuli procesebis
ufro mkafio gaazrebis saSualebas iZleva - xdeba imis Semec-
nebis ganviTarebac, rom am procesebSi yvela adamiani Tavis
285
rols asrulebs. Teoriuli azrovnebis daxvewasTan erTad,

Rrmavdeba moswavlis mier sakuTari - rogorc socialuri,
istoriuli, politikuri da ojaxuri procesebis Tanamonawi-
lis grZnoba.
Cven SevecdebiT, warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi xeli SevuwyoT

am SemecnebiTi instrumentis ganviTarebas da wavaqezoT mos-
wavleebis iseT aqtivobebSi CarTva, romlebic maT Tanamona-
wileobis gancdis stimulirebaSi daexmarebaT. kurikulumiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sagnebis umetesoba SeiZleba gascdes masa-
lis ubralo srulyofili aTvisebis farglebs da moswavle-
ebs zogadad sazogadoebaze dakvirveba da maT mier Rirebuli
an sasiamovno rolis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba daanaxos. am
SemecnebiTi instrumentis ganviTarebis erT-erTi miRebuli
saSualebaa momsaxurebis aqtivobebSi CarTva. moswavleebs
SeuZliaT, daxmareba gawion arCevnebis dros, nacnob an ucnob
xandazmul adamianebs Soris gamokiTxvebi Caataron, klas-
Si wamoWrili sakiTxebis Sesaxeb politikosebs an istoriul
pirebs werilebi misweron. savaraudod, napoleoni iseve moa-
xerxebs maTi werilebis wakiTxvas, rogorc amas dRevandeli
politikosebi SeZleben! moswavleebs SeuZliaT CaerTon maT-
Tvis saintereso sakiTxebze Catarebul onlain referendu-
mebSi, garemos dacvis an masalebis gadamuSavebis proeqtebSi,
saeklesio aqtivobebSi, megobrebis mier klubis an raime ti-
pis gundis CamoyalibebaSi.
mniSvnelovani adgilobrivi sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili maTe-

matikuri magaliTebi, romlebsac statistikuri sicxade Se-
aqvT iq, sadac manamde mxolod ritorikas vxvdebodiT, SesaZ-
loa, sagazeTo statiis saganic ki gaxdes. geografiidan moy-
vanilma magaliTebma SeiZleba Sedegad melioraciis proeq-
tamde migviyvanos. istoriuli kvleva, romelic Tanamedrove
politikur sakiTxebs mohfens naTels, teqstis saxiT SeiZle-
ba sakiTxis monawile pirebs daegzavnos (xSirad vfiqrob, rom
ganaTlebis sistemaSi vauCerebis SemoRebis momxreebisaTvis
sasargeblo iqneboda mecxramete saukunis bolos inglisSi
arsebuli `Sedegebze dafuZnebuli dafinansebis~ sqemis Se-
saxeb dawerili mokle da mkafiod Camoyalibebuli angariSis
gacnoba). qimiisa da fizikis sferoSi Catarebuli kvleve-
bis Sedegebi SesaZloa kvlevis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul ga-
286 kiran igani
re jgufebs gavacnoT. am magaliTebis moyvanis arsi is ki ar

aris, rom moswavleebi raime konkretuli tipis aqtivobebSi
CavabaT, an kurikulumisTvis axlandeli socialuri pirobe-
bis Sesaferisi sakiTxebi SevarCioT. Cemi mizania, vaCveno, rom
arsebuli Cveulebrivi kurikulumi axali codnis magaliTe-
bis usasrulo ricxvs Seicavs da maTi gamoyeneba moswavleebs
garemomcvel procesebSi Tanamonawileobis gancdis ganviTa-
rebisa da waxalisebisTvis SeuZliaT.
zogadi ideebisa da maTgan gadaxrebis aRqma
Teoriuli azrovneba gamowveulia, an mas Tan sdevs samyaros

Sesaxeb iseTi xedvis ganviTareba, romelic zogadiT iwyeba,
xolo movlenebi da obieqtebi procesisa da sistemis an mTli-
anobis nawilebad aRiqmeba. SesaZloa, amis saukeTeso maga-
liTi moswavleebis mier istoriis gaazreba iyos. adre isini
istorias ise aRiqvamdnen, rogorc dramatuli movlenebisa
da personaJebis, tansacmlis sxvadasxva stilisa da saxlebis
tipebis wyebas. moswavleTa yuradRebas gmiruli xasiaTis pi-
rovnebebi, mamacuri ajanyebebi, brZeni mmarTvelebi, gasao-
cari miRwevebi da egzotikuri wes-Cveulebebi ipyrobda. axla
es elementebi da movlenebi aRar aRiqmeba met-naklebad cal-
ke mdgom personaJebad da SemTxvevebad. maT rTuli istoriu-
li procesebis nawilad, sxvadasxva stilisa da wes-Cveulebis
mWidrod dakavSirebuli movlenebis erTobliobad da SesaZ-
lo fizikur, fsiqologiur da emociur CarCoebSi moqculi
adamianuri qcevis magaliTebad ganixilaven.
axla istoriuli movlenebis mniSvneloba mTliani procesis

Sesaxeb arsebul zogad warmodgenasTanaa dakavSirebuli,
calkeuli movlenebis mniSvneloba ki am mTelis gagebidan
momdinareobs. kolumbis CrdiloeT amerikaSi Casvla aRar
aRiqmeba, rogorc keTili an boroti Sedegebis mqone gmiruli
miRweva. mas teqnologiuri ganviTarebis, eris erTobis, same-
fo an burJuaziuli investiciebis, daavadebebis tipebisa da
imunitetis, planetaze mcenareTa saxeobebis gavrcelebis,
evropuli kulturis aborigen amerikelebTan kontaqtisa da
konfliqtis, amerikuli kulturis evropulTan kontaqtisa
da konfliqtis farTo narativisa da im uamravi farTo meta-
287
narativis elementad moazreben, romelic kontaqtis mniSvne-

lobis ganmsazRvrelad SeiZleba miviCnioT. movlenis mrava-
li metanarativis fonze ganxilviT, moswavleebi am movlenis
Sesaxeb arsebul `simarTles~ kompleqsurad Seiswavlian da
mraval narativSi aRwerili kolumbis rolis gaazreba Teo-
riuli azrovnebis process kidev ufro daxvews.
zogma moswavlem, romelic Teoriuli azrovnebis unar-Cve-

vebs iviTarebs, SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom ganzogadeba – TiT-
qos, samyaro jojoxeTisken mieqaneba - simarTles Seesabame-
ba. maT damatebiTi kvlevis gareSe SeiZleba daaskvnan, rom
briyvuli da xarbi gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad, Cveni garemo
ganadgurdeba, sawvavi amoiwureba, qalaqebi da warmoebebi da-
ingreva da a.S. amis sapirispirod, zogma moswavlem SeiZleba
CaTvalos, rom samyaro TandaTan ukeTesi xdeba. marTalia,
adamianebi Tavis Tavs problemebs uqmnian, magram maTi ener-
gia da maxvilgoniereba yovelTvis poulobs krizisidan ga-
mosaval gzas. cxovreba araTanabrad, magram mainc ukeTeso-
bisken da naTeli momavlisken midis. SegviZlia, amgvar adamia-
nebs pesimistebi da optimistebi vuwodoT, Tumca, isini Tavis
Tavs realistebad moazreben. maTi pesimizmi da optimizmi
istoriisa da sazogadoebis Teoriebad Camoyalibda. amgvar
poziciasTan sawinaaRmdego azrebis saSualebiT dapirispi-
rebas azri ar aqvs, radgan nebismieri mxare ifiqrebs, rom mi-
si oponenti ubralod ar iTvaliswinebs swori Sexedulebebis
damadasturebel informacias da, mis magivrad, zedapirul
da, mniSvnelovanwilad, saqmesTan daukavSirebel faqtebze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
Teoriuli azrovnebis ganviTarebisken mimavali gza nawilob-

riv nacnobi Zveli teqnikaa. xandaxan mas dialeqtikas - rai-
me hipoTezis dasacavad kiTxvebis dasmasa da maTze pasuxis
gacemas vuwodebT. yvelaze ufro xSirad es SeiZleba iyos
simarTlis dasadgenad pesimistsa da optimists Soris ga-
marTuli kiTxva-pasuxis sesia. ra Tqma unda, Cveulebriv, am
meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad ixveweba kamaTis wesebi, magram
simarTlis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis miRweva ver xerxdeba.
SesaZlebelia im moswavleebis daxmareba, romlebic midre-

kilebi arian, sjerodeT, rom samyaro dasasrulisken mieqa-
288 kiran igani
neba (es fraza mis SesaZlo vizualur gamoxatulebaze ukeT

JRers) da maTi rwmenis kidev ufro garTuleba imiT, rom
adamianTa cxovrebaSi arsebuli gaumjobesebis konkretuli
SemTxvevebi vaCvenoT. SesaZloa, maT mivuTiToT qirurgiul
teqnologiebze, romlebic arTritiT daavadebuli saxsrebis
mqone moxucebs gacilebiT ufro advil da naklebad mtkiv-
neul gadaadgilebaSi exmareba. pesimist moswavleebs ar gau-
WirdebaT imis aRiareba, rom msgavsi gaumjobesebebi marTlac
xdeba, Tumca, isini gaagrZeleben imaze fiqrs, rom mTliano-
baSi mdgomareoba uaresdeba. es zogadi rwmenidan gadaxris
magaliTia. is ar warmoadgens kontrarguments, an axlandeli
mdgomareobisa da misi zogadi mimarTulebis Sesaxeb arsebu-
li optimisturi Sexedulebis argumentis nawils. es ubra-
lod zogadi rwmenidan gadaxraa. miuxedavad amisa, saWiroa
rwmenis xelaxla formulireba imisTvis, rom zogadi Sexedu-
lebis arsebuli gamonaklisebis gaTvaliswineba moxdes.
SesaZlebelia sxva gadaxrebis moSveliebac, magaliTad, gavax-

senoT garkveuli daavadebebis gaqrobis ambebi. aman SeiZleba
pesimist moswavles Tavisi zogadi rwmenis odnavi gadaxed-
visken ubiZgos an mas gauCinos argumenti, rom daavadebebis
aRmofxvra dedamiwaze zedmeti mosaxleobis gaCenas uwyobs
xels da SimSilis Sedegad masobrivi ganadgurebis katast-
roful efeqts kidev ufro daaCqarebs. amis sapasuxod vinmem
SeiZleba Tqvas, rom dRevandel dRes saWmlis warmoeba TiTo
sul mosaxleze sul ufro metad izrdeba da a.S. maswavlebels
SeuZlia msgavsi gadaxrebi optimisturad ganwyobil moswav-
leebsac gaacnos.
nebismieri rwmenidan an zogadi poziciidan gadaxris gaxse-

nebis mizani ara rwmenis mcdarobis damtkiceba, aramed misi
mimdevrebis iZulebaa, Tavisi pozicia sul ufro da ufro
daxvewon. am proceduris Sedegi Tavad WeSmaritebis dadgena
ki ar iqneba, aramed, moswavleebis mier bolos da bolos imis
aRiareba, rom amgvari zogadi simarTlis arseboba SeuZlebe-
lia. arsebobs kargi safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom samyaro nawi-
lobriv umjobesdeba, nawilobriv ki uaresdeba. maSinac ki,
Tu am saukunis ganmavlobaSi sasunTqi haeri da sasmeli wyali
gaTavdeba da SesaZloa, planeta avafeTqoT, es pesimistebis
axlandeli hipoTezis marTebulobas mainc ar daamtkicebs
289
da mxolod imas daadasturebs, rom maTi axlandeli winas-

warmetyvelebebi kargad iyo dasabuTebuli. magram es mainc
gansxvavdeba zogadi rwmenisgan, rom winaswarmetyvelebebi
marTebulia. is, rasac ufro kompleqsuri da daxvewili mdgo-
mareoba aRwevs, adamianis bunebis, sazogadoebisa da istori-
is Sesaxeb arsebuli zogadi da aramdgradi ideologiuri da
metafizikuri warmodgenebis Semcirebaa. gonebis amgvarma
mdgomareobam unda mogvces saSualeba, rom meti yuradReba
axlandel problemebs, imedebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul moq-
medebebs davuTmoT.
ratom CagiTrieT am SedarebiT gaurkvevel zogad diskusia-

Si? mindoda, momexaza is pedagogiuri meTodi, romelic gan-
sakuTrebiT sasargebloa moswavleTa Teoriuli azrovnebis
ganviTarebaSi dasaxmareblad. zogadi ideebis Camoyalibeba
da Semdeg maTgan gadaxrebze fokusireba ganaTlebis gagrZe-
lebis erT-erTi umTavresi instrumentia im moswavleTaTvis,
visac abstraqtuli samyaros Seqmnis procesi ukve dawyebuli
aqvs. Cvens moswavleebs fizikisa da istoriis Seswavlisas mi-
Rebuli informaciis raodenoba ki ar gaxdis ufro ganaTle-
buls, aramed swavlis procesSi ganviTarebuli Teoriuli az-
rovnebis xarisxi da misi gamoyeneba Sesaswavli sagnebis gasa-
gebad. ra Tqma unda (da es ubralo damTxveva araa), moswavle-
ebs am procesSi fizikis, istoriisa da sxva sagnebis sakmaod
didi masalis Seswavla dasWirdebaT. gadaxrebs mxolod maSin
aqvT mniSvneloba, Tuki isini moswavleebs im axali codnis aR-
moCenisken ubiZgebs, romelic maT dausabuTebeli Teoriebis
sul ufro mzardi raodenobisa da zogadi sqemebis dasacavad
gamoadgebaT.
mtkicebulebebisa da simarTlis Zieba
Teoriuli azrovnebis mudmivmoqmedi instrumenti codnisa

da rwmenis safuZvlis Ziebaa. rwmenis erTobliobis STamomav-
lobiT miReba sakmarisi ar aris. adamians misi WeSmaritebis
dadgena sWirdeba, da Tu man es ver SeZlo, maSin sxva WeSmari-
ti rwmena unda monaxos. Teoretikosi moazrovne adamianis
mTeli cxovreba usafrTxoebis Ziebaa da sakmaod banalur
cnebebsac moicavs. Teoretikos moazrovnes mudmivad amoZ-
290 kiran igani
ravebs imis grZnoba, rom WeSmariteba da mniSvneloba Tavda-

pirvelad zogadsa da abstraqtulSi unda dadgindes. es maSi-
nac ki xdeba, Tuki qvecnobierad es im abstraqtuli wyaros Zi-
ebas niSnavs, romelSic Zalauflebisa da simarTlis mignebaa
SesaZlebeli. Tu abstraqtulad moazrovne adamians simRera
uyvars, misTvis romelime momRerlisTvis upiratesobis mini-
Weba sakmarisi aRar iqneba. saWiro gaxdeba kargi momRerlis
kriteriumebis Camoyalibeba da momRerlis Sedarebakrite-
riumebTan. Teoriuli azrovnebis daxvewasTan erTad, Seda-
reba sakmaod rTuldeba. SesaZloa, zogierTi kriteriumis
gaTvaliswinebiT, saukeTeso momRerali kalasi iyos, sxva
kriteriumebis Sesabamisad ki es tituli bartolis ergos.
iqneb, kontraltoebisa da sopranoebis Sefasebis kriteriu-
mebi unda gansxvavdebodes? kalasi Tavisi karieris garkveul
monakveTebSi sxvebs sjobnida, bartolis ki zogierTi kompo-
zitoris namuSevrebis Sesruleba naklebad kargad gamosdi-
oda da a.S. krivis Tayvanismcemels gauCndeba survili, kargi
sportsmenis ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebi daadginos. yvela-
ze Zlieri sportsmeni (missave sityvebs Tu davujerebT) ali
iyo Tu luisi? msubuq da mZime woniT kategoriaSi gamomsv-
leli sportsmenebisTvis Sefasebis sxvadasxva kriteriumebi
xom ar SemogveRo? an, iqneb, Sefasebis ZiriTad kriteriumad
is dagvewesebina, karieris mwvervalze myof sxvadasxva mokri-
ves Soris vin gaimarjvebda? magram isec xom xdeba, rom xan-
daxan erTi iRbliani moZraoba an gauTvaliswinebeli dartyma
brZolis mTel msvlelobas ise Secvlis, rom sxva dReebisgan
sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegs viRebT da a.S.
upiratesobebisa da warmodgenebis daxarisxebis mcdelobas

mudmivad mivyavarT misaRebi kriteriumebis, rwmenis mtki-
cebulebis wyaroebis Sesaxeb fiqrTan. es cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi Cans - socialur movlenebSi monawileobaSi, socia-
luri Teoriebis, Teologiis, religiuri saqmianobis, isto-
riuli Teoriebis, ideologiis ganviTarebaSi, yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi monawileobaSi da a. S. nebismier am da sxva SemTx-
vevebSi, Cven ideebis abstraqtuli samyaros ganviTarebis im
sxva mxares vxedavT, romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, gavi-
goT, romelia sando informacia, ras daveyrdnoT, ra davu-
doT safuZvlad Cvens ideebs. es mZime samuSaoa da bevri mas
yuradRebas ar aqcevs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca mas mxars
291
Temi (skola, koleji, universiteti) an Segnebulad abstraq-

tuli azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis Camoyalibebuli saswav-
lo jgufi uWers mxars. es Temi, SesaZloa, aseve aerTianebdes
garkveuli tipis Jurnalebs, satelevizio Souebs, leqciebs,
konkretul adamianebTan diskusiebs da a.S.
aq moyvanili magaliTebi warmosaxviTi saklaso oTaxis kuri-

kulumis yvela sferoSi iqneba gamoyenebuli. Tuki gvsurs,
rom Teoriulad moazrovne adamianis warmosaxva swavlas da-
vukavSiroT, unda vizrunoT, konkretuli codna iseT konteq-
stSi warmovadginoT, romelic moswavleebs misi zogadi da
abstraqtuli ideebis saSualebiT danaxvisken ubiZgebs. ide-
ebi Tavidan rac ufro metad zogadi da abstraqtuli iqneba,
miT ukeTesia. istoriuli faqtebi SesaZloa didi istoriuli
procesebis konteqstSi iyos warmodgenili – metanarativis
am tipebs amave Tavis meore naxevarSi moyvanil magaliTebSi
ganvixilav. moswavleebisgan elian, rom isini Seiswavlian im
gavlenas, romelic revoluciebma sazogadoebis istoriaze
moaxdina.
calkeul cxovelebTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi, SesaZloa,

saxeobebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebul TeoriebSi iqnas war-
modgenili. igulisxmeba, rom moswavleebi virTxebis qcevas
evoluciis Teoriisa da garemos dacvis ideebis konteqstSi
Seiswavlian. ra moxdeboda, yvela virTxa rom gaqres? Sede-
gad rogor ekologiur katastrofas miviRebdiT? koRoebis
gaqrobis SemTxvevaSi ra moxdeboda? saidan SeiZleba vico-
deT, rom ZuZumwovrebis ganviTarebis evoluciuri istoria
sworia? socialuri jgufebis Sesaxeb arsebuli faqtebi Se-
iZleba sociologiuri da anTropologiuri ideebis konteq-
stSi iqnas warmodgenili. moswavleebs mouwevT sayidlebze
siarulis statistikis Seswavla imisTvis, rom gaamyaron an
eWvqveS daayenon adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teori-
ebi an kulturaTaSorisi Sedarebebis konteqsti. Caanacvla
Tu ara zogierTisTvis sayidlebze siarulma religia? moaqvs
Tu ara ekonomikuri sargebeli iseTi produqtebis moxmare-
bas, romlebic cota an saerTod aranair ekonomikur gavlenas
ar axdens sulierad gamofituli da degradirebuli gare-
mos mqone bevri momxmareblis cxovrebaze? rogor SeiZleba
msgavsi rameebis erTmaneTTan sando meTodiT Sedareba? ra
292 kiran igani
upiratesoba eniWeba Cvens sayidlebze siarulis formas, ze-

piri kulturis mqone adamianebis mier maTTvis saWiro da sa-
surveli nivTebis mogrovebasTan SedarebiT?
SesaZloa, es saukeTeso magaliTebi araa, magram maTi azri ima-

Si mdgomareobs, rom am etapze warmosaxva saqmeSi ufro ad-
vilad maSin CaerTveba, Tuki konkretul movlenebs mudmivad
ufro zogad konteqstSi davinaxavT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba
im SemTxvevebs, roca yvela axali codna zogadi ideis an rwme-
nis gamyarebaSi, an mis eWvqveS dayenebaSi SeZlebs Tavisi ro-
lis Sesrulebas.
metanaratiuli aRqma
metanarativebi yovlismomcveli narativebia. metanarativi

aris faqtebis, RonisZiebebis, ideebis zogad erTobad or-
ganizebis teqnika, romelic Cvens emociebs misi Semadgeneli
elementebisken mimarTavs. gaxsovT pirvel TavSi ganxilu-
li ambebi? metanarativisa da umartivesi ambis saerTo niSani
emociisTvis formis micemaSi mdgomareobs, magram am SemTxve-
vaSi axal erTianobad Camoyalibebuli metanarativis Semad-
geneli nawilebi Teoriuli azrovnebis masalaa. metanarativs
SeiZleba moraluri, esTetikuri, socialuri an sxva emocie-
bisTvis surdes gezis micema, ris gamoc is Zalian zogad pers-
peqtivas gvTavazobs.
ase, magaliTad, qristianuli da islamuri tradiciebis er-

TmaneTTan dapirispirebuli metanarativis ganxilvis wya-
lobiT, adamianma SeiZleba garkveuli daskvnebi gamoitanos
im konfliqtisa da gamoyenebuli leqsikis Sesaxeb, romelic
2001 wlis 11 seqtembers msoflio savaWro centris dangrevis
Semdgom gamarTul diskusiebs mohyva. dasavleTSi es SemTx-
veva dakavSirebulia metanarativTan, romelic mas aRwers,
mxolod rogorc teroristebis mier ganxorcielebul boro-
tebis aqts da aRniSnavs, rom mis sapasuxod gamarTuli òmi
terorizmis winaaRmdeg~ gamarTlebulia. am metanarativis,
dasavluri eqspansiisa da gaTavisuflebis xangrZlivi – ume-
teswilad, qristianuli - tradiciis kavSirma amerikis Seer-
Tebuli Statebis prezident jorj v. buSs gauadvila ameri-
293
kuli jarebis sapasuxo qmedebis `jvarosnul laSqrobad~

Seracxva. islamuri samxedro metanarativis Tanaxmad, mCagv-
reli dasavleli èSmakebi~ RvTis im gmirma jariskacebma Sea-
Ceres, romlebmac sicocxlis gawirva arCies uwyvet Cagvrasa
da maTi cxovrebis wesis daTrgunvas. dasavluri kapitaliz-
mis dapyrobiTi zewola da masTan asocirebuli ideologiebi
wina saukuneebis damangreveli jvarosnuli laSqrobebis sxva
saSualebebiT gagrZelebad aRiqmeba. am metanarativis sxva
formebi globalizmTan, multikulturulobasTan, mdgra-
dobasTan, zrdasTan da a.S. faqtorebTanaa dapirispirebuli.
ramdenime aTwleulis win marqsistuli da kapitalisturi me-
tanarativebi, SesaZloa, ufro Sesaferis magaliTebad gamom-
dgariyo.
msoflio savaWro centris dangrevasTan dakavSirebuli da-

pirispirebuli metanarativebisa da maTgan gamomdinare sxva-
dasxva azris uxeSi aRweridan xedavT, rom isini aramarto lo-
gikuri struqturis Seqmnis instrumentebia, aramed, upir-
veles yovlisa, emociebis raime mimarTulebiT mimarTvaze
arian pasuxismgebeli. ZiriTad faqtebsa da movlenebSi eWvi
aravis epareba. individebis mier gamoyenebuli metanarati-
vebi mxolod maTi mniSvnelobis Camoyalibebas axdens da imis
gamo, rom, Cveulebriv, Cveni emociebi movlenebisa da faqte-
bis mniSvnelobis formirebaSia CarTuli, metanarativebi sa-
ganmanaTleblo ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.
Cven SegviZlia Cveni zrdasruli cxovrebis didi nawili Sec-
domaSi Semyvani uxeSi metanarativis Tavidan moSorebis mcde-
lobaSi gavataroT, magram swori saganmanaTleblo midgoma
ar mdgomareobs am instrumentis (metanarativis gamoyeneba)
ignorirebasa an miCqmalvaSi - araswori gzis Tavidan acile-
bis mizniT. metanarativi gonivrulad unda gamoviyenoT. kar-
gad unda gaviazroT, rogor SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba calkeu-
li mniSvnelovani miznebis misaRwevad. (iseve, rogorc aravin
mouwodebs xalxs CaquCebis ganadgurebisken imis gamo, rom
isini saxerxad ar gamodgeba da sagnebis daCeCqvisTvisaa gan-
kuTvnili. aseve sisulele iqneboda metanarativis Tavidan
acilebis Sesaxeb kamaTi mxolod imis gamo, rom mas, araswo-
ri gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, cudi Sedegebis motana SeuZlia.
araswori daniSnulebiT nebismieri instrumentis gamoyeneba
SeiZleba, iqneba es dazga Tu raime SemecnebiTi instrumenti.
294 kiran igani
ganaTlebis Rirseba is aris, rom arsebuli instrumentebi ga-

viazroT, TiToeuli maTganis gamoyenebis saukeTeso gza Se-
varCioT da sxvebsac vaswavloT.)
Teoriuli azrovnebis am SemecnebiTi instrumentis bolo da-

maxasiaTebeli Tviseba mis frTxilad gamoyenebasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. metanarativis gamoyeneba SeiZleba Zalian amaRel-
vebeli iyos. rodesac metanarativis saSualebiT pirvelad
xdeba mravalferovani masalis gakontroleba, es mis axale-
burad gaazrebisa da masze garkveuli Zalauflebis damyare-
bis grZnobas gviCens. Cven masalis mniSvnelobas mkafiod da
axleburad vxedavT. zogierTisTvis metanarativis ganviTa-
reba SedarebiT nela xdeba da aRmafrTovanebeli inteleqtu-
aluri Zalauflebis grZnoba sustia. sxvebisTvis is swrafad
viTardeba da SesaZloa, gamabruebeli iyos. isic SeiZleba, me-
tanarativi Zalian Zlierad ganviTardes da individebs imis
grZnoba gauCinos, rom, bolos da bolos, isini xedaven. maT
iseTi grZnoba eqmnebaT, rom garegnuli mxaris ukan dafarul
simarTlesa da im abstraqtul realobas Caswvdebian, rome-
lic yoveldRiuri samyaros konkretul elementebs aniWebs
mniSvnelobas.
SesaZloa, interesis pedagogiuri mniSvneloba da gamoyene-

ba saTanadod ver iqnas Sefasebuli an SemCneuli. ar aris ga-
moricxuli misi borotad gamoyenebac. rogorc ukve vTqviT,
es saxifaTo Zlieri inteleqtualuri instrumentia. Tumca,
ganaTlebisTvis (da, albaT, sxva sferoebisTvisac) meti xifa-
Ti mis verSemCnevaSi mdgomareobs. ubralod, warmoidgineT,
risi gakeTeba SeeZlo mgrZnobiare maswavlebels hitlerisa
da stalinis msgavsi adamianebis metanarativis jer daxvewi-
Ta da Semdeg SecvliT. (Cemi azriT, maTi problemebi da poli-
tika skolis periodSi miRebuli araadekvaturi ganaTlebis
martivi Sedegi ar yofila! magram karg maswavlebels Seswevs
Zala, saswaulebi yoveldRiurad moaxdinos.) Zalian xSirad
maRali klasebisa da kolejis maswavleblebi mxolod kuri-
kulumze axdenen koncentrirebas da ver amCneven moswavleTa
Semcnebis im instrumentebis ganviTarebas, romlebic kuri-
kulumis masalasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, isini
ver xvdebian, rogor SeuZlia maT sagans moswavleebSi inte-
leqtualuri aRfrTovanebis gamowveva.
295
amas ki or problemamde mivyavarT. pirveli: aseTi maswavleb-

lebi arafers akeTeben imisTvis, rom sakuTari moswavleebis
inteleqtualuri zrdis yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti ki-
dev ufro ganaviTaron; da meore: metanarativis nebismieri
saxiT ganviTareba ukontrolo da SemTxveviTia, ar axdens mis
dasaxvewad gadaxrebis sistematur gamoyenebas. pirvel Sem-
TxvevaSi, swavla mZime Sromad gadaiqceva, moswavleebisTvis
mniSvnelovanwilad inertuli procesi gaxdeba da maT warmo-
saxvas ver aamoqmedebs. meore SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma, Se-
saZloa, ganiviTaron uxeSi da gamartivebuli ideologiebi,
metafizikuri sqemebi da a.S. (hitler-stalinis problema).
warmosaxviT saklaso oTaxSi xSirad moxdeba Cvens istoria-

ze dafuZnebuli yvelaze Zlieri metanarativebis gamoyene-
ba. saganmanaTleblo procesis mizania imis aRiareba, rom me-
tanarativi yovelTvis araadekvaturia, yovelTvis uimedod
imaze ufro Raribi da kompleqsuri - vidre realoba, romlis
warmodgenasac is cdilobs. Tomas qunis (Thomas Kuhn) Zalian
warmatebuli metanarativi mecnieruli revoluciebis Sesa-
xeb sul mcire erTi-orjer mainc unda iqnas ganxiluli mec-
nierebis gakveTilze. dae, istoriam gadawyvitos, am ideebis
met-naklebad daxvewili versiebis fonze, mdgomareoba um-
jobesdeba Tu uaresdeba. am doneze zogadi Teoriebis mudmi-
vi ganxilva axalgazrda moswavleebSi saidumloebis gancdis
ganviTarebis mizans ar emsaxureba: nebismieri maTgani Seda-
rebiT didi Zalis mqone SemecnebiTi instrumentebis ganvi-
TarebisTvis iRvwis da moswavleebs aZlevs Sanss, sakuTari
cxovreba da samyaro maTTvis ufro gasagebi gaxados.
daskvna
saganmanaTleblo instrumentebis nakrebi Teoriuli azrov-

nebiT ar amoiwureba, Tumca wignis struqturidan gamomdi-
nare ajobebs, Tavi avaridoT im gzebis ganxilvas, romlebsac
moswavleebis SemecnebiTi instrumentebis Semdeg erTob-
liobaze gadayvana SeuZlia. es instrumentebi gviCveneben im
gzebs, romelTa mixedviTac Teoriuli azrovneba im realo-
bis araadekvaturia, romelic savaraudod unda asaxos an axs-
296 kiran igani
nas. (imis gasagebad, ras Seicavs instrumentebis es erTobli-

oba ixileT iganis naSromi (Egan), 1997, Tavi 5).
Canasaxovani istrumentebis monakveTis arqonis gamo, vaRi-

areb, rom SesaZloa, es Tavi winamorbedebTan SedarebiT nak-
lebad mravalferovani Candes. SesaZloa, zogi diskusia ise
gamoiyurebodes, TiTqos, misi sxva nawilSi CarTva didi sir-
Tulis gareSe unda iyos SesaZlebeli. amaSi aris simarTlis
marcvali. Teoriuli azrovnebis praqtikuli gamoyeneba Za-
lian mravalferovania, Tumca, misi ZiriTadi Tviseba nebismi-
er sferoSi ucvleli rCeba. zogadisaken, abstraqtulisken,
Teoriebis sando safuZvlisken, rwmenis ZiriTadi principe-
bisken, Zalauflebis wyarosken, simarTlisaken swrafvas ide-
ebis Teoriuli samyaros daxvewisken mivyevarT.
Teoriuli azrovnebis amgvari tipi SesaZloa, moswavles uf-

ro metad damabneveli moeCvenos, vidre sasargeblo. mas rTu-
li damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi aqvs: misi ganviTareba da Senar-
Cuneba Znelia; imdenad Zneli, rom amas marto veravin moaxer-
xebs. moswavleebs, iseve, rogorc Cven yvelas, samuSaod Teo-
riuli Temა sWirdebaT. Tuki misi mTavari daniSnuleba iseTi
abstraqtuli ideebis samyaros warmoSobaa, romelTa naTlad
da sworad SenarCuneba Znelia, Cven ki sakmaod didi dro mos-
wavleebis warmodgenidan gadaxrebis gamorkvevas imisTvis
unda davuTmoT, rom maT isini gadavalaxinoT, - maSin misi Ri-
rebuleba raSi mdgomareobs? es azrovnebis is tipia, romelic
moswavleebs did Zalauflebasa da kontrols aniWebs imaze,
risi saSualebiTac isini fiqroben. Zalian zrdis azrovnebis
SesaZleblobas da aZlevs maT saSualebas, Seswavlili mra-
valferovani masala axlebur wesrigs dauqvemdebaron. garda
amisa, azrovneba xdeba moqnili; drekadobis potenciali mos-
wavleebs Sablonisa da mTavari elementebis Ziebisken da rac
mTavaria, Teoriebis Seqmnisken ubiZgebs. instrumentebis es
nakrebi mis mflobelebs msoflioze ufro pragmatuli kont-
rolis damyarebis Sanss aZlevs.
SesaZloa, aq saWiro iyos kidev erTi sakiTxis xazgasma. saqme

exeba Teoriuli azrovnebis im xarisxs, romlis ganviTarebac
adamians SeuZlia. Cven vxedavT adamianebs, romlebic Teori-
is, Teologiis an ideologiis mtkice mimdevrebi arian da am
297
ideas sxva ideebisgan Tavis dasacavad da azrovnebisTvis Ta-

vis asarideblad iyeneben. xandaxan azrovnebis aseTi formebi
dauxvewavi gvgonia, xolo maTi mflobelebi ki Zalian uvice-
bad migvaCnia, miuxedavad im codnisa, romelic maT rwmenebs
Seesabameba. vfiqrob, SeiZleba es adamianebi unda ganvixi-
loT, rogorc xalxi, romlebmac, savaraudod, Teoriuli az-
rovnebis mokle afeTqeba ganicades, magram is ganviTarebis
dasawyisSive gaanadgures. isini Teoriebidan an rwmenebidan
gadaxvevis aRiarebis Sedegad ufro daxvewilebi da moqnile-
bi ar xdebian. maTi rwmenebi da Teoriebi ar ixveweba.Teoriis
an rwmenis mxardasaWerad codnis gaRrmavebis, gamowvevebisa
da pasuxebis gacemisTvis saWiro damatebiTi codnis Ziebis
procesi ganviTarebas ar iwvevs.
aseve, wina planze wamoiweva am Tavis bolo sakiTxi: gadamwy-

veti roli, romelsac mzardi codna ideebis abstraqtuli
samyaros ganviTarebis warmarTvaSi asrulebs. ideebi codnis
mudmivi zrdis mxardaWerisa da gamowvevebis gamo, sul ufro
mdidari, moqnili da Zlieri xdeba. warmosaxviTi ganaTlebis
mTavari damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, romelic aqa-iq mimovixile
da romlis xazgasmac isev da isev saWiroa, imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom warmosaxvis adekvaturad ganviTarebisTvis da Semdeg
misi efeqturad amuSavebisTvis, moswavlem Zalian bevri ram
unda icodes. uvicoba ar aris is mdgomareoba, romelic war-
mosaxvis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
magaliTebi yoveldRiuri gakveTilebidan
SeniSvna: maTematikisa da mecnierebis sferodan magaliTebis

moSveliebasTan dakavSirebiT, am etapze, problemebs gada-
vawydi. ubralod, am oridan arc erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb saTana-
dod ar vflobdi iseT detalur codnas, romelic saqmis ad-
vilad gakeTebis saSualebas momcemda. amitomac daxmarebis-
Tvis Cems vaJs - devid igans mivmarTe. Tqven mas ukve icnobT
mesame Tavidan, sadac is saarCevno kampaniis dros, fexburTis
saTamaSod mimavali, manqanaSi fexsacmlis Tasmebs ikravda.
man gamoiCina keTili neba da am TavisTvis magaliTebi 2 (ga-
moTvliTi maTematika) da 4 (martivi harmoniuli moZraoba)
damiwera. garda amisa, Tavis ganmavlobaSi imis ilustrire-
298 kiran igani
basac axdens, rogor SeiZleba CarCos Semadgeneli nawilebis

saswavlo masalasTan SesabamisobaSi mosayvanad modificire-
ba.
momdevno CarCo gankuTvnilia skolis, kolejis an universi-

tetis bolo klasis moswavleebisTvis. Cveulebriv, swavlebis
am safexuris maswavleblebi swavlebis meTodologiaze fiq-
rSi bevr dros ar atareben, rac mafiqrebinebs, rom am Tavs
upirvelesad imaTTvis vwer, vinc amgvari teqstis kiTxvisken
midrekili araa. Tumca, SesaZloa, maTTvis am Tavis wakiTxva
sasargeblo aRmoCndes. vimedovneb, rom maTi megobrebi, rom-
lebic ufro axalgazrda moswavleebs aswavlian da ganaTle-
bis sferos leqtorebi da seminarebis xelmZRvanelebi arian,
am CarCos yuradRebas miaqceven.
arsebobs varaudi - da marTebulia - rom am doneebze sagnis

arsis logikaSi Cawvdoma efeqturi swavlebisaTvis gadamwy-
vetia. anu, meTerTmete - meTormete klasis an sxva safexuris
qimiis gakveTilze maswavleblebis umetesoba yuradRebas sa-
kiTxis mkafiod ganmartebas, aucilebeli winare codnis sau-
keTesod mowesrigebasa da swavlis procesis sagnis logikis
Sesabamisad agebas uTmobs.
es midgoma, Cveulebriv, efeqturia, radgan am dros moswav-

leebi ukve gadanawilebulni arian specializaciis mixedviT.
amgvarad, meTormete klasis an kolejis donis moswavleebi,
romlebic qimias swavloben, garkveulwilad, Tavad irCeven am
sagans. isini kargad floben logikurad organizebuli cod-
nis safuZvelze muSaobis principebs, kargad imaxsovreben
faqtebs da a.S. amasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo problema Sem-
degia: imis gamo, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi, arsebuli swavle-
bis dominanturi forma sagnis logikis da ara moswavleebis
mier ganviTarebuli SemecnebiTi instrumentebis asaxviske-
naa mimarTuli, Cven vcdilobT, maTematikisa da mecnierebe-
bisTvis iseTi moswavleebi SevarCioT, romlebsac e. w. `damo-
ukidebeli~ swavlis forma xelewifebaT. es is moswavleebi
arian, romlebsac nebismieri sagnis swavla SeuZliaT imis ga-
mo, rom maT swavlis unari maSinac ki SeswevT, roca is, rasac
swavloben, sulac ar moiTxovs maTi warmosaxvis an emociebis
gaaqtiurebas. sxva moswavleebis SemTxvevaSi, Tuki codna ma-
299
Ti warmosaxvisa da emociebis muSaobas ar moiTxovs, maT es ar

moswonT da uinteresod wardgenili sagnebis swavlas zurgs
aqceven.
am wignsa da wignebis seriaSi warmodgenili swavlebisadmi

midgomis popularizaciis mizezi is aris, rom sagnis Seswav-
laSi yvela moswavlis warmosaxva unda CaerTos. Sesabamisad,
is, rasac swavloben, azriani da emociurad mniSvnelovani
unda iyos. amgvari midgoma mecnierebebsa da maTematikaSi
moswavleebis CarTulobas (da kompetenciebsac) gaaumjobe-
sebs da, amavdroulad, mniSvnelovnad gazrdis im moswavleTa
ricxvs, vinc am mniSvnelovani sferoebiT dainteresdeba.
es tvirTi gulidan unda momexsna. ra Tqma unda, es Tavi mxo-

lod maTematikisa da mecnierebis ganxilviT ar Semoifarg-
leba. ubralod, dasaxelebuli sagnebi saukeTeso magaliTebs
moicavs iseTi problemebis saCveneblad, romlebic moswavle-
Ta mxolod erT patara jgufs awuxebs. marTalia, sxva sagneb-
sac exeba, magram mecnierebebsa da maTematikaSi ukeT aisaxeba.
meore sakiTxi, romelsac minda manam Sevexo, vidre am Ta-

vis rTul nawilze gadavidode, Cveni axlandeli ganaTlebis
formebTanaa dakavSirebuli: skolis, kolejisa da universi-
tetebis maRali klasis an kursis moswavleebi, savaraudod,
ufro martivad CaerTvebian swavlebis iseT procesSi, rome-
lic warmosaxviTi ganaTlebis SemecnebiT instrumentebs iye-
nebs. es imas niSnavs, rom yvela moswavle ver axerxebs yvela (an
umetesoba) SemecnebiTi instrumentis ganviTarebas. amgvari
abstraqtuli Teoriuli diskursi swavlebis arsebul for-
mebSi, zogadad, kargad ganviTarebuli ar aris. skolis gareT
arsebuli garemo, kerZod ki, sxvadasxva masmedia, romliTac
landSaftia gajerebuli, mas mxars naklebad uWers. Tumca,
Tu wina TavebSi aRwerili SemecnebiTi instrumentebis rigis
ganviTarebaze midgeba saqme, vfiqrob, Cven sruli safuZveli
gveqneba, vimedovnebdeT, rom amgvari tipis Teoriul gaazre-
bas momavalSi gacilebiT meti moswavle mimarTavs.
dabolos, minda SegaxsenoT, rom warmosaxviTi ganaTlebis

aRwerili SemecnebiTi instrumentebi ar qreba. am Tavis bolo
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rogor SeiZleba gakveTilis an raime er-
300 kiran igani
Teulis dagegmvaSi SemecnebiTi instrumentebis didi nawilis

inkorporireba.
dagegmvis mesame Camoyalibebuli CarCo
es CarCo wina TavSi ganxiluli SemecnebiTi instrumentebis

umetesobas aerTianebs. am jerze Tavs ar SegawyenT misi ga-
martivebuli versiiT da pirdapir srulad ganviTarebul
damxmare versiaze gadaval.
dagegmvis mesame CarCo
1. Zlieri ZiriTadi ideebis gansazRvra:

romeli ZiriTadi ideebi an Teoriebi iTvleba saukeTesod
sakiTxis harmoniul mTlianobad SekvrisTvis? romeli Te-
oriebi, ideologiebi, metafizikuri sqemebi an metanara-
tivebia yvelaze Zlieri, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da re-
levanturi?
2. Sinarsis Teoriul struqturad Camoyalibeba:

2.1. sawyisi Sefaseba: rogor SeiZleba, ZiriTadi Teoria an
idea ufro naTeli gavxadoT? rogori tipis Sinaarsi gamo-
xatavs yvelaze ukeT mas da mis Zalas - wesrigSi moiyvanos
sakiTxi?
2.2. gakveTilis an sxva saswavlo erTeulis struqturis Ca-
moyalibeba: romeli metanarativi ayalibebs gakveTilis an
sxva saswavlo erTeulis mkafio zogad struqturas?
3. Teoriidan gadaxrebis ganxilva:
romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens gadaxras Teoriidan an zo-
gadi ideidan? rogoraa SesaZlebeli mcire anomaliebis
ganxilvidan nel-nela moswavleebis mier SemuSavebuli
zogadi Teoriis ganxilvaze ise gadasvla, rom maT Teoria
ufro da ufro daxvewon?
4. alternatiuli zogadi Teoriebis wardgena:

romel alternatiul zogad Teoriebs SeuZliaT sakiTxis
301
Camoyalibeba? romel alternatiul metanarativs SeuZlia

sakiTxis Camoyalibeba? romel maTgans SeuZlia moswavle-
ebisTvis ukeTesi daxmarebis gaweva - maTi Teoriebisa da
metanarativis bunebisa da SezRudvebis dasanaxad?
5. Tanamonawileobis gancdis waxaliseba moswavleebSi:

codnis romeli Tvisebebi mogvcems moswavleebSi Tanamo-
nawileobis gancdis waxalisebis ukeTes saSualebas?
6. daskvna:
rogor movaxdinoT imis uzrunvelyofa, rom moswavlee-
bis Teoriebi an zogadi ideebi ki ar ganadgurdes, aramed,
maT im faqtebisgan gansxvavebuli statusi mieniWoT, rom-
lebsac isini efuZnebian? rogor movaxerxoT, rom zogadi
ideebis an Teoriebis sisworis rwmenis mimarT mzardma un-
doblobam rwmenis dakargvamde da ganxibvlamde ar migviy-
vanos?
7. Sefaseba:
rogor gavigoT, moxda Tu ara Sinaarsis gaazreba da Ses-
wavla, ganaviTares Tu ara moswavleebma Teoria an zogadi
idea, Camoayalibes Tu ara is da Seiqmnes Tu ara warmodgena
misi naklovanebebis Sesaxeb?
romeli ZiriTadi ideebi an Teoriebi iTvleba saukeTesod sa-

kiTxis harmoniul mTlianobad SekvrisTvis? romeli Teori-
ebi, ideologiebi, metafizikuri sqemebi an metanarativebia
yvelaze Zlieri, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da relevanturi?
Sesaswavli masalis axsnisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

politikuri, samecniero, ekonomikuri, socialuri, lite-
raturuli, filosofiuri an romelime sxva tipis Teoria. am
CarCos saSualebiT swavlebis ZiriTadi amocanaa am sqemebis,
ideebis an Teoriebis (romlebic SesaZloa moswavleebisTvis
naTeli ar iyo) ganmarteba da gacnobiereba da moswavleebis-
302 kiran igani
Tvis imis gaazrebis saSualebis micema, rom isini swored im

sferos safuZvels warmoadgenen, romelsac Seiswavlian da
romlis mimarTac kritikulad unda ganewyon. erT-erTi gza,
romelic SesaZloa maswavleblebs Zlieri ZiriTadi ideebis
ganxilvisas daexmaros, Seswavlis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
mTavari winaaRmdegobebis ganxilva da imis dadgenaa, ris Se-
saxeb kamaToben, Cveulebriv, adamianebi?
gasaTvaliswinebeli sakiTxebi:
• sakiTxis yvelaze Zlieri ZiriTadi idea an Teoria:
• alternativa:
2. Sinarsis Teoriul struqturad Camoyalibeba orsafe-

xuriani procesia.

idea ufro naTeli gavxadoT? rogori tipis Sinaarsi gamoxa-
tavs yvelaze ukeT mas da mis Zlier mxares - rom naTeli gaxa-
dos sakiTxi?
es nawili gakveTilis safuZvliani dagegmvis pirvel nabijs

Seicavs. yvelaze Zlieri ZiriTadi Teoriis an ideis gansazRv-
ris Semdeg, maswavlebeli unda dafiqrdes sakiTxze, rogorc
mTlianobaze da daadginos is zogierTi aspeqti, romelSic
Teoria an idea yvelaze mkveTradaa gamoxatuli. Cveulebriv,
es aris Sesaswavli sakiTxis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da Rrma
maxasiaTebeli. SerCevis procesi xSirad moiTxovs sakiTxis
konteqstis ganxilvas im codnis farglebSi, romlis nawilsac
Sesaswavli sakiTxi warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, Tu Tqven saf-
rangeTis revolucias ganixilavT, SeiZleba, sakiTxze fiqri
daiwyoT revoluciebis bunebis, socialur, politikur, re-
ligiur, kulturul, ekonomikur an sxva tipis revoluciebs
Soris gansxvavebebsa da msgavsebebze fiqriT. es moswavleebs
miscems stimuls, ganaviTaron Teoriebi zogadad revoluci-
ebis Sesaxeb da Seqmnan safrangeTis revoluciis konkretuli
kvlevisTvis saWiro abstraqtuli, Teoriuli konteqsti.
303
garda amisa, Tqven SegiZliaT Tavad safrangeTis revoluci-

is calkeul sakiTxebze moaxdinoT koncentrireba da moswav-
leebs sTxovoT, Semdeg sakiTxze dafiqrdnen: es iyo evropis
istoriis tragikuli movlena, romelsac SesaZlo dadebiTi
efeqti mohyva, Tu safrangeTis revolucia savalalo Sede-
gebis mqone gamaTavisuflebeli da progresuli movlenaa ev-
ropis istoriaSi? paralelurad, Tqven SegiZliaT moZebnoT
Zalian Zlieri werilobiTi an vizualuri masala, romelic
mkafiod gamoxatavs Teorias an ideas da Sinaarsis mowesrige-
bas emsaxureba. SegiZliaT, waikiTxoT madam defarJis diken-
siseuli aRwera; gaecnoT epizods, sadac is qsovs, giliotina
ki aristokratebis moWril Tavebs mis win mdgar kalaTSi yris
da revoluciaze misi perspeqtividan dafiqrdeT. es, iseve
rogorc wina CarCoebis SemTxvevaSi, CarCos gamoyenebis xSi-
rad yvelaze ufro rTuli, magram saWiro nawilia.
• Sinaarsi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs
sqemas an Teorias:
2.2 gakveTilis an sxva saswavlo erTeulis struqturis Camo-

yalibeba: romeli metanarativi ayalibebs gakveTilis an sxva
saswavlo erTeulis mkafio zogad struqturas?
am nawilis mTavari azri is aris, rom axlad gansazRvruli

Zlieri zogadi idea an Teoria aiRoT da mas gakveTilTan an
Tematur erTeulTan SeTanxmebuli struqturis forma mis-
ceT. isev safrangeTis revoluciis magaliTi rom gamoviye-
noT, SegiZliaT, Tqveni miznebisTvis yvelaze gamosadegi Te-
oria airCioT da ivaraudoT, rom revolucia evropis isto-
riisTvis katastrofuli movlena iyo, romelmac sazogado-
ebis tradiciuli safuZvlebi gaanadgura da saTave terors,
diqtatorul praqtikasa da gamanadgurebel omebs daudo.
am Teoriis arCevis Semdeg, SesaZlebelia mTeli revoluciis
iseTi metanaratiuli Txrobis ageba, romelic am konkretuli
Sexedulebis aRmniSvnel faqtebsa da movlenebs SearCevs da
mas revoluciis Sesaxeb arsebul simarTled Camoayalibebs.
sxva sagnebSi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sabunebismetyvelo
304 kiran igani
mecnierebebi, amgvari ideologiurad mZimed datvirTuli

midgoma uCveulo iqneboda. Tumca, ekvivalentebi codnis
yvela sferoSi arsebobs. daixsomeT, rom Sinaarsis (meta)na-
rativis formiT Camoyalibeba xels uwyobs moswavleebSi emo-
ciebis gamowvevas. anu, Tuki SerCeuli metanarativi verc erT
iseT ideas ver gamoavlens, romelic moswavleebis an maswav-
leblis motivirebas moaxdenda, maswavlebelma sakiTxi kidev
ufro Rrmad unda ganixilos, an misi romelime sxva nawilis
ganxilvaze gadavides.
• Sinaarsi, romelic sakiTxis Zlier metanarativs
warmoadgens:
3. Teoriidan gadaxvevis ganxilva:
romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens gadaxras Teoriidan an zogadi

ideidan? rogoraa SesaZlebeli mcire anomaliebis ganxilvi-
dan nel-nela moswavleebis mier SemuSavebuli zogadi Teori-
is ganxilvaze ise gadasvla, rom maT Teoria ufro da ufro
daxvewon?
zogadi ideebi an Teoriebi sakiTxis axsnas cdilobs, magram

amas ver axerxebs. maswavlebelma yuradReba iseT konkre-
tul faqtebze an movlenebze unda SeaCeros, romlebic eWvis
qveS ayenebs im ideas an Teorias, romelsac sakiTxTan dakav-
Sirebuli WeSmaritebis axsnis pretenzia aqvs. risi axsna Se-
uZlia kargad Teorias da ris axsnas ver axerxebs is adekva-
turad? safrangeTis revoluciis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli
yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs sakiTxis im aspeqtebze, romlebic
aqamde Seqmnili metanaratividan gadaxras warmoadgens. mas-
wavlebeli mimarTavs moswavleebs TxovniT, Sexedon Zveli
reJimis dros momxdar darRvevebs da maTi reformirebis mra-
valricxovan mcdelobebs. moswavleebis yuradReba SeiZleba
napoleonis iuridiulma reformebma, ebraelebis mimarT da-
wesebuli sasjelebis gauqmebam da sxva iseTma reformebma mi-
305
ipyros, romlebmac ufro liberaluri mTavroba da mosaxle-

obis umetesi nawilisTvis meti Tavisufleba moitana. daix-
someT, Cveni mizani is ki araa, moswavleebi davarwmunoT, rom
erTi metanaratividan meoreze gadaerTon, aramed is, rom maT
metanarativebis statusis gaazreba Seicvalon.
• metanarativis mTavari gadaxrebi:
romel alternatiul zogad Teoriebs SeuZliaT sakiTxis Ca-

moyalibeba? romel alternatiul metanarativs SeuZlia sa-
kiTxis Camoyalibeba? romel maTgans SeuZlia moswavleebis-
Tvis ukeTesi daxmarebis gaweva maTi Teoriebisa da metanara-
tivis bunebisa da SezRudvebis dasanaxad?
erTi da imave fenomenis asaxsnelad yovelTvis SeiZleba sxva-

dasxva Teoriis gamoyeneba. daexmareT moswavleebs, Seadaron
da gaiazron sakiTxis axsnis SesaZlebloba. kurikulumis zo-
gierTi nawilis mixedviT, es ufro advili, zogis mixedviT ki
- SedarebiT Zneli amocana iqneba. Tumca, amis gakeTeba yvela
saganSia SesaZlebeli. marTalia, SeiZleba CineTis imperiis
bolo wlebis ganxilva SedarebiT ufro martivi iyos dasav-
leli liberalis poziciidan, konservatuli mandarinis an
Zveli reJimis marqsisti mtris poziciidan, vidre mizidulo-
bis Zalis TeoriasTan dakavSirebiT alternatiuli Sexedu-
lebis Camoyalibeba, magram analogiuri alternatiuli Sexe-
dulebebi yvela metanarativis Sesaxeb arsebobs.
• gamosayenebeli metanarativebi an
alternatiuli Teoriebi:
306 kiran igani
rogor aRmovaCinoT moswavleebSi Tanamonawileobis gancdis

waxalisebis saukeTeso saSualeba?
am doneze swavleba mxolod sxvadasxva sferoSi codnis srul-

yofas ar niSnavs. is gulisxmobs, rom moswavleebma unda SeZ-
lon mizezobrivi qselis saSualebiT naswavli masalis cod-
nasTan dakavSireba da am kavSiris gaazreba. saswavlo proce-
sis dros unda ganisazRvros, moswavleebs risi gakeTeba Se-
uZliaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom mJave wvimis an sxva sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb codnis miReba SesaZloa, sworxazovani dakavSirebis
saSualebas iZleodes, magram am kavSirebis damyarebis dros
moswavleTa Tanamonawileoba naklebsavaraudod mogveCve-
nos. magram gamoyenebul metanarativs saCino Sedegebi mohy-
veba – safrangeTis revoluciis codnam SesaZloa radikalu-
ri, konservatuli an liberaluri ideebis ganviTarebas mis-
ces biZgi; es codna moswavleTa TviTgamoxatvis saSualebad
SeiZleba iqces. SesaZloa, moswavle socialur an politikur
samoqmedo gegmebSi CaerTos.
• sferoebi, romlebSic SesaZlebelia moswavleTa
Tanamonawileobis gancdis waxaliseba;
6. daskvna:
rogor movaxdinoT imis uzrunvelyofa, rom moswavleebis

Teoriebi an zogadi ideebi ki ar ganadgurdes, aramed maT im
faqtebisgan gansxvavebuli statusi mieniWoT, romlebsac
isini efuZnebian? rogor movaxerxoT, rom zogadi ideebis
an Teoriebis sisworis rwmenis mimarT mzardma undoblobam
rwmenis dakargvamde da ganxibvlamde ar migviyvanos?
am donis gakveTilebisa da sxva saswavlo formatis Sexvedris

SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblebma mudmivad is mimarTuleba unda
airCion, romelic moswavleebs daanaxebs, rom Tavad is Teo-
riebi da zogadi ideebi, romlebsac isini aviTareben da swav-
lisas iyeneben, Seswavlili sakiTxis Semadgenel faqtebsa da
307
movlenebs ar gvanan. moswavleebis mier Teoriuli azrovne-

bis, Tavisi Teoriebis, ideebis, ideologiebis, metafizikuri
sqemebisa da metanarativebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSi jobia,
maT mimarT naklebad kritikulebi viyoT. im moswavleebTan ki,
vinc ukve SedarebiT srulyofilad flobs da iyenebs Teori-
ul azrovnebas, maswavleblebs usafrTxod SeuZliaT ufro
didi datvirTviT muSaoba da maTTvis gadaxrebisa da alter-
nativebis gacnoba. nebismieri saswavlo formatis Sexvedris
an gakveTilis dasasruls moswavleebma unda miiRon Zlieri
miniSneba im gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, romelic maTTvis emociu-
ri datvirTvis mqone Teoriasa da im faqtebs Soris arsebobs,
romlebic mas ganamtkiceben, nawilobriv ganamtkiceben an da-
majereblad ver uWeren mxars. maswavleblebi mgrZnobiareni
unda iyvnen moswavleTa Teoriebis mimarT, xeli Seuwyon maT
ganviTarebas da, amave dros, daanaxon axalgazrdebs, rom ma-
Ti mxridan Teoriis WeSmaritebaze pretenzia araadekvatu-
ria.
• daskvniTi aqtivoba, romelic mimarTulia
moswavleTa Teoriebis, ideebis, metanarativebisa
da ideologiebis mxardaWerisa da maTSi
problemebis gamovlenisken:
7. Sefaseba:
rogor gavigoT, moxda Tu ara Sinaarsis gaazreba da Seswavla,

ganaviTares Tu ara moswavleebma Teoria an zogadi idea,
Camoayalibes Tu ara is da Seiqmnes Tu ara warmodgena misi
naklovanebebis Sesaxeb?
am nawilis mizania imis damamtkicebeli sabuTis mopoveba,

rom moswavleebma gakveTilis an sxva saswavlo erTeulis
Semadgeneli masala aiTvises. amis gakeTeba mravali
tradiciuli teqnikis saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. garda
amisa, maswavlebels imis damadasturebeli sabuTi sWirdeba,
ramdenad adekvaturad ganaviTares moswavleebma Teoria
an zogadi idea da ramdenad gamoiyenes is naswavli masalis
308 kiran igani
gaazrebaSi. amis Sefaseba nawilobriv moswavleTa weriTi

an zepiri diskusiebisa da sakiTxis Sesabamisi Teoriuli
enis Tavisuflad da sworad gamoyenebis safuZvelzec
SeiZleba. moswavleebis mier Sinaarsis gaazrebuli aTvisebis
xarisxis Sesafaseblad, SesaZlebelia aseve zogadi sqemisa
da werilobiT naSromSi mocemuli Teoriebisa da zogadi
ideebis fonze ganxiluli gadaxrebis gamoyenebac. swavlebisa
da swavlis procesis xarvezebis gamovlena romelime sqemis
WeSmaritebasTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatuli uneburi cinizmis
an misdami didi erTgulebis saSualebiTac SeiZleba.
Tumca, sawyis periodSi gamoxatuli upirobo erTguleba
maswavleblis aRelvebis safuZveli ar unda gaxdes.
moswavleebis mier abstraqtuli ideebis Tavisuflad

gamoyeneba da samyaros moqnili gaazrebis Sefaseba, maTi
naSromebidan da diskusiidan gamomdinare, adviladaa
SesaZlebeli. Tumca, amgvari naweris zusti Sefasebis
gansazRvra rTuli saqmea. savaraudod, moswavleTa
naSromebis Sefasebisas, sasargeblo iqneboda ufro farTo
kategoriebis qona, dawyebuli àdvili da moqnilidan~
da damTavrebuli àdekvaturiTa~ da àraadekvaturiT~.
Sefasebis amgvari sistema maswavleblebs garkveulwilad
ufro mgrZnobiareebs gaxdida moswavleTa naSromebis am
ganzomilebis mimarT.
• Sefasebis formebi, romlebic adekvatur cnobebs
iZleva imis Sesaxeb, rom moswavleebma iswavles da
gaiazres Sinaarsi da abstraqtuli ideis Teoria
ganaviTares da gamoiyenes:
magaliTi pirveli: revoluciebi
adre, roca magaliTad safrangeTis revolucia moviyvane,

vaxsene, rom SesaZlebelia moswavleebs revoluciebi vaswav-
loT maTi warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebiT, Teoriuli azrovnebis
gamoyenebiTa da ganviTarebiT. modiT, es sakiTxi CarCos Sesa-
bamisad ganvixiloT da vnaxoT, ra Sedegebs miviRebT.
309

oriebi, ideologiebi, metafizikuri sqemebi an metanarati-
vebia yvelaze Zlieri, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da rele-
vanturi?
sakiTxisyvelaze Zlieri ZiriTadi idea an Teoria: adamiane-

bis qmedebebis umetesoba wes-Cveulebebs Seesabameba. Tumca,
xandaxan Cndeba adamiani, romelic saqmis gaumjobesebis pi-
robas iZleva da radikalur cvlilebebs iwyebs. cvlilebebi
SeiZleba exebodes istoriul movlenebs, mecnierebas, reli-
gias da sxva sferoebs. aris Tu ara revolucia adamianis moR-
vaweobis wesi?
alternativa: arsebobs Tu ara revoluciebis Sabloni?

xuriani procesia.

xatavs yvelaze ukeT mis Sinaarssa da Zlier mxareebs? ro-
gor SeiZleba sakiTxis wesrigSi moiyvana?
Sinaarsi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs sqemas an

Teorias: Cven SegviZlia gakveTili moswavleebisTvis cno-
bili politikuri istoriisa da gamorCeuli revoluciebis
seriis zogadi terminebis ganxilviT daviwyoT. Semdeg Seg-
viZlia religiis istorias gadavxedoT da vnaxoT, regularu-
li intervalebiT rogor irRveva Cveulebrivi, sayovelTaod
miRebuli wesebi, xdeba ganxeTqilebebi an iseTi axali reli-
giebis gamoyofa, romlebsac Zveli tradiciuli religiis er-
Tguli mimdevrebi eretikosobas uwodeben. amis Semdeg Seg-
viZlia mecnierebis ganxilvaze gadavideT da vnaxoT, rogor
xdeba revoluciuri Teoriebis mier `Cveulebrivi mecniere-
bis~ ganviTarebis wyveta da qargis darRveva. SegviZlia, ase-
ve, industriuli da teqnologiuri revoluciebi, warmoebis
formebSi momxdari dramatuli cvlilebebic ganvixiloT.
310 kiran igani
amis Semdeg ki vTxovoT moswavleebs, adamianis saqmianobis

sxva formebi aRweron da upasuxon kiTxvas, xedaven Tu ara
msgavs suraTs musikasa da TeatrSi, garTobis industriaSi,
sportSi da a.S.?
2.2 gakveTilis an sxva Tematuri erTeulis struqturis Ca-

sxva Tematuri erTeulis mkafio zogad struqturas?
sakiTxis Zlieri metanarativis Sinaarsi: am monakveTisTvis

SegveZlo adamianis saqmianobis ZiriTad sferoebSi momxdari
revoluciis magaliTebi agveRo da isini detalurad Segves-
wavla. SegviZlia, TamaSSi Cveni ZiriTadi alternatiuli Teo-
riac CavrToT da moswavleebs maT mier Sesaswavl revoluci-
ebSi garkveuli kanonzomierebis povna vTxovoT.
SesaZlebelia, sakiTxis ganxilva safrangeTis revoluciis

gadaxedviT daviwyoT. am Temas moswavleebis umravlesoba
istoriis programidan ukve unda icnobdes. moswavleTa yu-
radRebas mivapyroT Semdeg sakiTxebs:ram gamoiwvia uecari
cvlileba? ratom moxda revolucia maSin, roca moxda? ro-
melma movlenebma Seasrules gadamwyveti roli mis `revolu-
ciurad~ qcevaSi? rogori iyo revoluciis ZiriTadi dinamika?
saqmes revoluciis Teoriis CamoyalibebiT daviwyebT da
moswavleebs safrangeTisa da sxva revoluciebis Sedarebas
vTxovT. sxvadasxva Teoria moswavleebis mier sxvadasxva re-
voluciis ZiriTadi dinamikis identificirebis paralelu-
rad gamoCndeba. SegviZlia, moswavleebs vkiTxoT, maTi azriT,
ra gansazRvravs revoluciis arss da romeli elementebia sa-
Wiro imisTvis, rom cvlilebebi revoluciurad CaiTvalos?
saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebamde, SegviZlia, droebiT

moswavleebs sxva tipis revoluciaze dafiqreba vTxovoT da
misi Cveneuli gaazreba SevTavazoT. droebiT daviviwyoT po-
litikuri da socialuri revoluciebi, SegviZlia, qristia-
nobis, islamis an konfucianizmis warmoSoba ganvixiloT. mo-
diT, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, konfucianizmi mimovixiloT.
vTxovoT moswavleebs, gaixsenon, ra ician konfuciusis idee-
bis gaCenamde CineTSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. ra iyo mis
azrebSi iseTi, ramac im dros xalxSi aseTi Zlieri gamoZaxi-
311
li pova? ratom iyo mmarTvelebis mier dawesebuli SezRud-

vebis fonze socialuri harmoniis, mokrZalebisa da sagnebi-
sadmi pativiscemis SeTavazeba aseTi Zlieri da revoluciuri
gzavnili? bevri adamianis rwmenis sapirispirod, konfuciusi
amtkicebda, rom maSin, roca harmonia da pativiscema socia-
luri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iyo, Zalauflebis mopo-
veba ganaTlebiTa da Rirseuli Tvisebebis ganviTarebiT unda
momxdariyo; saTno adamiani ki, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mmar-
Tvelebis mimarT kritikuli iqneboda. Cven SegviZlia, kargad
davakvirdeT konfucianizmis zrdisa da mTel CineTSi gavr-
celebis dinamikas. riTi hgavs an ar hgavs kunfucianizmis re-
voluciis dinamika safrangeTis revolucias?
aq SegviZlia xelaxla davubrundeT revoluciebis bunebis

ganxilvas. mas Semdeg, rac kamaTi TandaTan daixveweba da, sa-
varaudod, azrTa sxvadasxvaoba kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba,
SegviZlia samecniero revoluciebis, magaliTad, ainStainis
fardobiTobis Teoris ganxilvaze gadavideT. ratom iyo isi-
ni aseTi revoluciuri? rogori iyo mecnierebis mdgomare-
oba ainStainis moRvaweobamde da ra iyo mis TeoriaSi iseTi,
ramac samyarosa da misi Seswavlis gzebze bevri fizikosis Se-
xeduleba Secvala?
Cven SegviZlia, detalurad ganvixiloT momxdari cvlilebe-

bi da maT Sedegad miRebuli materiis subatomuri da kosmo-
suri Sexedulebebi. SegviZlia, davfiqrdeT imaze, ramdenad
moaxdina gavlena ainStainis `mTavar mecnierad~ da sakulto
figurad qcevasa da misi Teoriis revoluciurad miCnevaSi
misi Teoriis kavSirma atomur bombTan. amis Semdeg SegviZlia,
axali magaliTebiT aRWurvilebi isev davubrundeT Cvens
diskusias revoluciebis bunebis Sesaxeb da mas axali ideebic
SevmatoT.
axla Cven ukve SegviZlia industriuli revoluciis Seswavla,

moswavleebTan erTad misi gamomwvevi mizezebis, im cvilebe-
bisa da Seqmnili teqnologiebis ganxilva, romlebic adamia-
nebis cxovrebaze axdens gavlenas. am dros moswavleTa mier
revoluciis Sesaxeb ganviTarebuli Teoriebis daxmarebiT
xdeba mizezebis, faqtebis, movlenebisa da Sedegebis kvleva.
312 kiran igani
arsebuli droidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia amave meTodiT

sxva revoluciebic gamovikvlioT, mudmivad davubrundeT
misi bunebis sakiTxs da mudmivad davxvewoT moswavleTa Te-
oriebi.
Temis romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens Teoriidan an zogadi

ideidan gadaxras? rogoraa SesaZlebeli mcire anomalie-
bis ganxilvidan nel-nela moswavleebis mier SemuSavebuli
zogadi Teoriis ganxilvaze ise gadasvla, rom maT Teoria
ufro da ufro daxvewon?
imisaTvis, WeSmaritebis axsnis pretenziis mqone idea an Teo-

ria eWvqveS davayenoT, davakvirdeT, ras xsnis es Teoria kar-
gad da ras ver xsnis adekvaturad. rogorc adreve aRvniSneT,
Cveni mizani araa moswavleebi davarwmunoT, erTi metanarati-
vidan meoreze gadaerTon. Cven gvsurs, rom maT sxvanairad ga-
iazron metanarativis statusi.
metanarativis mTavari gadaxrebi: Cven SegviZlia, moswavle-

ebis yuradRebis im sagnebisken mipyrobiT daviwyoT, romle-
bic yvela revoluciis dros ucvlelia. safrangeTis revo-
luciaze fiqrisas, sTxoveT maT, rac SeiZleba meti informa-
cia moiZion safrangeTSi da, gansakuTrebiT ki, mis miyruebul
regionebSi myofi glexebis cxovrebaze. icodnen Tu ara maT,
rom sadRac revolucia xdeboda? ramdenma keTilSobilma
ojaxma SeZlo revoluciis Semdeg Tavisi qonebis ucvlelad
SenarCuneba?
ra gavlena moaxdina industriulma revoluciam glexe-

bis cxovrebaze? hqonda Tu ara mas mniSvnelovani gavlena
sacxovrebel pirobebze? Tuki is zogadad adamianebisTvis
sargebelis momtanad iTvleba, ra gavlena hqonda mas sofli-
dan qalaqSi Camosuli misi mxardamWerebis cxovrebaze? Tuki
revolucia katastrofad aRiqmeba, vnaxoT, rogoria bavSvTa
sikvdilianobisa da sxva daavadebebis statistika manamde da
mis Semdeg?
industriul revoluciaze fiqrisas, zogierTma moswavlem

313
SesaZloa ifiqros, rom man ZalauflebaSi axali industriu-

li klasi moiyvana. aseT SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia moswavleebs
vTxovoT, mopovon informacia axali industriiT daintere-
sebuli msxvili investori miwismflobelis Sesaxeb, romelic
maRal wres miekuTvneba. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaarkvion, vin
afinansebda industriul revolucias da damfinansebeli ka-
pitalis ra nawili modioda monebiT vaWrobaze? ramdenad di-
di gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos maT mier SemuSavebuli Teori-
ebis mizezebze?
Cven SegviZlia, ganvagrZoT Teoriebis dakavSireba amgvar ga-

daxrebTan. moswavleebma kavSirebi SeiZleba daamyaron ro-
gorc sakuTar, aseve, sxva moswavleebis TeoriebTan. waaxali-
seT es procesi. amgvari gadaxrebis aRmoCenis mizani Teoriis
uaryofa ki ar aris; am dros maswavlebeli axalisebs moswav-
leebis mier Teoriis mxardamWeri damatebiTi codnis Ziebis
process. damatebiTi codna moswavles saSualebas miscems,
ufro Rrmad ganixilos Teoriidan gadaxrebi.

ebisTvis ukeTesi daxmarebis gaweva maTi Teoriebisa da me-
tanarativis bunebisa da SezRudvebis dasanaxad?
metanarativis alternatiuli Teoriebi: Cven SegviZlia ori

alternatiuli zogadi idea gamovikvlioT. 1. revoluciebi
im cvlilebebis daCqarebuli formebia, romlebic mudmivad
yvela sferoSi mimdinareobs; an 2. revoluciebi Tvisebrivad
cvlis socialuri cxovrebis gamocdilebasa da mis gaazrebas.
SegviZlia, moswavleebs vTxovoT, yvela revolucia am ori me-
tanarativis kuTxiT xelaxla ganixilon. upirveles yovlisa,
movnaxoT is niSnebi, romlebic yvela revolucias win uZRoda
da adasturebs, rom saqme isedac am mimarTulebiT midioda.
koncentrireba im faqtebsa da movlenebze movaxdinoT, rom-
lebic, SesaZloa, bevrisTvis Tavis droze sulac ar iyo iseTi
dramatuli, rogorc es Cveni gadasaxedidan Cans. amis Semdeg,
SegviZlia, moswavleebs alternatiuli zogadi ideis warmod-
314 kiran igani
gena vTxovoT da revolucia kvlav ganvixiloT movlenad,

romelic Tvisebriv fenebs meyseulad an drois SedarebiT
mokle periodSi qmnis. cvlilebebma Cveulebrivi movlenebi
ara mxolod daaCqara, aramed, maTi Sedegi iyo dramatuli da
araprognozirebadi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebi SeZleben,
sul sxvanairad gaiazron procesi.
5. moswavleebSi Tanamonawileobis gancdis waxaliseba:
codnis/informaciis romeli nawili waaxalisebs ukeT mos-

wavleebSi Tanamonawileobis gancdas?
sferoebi, romlebSic SesaZlebelia moswavleTa Tanamona-

wileobis gancdis gamoyeneba da misi waxaliseba: Cven mier
ganxiluli nebismieri revoluciidan SegviZlia moswavle-
Ta yuradReba pirovnebis rolze gavamaxviloT. moswavle-
ebi dainaxaven, rom revolucia gardauvali iyo. dramatuli
cvlilebebi xSirad xdeba iseT situaciebSi, romlebic, erTi
SexedviT, arafriT gamoirCeva. revoluciebis Seswavla mos-
wavleebs daexmareba imis gaazrebaSi, rom gansakuTrebul Sem-
TxvevaSi maTac SeuZliaT garemoebebze gavlenis moxdena.
maswavlebels SeuZlia gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba. mas SeuZ-

lia, moswavleebs ubiZgos, ganixilon, rogor moiqceodnen, an
ris gakeTebas SeZlebdnen nebismieri revoluciis dros.
6. daskvna:
rogor uzrunvelvyoT, rom moswavleebis Teoriebi an zo-

gadi ideebi ki ar ganadgurdes, aramed maT gansxvavebuli
statusi mieniWoT, miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsa da imave
faqtebs efuZnebian? rogor movaxerxoT, rom zogadi ide-
ebis an Teoriebis sisworis mimarT mzardma undoblobam
rwmenis dakargvamde da ganxibvlamde ar migviyvanos?
daskvniTi aqtivoba: SesaZlebelia klasSi formaluri dis-

kusiis gamarTva. diskusiaSi monawileobas miiReben rogorc
revoluciis, rogorc Tvisebrivi cvlilebis mxardamWerebi,
aseve isinic, visac revolucia bunebrivad mimdinare, oRond
daCqarebul cvlilebad miaCnia. moswavleebi diskusiis dros
315
argumentebis wyarod maT mier Seswavlil yvela revoluci-

as gamoiyeneben. debatebis formalurma bunebam ar unda dag-
vakargvinos iluziebi da amiT ar unda dagvaSoros sakiTxs;
`gundis~ wevrTa mxardaWeram, savaraudod, unda moaxerxos
monawileebis amgvari Sedegisgan dacva.
debatebis garda, SegviZlia, moswavleebs sxvadasxva tipis

revoluciis amsaxveli didi zomis kedlis mxatvrobis Seqm-
nisken vubiZgoT. codnis sxvadasxva formiT gamoxatva, SesaZ-
loa, maT Tavisi Teoriis pirvel- da meorexarisxovani mxare-
ebis gamokveTaSi daexmaros. Tuki kedli jgufurad moixate-
ba, gardauvalia debatebi imis Taobaze, rogor unda aisaxos
revolucia. es moswavleebs daexmareba imis gagebaSi, rom re-
voluciebis zogadi suraTebis dadgenis es gza gansxvavdeba
faqtebisa da movlenebis sxva formiT warmodgenisgan.
7. Sefaseba:
rogor gavigoT, ramdenad kargad Seiswavles moswavleeb-

ma masala, rogor gaiazres Sinaarsi, ganaviTares Tu ara
Teoria an zogadi idea, Seiqmnes Tu ara warmodgena misi
SezRudvebis Sesaxeb?
Sefasebis formebi: Sefasebis standartuli formebis saSu-
alebiT SesaZlebelia Sefasdes, rogor iswavles da gaiazres
moswavleebma revoluciis sxvadasxva tipi; SeuZliaT Tu ara
Seswavlili TiToeuli revoluciis Tvisebebis aRwera; revo-
luciis bunebis Sesaxeb axali Teoriis Seqmna. Sedegi SegviZ-
lia SevafasoT klasSi gamarTuli diskusiebis dros (magali-
Tad SevafasoT moswavleTa Teoriebis Tanmimdevruloba da
maTi ganmartebiTi Zala likertis (Lickert) Skalis mixedviT),
davakvirdeT, SeuZliaT Tu ara moswavleebs Teoriis dacva,
an davavaloT maT mier Seqmnili revoluciis bunebis Teoriis
amsaxveli eses dawera.
am Temaze damxmare sakiTxav masalad Zalian gamogadgebaT

qrein brintonis wigni revoluciis anatomia (niu iorki: nor-
toni, 1938, Crane Brinton, Anatomy of Revolution, New York: Norton,
1938). eWvgareSea, rom arsebobs sxva msgavsi, mogvianebiT ga-
moqveynebuli masalebic.
316 kiran igani
magaliTi meore: gamoTvla

(asaki Teqvsmetidan oc wlamde)
Cvens cvalebad samyaroSi gamoTvla is maTematikuri inst-

rumentia, romelic cvlilebebis formalizebasa da maT ga-
moxatvas mkafiod da gasagebi formiT axdens. yvela procesi,
dawyebuli sprinteris aCqarebiT da damTavrebuli Semodgo-
mis foTlis vardniT, SeiZleba maTematikuri funqciis saSu-
alebiT gamoixatos. diferencialuri gamoTvla gvawvdis in-
strumentebis pirvelad nakrebs, romliTac SesaZlebelia am
funqciebis analizi da cvlilebis procesis Sida muSaobis
principebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna. oridan sam kviramde
xangrZlivobis saswavlo monakveTi moswavleebs diferencia-
luri gamoTvlis instrumentebsa da meTodebs acnobs.
kalkulusi laTinuri sityvaa da qvas an kenWs niSnavs (am

mniSvnelobiT is jer kidev gamoiyeneba medicinasa da stoma-
tologiaSi). is imaze miuTiTebs, rom kenWebi (presitoriul
periodSi da mogvianebiT) àRricxvisTvis~, anu raodenobebis
Sesaxeb daskvnebis gasakeTeblad gamoiyeneboda.

vanturi?
sakiTxisyvelaze Zlieri ZiriTadi idea an Teoria: diferen-

cialuri gamoTvla iyo pirveli maTematikuri instrumenti,
romelic Tavad cvlilebis gasazomad gamoigones. meCvidmete
saukunis bolos, gamoTvlis gamogonebamde, maTematikosebs
saqmeebis statikuri mdgomareobebis modelis Sedgena an, sa-
ukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, funqciebiT gamoxatuli cvladebis ko-
eficientebis Cveneba SeeZloT. gamoTvla pirveli instrumen-
tia, romlis Seswavlis sagani Tavad cvlilebaa da romelic
cvlilebas samyaros Cveneul aRqmaSi mTavar adgils aniWebs.
317
alternativa: gamoTvla ùsasrulod patara sididis gamoTv-

lis~ Semoklebuli formaa, radgan mas saqme usasrulod pata-
ra, magram nulisgan gansxvavebuli sigrZis mqone usasrulod
patara xazis segmentebTan aqvs. rogor SeiZleba usasrulod
patara sidideebis azris gageba da arsebuli dapirispirebis
saSualebiT usasrulobis, uwyvetobisa da SezRudvis kon-
cefciebis ganmarteba?

xuriani procesia.

idea ufro naTeli gavxadoT? rogori tipis Sinaarss SeuZ-
lia yvelaze ukeT, wesrigSi moiyvanos sakiTxi? rogori ti-
pis Sinaarsi gamoxatavs yvelaze ukeT Teorias/ideas da mis
Zlier mxares?
Sinaarsi, romelic yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs sqemas an

Teorias: Cven SegviZlia dasawyisisTvis davsvaT SekiTxva: ra
aris zogadad cvlileba da rogor SegviZlia misi sxvadasxva
gamoxatulebiT dafiqsireba. ra aqvs saerTo tanisamosis ga-
mocvlas, Tovlis dnobasa da adamianis Sesaxeb winaswar Seq-
mnili cudi azrebis gadaxedvas? SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom
isini aRvweroT, rogorc cvlileba? cvlilebas aqvs sabo-
loo mdgomareoba, romelic sawyisisgan gansxvavebulia. ra
SeiZleba iyos is, rac erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasv-
lis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs da, SesaZloa, cvlilebis ukeT gage-
baSi gvexmareba? ramdeni xani sWirdeba cvlilebis aRweras?
ramdenad gansxvavebulia sawyisi da saboloo mdgomareobebi
da rogor gansxvavdeba isini erTmaneTisgan? SeiZleba cvli-
lebis gazomva? cvlilebis sazomad romeli erTeulis gamo-
yeneba SegviZlia? rogor SeiZleba cvlilebas davakvirdeT an
gavzomoT is? ra Rirebuleba aqvs cvlilebis gazomvas da ra
siZneleebia masTan dakavSirebuli?
cvlilebis sazomi erT-erTi konceptualuri instrumenti,

romelic moswavleebs ukve unda hqondeT gamomuSavebuli,
mravalkomponentiani funqciaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZ-
loa, samosis gaxdis an azris cvlilebis procesis analizis-
Tvis funqcia yvelaze logikur saSualebad ar mogveCvenos,
318 kiran igani
sasargeblo iqneba imis Semowmeba, rogor SeiZleba am proce-

sebis mravalkomponentiani funqciis saSualebiT gamoxatva.
klasisTvis SesaZloa saintereso iyos, magaliTad, adamianis
gaxdis mdgomareobis drois funqciis grafikuli formiT ga-
moxatva.
2.2 gakveTilis an sxva saswavlo erTeulis struqturis Ca-

Sinaarsi, romelic sakiTxis Zlier metanarativs warmoad-

gens: Cven SevZlebT gamoTvlis SesaZleblobebis dafasebas,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im revoluciur zemoqmedebas, rome-
lic mas Tavisi drois mecnierebaze hqonda da gavixsenebT,
rom is adamianebis mier kosmosisa da masSi kacobriobis ad-
gilis gaazrebaSi centralur funqcias asrulebda. usasru-
lod patara sidideebis gamoTvla maTematikuri terminebiT
cvlilebis gamoxatvis saSualebaa. is niutonma da leibnicma
ganaviTares (am ori adamianis mier am sakiTxSi pirvelobaze
gamoTqmuli pretenzia da Semdgomi dapirispireba aseve Se-
iZleba saintereso Tema iyos diskusiisaTvis). es iyo pirveli
SemTxveva, roca mecnierebma cvlilebis zusti da formali-
zebuli saSualebebiT Seswavla SeZles. meTodi samyaros ara
mxolod statikuri, aramed, dinamikuri da cvalebadi ganvi-
Tarebis saSualebas iZleoda.
SesaZlebelia, dasawyisisTvis dedamiwaze is warmodgenebi

ganvixiloT, romlebic SuasaukuneebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. am
koncefciis Tanaxmad, dedamiwa mowesrigebuli da harmoniu-
li kosmosis centri unda yofiliyo. SegviZlia, aseve, gaviT-
valiswinoT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi marTebulad miCneuli
aristoteles varaudi inerciis Zalis Sesaxeb. aristotele
fiqrobda, rom garkveuli Zalis mudmivi da aqtiuri moqmede-
bis Sedegad moZraobis SenarCunebis gareSe, yvelaferi SeCer-
deba. aristotele da misi Suasaukuneebis periodis memkvid-
reebi umoZraobas sagnebis bunebriv mdgomareobad aRiqvam-
dnen. Cven aseve SegviZlia ganvixiloT is mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, samyaros uZraobis koncefcia Suasaukuneobrivi
samyaros sociopolitikur SeTanxmebebTan iyo dakavSirebu-
li. magaliTad, SegveZlo gveCvenebina, rogor asaxavs uZravi
319
kosmosis koncefcia im dros arsebul socialur ierarqias,

sadac mefeebi didi jaWvis TavSi arian moqceulni, xolo so-
cialuri mobiloba SezRudulia.
gamoTvlis gamogonebis istoriuli mniSvnelobis Sesafaseb-

lad, SegviZlia ganvixiloT renesansis periodSi dasavleT-
Si momxdari samyaros aRqmis zogadi cvlileba, rasac sabeW-
di dazgis ganviTareba, amerikis aRmoCena, protestantuli
reformebi da bevri sxva movlena mohyva. am faqtebma, Tavisi
mxriv, saTave daudo mecnierebaSi kopernikidan galileim-
de, kepleramde da niutonamde momxdari cvlilebebis serias.
msofliom Sewyvita samyaros centrSi uZraobisken midreki-
li (misi bunebrivi tendencia) fiqsirebuli organizmis saxiT
arseboba da dinamikuri mudmivad cvalebadi kosmosis moZrav
elementad iqca. am axali kosmosis gasagebad mniSvnelovani
iyo im instrumentebis ganviTareba, romlebic misi bunebis
gazomvasa da raodenobriv gansazRvras SeZlebda. gamoTvla
mbzinav abjarSi gamowyobil im raindad gardaisaxa, romelic
Cveni dinamikuri samyaros gagebas cdilobda.
3. Teoriuli struqturis analizis instrumentebis gan-

viTareba:
romeli maTematikuri an samecniero instrumentebi dag-

vexmareba zogadi ideis an Teoriis farglebSi ganxiluli
fenomenis analizSi? rogor SegviZlia am instrumentebis
ise ganviTareba da kvleva, rom xazi gavusvaT maT Sesabami-
sobas zogad ideasTan an TeoriasTan?
mTavari instrumentebi da maTi gamoyeneba: am etapze mos-

wavleebi ukve unda icnobdnen mravalkomponentian funqci-
ebs, rkalis agebasa da xazis daqanebis gazomvas. maT Seswavli-
li unda hqondeT rigi, seria da maTi Tanmxlebi SezRudvebi.
diferencialuri gamoTvla, ubralod, am ukve nacnobi ele-
mentebis axleburad dajgufebas gulisxmobs. moswavleeb-
ma unda iswavlon, rogor moaxdinon funqciis SezRudvebis
identificireba, gazomva da gamoxatva; im mrudebis tangensis
gansazRvra da ageba, romlebic mocemul wertilSi mrudis
daxrilobas aCveneben; Semdeg unda ganazogadon SezRudvebi-
320 kiran igani
sa da daxrilobebis koncefciebi imisTvis, rom mravalkompo-

nentiani funqciebis warmoebulebi gamoTvalon. mas Semdeg,
rac moswavleebi warmoebulis gamoTvlis mTavar koncefcias
Seiswavlian, danarCeni masala mis srulyofas unda mieZRvnas.
xarisxis, jamis, Sedegisa da jaWvis wesebi, trigonometriuli
da sxva rTuli funqciebis warmoebulebis formulebis msgav-
sad, warmoebulis am mTavar koncefcias efuZneba.
maTematikuri instrumentebis swavlebisas sasargebloa,

mudmivad SevaxsenoT moswavleebs am instrumentebis farTo
naratiuli rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini cvlilebis anali-
zis ganzogadebuli saSualebebis ganviTarebiT asruleben.
Cven vcdilobT, naTeli da gasagebi gavxadoT cvlilebis Sida
procesebi. magaliTad, Tu xazs gavusvamT mrudis tangenss,
moswavleebi dainaxaven, ra aris mrudis daxriloba usasru-
lod patara wertilSi, sadac erTmaneTs mrudi da tangensi
xvdebian. Cven mrudis mouxelTebel denadobas martiv swor
xazad vaqcevT da im gzebs movZebniT, romelTa saSualebiTac
rTuli elementebi martivdeba.
4. Teoriuli struqturis SezRudvebis gaTvaliswineba:
romeli problemebis gadaWra ar SegviZlia im instrumente-

bis saSualebiT? ra damatebiT sirTuleebs qmnis es prob-
lemebi? ra tipis instrumentebi dagvexmareba maT Tavidan
acilebaSi?
problemebi da damatebiTi instrumentebi: diferencialu-

ri gamoTvlis erTeulebis umetesoba anti-warmoebulis gan-
xilvas gulisxmobs. amas ki bunebrivad mivyevarT integralur
gamoTvlebamde. Cveni mizani araa moswavleebs integraluri
gamoTvla vaswavloT (rac sruliad sxva saswavlo erTeulis
saqmea). Cven vcdilobT, maT amocanebis is tipebi gavacnoT,
romelTa amoxsna diferencialuri gamoTvliT ar SeiZleba
da integraluri gamoTvliTaa SesaZlebeli. Cven, SesaZloa,
im problemebis gansazRvrac mogvindes, romelTa amoxsnasac
moswavleebi diferencialuri gantolebebis swavlis Semdeg
SeZleben.
321
yvelaze TvalSisacemi axla isaa, rom moswavleebma ician mru-

dis daxrilobis povna, magram ar ician mrudis qveS arsebu-
li sivrcis moculobis gamoangariSeba. amis mizniT SeiZle-
ba ganvixiloT iseTi amocanebi, romelTa amoxsnac mrudis
qveS mdebare sivrcis moculobis dadgenis Semdeg SegveZle-
ba. moswavleebs unda davanaxoT am tipis amocanebis kavSiri
im amocanebTan, romelTa amoxsnac maT sxvadasxva gamoTvlis
saSualebebiT SeuZliaT. Tu moswavleebs anti-warmoebulebs
vaswavliT, SegveZleba imis Cvenebac, rogor unda gamoiyenon
integraluri gamoTvla ufro xSirad.
codnis romeli Tvisebebi waaxalisebs moswavleebSi Tana-

monawileobis survils?
sferoebi, romlebSic SesaZlebelia moswavleTa Tanamo-

nawileobis survilis waxaliseba: diferencialuri gamoT-
vlebis Seswavla moswavlisTvis gansakuTrebul motivacias
ar warmoadgens. diferencialuri gamoTvlis Seswavlis Sem-
deg moswavleebi adgilobrivad arCeul oficialur pirs we-
rilebs ar misweren. Tumca, is maT cvlilebebze kontrolis
ufro Rrma SegrZnebas mianiWebs, rac axalgazrdebisTvis
zogadad Zalian rTulia. arsebobs ramdenime gza, romlebic
moswavleebs am abstraqtul sferoSi maTi bolodroindeli
daostatebis Sedegebis garemomcveli samyarosTvis gacno-
bis SesaZleblobas aniWebs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, cvli-
leba yvelgan xdeba da, mravalkomponentiani funqciis saxiT,
yvelanairi cvlilebis met-naklebad Sesabamisi gamoxatvaa
SesaZlebeli. klass SeiZleba moewonos gamowveva, moZebnos
cvlilebis iseTi magaliTi, romlis grafikulad gamoxatvac
yvelaze rTuli amocana iqneba. maT SeiZleba aseve moewonoT
Semdgomi nabijic, kerZod, - es cvlileba grafikiT gamosaxon.
amis Semdegi amocana SesaZloa grafikis saSualebiT romeli-
me aramaTematikuri cvlilebis funqciis gamoxatva iyos. ma-
galiTad, maswavleblis guneba-ganwyobilebis cvlileba, ro-
gorc droisa da dRis monakveTis cvlilebis funqciuri ga-
moxatuleba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT, am grafikis warmoebuli
daxaton da Seecadon axsnan, warmoebuli ras gamoxatavs. amg-
vari savarjiSoebis azri, upirveles yovlisa, isaa, rom mos-
322 kiran igani
wavles mis cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT

Tanamonawileobis gancda gauRvivos. SesaZloa, Tavad gamoT-
vla mas romantikuli problemebis gadaWraSi ar daexmaros,
magram cvlilebis identificirebasa da analizis unarebSi
Tavdajerebuloba mas, savaraudod, gamoadgeba.
6. daskvna:
rogor unda uzrunvelvyoT, rom moswavleebma aramarto

Teoriuli instrumentebis axali nakrebi, aramed, ufro
farTo konceptualur CarCoSi misi adgilic gaiazron?
rogor unda uzrunvelvyoT is, rom moswavleebs aramarto
miRebuli codnis gamoyeneba SeeZloT, aramed, misi funq-
cionirebis arsi da mniSvneloba gaiazron?
daskvniTi aqtivoba: SesaZloa, am etapze kargi iyos, davub-

rundeT niutonisa da leibnicis mier gamoTvlis aRmoCenis
istoriul narativs, xelaxla ganvixiloT Zveli Suasaukune-
obrivi wesrigidan axal msoflmxedvelobaze gadasvlis pro-
cesSi gamoTvlis centraluri mniSvneloba. Cven SegviZlia,
moswavleebs iseTi amocanebis mofiqreba SevTavazoT, ro-
melTa amoxsna gamoTvlis gareSe SeuZlebelia da romlebic
xazs usvams, rom Zveli msoflmxedvelobrivi SezRudvebis pi-
robebSi, amgvari amocanebi amouxsneli darCeboda. gonebrivi
ieriSiT moswavleebi weren im amocanebisa da gamogonebebis
nusxas, romelTa amoxsnac gamoTvlis arsebobis gareSe SeuZ-
lebeli iqneboda. am magaliTebma SeiZleba imis ganxilvamde
migviyvanos, rogor gavlenas axdens Cvens kulturaSi arsebu-
li matematikuri instrumentebi samyaros Sesaxeb Camoyali-
bebul Cvens sakuTar varaudebze.
7. Sefaseba:

wavla? Camoayalibes da ganaviTares Tu ara moswavleebma
Teoria an zogadi idea? Seiqmnes Tu ara warmodgena misi
SezRudvebis Sesaxeb?
Sefasebis formebi: rac unda usiamovno iyos, gameoreba erT-

erTi saukeTeso gzaa maTematikuri instrumentebis safuZv-
323
lebis codnis ganmtkicebisTvis. codnis ganmtkicebis gareSe,

gamoTvla sxva araferia, Tu ara mxolod kargi idea. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom savarjiSoebi, saSinao davalebebi da gamokiTx-
vebi, am TvalsazrisiT, rogorc Cans, sasargebloa, Sefasebis
es meTodebi mxolod moswavleTa mier gamoTvlis instrumen-
tebiT daxelovnebis Sesaxeb gviqmnis warmodgenas. Cven Sefa-
sebis sxva meTodebic gvWirdeba imisTvis, rom im diapazons
davakvirdeT, romliTac moswavleebma maTematikuri instru-
mentebis aTviseba SeZles da maT zogad konceptualur CarCo-
Si Tavisi adgili miuCines. moswavleTa mier am farTo Teme-
bis gaazreba SesaZlebelia maTematikis gakveTilze dawerili
eseebis, diskusiebisa da Ria debatebis saSualebiT. procesis
Sefasebis sasargeblo saSualebad SeiZleba is zogierTi sa-
varjiSoc CaiTvalos, romlebic moswavleebs saSualebas mis-
cems, diferencialur gamoTvlebSi miRweuli teqnikuri os-
tatoba cvlilebis ufro farTo gagebasTan daakavSiron.
magaliTi mesame: hamleti

vanturi?
`hamletis~ swavlebas rac Seexeba... ès piesa erT-erTi yvela-

ze magari ramaa~. is, risi gakeTebac CarCos SeuZlia, ra Tqma
unda, moswavleebis mier piesis wvdomisa da gaazrebis proce-
sis uzrunvelyofaa. mniSvnelovania moswavleTa CarTva pie-
sasTan dakavSirebul im TeoriebSi, romlebic ukve aswleu-
lebia arsebobs. `hamleti~ yvelaze cnobili da, amave dros,
yvelaze sakamaTo inglisurenovani piesaa. Teoriebi, romel-
Ta Sesaxebac ase Seupovrad kamaToben, SesaZloa, swored is
CarCo gaxdes, romelic moswavleebs piesiT dainteresebis
saSualebas miscems. Tuki `hamlets~ saeklesio wesebis yvela-
ze kanonikur nimuSad warmovidgenT, SesaZloa, is - rogorc
RmerTis da ara cocxali adamianis gonebidan momdinare na-
324 kiran igani
warmoebi - SiSismomgvrelic ki aRmoCndes. bevri SesaZleb-

loba arsebobs, rom piesa kanonikuri wesebis gverdis avliT
ganvixiloT da is gaugebar namuSevrad ar vaqcioT. igive ram
gviSlis xels mona lizas `danaxvaSi~, radgan misi kanonikuri
statusi mayurebels abrmavebs da Tavad naxatis detalebis
aRqmaSi uSlis xels. SeiZleba magaliTad iseTi ambis moyola,
romelic dRevandel dRes xdeba da `hamletis~ ZiriTad na-
wils moicavs. aseve SeiZleba moswavleebisTvis imis kiTxvac,
rogor ganasaxierebdnen isini am nawils scenaze. mieciT maT
saSualeba, dialogebi gaiTamaSon da Semdeg scenis impro-
vizacia moaxdineT. amis Semdeg SegiZliaT, Seqspiris versi-
is ganxilvaze gadaxvideT. es, savaraudod, piesaze muSaobas
ar gaamartivebs, magram moswavleebs masze, rogorc cocxal
dramaze - da ara kanonikuri xelovnebis gaqvavebul ùxilav~
namuSevarze - fiqrSi daexmareba. SesaZloa, es maT imis gageba-
Sic daexmaros, rom Seqspiri maTi problemebisgan gansxvave-
bul sakiTxebze muSaobda.
sakiTxisyvelaze Zlieri ZiriTadi idea an Teoria: `hamle-

ti~ erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili dramaa, rac ki odesme dawe-
rila. Tumca, adamianebi gauTaveblad kamaToben imis Sesa-
xeb, ras eZRvneba is da ratomaa aseTi cnobili. am monakveTSi
koncentrirebas imaze movaxdenT, ratomaa piesaSi aRwerili
SurisZiebis ambavi aseTi rTuli da ratom fiqrobs zogier-
Ti, rom saqme dramatuli TvalsazrisiT warumatebel piesas-
Tan gvaqvs. am kiTxvis ukan ufro didi problema imaleba, - ra
aris drama da rogor SeuZlia scenaze TamaSs mayureblis ase
CaTreva. `ra aris hekuba misTvis, an TiTon eghekubasaTvis,
rom ase cxare cremlsa hRvrida?~ am monakveTs safuZvelad
mravali Teoria SegviZlia davudoT. es nawili iziarebs Te-
orias, rom `hamleti~ warmatebuli dramaa, radgan urTierT-
winaaRmdegobrivi impulsiTa da ZaliT moqmed mTavar gmirs
gviCvenebs. erT-erTi mTavari impulsi an Zala hamletisTvis
wamyvani xdeba da moqmedebisTvis stimuls aZlevs. auditoria
daZabuli adevnebs Tvalyurs moqmedebas, interesiT akvirde-
ba, moaxerxebs Tu ara hamleti da rodis moaxerxebs gaTavi-
suflebas, Tavisuflebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, ris gakeTe-
bas SeZlebs.
alternativa: aris Tu ara ,,hamleti~ renesansis periodis

325
Trileri: vin iqneba ufro swrafi? hamleti daaswrebs mefes

mokvlas, Tu mefe aRmoCndeba ufro swrafi?

xuriani procesia.
2.1. sawyisi midgoma: rogor SeiZleba, ZiriTadi Teoria an

xatavs yvelaze ukeT mas da mis Zlier mxares, wesrigSi mo-
iyvanos sakiTxi?
Sinaarsi, romelic yvelaze naTlad gamoxatavs sqemas an

Teorias: maswavlebelma SeiZleba gakveTili fabulis mimo-
xilviT daiwyos. ufliswulis survils, mamis sikvdilisTvis
biZaze Suri iZios, dedamisis biZaze daqorwineba arTulebs.
is dedisadmi siyvarulis gamo itanjeba, mas eWvi epareba im
`samxilebSi~, romlebic aCrdilma miawoda. ufliswuli Zli-
er grZnobebs moucavs, is fiqrobs SurisZiebaze, siyvarulsa
da megobrobaze, magram, zogadad, araferSia darwmunebuli.
misTvis rTulia erTmaneTisgan `xilulisa~ da àrsebulis~
gansxvaveba. diskusia SeiZleba hamletis mier moxetiale msa-
xiobebis Sesaxeb warmoTqmuli sityvebiT daiwyos (aqti meo-
re, scena meore, Targmani ivane maCablisa, uiliam Seqspiri,
tragediebi, tomi II, Tbilisi, sabWoTa mwerali, 1954):
swored mona var mawanwala da yur-moWrili!

nuTu ar aris saocari, rom am aqtorsa
mxolod ambavma mogonilma, cru aRelvebam
sulis-kveTeba Seuwona misve ocnebas,
Sexeduloba SeuSala, ucvala feri.
TvalTagan cremli gamoswura, xma miususta
da Seuryia srulad misi agebuleba!
yvela es visTvis? hekubasTvis. mere ra aris
hekuba misTvis, an TiTon eghekubasaTvis,
rom ase cxare cremlsa hRvrida? oh, ras izamda,
Cemi naRveli da tkivili rom guls hqonoda!
cremliT warRvnida maSin scenas da msmenelT yurebs
zar-dacemulTa daaxSobda; Wkvidam SeSlida
bralisa mqones, SeakrTobda TviT ubralosac,
daimonebda Cvensa smenas da mxedvelobas.
326 kiran igani
me ki umzgavsi, ugrZnobeli, gaubedavi

saqmes veqcevi, TiTqo me ar Semexebodes
da xmas ar viReb, ar viReb xmas im xelmwifisTvis,
romels gvirgvinic da sicocxlec uZvirfasesi
avazakebriv gamostaces im dawyevlilTa.
gana mxdali var? vnaxoT, aba, vis gaqvT survili,
moxvideT, urcxvi damiZaxoT da TavSi CamkraT,
Tunda es wveri damaglijoT, pirs momayaroT,
Tunda sicruis cili Zalad makisrebinoT,
Tund piris-saxe SemiginoT?... yvelas avitan...
avitan-meTqi... viTom ara? ra aris CemTvis
Seuracx-yofa? me xom mtredis gul-RviZli miZevs
da arc naRvela gamaCnia, rom vigrZno rame.
es rom ar iyos, yvav-yoranni ama qveynisa
im monis mZovriT aqamdisac unda dameZRo!
oh, sisxlis msmelo, garyvnilebiT aRsavsev, wuwko,
pilwo, murtalo, moRalatev, usindiso!...
swored Wkuidam davicale, - viS vaJ-kacobav!
Zvirfasi mama momikles me da imis Svilsa
Suris-Ziebad mimiweven zecac, qvesknelic,
me ki ubralo laparakiT gulis-javrs viklav
da viwyevlebi, viginebi roskip qaliviT.
fu, am sicocxles! kmara, unda Wkva movikrifo:
gamigonia, rom rodesac codvianebi
TavianT codvis mzgavssa rasme TeatrSi naxaven,
gul-dakodilni myis am codvas TviTve amxelen,
kacis mokvlasTan Tumc ispoba metyvelebaca,
magram TviT codva saswaulad Sehqmnis RaRadsa.
me am aqtorebs mamiCemis mokvlis mzgavss rasme
biZaCemis win vaTamaSeb da Tvals vadevneb,
wylulsac erTgulad gavusinjav da Tuki SekrTa,
maSin me vici, TviT gavigneb maSin Cem gzasa.
iqneba marTla me rom vnaxe, igi aCrdili
eSmakic iyo, da eSmaks xom, rodesac unda,
SeuZlian TviT saamuri saxe miiRos.
iqneba iman ganizraxa Cemi daRupva,
radgan Cemebrivs sevdian da sust qmnilebazed
mavned moqmedobs Zliereba avis sulisa.
sjobs, rom sabuTi ufro mtkice meWiros xelSi.
es warmodgena me gamimxels mefis sindiss.
327
pirveli gakveTili SeiZleba am sityvas davuTmoT da moswav-

leebs SevekiTxoT, `ra problema awuxebs am tips?~ maT ambis
monaxazi eqnebaT da SeuZliaT koncentrireba piesis bevr Zi-
riTad Temaze moaxdinon. ratom sZuls mas Tavisi Tavi imis
gamo, rom moqmedeba ar SeuZlia? misi SurisZiebis survili
da samarTlianobis grZnoba erTmaneTTan Widilis mdgomare-
obaSi xom araa? ratom adarebs is Tavis Tavs msaxiobs, romlis
emociebi advilad gamosawvevia? aris Tu ara am emociebis xe-
lovnuroba misi sakuTari Tavdajerebulobis naklebobasTan
kavSirSi? msaxiobma mxolod grZnoba unda gamoxatos. hamle-
tic swored ase fiqrobs.
SesaZloa, am momentSi sasargeblo iyos am scenis raime video-

formatiT naxva da Cvenebis erT-erT saukeTeso versiaSi mo-
nawileTa SemosvliT dawyeba. kenet brenanis (Kenneth Branagh)
filmi arafriT Camouvardeba sxva filmebs, maT umetesobas
sjobs kidevac.
2.2 gakveTilis an sxva saswavlo erTeulis struqturis Ca-
Sinaarsi, romelic sakiTxis Zlier metanarativs warmo-

adgens: SesaZloa, ramdenime gakveTili piesis ori sxvadasx-
va versiis yurebas davuTmoT. olivies Zveli, rogorc axla
gveCveneba, maneruli versia SeiZleba brenanisTvis kargi kon-
trasti gamodges. Tu yuradRebas erT versiaSi teqstis ra-
dikalur Semoklebasa da meoreSi sruli teqstis arsebobas
ar mivaqcevT, am or interpretacias Soris kontrasts davi-
naxavT. kontrasti dagvanaxebs, ramdenad Tanmimdevrulad
`muSaobs~ piesa; xom ar aris teqstSi arsebuli, specialurad
dagegmili mistikuri gansxvavebebi is faqtori, romelic ma-
yurebels piesisken izidavs. SeiZleba, moswavleebs vTxovoT,
gadawyviton, sad xdeba piesis moqmedeba: samyaroSi Tu hamle-
tis TavSi da aris Tu ara es ori adgili kargad SeTanxmebuli
erTmaneTTan.
piesis warmatebis Sesaxeb arsebul Teoriaze damyarebuli me-

tanarativi gviCvenebs, rom misi yvela nawili ostaturadaa
erTmaneTs Serwymuli; yvela elementi, yvela scena, yvela
328 kiran igani
personaJi Tanmimdevruli mTlianobis warmatebul da moqmed

nawilad ganixileba.
romeli Sinaarsi warmoadgens Teoriidan an zogadi ide-

idan gadaxras? rogoraa SesaZlebeli mcire anomaliebis
ganxilvidan nel-nela moswavleebis mier SemuSavebuli zo-
gadi Teoriis ganxilvaze ise gadasvla, rom maT Teoria uf-
ro da ufro daxvewon?
metanarativis mTavari gadaxrebi: aq Cven gvsurs, davsvaT

kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara piesis struqtura marT-
lac ise uzadod agebuli, rogorc amas metanarativi amt-
kicebs. maswavlebelma SeiZleba hkiTxos moswavleebs, ras
izamdnen isini, hamletis adgilas rom yofiliyvnen. Tu isini
mas moqmedebis naTlad Camoyalibebul gegmas SesTavazeben
(magaliTad, mefis Tavidanve an uzrunveli locvis moment-
Si mokvlas), maswavlebels SeuZlia maT am gadawyvetilebis
arasrulyofilebis sxvadasxva mizezi dausaxelos. swrafi
mkvlelobis sawinaaRmdegod maswavlebelma SeiZleba iseTi
praqtikuli problemebic daasaxelos, rogorebicaa kargad
daculi da eWviani mefe; hamletis meryevi fsiqologiuri
xasiaTi; amasTan erTad, ufliswuli bolomde ar aris darw-
munebuli, rom mamamisi biZam mokla. locvis momentSi biZis
mokvlis sawinaaRmdego argumenti dakavSirebulia hamletis
survilTan, rom mamamisis mkvleli jojoxeTSi Calpes. swo-
red amitomaa is winaaRmdegi, biZa im momentSi moklas, roca
is, erTi SexedviT, monaniebisa da locvis procesSia. es argu-
menti rom dRevandeli moswavleebisTvis gasagebi gavxadoT,
maswavleblebs SesaZloa cota muSaoba da jojoxeTis maSin-
deli aRqmis axsna dasWirdeT.
ufro zogad kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, warmoadgens Tu ara

piesa dramas, maswavlebels orive mxarisTvis SeuZlia argu-
mentebis momzadeba. metanarativisa da warmmarTveli Teori-
isgan gansxvavebuli poziciis dasacavad, kargi iqneboda t. s.
eliotis eses `hamleti da misi problemebi~ (T.S. Eliot, “Hamlet
and His Problems~) wakiTxva. eliotis mtkicebiT, piesaSi gadmo-
cemuli emociebi da moqmedeba erTmaneTis Seusabamoa. is ar
329
Seicavs adekvatur òbieqtur Tanafardobas~ da amgvarad da-

ukmayofileblobis grZnobas tovebs. eliotisTvis da bevri
sxvisaTvis problema piesaSia da ara mTavari gmiris Sinagan
samyaroSi (am mokle da saintereso eses naxva bevrs sxvadasxva
bmulze SeiZleba, mag. www.bartleby.com/200/sw9/html.).
moswavleebs, romlebic im azrs emxrobian, rom hamleti zed-

meti fiqrisgan anu àzrovnebis gamo gafermkrTalebulia~,
uunaroa, SeiZleba dausvaT kiTxva matyuara rozenkrancisa
da gildensternis mimarT misi gabeduli da Seubralebeli
qcevis Sesaxeb. is namdvilad `saqmis kaci~ iyo. miuxedavad am
ideis mowinaaRmdege mecnieris reputaciisa, hamletis mier
xmlis xmarebis unari da fortinbrasis mier misTvis jariska-
cis sadari pativiT dakrZalvis moTxovnac adasturebs. mer-
yevi, magram gadawyvetilebis miRebis unaris mqone hamleti
aris Tu ara Tanmimdevruli personaJi?
maT ki, vinc misi sigiJiTa da, gansakuTrebiT, ofeliasTan
urTierTobiTaa dainteresebuli, SeiZleba vTxovoT, dafiq-
rdnen mis SiSze mefis mxridan misi mosalodneli mokvlis ga-
mo. Sedegad, hamleti daundobelia megobrebisa da, uSualod,
ofelias mimarT. mas surs, isini aiZulos, mas uRalaton. mag-
ram gana misi urTierToba ofeliasTan zedmetad gamaRiziane-
buli da Cveni metanarativisTvis anomalurad aradamakmayo-
filebeli ar aris? gana msgavsi ramis Tqma misi sxva urTier-
Tobebis Sesaxebac ar SeiZleba? gana gadaWarbebuli emociebi,
qceva - arabunebrivi ar aris?
hamletTan dakavSirebul nebismier pozicias aqvs Tavisi ga-

daxrebi. bolos da bolos, SeiZleba daaskvna, rom Seqspiri
ubralod Cvenze ufro Wkviani iyo, an zedapiruli nawarmoebi
dawera, raTa is kulturuli niSa Seevso, romelic axla tele-
viziam daikava. is sulac ar grZnobda piesaSi mocemuli prob-
lemebis mogvarebis saWiroebas.

ebs ukeT daexmaros maTi Teoriebisa da metanarativis bu-
330 kiran igani
nebisa da SezRudvebis danaxvaSi?
metanarativis alternatiuli Teoriebi: maswavlebelma Se-

iZleba moswavleebs sTxovos, warmoidginon, rogor aReqvam-
dnen piesas misi pirveli mayureblebi. arsebobs `hamletis~
ramdenime, maT Soris, bolodroindeli - Tomas qidis dadgma
(Thomas Kyd). ambavi aseve moxseniebulia qronikaSi, romelic
Seqspirsac da mis auditoriasac unda scodnodaT. magram Seq-
spirma SurisZiebis Zveli formula iseTi ramiT Secvala, rac
gasaocrad ufro rTuli da momxibvleli aRmoCnda. ras ity-
viT Trileris ideis Sesaxeb, sadac fabulis yvelaze sainte-
reso nawili hamletis Sinagan samyaroSi ki araa, - romelsac
SegviZlia siamovnebiT davakvirdeT imitom, rom viciT, rac
moxdeba, - aramed siuJetSi: vin vis moklavs?
magram pirveladi metanarativi mkiTxvelis interess iwvevs,

radgan erTmaneTTan uzadod dakavSirebuli elementebis
ostatur wyebas warmoadgens. es piesis Zalaa, daainteresos
adamianebi. maswavlebels SeuZlia, moswavleebs sTxovos, ga-
ixsenon garkveuli xarvezebis mqone xelovnebis nimuSebi,
romlebsac, miuxedavad xarvezebisa, SeswevT Zala, maTi war-
mosaxva daipyron. moswavleebi SeiZleba dafiqrdnen imaze,
aris Tu ara `hamleti~ yvelaze warmatebuli marcxi, romelic
ki odesme dadgmula.
garda amisa, arsebobs aseve SekiTxvis `ra aris misTvis heku-

ba?~ aspeqtebi. maswavlebels SeuZlia, moswavleebs amaze sa-
kuTari azris Camoyalibeba da maTi ideebis hamletis azreb-
Tan Sedareba daavalos. amisTvis moswavleebs SeuZliaT is
sityva gamoiyenon, romelic am monakveTis dasawyisSi moviy-
vaneT. ratom unda godebdes msaxiobi - hekubas, Cven ki - ham-
letis gamo?
da Tanac, mudam arsebobs `yvelaferi cota zedmetias~ Teo-

ria, rom mgrZnobiare adamians, romelic hamletis winaaRmdeg
moqmedi sxvadasxva stresis mantiiTaa mosili, am yvelafer-
Tan gamklavebisas Tavbru esxmis. cxovreba, sikvdili, siyva-
ruli da Zlieri SiSi sakmarisia imisTvis, rom axalgazrda
ymawvilma iorikTan daiwyos TamaSi.
331
codnis romeli Tvisebebi mogvcems moswavleebSi Tanamo-

nawileobis gancdis waxalisebis ukeTes saSualebas?

wileobis gancdis gamoyeneba da misi waxaliseba: litera-
turis erT-erTi funqciaa, gavafarTooT Cveni gamocdileba,
viswavloT da gamoviyenoT sxvisi gamocdileba, TiTqos, es
Cven mier gavlili gzaa. `hamletis~ seriozuli ganxilva Ta-
visTavad gulisxmobs moswavleTa Tanamonawileobis gancdis
gazrdas. moswavleebs daavaleT sxvadasxva rolis Sesrule-
ba. es maT saSualebas miscems, pirovneba `moirgon~ da Tavisi
Tavi (an, ufro sworad, Tavisi warmosaxviTi me) im persona-
Jad warmoidginon. SesTavazeT moswavleebs, dRis ganmavlo-
baSi, roca es maT Zalian ar SeuSlis xels, hamleti, ofelia,
gertruda, poloniusi an vinme sxva `gaxdnen~. ifiqron Tavi-
si ofelias, gertrudas, hamletis an laertes rolis Sesaxeb
kalaTburTis TamaSis dros an maRaziaSi yofnisas, avtobusSi
an skolaSi gakveTilze. rogor moiqceodnen es personaJebi?
rogor gaafarToebdnen moswavleebi sakuTari Tavis aRqmas
imis warmodgenisas, amas rogor akeTeben? ra Tqma unda, per-
sonaJebis gansaxiereba mxolod piesis SigniT xdeba, magram
SesaZloa, es saintereso savarjiSo gamodges maT Tanamedro-
ve konteqstSi gadmosatanad ise, rogorc moswavleebi amas
filmebis personaJebis SemTxvevaSi akeTeben.
6. daskvna:
rogor movaxdinoT imis uzrunvelyofa, rom moswavleebis

Teoriebi an zogadi ideebi ki ar ganadgurdes, aramed maT im
faqtebisgan gansxvavebuli statusi mieniWoT, romlebsac
isini efuZnebian? rogor movaxerxoT, rom zogadi ideebis
an Teoriebis sisworis rwmenis mimarT mzardma undoblo-
bam rwmenis dakargvamde da ganxibvlamde ar migviyvanos?
daskvniTi aqtivoba: piesa dawerilia scenaze dasadgmelad

da sayureblad da ara – wasakiTxad. Tumca, mkiTxvelebsac
aqvT gonebaSi Camoyalibebuli Tavisi scena, romelzec isini
piesas gaaTamaSeben. SesaZloa, moswavleebs warmodgenis mom-
zadeba piesaSi dasmul zogierT kiTxvasTan ufro axlos mis-
332 kiran igani
vlaSi daexmaros. SesaZlebelia, moswavleebi patara jgufe-

bad davyoT da maT piesidan ramdenime sakvanZo scenis arCevis
ufleba mivceT. scenebi sxvadasxva jgufs unda daurigdes.
aucilebelia, rom yvela moswavles Tavisi roli hqondes. sa-
ukeTeso scenebi is aris, sadac piradi urTierTobebi da maTi
dinamikaa moqmedebis centrSi. hamleti gertrudasTan, ham-
leti gildensternTan da rozenkrancTan, hamleti ofelias-
Tan, ofelia poloniusTan da mefesTan da a.S.
moswavleebma rolebi zepirad unda iswavlon (es ewinaaRm-

degeba bevri maswavleblis mosazrebas. isini fiqroben, rom
`rolebis swavla~ zianis momtania. magram Seqspiris nawarmoe-
bebi individebis SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis erT-erTi udide-
si ìnstrumentia~ da misi enis ritmis, sulisa da emociebis
Seswavlas moswavleTa ganaTlebaSi udidesi wvlili Seaqvs.
es sargebeli ki sruli masStabiT maSin modis, roca Seqspiris
sityvebs zepirad swavloben).
amis Semdeg moswavleebi Tavis scenebs mTeli klasisa da das-

wrebis sxva msurvelTa winaSe gaiTamaSeben. Semdeg ganixila-
ven piesasTan dakavSirebul daskvnebs, romlebic Teoriuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb SeimuSaves da repeticiebze miRebuli ga-
mocdilebis safuZvelze CamouyalibdaT. imis gamo, rom yve-
la jgufma ufro kargad Seiswavla teqsti, axalgazrdebi
ufro Zlierad iqnebian emociurad dakavSirebuli zogierT
personaJTan. amitom, `hamletis~ zogadi ideebis Sesaxeb ga-
marTuli daskvniTi diskusiebi ufro meti informaciis Semc-
veli da daxvewili unda gamovides, vidre piesis Sesaxeb cal-
keuli Teoriebis gamoTqmisa da maTi dacvis wina mcdelobebi.
7. Sefaseba:

wavla, ganaviTares Tu ara moswavleebma Teoria an zogadi
idea, Camoayalibes Tu ara is da Seiqmnes Tu ara warmodgena
misi SezRudvebis Sesaxeb?
Sefasebis formebi: moswavleebis mier teqstis gagebis, fabu-

lis codnisa da a. S. xarisxis Sesamowmeblad Sefasebis nebismi-
eri tradiciuli formis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli. Sefasebis
333
Cveuli formebis garda, auculebelia imis damadasturebeli

masalis mopoveba, rogor gaiges da ganaviTares moswavleebma
piesasTan dakavSirebuli Teoriebi. piesis Teoriuli aRqmis
damadasturebeli sabuTi maswavleblisTvis aris warmodge-
nebsa da diskusiebze dakvirveba, saSinao davalebad micemu-
li ese, romelic moswavleebs saSualebas miscems, gamoikvli-
on da Camoayalibon Teoriebi, romelTa ganviTarebac swavlis
am monakveTSi daiwyes. imis gamo, rom yovlismomcveli zogadi
amocana `hamletis~ - da ara piesis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teorie-
bis - ganxilvaSi CarTvaa, sasargeblo iqneboda maTi namuSev-
ridan da eseebidan imis damadasturebeli masalis amokrefa,
rom es amocana misi miRwevis saSualebebis gamoyenebis pro-
cesSi ar davazianeT.
magaliTi meoTxe: martivi harmoniuli moZraoba

(asaki Teqvsmetidan Tvramet wlamde)
rxeva bunebis gzaa, aRadginos wonasworoba. wonasworobis aR-

dgenis procesi bevr mniSvnelovan bunebriv fenomens udebs
saTaves, maT Soris, sinaTlisa da bgeris talRebs. maSin, roca
SesaZlebelia, rxeva Zalian rTuli procesi iyos, sinamdvi-
leSi, formiT - martivi harmoniuli moZraoba - rTuli Sesas-
wavli araa. oridan sam kviramde xangrZlivobis kursis far-
glebSia SesaZlebeli im instrumentebis Seswavla, romlebic
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis analizisTvisaa saWiro.

vanturi?
sakiTxisyvelaze Zlieri ZiriTadi idea an Teoria: rxevis

saSualebiT buneba ,,poulobs~ wonasworobas. rodesac siste-
mis wonasworoba irRveva, is zedmet energias iRebs, romelic
rogorme unda daixarjos, vidre wonasworoba isev ar aRdge-
ba. energiis xarjvis es procesi qmnis iseT araTanazomad fe-
334 kiran igani
nomenebs, rogorebicaa okeanisa da bgeris talRebi. damoki-

debuleba wonasworobasa da wonasworobis darRvevas Soris
bunebaSi yvelgan gvxvdeba. mis gareSe Cven verafris danaxvasa
da mosmenas ver SevZlebdiT.
alternativa: SesaZlebelia masis zambaraze moZraobis imave

funqciiT gamoxatva, romelic wris sxvadasxva wertilis ko-
ordinatebs aRwers. harmoniuli moZraoba Cveulebriv sinu-
soidaluria, rac imas niSnavs, rom mistikuri, idealuri wris
Tvisebebi Tavis gzas iseT mraval bunebriv fenomens Soris
poulobs, romlebsac Cven Cveulebriv wreebTan vakavSirebT
xolme. kursis am nawilisadmi alternatiuli midgoma SeiZle-
ba moicavdes im gzebis kvlevas, romelTa saSualebiTac wris
,,Tvisebebi’’ bunebaSi yvelganaa mocemuli.
2. Sinaarsis Teoriul struqturad Camoyalibeba orsa-

fexuriani procesia:

xatavs yvelaze ukeT mas da mis Zlier mxares? rogor SeuZ-
lia mas wesrigSi moiyvanos sakiTxi?
Sinaarsi, romelic sqemas an Teorias yvelaze naTlad war-

moadgens: martivi harmoniuli moZraobis paradigmuli maga-
liTi zambaraze Camokidebuli sagania. misi moZraoba Tvalsa-
Cinos xdis harmoniuli moZraobis Tvisebebs, amasTan erTad
ki, saklaso demonstrirebis martivi saSualebaa. Tqven SegiZ-
liaT zambaraze Camokidebuli sagnis moZraobis demonstri-
reba moawyoT da moswavleebs aCvenoT, rogor irxeva is wo-
nasworobis aRdgenis momentamde da SeCerebamde. amis Semdeg
SegiZliaT ganaxorcieloT gonebrivi ieriSi im garegnulad
gansxvavebuli fenomenebis gansaxilvelad, romlebic aseve
gamoxatavs rxevisa da wonasworobis martiv Tvisebebs. isini
yvelgan Cndeba, magaliTad, wyalze arsebuli talRebi, gita-
ris simebis vibracia, mtacebelTa populaciebisa da ekosis-
temebis msxverplTa cvlilebebi. moswavleebs SeuZliaT imis
swavlac, rom sinaTle da xma rxevis procesSi myof talRebSi
mogzaurobs, rom xedva da smena am rxevebze Cveni sxeulis mem-
branebis mier pasuxis gacemis gamoa SesaZlebeli.
335
am dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT, moswavleebs SeuZliaT gamoik-

vlion is, rac yvela dasaxelebul movlenas saerTo aqvs (ma-
galiTad: wonasworobis wertili da masTan dakavSirebuli
rxevebi). maT aseve SeuZliaT iseTi martivi sakiTxebis Ses-
wavla, rogorebicaa: rxevis dros ucvlelia Tu ara siCqare?
siCqare wonasworobis wertilSi ufro metia Tu wonasworo-
bis wertilidan maqsimaluri daSorebis adgilas? maT aseve
SeuZliaT, ikiTxon, ra Zalebi unda moqmedebdes maSin, roca
wonasworobis romelime wertilSi sagani ise irxeva, rom da-
uyovnebliv ar Cerdeba da es arc wonasworobis wertilidan
misi ganusazRvreli manZiliT daSorebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
kursis am nawilis mizania, moaxdinos iseTi maTematikuri in-
strumentebis ganviTareba, romlebic moswavleebs yvela am
rxevis fenomens Soris arsebuli saerTo mxaris formalize-
baSi daexmareba. garda amisa, es monakveTi cdilobs, moswav-
leebs naTeli warmodgena Seuqmnas am movlenebisTvis saerTo
ramdenime martivi maTematikuri Tvisebis Sesaxeb.
2.2. gakveTilis an sxva saswavlo erTeulis struqturis Ca-

Sinaarsi, romelic sakiTxis Zlier metanarativs warmoad-

gens: am nawilSi saqme bunebis mier wonaworobis Ziebasa da mis
darRvevas Soris mudmiv urTierTobas exeba. arc wonasworo-
bis mdgomareobaSi yofna da arc misi darRveva TavisTavad
iseTi saintereso araa, rogoric maT Soris arsebuli rxeva.
musikis xma da okeanis mimoqceva Tavisi wonasworobis werti-
lis garSemo arsebuli rxevis sistemis Sedegs warmoadgens.
Tuki es sistemebi odesme Tavisi wonasworobis wertilis pov-
nas moaxerxebs, an wertilidan moSorebiT raime mdgomareoba-
Si samudamod gaCerdeba, isini saintereso aRar iqneba.
am ambis erT-erTi saintereso aspeqti dakavSirebulia im mo-

sazrebasTan, romlis mixedviTac rxevebi im sistemis dama-
tebiT produqts warmoadgens, romelic wonaworobidanaa
gadaxrili da mis aRdgenas cdilobs. swored es damatebiTi
produqti qmnis yvelaze saintereso Sedegs. gitaris simis
vibracia simis mcdelobis Sedegia, Tavis pirvandel - Camok-
336 kiran igani
vramde - mdgomareobas daubrundes. magram swored es vib-

raciebi da ara Camokvrisa da wonasworobis mdgomareoba
warmoSobs xmas. Tu maswavlebels surs, isaubros uSno ixvis
WuWulis romantikaze, man unda icodes, rom erTi SexedviT
uintereso erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlis proce-
si, sinamdvileSi, ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre sawyisi da sa-
boloo mdgomareoba.
3. Teoriuli struqturis analizisTvis saWiro

instrumentebis ganviTareba:
romeli maTematikuri an samecniero instrumentebi dag-

vexmareba zogad ideisa Tu Teoriis analizSi? rogor Seg-
viZlia ganvaviTaroT da gamovikvlioT es instrumentebi
imgvarad, rom xazi gavusvaT maT Sesabamisobas zogad ide-
asTan an TeoriasTan?
ZiriTadi instrumentebi da maTi Sesabamisoba: bunebaSi ar-

sebuli rxevebis farTo speqtris Seswavlis Semdeg, maswav-
lebels SeiZleba moundes, daubrundes zambaraze arsebuli
sagnis magaliTs, sadac gansakuTrebiT kargad Canda ubralo
harmoniuli moZraobis sxvadasxva maTematikuri Tviseba. zam-
baraze arsebuli sagnis rxevis Seswavlis saSualebiT, klasma
SeiZleba miiRos hukis kanoni (Hooke) da periodis, amplitu-
dis, gadaadgilebis, siCqaris, aqseleraciis, potencialisa
da martivi harmoniuli moZraobis mqone obieqtis kinetikuri
energiis gamomxatveli sxvadasxva formula.
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis zogadi Tvisebebis Seswavli-

sas Rirebuli iqneboda, aseve, harmoniul moZraobasa da sinu-
soidur funqciebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Seswavlac.
amgvarad, moswavleebs SeuZliaT dainaxon, rom martivi har-
moniuli moZraobis Tvisebebi wris kidev ufro martiv Tvise-
bebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
4. Teoriuli struqturis SezRudvebis gaTvaliswineba:
romeli Sesabamisi problemebis gadaWra ar SegviZlia im in-

strumentebis saSualebiT, romlebic am monakveTSi SeviZi-
neT? ra momavali garTulebebi SeiZleba gaaCinos am prob-
337
lemebma? ra tipis instrumentebi SeiZleba dagvexmaros

maT mosagvareblad?
problemebi da damatebiTi instrumentebi: es is monakveTia,

sadac asparezze `martivi harmoniuli moZraobis~ martivi da
harmoniuli nawilebi gamodian. magaliTi, romelic Cveuleb-
riv martivi harmoniuli moZraobis nawilSi mohyavT xolme,
qanqaris moZraobaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom qanqaris moZraobas
martiv harmoniul moZraobasTan bevri sasargeblo analogia
aqvs, is ar warmoadgens martivi harmoniuli moZraobis maga-
liTs. SesaZloa, saintereso iyos qanqaris moZraobis ganxil-
va da moswavleebisTvis imis kiTxva, warmoadgens Tu ara is
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis magaliTs. SegviZlia, maT amis
damtkiceba vTxovoT.
qanqaris magaliTis garda, SesaZlebelia, azri hqondes mos-
wavleebisTvis imis Cvenebas, rom bunebaSi TiTqmis yvela rxe-
va iseTi martivi ar aris, rogorc es zambaraze moTavsebuli
sagnis SemTxvevaSia. adre gamomuSavebuli maTematikuri in-
strumentebis gamoyenebiT, maT SeuZliaT aRmoaCinon, rom
obieqts, romelic Tavisi wonasworobis adgilmdebareobida-
naa gadaadgilebuli, ufro meti energia eqneba. ase rom, rxe-
va, principSi, zedmeti energiisgan gaTavisuflebaa, romelic
mas (sagans, movlenas) wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi abrunebs.
es arasdros ar xdeba martivi harmoniuli moZraobis dros,
radgan arsebobs varaudi, rom energias veraferi gafantavs.
realur cxovrebaSi rxevebis udidesi nawili Cerdeba, Tuki
mas amaSi raime Zala ar uSlis xels. magaliTad, zambaraze ar-
sebuli masa Sewyvets rxevas, radgan zambaris moWimuloba da
xaxuni energias siTbos msgavsad gafantavs da masas Tavisi wo-
nasworobis mdgomareobasTan dabrunebis saSualebas miscems.
am ufro rTuli rxevis formebidan azris gamotanas imaze me-
ti maTematika dasWirdeba, vidre am monakveTSia mocemuli.
rTuli maTematikis gamoyenebis gareSe, maswavlebels SeuZ-

lia aCvenos, rogor arTulebs ganmuxtuli, marTuli da Tavi-
si Tavis gamomwvevi rxevebi Cven mier am monakveTSi ganxilul
martiv formulebs. aseve unda aRiniSnos sxva tipis rxevebis
sasargeblo buneba. Sesabamisi magaliTia manqanaze sxvadasxva
simZimis zemodan dartyma. manqanis moulodneli ryevebi rom
martivi harmoniuli moZraobis kanonebs eqvemdebarebodes,
338 kiran igani
mgzavrebi Zalian uxeSi mgzavrobis mowmeebi gaxdebodnen.

amitomac inJinrebma ryevebi Seasustes, raTa isini minimalu-
ri gamxdariyo.
Seswavlili masalis romeli nawili waaxalisebs ukeT mos-

wavleebSi Tanamonawileobis gancdas?

wileobis gancdis gamoyeneba da misi waxaliseba: maTemati-
kisa da fizikis abstraqtul gaurkvevlobaSi moswavleebs Se-
uZliaT Tanamonawileobis gancda aRmoaCinon iq, sadac, erTi
SexedviT, SeuTavsebeli fenomenebia. swored maTi samoselis
qveS aris es gancda damaluli. magaliTad, rxevebis Seswavla
SeiZleba moswavleebs im grZnobis ganviTarebaSi daexmaros,
rogor SeuZliaT maT problemebis farTo speqtridan azris
gamotana da analizi, Semdeg ki, erTi SexedviT, rTuli qce-
va ramdenime martiv terminamde da gantolebamde daiyvanon.
SeiZleba aman gazardos Tanamonawileoba, moswavleTa inte-
resi da maT rxevis mravali sxvadasxva magaliTi aRmoaCinon;
garda amisa, ubiZgos moswavleebs, gamoigonon formulebi,
romlebic am rxevebis sxvadasxva wertilSi `Zalas~ an `poten-
ciur energias~ gamoxataven. amgvari rxevebi ar aris ubralo
magaliTebi, rogorebicaa musika da moxtunave kalaTburTis
burTebi. rxeva Tavis gzas adamianebis samyaroSic poulobs,
kerZod, saestrado msaxiobebis popularobis cvlilebaSi,
savaWro centrSi adamianTa didi jgufebis moZraobaSi da
bevr sxva socialur fenomenSi.
6. daskvna:
rogor movaxdinoT imis uzrunvelyofa, rom moswavleeb-

ma aramarto Teoriuli instrumentebis axali nakrebi ga-
iTavison, aramed, farTo konceptualur CarCoSi maT ad-
gilsac miagnon? rogor uzrunvelvyoT, rom moswavleebs
aramarto Tavisi codnis gamoyeneba SeeZloT, aramed, isic
icodnen, rogor funqcionirebs is da mis gaazrebas ra mniS-
vneloba aqvs?
daskvniTi aqtivobebi: am etapze SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos

339
im siasTan dabruneba, romelic kursis dasawyisSi gonebrivi

ieriSis safuZvelze Seiqmna. is im sxvadasxva gzas aRwers, ro-
melTa saSualebiTac bunebaSi rxevis gamovlena xdeba. zamba-
raze Camokidebuli sagnis magaliTis ganxilvisas, moswavle-
ebma SeiZleba iseTi terminebis analogiebi moiyvanon, rogo-
rebicaa Zala, gadaadgileba an kinetikuri energia. analogie-
bi SeiZleba maT maSin gamoiyenon, Tu moyvanil magaliTebSi am
terminebis gamoyeneba uadgiloa. rogorc Cans, mtaceblebisa
da maTi msxverplis populaciebSi arsebuli rxevebi siswra-
fes an aCqarebas ar iTvaliswinebs, magram moswavleebs SeuZ-
liaT Seiswavlon, rogoria am kinematikuri Tvisebebis naTe-
li analogebi biologiaSi, xmis warmoqmnaSi da sxvagan. anali-
zi klass daexmareba am maTematikuri instrumentebis Seda-
rebiT martivi nakrebis gamoyenebis farTo diapazonis ukeT
gaazrebaSi.
7. Sefaseba:
rogor gavigoT, moxda Tu ara Sinaarsis gaazreba da Seswav-

la, Camoayalibes da ganaviTares Tu ara moswavleebma Teo-
ria an zogadi idea, Seiqmnes Tu ara warmodgena misi naklo-
vanebebis Sesaxeb?
Sefasebis formebi: martivi harmoniuli moZraobis anali-

zisTvis saWiro maTematikuri instrumentebis kargad dauf-
lebisTvis moswavleebs garkveuli raodenobis saklaso da
saSinao davalebebis gakeTeba dasWirdebaT. Semdeg maT mier
instrumentebis flobis ostatobis Semowmeba standartuli
testebiT unda moxdes. martivi harmoniuli moZraobis far-
To diapazonis mqone mniSvnelobis gaazrebas azri ara aqvs,
Tu moswavleebs aseve ar eqnebaT maTematikis imgvri codna,
romelic am mniSvnelovani fenomenis analizisas unda gamo-
iyenon. Tumca, Sesaferisi gamoyenebis gaazrebis gareSe, ma-
Tematikis codnac aseve arafris momtania. moswavleebs Ses-
Tavazes harmoniuli moZraobis cxovrebiseuli magaliTebis
moyvana da zambaraze Camokidebuli sagnis SemTxvevisTvis
meqanikuri terminebisTvis analogebis povna. am magaliTebma
SesaZlebeli unda gaxados im codnis Sefaseba, romelic mos-
wavleebs martivi harmoniuli moZraobis zogad principebTan
da maTi gamoyenebis diapazonTan dakavSirebiT aqvT.
340 robert Sternbergi da uendi m. viliamsi
Tavi V
robert Sternbergi da uendi m. viliamsi
kreatiulobis swavleba: 24 rCeva
ra gansazRvravs adamianis kreatiulobas? ratomaa, rom zo-

gierTi adamiani ufro metad kreatiulia, zogi ki naklebad?
Cven xSirad vfiqrobT, rom kreatiuli adamianebi raRac iS-
viaTi da sxvebisTvis miuwvdomeli SesaZleblobebiT arian
dajildoebulni, magram es ase ar aris. kreatiuli adamiane-
bi isini arian, vinc gadawyvetilebas iRebs. ideebis samyaroSi
isini produqts iafad yiduloben da mogvianebiT mas Zvirad
yidian. am statiaSi jer aRvwerT kreatiulobis ideas, ro-
gorc gadawyvetilebas, romelic investiciis Teoriis saxi-
Taa Camoyalibebuli. Semdeg ki warmogidgenT ocdaoTx rCe-
vas, romelic swavlebis dros moswavleebsTvis da sakuTriv
TqvenTvis kreatiulobis ganviTarebis xelSewyobisTvis Se-
giZliaT gamoiyenoT.
kreatiulobis investiciis Teoria: iyide iafad, gayide

Zvirad
kreatiulobis investiciis Teoria (Sternbergi da lubarti,

1995, Sternberg & Lubart, 1995) amtkicebs, rom kreatiulad mo-
azrovne adamianebi karg investorebs hgvanan: isini produqts
iafad yiduloben, mere ki mas Zvirad yidian. magram finansur
samyaroSi moqmedi investorebisgan gansxvavebiT, kreatiuli
adamianebi ase ideebis samyaroSi iqcevian. isini dabalfasiani
aqciebis (aqciebi, romelTa fasisa da mogebis Sefardeba daba-
lia) msgavs ideebs awarmoeben, sazogadoeba ki maTze, aqciebis
msgavsad, uars ambobs. kreatiuli ideebis wardgenis period-
Si maT xSirad ise uyureben, rogorc ucnaurs, usargeblo-
sa da sulelurs da uaryofen xolme. adamians, romelic maT
kritikuli azrovneba
341
gvTavazobs, xSirad eWvis TvaliT uyureben, abuCad igdeben

da dascinian.
kreatiuli ideebi axalicaa da Rirebulic. magram maSin, ra-

tom amboben maTze uars? imitom, rom kreatiuli inovatorebi
Tavis interesebs icaven da brbos upirispirdebian. brbo kre-
atiul azrebs boroti ganzraxvis an sijiutis gamo ki ar uar-
yofs; mas ubralod ar esmis da xSirad arc unda, rom esmodes
SeTavazebuli ideiT warmodgenili azrovnebis marTebuli da
ukeTesi gza. brbo zogadad status quo-s mimarT dapirispirebas
Semawuxeblad da Seuracxmyoflad miiCnevs, rac sakmarisi mi-
zezia imisTvis, rom inovaciur ideebs yuradReba ar miaqcios.
kreatiuli ideebis uaryofis bevri damamtkicebeli sabuTi

arsebobs (Sternbergi da lubarti, 1995). didi literaturu-
li nawarmoebebisa da xelovnebis nimuSebis Sesaxeb daweri-
li pirveli mimoxilvebi xSirad uaryofiTia. toni moriso-
nis `kupris safrTxobelas~ (Toni Morrison, Tar Baby) pirvelma
gamocemam uaryofiTi Sefaseba miiRo iseve, rogorc silvia
platis `zarxufma~ (Sylvia Plath, The Bell Jar). norvegieli mxat-
vris edvard munkis (Edvard Munch) miunxenSi gamarTuli pirve-
li gamofena kritikosebis mxridan gamoTqmuli Zlier uaryo-
fiTi Sefasebis gamo erTsa da imave dRes gaixsna da daixura.
zogierTi didi samecniero statiis gamoqveynebaze erTi ki
ara, ramdenime Jurnali ambobs xolme uars. cnobili biof-
siqologi jon garsia (John Garcia) gakicxes, roca sazogadoe-
bas pirvelad gaacno, rom e. w. ,,klasikuri pirobiTi swavlis~
procesis ganxorcieleba swavlis erTi ciklis saSualebiT
iyo SesaZlebeli (garsia da koelingi, 1966, Garcia & Koelling,
1966).
investiciebis TvalsazrisiT, kreatiuli adamiani produqts

iafad maSin yidulobs, roca sazogadoebas unikalur ideas
warudgens da cdilobs, is mis RirebulebaSi daarwmunos. mas
Semdeg, rac ideis RirebulebaSi sxvebis darwmunebas SeZlebs,
rac savaraudo investiciis Rirebulebasac zrdis, kreatiu-
li adamiani mas Zvirad yidis (anu sxvebs gadaabarebs) Tavad ki
sxva ideis damuSavebaze gadadis. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cve-
ulebriv adamianebs surT, maTi ideebi sxvebsac moewonoT,
342 robert bustromi
swrafi sayovelTao aRfrTovaneba, Cveulebriv, imas maniSne-

belia, rom idea gansakuTrebiT kreatiuli araa.
ideebis samyaroSi kreatiulobis mxardaWera imiTac SegiZli-

aT, rom idea iafad iyidoT da Zvirad gayidoT, brbos ki yu-
radReba ar miaqcioT. kreatiuloba isevea cxovrebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetileba da mis mimarT damokidebuleba, rogorc rai-
mes keTebis SesaZlebloba. patara bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi, Cven
xSirad varT kreatiulobis mowme, Tumca, imaves danaxva mo-
zardebsa da zrdasrulebSi gviWirs, radgan maTi kreatiuli
potenciali im sazogadoebis mieraa daTrgunuli, romelic
inteleqtualur konformizms axalisebs. bavSvebis bunebri-
vi kreatiulobis daTrgunvas Cven maSin viwyebT, roca maTgan
gasaferadebeli wignis ferebiT Sevsebas mxolod dadgenili
CarCos SigniT veliT.
rogor SevinarCunoT wonasworoba analitikur, sinTezur da

praqtikul unarebs Soris?
kreatiuli muSaoba sami iseTi unaris gamoyenebasa da maT So-

ris wonasworobis dacvas moiTxovs, romelTa ganviTarebac
SesaZlebelia (Sternbergi, 1985; Sternbergi da lubarti,
1995; Sternbergi da viliamsi, 1996).
sinTezuri azrovnebis unari isaa, rasac Cven, Cveuleb-

riv, kreatiulobas vuwodebT. es axali da saintereso ideebis
warmoSobis unaria. xSirad adamiani, romelsac kreatiuls vu-
wodebT, gansakuTrebiT kargi sinTezuri azrovnebis unaris
mqone pirovnebaa, romelic sagnebs Soris iseT kavSirebs aR-
moaCens, romlebsac sxva adamianebi spontanurad ver xedaven.
analitikuri azrovnebis unars, Cveulebriv, kritikuli

azrovnebis unarad Tvlian. adamiani, romelsac es SeuZlia,
ideebis analizsa da Sefasebas axdens. yvelas, TviT Tqvens
nacnob yvelaze kreatiul adamiansac ki, aqvs ukeTesi da uare-
si ideebi. kargad ganviTarebuli analitikuri azrovnebis ga-
reSe, kreatiul adamians cudi da kargi ideebis damuSavebis
Tanabari Sansi eqneboda. is analitikuri azrovnebis unars
imisTvis iyenebs, rom kreatiuli ideis mniSvneloba Seafasos
da gamoscados.
kritikuli azrovneba
343
praqtikuli azrovnebis unari adamians aZlevs saSualebas,

Teoria praqtikad, abstraqtuli ideebi ki praqtikul miRwe-
vebad gardaqmnas. investiciis Teoriis mniSvneloba is aris,
rom kargi ideebi Tavis Tavs ver yidian, kreatiuli adamiani
ki praqtikul unarebs imisTvis iyenebs, rom sxva adamianebi
ideis RirebulebaSi daarwmunos. magaliTad, yvela organiza-
cias aqvs ideebi imis Sesaxeb, rogor unda moxdes zogierTi
procesis an produqtis dublireba. imisTvis, rom aseT orga-
nizaciebs axali procedura SesTavazoT, Tqven mas idea unda
mihyidoT da daarwmunoT, rom is Zvels sjobs. praqtikuli
unari potenciuri auditoriis mqone ideebis gamosacnoba-
dac gamoiyeneba.
kretiuloba sinTezur, analitikur da praqtikul unarebs

Soris wonasworobis dacvas moiTxovs. pirovnebam, romelsac
mxolod sinTezuri azrovneba SeuZlia, SeiZleba inovaciuri
ideebi gamoimuSaos, magram isini ver icnos, an ver gayidos.
adamiani, romelsac mxolod analitikuri unarebi aqvs, SeiZ-
leba sxva adamianebis ideebis Zalian kargi kritikosi iyos,
magram, savaraudod, kreatiul ideebs Tavad ver warmoSobs.
mxolod praqtikuli unaris mqone adamiani, SesaZloa, araCve-
ulebrivi gamyidveli iyos, didi albaTobiT, is iseve kargad
gayidis mcire an nulovani Rirebulebis mqone ideebs an pro-
duqtebs, rogorc namdvilad kreatiulebs.
waaxaliseT da ganaviTareT kreatiuloba studentebisTvis

imis swavlebiT, rom sinTezur, analitikur da praqtikul az-
rovnebas Soris wonasworoba ipovon. kreatiuli damokidebu-
leba, sul mcire, iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc kreatiuli
azrovnebis unari (Sanki, 1988, Schank). maswavlebelTa umrav-
lesobas surs, Tavis moswavleebSi kreatiulobis ganviTare-
bas Seuwyos xeli, magram is ar aris darwmunebuli, rom mis mi-
er SerCeuli strategia sworia. gTavazobT 24 rCevas, romel-
Ta gamoyeneba SeuZliaT maswavleblebs. rCevebi Seicavs stra-
tegiebs, romlebic dagexmarebaT TqvenSi, Tqvens moswavleeb-
sa da Tqven garSemo kreatiulobis ganviTarebaSi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom es strategiebi maswavleblebisa da moswavleebis-
Tvisaa SemuSavebuli, isini aseve exeba maswavleblebTan momu-
Save administratorebs, bavSvebTan momuSave mSoblebs an im
adamianebs, visac sakuTari kreatiulobis ganviTareba surs.
344 robert bustromi
24 rCeva kreatiulobis ganviTarebisTvis
1. SesTavazeT moswavleebs misabaZi magaliTi
kreatiulobis ganviTarebis yvelaze Zlieri meTodi moswav-

leebisTvis misabaZ magaliTad qcevaa. bavSvebi kreatiulobas
maSin ki ar aviTareben, roca maT amis Sesaxeb uyvebiT, aramed
maSin, roca maT amas aCvenebT.
skolis maswavleblebi, romlebic, savaraudod, dagamaxsov-

rdaT, isini ar yofilan, vinc Tavis gakveTilSi yvelaze meti
Sinaarsis Catenvas cdilobda. savaraudod, is maswavleblebi
gaxsovT, romelTa azrebi da aqtivobebi TqvenTvis sanimuSo
magaliTi iyo. albaT, yvelaze metad isini axerxebdnen wonas-
worobis dacvas saswavlo masalasa da imis swavlebas Soris,
rogor unda ifiqroT Sinaarsis Sesaxeb da masTan erTad.
xandaxan, kreatiulobis ganviTarebis seminarze vinme svams

kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, kreatiulobis ganviTareba zustad ro-
goraa SesaZlebeli. es cudi dasawyisia. Tqven kreatiulobis
magaliTi ver iqnebiT, Tu kreatiulad Tavad ar aswavliT da
azrovnebT. amitomac, kargad dafiqrdiT Tqveni Rirebulebe-
bis, miznebisa da ideebis Sesaxeb da auditorias isini Tqveni
qmedebebis fonze daanaxeT.
2. ganaviTareT Tqveni efeqturoba
moswavleebis qmedebebis mTavari SezRudva dakavSirebulia

maT warmodgenasTan imis Sesaxeb, risi keTebac SeuZliaT. yve-
la moswavles aqvs unari, raime Seqmnas da is sixaruli gamos-
cados, romelic axlis SeqmnasTanaa dakavSirebuli. magram,
upirveles yovlisa, kreatiulobisTvis maT Zlieri safuZve-
li unda avugoT. xandaxan maswavleblebi da mSoblebi unebli-
eT zRudaven moswavleebs imiT, rom maT potenciuri miRweve-
bis mimarT SezRudvebis Semcvel gzavnilebs awvdian.amis ma-
givrad, daexmareT moswavleebs, Tavisi kreatiulobis unarSi
darwmundnen.
kritikuli azrovneba
345
3. eWviT moepyariT varaudebs
Cven yvelas gvaqvs varaudebi. xSirad maTi arsebobis Sesaxeb

araferi viciT, radgan maT bevri adamiani iziarebs. kreati-
uli adamianebi maT eWviT uyureben da, SesaZloa, sxvebsac
msgavsi qmedebisken ubiZgeben. rodesac kopernikma gamoTqva
azri, rom dedamiwa mzis garSemo brunavs, is absurdulad mi-
iCnies, radgan yvelas SeeZlo imis danaxva, rom dedamiwis gar-
Semo mze brunavs. galileo Tavisi ideebis gamo (maT Soris,
vardnis procesSi myofi obieqtebis SefardebiTi koeficien-
tebis Sesaxeb) eretikosad gamoacxades.
xandaxan mravali welia saWiro imisTvis, rom xalxma maTi va-

raudebis mcdaroba an SezRudvebi gaiazros da kreatiuli
adamianis azrebis Rirebuleba gaiTavisos. maTi mamoZravebe-
li Zala, vinc eWvis TvaliT uyurebs varaudebs, SesaZlebels
xdis kulturuli, teqnologiuri da sxva formis progress.
maswavleblebs SeuZliaT, moswavleebs varaudebis eWvqveS da-

yenebaSi magaliTi aCvenon. Tqven SegiZliaT, moswavleebs aC-
venoT, rom is, rac maT Tavisi varaudos Tanaxmad ician, sinam-
dvileSi, ar ician.
ra Tqma unda, moswavleebma eWvqveS yvela varaudi ar unda da-

ayenon. arsebobs dro, roca kiTxvebis dasma da garemos Secv-
lis mcdelobis gamovlenaa aucilebeli, magram arsebobs pe-
riodebic, roca masTan Seguebaa saWiro. zogierTi kreatiu-
li adamiani iseTi raodenobis ideebs ayenebs eWvqveS da Tanac
amas ise xSirad akeTebs, rom sxvebi mas seriozulad ubralod
aRar aRiqvamen. yvelam unda iswavlos, romeli varaudi unda
davayenoT eWvqveS da romel sakiTxze Rirs dapirispireba.
xandaxan jobia, araTanmimdevruli varaudebis kritikas Tavi
davaneboT imisTvis, rom marTla Rirebuli sakiTxis aRmoCe-
nisas Cveni auditoria SevinarCunoT.
aqcieT kiTxvebis dasma yoveldRiuri saklaso ganxilvebis

nawilad. moswavleebisTvis pasuxebze gacilebiT ufro mniS-
vnelovania imis swavla, ra kiTxvebi dasvan da rogor. daexma-
reT maT, Seafason Tavisi SekiTxvebi da uari TqviT praqtika-
346 robert bustromi
ze, rom kiTxvebs Tqven dasvamT isini, ki mxolod da mxolod

pasuxebs gagcemen. Tavi aarideT im ideis damkvidrebas, rom
Tqveni roli moswavleebisTvis faqtebis swavlebaa. amis ma-
givrad, daexmareT maT gaiazron, rom mTavari faqtebis gamo-
yenebis unaria. aswavleT maT kargi kiTxvebisa da pasuxebis
Camoyalibeba.
Cven yvelani vuSvebT pedagogiur Secdomas maSin, roca aq-

cents vakeTebT pasuxis gacemaze da ara kiTxvebis dasmaze.
karg moswavled is iTvleba, vinc swor pasuxebs swrafad iZle-
va. dargis eqsperti im moswavle eqspertis gagrZeleba xdeba,
romelsac codna aqvs da bevri informaciis zepirad CamoT-
vla SeuZlia. rogorc jon diuim (John Dewey) aRniSna (1933),
xSirad ufro mniSvnelovania is, rogorc vfiqrobT da ara
is, rasac vfiqrobT. Cven moswavleebs swori kiTxvebis dasma
(kargi, azrovnebis gamomwvevi da saintereso) unda vaswavloT
da zepirad swavlis roli SevamciroT.
4. CamoayalibeT problemebi da xelaxla gansazRvreT isini
kreatiul saqmianobas imiT SeuwyeT xeli, rom Tqvens moswav-

leebs problemebisa da proeqtebis Camoyalibebasa da xelax-
la gansazRvraSi daexmareT. waaxaliseT kreatiuli azrovneba
da mieciT moswavleebs saSualeba, Tavad airCion moxsenebis
an prezentaciis sakiTxebi; gadawyviton, problemis gadaWris
romeli gza sjobs da xandaxan xelaxali arCevani gaakeTon,
Tu aRmoaCenen, rom maTi wina arCevani Secdoma iyo. mieciT
moswavleebs ufleba, semestrSi minimum erTi moxsenebis Te-
ma Tavad gadawyviton. Tqven mier gacemuli Tanxmoba mogcemT
imis garantias, rom sakiTxi gakveTilis Temis Sesabamisi iqne-
ba da proeqti, savaraudod, warmatebuli gamova.
warmatebuli proeqti (1) Seesabameba kursis miznebs, (2) ax-

dens moswavlis mier Seswavlil nawilTan dakavSirebuli os-
tatobis demonstrirebas da (3) karg niSans imsaxurebs. Tuki
sakiTxi imdenadaa daSorebuli miznebs, rom Tqven dabali niS-
nis daweris survili giCndebaT, sTxoveT moswavles, rom sxva
Tema airCios.
kritikuli azrovneba
347
moswavleebs arCevans mudmivad ver SesTavazebT, magram es

maTTvis erTaderTi gzaa, rom arCeva iswavlon. namdvili ar-
Cevani imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom gadawyvito, kata daxato
Tu ZaRli. is arc amerikis erT-erTi Statis saprezentacio
Temad arCevas niSnavs. mieciT moswavleebs farTo TvalTa-
xedva arCevanis gakeTebis dros da daexmareT kreatiulobis
aucilebeli elementebis: gemovnebisa da kargi Sefasebis una-
ris ganviTarebaSi.
xandaxan yvela Cvengani uSvebs Secdomebs proeqtis an misi

ganxorcielebis gzebis arCevisas. ubralod gaxsovdeT, rom
kreatiulobis mniSvnelovani nawili analizTan da Secdo-
mis aRmoCenis swavlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mieciT Tqvens
moswavleebs Sansi da SesaZlebloba, rom Tavisi arCevani xe-
laxla gansazRvron.
5. xeli SeuwyeT ideebis warmoSobas
imis Semdeg, rac problema Camoyalibdeba, an xelaxla gan-

sazRvreba, dgeba dro, roca moswavleebma ideebisa da maTi
gadaWris gzebis Camoyalibeba unda daiwyon. ideebis warmo-
Sobis garemo kritikisgan SedarebiT Tavisufali unda iyos.
SesaZloa, moswavleebma zogi idea ukeTesad, zoki ki uaresad
miiCnion, magram Tqven ar unda iyoT mkacri an kritikuli maT
mimarT. miznad daisaxeT warmodgenili ideebis kreatiuli
aspeqtebis gansazRvra, maTi xelis Sewyoba da moswavleebs
arakreatiuli ideebis mimarT axali midgomebis gamomuSaveba
SesTavazeT. SeaqeT isini bevri ideis CamoyalibebisTvis, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba suleluri an
Temisgan daSorebuli iyos. mouwodeT maT, Tavisi saukeTeso
ideebi maRali xarisxis proeqtebad Camoayalibon.
Tqvens moswavleebs SeuZliaT, proeqtebi dagegmon rogorc

amJamad - skolaSi an mis farglebs gareT, ise - momavalSic.
iseT sakiTxebze, rogorebicaa qorwineba, ojaxi da kariera
yvelaze kargad pasuxis gacema bevri ideis dawvrilebiTi ana-
lizis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. moswavleebisTvis bevri ideis
warmoebis Rirebulebis swavleba maTi kreatiuli azrovnebis
unars zrdis da maTTvis sargebloba axlac moaqvs da moma-
valSic.
348 robert bustromi
6. daakavSireT erTmaneTTan da gaanayofiereT ideebi
moswavleebis kreatiulobis stimulireba sxvadasxva sagan-

sa da disciplinaze erTdrouli fiqris saSualebiT moaxdi-
neT. tradiciul saskolo garemoSi sxvadasxva sagnis sakla-
so oTaxi, Cveulebriv, gancalkevebulia. SesaZloa, gansxva-
vebul sagans moswavleTa gansxvavebuli jgufi eswrebodes.
savaraudod, es maT afiqrebinebs, rom swavleba mimdinareobs
gancalkevebul ganyofilebebSi (mag. maTematikis, socialu-
ri mecnierebebis..). magram kreatiuli ideebi da alRo xSirad
sxvadasxva sagnis masalis ara damaxsovrebisa da zepirad ga-
moTqmis, aramed - erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis Sedegia.
moswavleebisTvis sxvadasxva saganSi miRebuli codniT ide-

ebis gamdidrebis swavleba saqmeSi maT unarebs, interesebsa
da SesaZleblobebs rTavs. sagans am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba
ar aqvs. magaliTad, Tu Tqvens moswavleebs maTematikis gage-
ba uWirT, SegiZliaT, sTxovoT, maTi gansakuTrebuli intere-
sis sferosTan dakavSirebuli sakontrolo kiTxvebi Camowe-
ron. beisbolis moyvaruls sTxoveT, geometriis problemebi
TamaSze dayrdnobiT gaiazros. konteqstma, SesaZloa, xeli
Seuwyos kreatiuli ideebis warmoSobas, radgan moswavleebi
Temas (beisboli) sasiamovnod miiCneven da aman SeiZleba geo-
metriiT gamowveuli mRelvareba gaabaTilos. sxvadasxva sag-
nis masaliT erTmaneTis gamdidreba motivacias aumaRlebs
im moswavleebs, romlebsac abstraqtuli sagnebis swavla ar
ainteresebT.
ideebis gamdidrebis erT-erTi gzaa moswavleebisTvis imis

Txovna, rom maT Tavisi yvelaze kargi da cudi akademiuri
sferoebi daasaxelon. amis Semdeg daavaleT, moifiqron pro-
eqtis ideebi maTTvis sust sferoSi da amisTvis Zlieri sfe-
roebidan aRebuli ideebi gamoiyenonen. auxseniT, magaliTad,
rom SeuZliaT Tavisi mecnierebiT daintereseba socialuri
mecnierebebis SemTxvevaSi mas Semdeg gamoiyenon, rac erov-
nuli politikis tendenciebis mecnieruli aspeqtebis ana-
lizs moaxdenen.
kritikuli azrovneba
349
7. dauTmeT dro kreatiul azrovnebas
Cvens sazogadoebas cota dro aqvs. swrafad damzadebul saW-

mels mivirTmevT, erTi adgilidan meorisken mivqrivarT da
siswrafes vafasebT. roca gvinda, vinmes Sesaxeb vTqvaT, rom
is Wkviania, vambobT xolme, rom is mkvircxlia (Sternbergi,
1985), rac naTlad usvams xazs drois mniSvnelobas. SexedeT
Tundac standartizebuli testebis formats. ramdenime pa-
suxis mqone kiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxis arCevas drois mok-
le monakveTSi gvTxoven. Tumca, yvela kretiuli idea swra-
fad ar ibadeba (gruberi, 1986, Gruber). Cven gvWirdeba dro,
rom sakiTxi gavigoT da is cota davamuSaoT. Tu Cvengan kre-
atiul azrovnebas iTxoven, amis kargad gasakeTeblad droa
saWiro. Tu testSi Zalian bevrs SekiTxvas CawerT, an moswav-
leebs imden saSiano davalebas miscemT, ramdenis Sesrulebac
maT ar SeuZliaT, gamova, rom maT kreatiulad fiqrisTvis sa-
Wiro dros ar aZlevT.
8. aswavleT da SeafaseT kreatiulad
moswavleebs Tu mxolod mravali pasuxis Semcvel teqstebs

miscemT, miuxedavad imisa, ras etyviT, isini maleve Seityo-
ben im azrovnebis tipis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tqven afasebT. Tu
gsurT, kreatiulobas SeuwyoT xeli, davalebebsa da testeb-
Si kreatiuli azrovnebisTvis saWiro ramdenime SesaZleblo-
ba mainc unda CarToT. dasviT iseTi SekiTxvebi, romlebze pa-
suxis gacemasac faqtebis codna, analitikuri da kreatiuli
azrovnebis gamoyeneba sWirdeba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT mos-
wavleebs sTxovoT kanonebis Seswavla, maTi analizi da Semdeg
maTi gaumjobesebis gzebze fiqri.
9. daajildoveT kreatiuli ideebi da produqtebi
kreatiulobis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb laparaki sakmarisi ar

aris. moswavleebi miCveulni arian Zalauflebis mqone adamia-
nebs, romlebic erTs amboben da meores akeTeben. isini Zalian
kargad grZnoben maswavleblis naTqvams, roca saqme arss, ker-
Zod ki, Sefasebas an niSans exeba. Tu yuradRebiT ar iqnebiT,
isini niSnebis miRebas SeZleben.
350 robert bustromi
aRniSneT kreatiulobis mcdelobebi. magaliTad, mieciT mos-

wavleebs dasamuSaveblad proeqti da SeaxseneT maT, rom maT-
gan codnis, analitikuri da weris unarebis, kreatiulobis
demonstrirebas eliT. uTxariT, rom kreatiuloba ar aris
damokidebuli imaze, maT nawers eTanxmebiT Tu ara. auxseniT,
rom is mxolod arsebul ideebsa da maT sakuTar azrebs Soris
sinTezis CvenebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tqven mxolod is unda
gainteresebdeT, rom ideebi moswavleTa perspeqtividan da
ara maincdamainc maRalteqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT iyos
kreatiuli. moswavleebs SeuZliaT iseTi ideebis warmodge-
nac, romlebic sxvas ukve hqonia.
zogi maswavlebeli Civis, rom ver axerxebs kreatiuli pasu-

xebis iseTive obieqturobiT Sefasebas, rogorsac ramdenime
arCevanis mqone pasuxebis an mokle pasuxebis SemTxvevaSi aR-
wevs. isini marTlebi arian imaSi, rom aq obieqturobis mcire
msxverplSewirvasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram, kvlevis Tanaxmad,
maswavlebelebi kreatiulobis Sefasebisas araCveulebrivad
Tanmimdevrulebi arian (amabili, 1983, Amabile; Sternbergi da
lubarti, 1995). Tuki Sefasebis mizania, moswavleebs aswav-
los, maSin umjobesia, maT kreatiulad muSaoba movTxovoT da
is SedarebiT naklebad obieqturad SevafasoT, vidre moswav-
leebs mxolod arakreatiuli naSromebis safuZvelze davuwe-
roT niSnebi. gaafrTxileT Tqveni moswavleebi imis Sesaxeb,
rom kreatiulobis Sefasebis absoluturad obieqturi gza
ar arsebobs.
10. waaxaliseT gonivruli riski
kreatiuli adamianebi riskze midian da brbos ideebis iafad

yidvisa da Zvirad gayidvis saSualebiT gamoiwveven. brbos
gamowveva misi guliswyromis sababad gaxdomis riskTanaa da-
kavSirebuli. magram arsebobs brbos gamowvevis gonivruli
da naklebad gonivruli mizezebi. kreatiuli adamianebi go-
nivrul riskze midian da warmoSoben ideebs, romlebic sxvebs
moswonT da maT, rogorc tendenciis damfuZneblebs, pativs
scemen. riskis Tavis Tavze aRebis dros kreatiuli adamianebi
xandaxan Secdomebs uSveben da warmatebas ver aRweven.
Cven xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT gonierebis farglebSi gaweul

kritikuli azrovneba
351
risks, radgan aq sicocxlis an fizikuri dazianebis riskze

ar vsaubrobT. imisTvis, rom moswavleebs riskis gonierebis
farglebSi gawevaSi daexmaroT, waaxaliseT isini, rom kurs-
Tan, aqtivobebTan da maswavleblebTan dakavSirebuli inte-
leqtualuri riski gawion da masTan mopyrobis gamocdileba
ganiviTaron. TiTqmis yvela didi aRmoCena an gamogoneba gar-
kveul riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli: roca kinoTeatri erTa-
derTi adgili iyo, sadac filmebis naxva SeiZleboda, viRacas
TavSi azrad saxlis konoTeatris industriis ganviTareba
mouvida. skeptikosebs ukvirdaT, moindomebda Tu ara vinme
filmebis patara ekranze yurebas. meore sarisko idea saxlis
kompiuterTan iyo dakavSirebuli: eqneboda ki vinmes saxlis
kompiuteris gamoyenebis iseTi moTxovnileba, rom amas xar-
jebi gaemarTlebina? Cvens sazogadoebaSi axla ukve fexmo-
kidebuli es ideebi Tavis droze riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT riskebidan gamomdinare saswavlo Se-
saZleblobebsa da im miRwevebs, romlebic swavlis Sedegadaa
SesaZlebeli, ratomaa, rom skolaSi ase cota bavSvi cdilobs
riskis gawevas? amis mizezi is aris, rom Seqebas mxolod tes-
tis srulyofili qulebi da moxsenebebi imsaxurebs, waru-
matebloba ki, SesaZloa, damatebiT samuSaos gulisxmobdes.
garkveuli akademiuri standartis miuRwevloba unarisa da
motivaciis arqonad da ara zrdis survilis gamoxatulebad
aRiqmeba. maswavleblebs urCevniaT, moswavleTaTvis davale-
bebis micemisas ar gariskon, maT arCevanis saSualeba ar mis-
cen da maTgan mxolod kiTxvebze garkveuli pasuxebis gacema
moiTxovon.
11. dauSviT orazrovneba
adamianebs uyvarT, roca saqme Sav-TeTradaa warmodgenili.

mogvwons vifiqroT, rom qveyana kargia an cudi (mokavSire an
mteri), an rom mocemuli idea ganaTlebis sferoSi gamogvad-
geba, an ar gamogvadgeba. problema isaa, rom kreatiuli muSa-
obis samyaroSi bevri nacrisferi zonaa. xelovanebi, romle-
bic axal naxatze muSaoben, an mwerlebi, rolebic axal wigns
weren, xSirad amboben, rom dabneulebi arian, an Tavisi ide-
ebis sisworeSi eWvi eparebaT. maT unda gaarkvion, saerTod,
swor gzas adganan Tu ara.
352 robert bustromi
kreatiuli idea nakuw-nakuw Cndeba da drois ganmavlobaSi

viTardeba, magram periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic is ixvewe-
ba, mouxelTebelia. orazrovnebis daSvebis SesaZleblobis an
drois arqonis gamo, Tqven SeiZleba yvelaze naklebad opti-
maluri gamosavali airCioT.
orazrovnebis daSveba Zalian mouxerxebeli ramaa. roca mos-

wavles moxsenebisTvis TiTqmis swori Tema an TiTqmis swori
samecniero proeqti aqvs SerCeuli, warumateblobis aRiare-
ba Zalian macduria. moswavleebis dasaxmareblad, raTa isini
kreatiulebi gaxdnen, xeli SeuwyeT, rom miiRon da gaaxangr-
Zlivon is periodi, roca maTi ideebi bolomde erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebas ver axerxeben. saboloo jamSi, SesaZloa, maT
ukeTesi ideebi mouvideT TavSi.
12. dauSviT Secdomebi
iafad yidva da Zvirad gayidva sarisko saqmea. bevri idea,

ubralod, imis gamoa arapopularuli, rom isini kargi idee-
bi araa. adamianebi fiqrisas xSirad misdeven garkveul gzas,
radgan es gza ukeT funqcionirebs, vidre sxvebi. magram pe-
riodulad gamoCndeba xolme didi moazrovne: froidi, piaJe
(Piaget), Comski (Chomsky) an ainStaini (Einstein) da azrovnebis
axal gzas gviCvenebs. am moazrovneebma mecnierebaSi Tavisi
wvlili imis gamo Seitanes, rom sakuTar Tavsa da TanamSrom-
lebs misces ufleba, gaeriskaT da Secdomebi daeSvaT. froi-
disa da piaJes bevri idea mcdaria. froidma seqsualobasTan
dakavSirebuli viqtorianuli sakiTxebi sazogado konfliq-
tebSi auria, piaJem ki sworad ver Seafasa bavSvebis mier gar-
kveuli SemecnebiTi qmedebebis ganxorcielebis asaki. maTi
ideebi Zalian didi imis gamo ki ar iyo, rom isini samudamod
SenarCunda, aramed imitom, rom isini sxva ideebis safuZveli
gaxda. froidisa da piaJes Secdomebma sxvebs misces saSuale-
ba, maTi ideebiT esargeblaT da adre arsebul ideebs gascde-
nodnen.
skolebi moswavleebs xSirad Secdomebs ar patioben. dava-

lebebSi aRmoCenili Sedomebi xSirad Zalian cudi niSnebiT
fasdeba. roca bavSvebi kiTxvebze araswor pasuxebs iZlevian,
zogierTi maswavlebeli maT imis gamo tuqsavs, rom masala ar
kritikuli azrovneba
353
waikiTxes, an ver gaiges. sxva moswavleebi ki amis gamo icinian.

roca bavSvebi gasaferadebel wignSi mocemul xazebs ar ica-
ven an sxva fers iyeneben, maT Secdomas usworeben. skolis pe-
riodSi bavSvebs asnairi meTodiTa da aTasi sxvadasxva SemTx-
vevis wyalobiT aswavlian, rom Secdomebis daSveba kargi ar
aris. Sedegad viRebT imas, rom maT kreatiulobisTvis saWiro
damoukidebeli da, xandaxan, araswori azrovnebis eSiniaT.
rodesac Tqveni moswavleebi Secdomebs dauSveben, sTxoveT

maT, gaanalizon da ganixilon sakuTari Secdomebi. xSirad
Secdomebi an susti ideebi karg ideebs an swori pasuxebis Ca-
nasaxebs Seicavs. iaponiaSi maswavleblebi mTeli gakveTilis
manZilze ekiTxebian bavSvebs maTematikur azrovnebaSi daS-
vebuli Secdomebis Sesaxeb. im maswavleblisTvis, visac surs,
gansxvavebuli iyos, Secdomebis kvleva swavlisa da zrdis Se-
saZleblobaa.
13. daadgineT da gadalaxeT winaaRmdegobebi
kreatiulad moazrovne adamianebi TiTqmis aucileblad eCe-

xebian winaaRmdegobebs. kiTxva imaSi mdgomareobs, aqvs Tu
ara kreatiulad moazrovne adamians SesaZlebloba, maT ga-
umklavdes. CvenTvis gasagebia, ratom qreba amdeni axalgaz-
rda imedismomcemi kreatiulad moazrovne adamiani. adre Tu
gvian isini gadawyveten xolme, rom kreatiuloba winaaRmde-
gobad da dasjad ar Rirs. marTlac, kreatiuli adamianebic
ki amisTvis moklevadian fass ixdian, radgan xvdebian, rom
cvlilebebis gamowveva SeuZliaT.
aRwereT is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic Tqveni, megobrebisa

da cnobili adamianebis winaSe kreatiuli muSaobis periodSi
damdgara. sxvagvarad, Tqvenma moswavleebma SeiZleba ifiq-
ron, rom winaaRmdegobebs mxolod isini awydebian. CarTeT
Tqvens monaTxrobSi istoriebi im xalxis Sesaxeb, vinc ar da-
gexmaraT, cud niSnebs giwerdaT iseTi ideebisTvis, romle-
bic aravis ainteresebda. aseve, mouyeviT moswavleebs Tqveni
ideebis dadebiTi Sefasebebis Sesaxeb. imisTvis, rom moswav-
leebs winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvaSi daexmaroT, SeaxseneT
maT bevri kreatiuli adamianis Sesaxeb, visi ideebic Tavidan
uaryofil iqna; ganaviTarebineT kreatiuli aqtis mimarT Si-
354 robert bustromi
nagani mowiwebis grZnoba. SegiZliaT, SesTavazoT, naklebi

inerviulon imis Sesaxeb, sxvebi ras fiqroben. Tumca, moswav-
leebisTvis Znelia megobrebze damokidebulebis Semcireba.
rodesac moswavle cdilobs, winaaRmdegoba daZlios, SeaqeT

misi mcdeloba, miuxedavad imisa, is amas warmatebulad axer-
xebs Tu ara. gamoyaviTmisi qmedebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic
warmatebuli iyo da aRniSneT warmatebis mizezebi. Semdeg mas
msgavsi winaaRmdegobebis daZlevis sxva gzebic SesTavazeT.
Tqven SegiZliaT, ukeTesi midgomebis aRweriT taqtianad ga-
akritikoT kontrproduqtiuli midgomebi, Tumca, mcdelo-
bis Seqeba ar dagaviwydeT. sTxoveT klass, gonebrivi Stur-
mi Caataros da gansazRvros, mocemul winaaRmdegobasTan
dapirispireba rogor SeiZleba. uTxariT klass, ifiqros im
sxvadasxva strategiis Sesaxeb, romelic problemebTan da-
pirispirebisTvis SeiZleba gamogvadges. gaiTvaliswineT is
moswavle, romelic nerviulobis gamo ar monawileobda sko-
lis speqtaklebSi, an marto ar mReroda. mieciT moswavleebs
naxevari saaTi imisaTvis, rom warmodgenasTan dakavSirebuli
strategiebi dasaxon da mogvawodon piradi magaliTebi, rom-
lebic nerviulobis daZlevis gzebs gviCvenebs. CamoTvaleT
ideebi da klass maTi gakritikeba mosTxoveT. winaaRmdegobe-
bis daZlevis xazgasma unda daexmaros moswavleebs, koncent-
rireba moaxdinon problemebis gadawyvetaze da ara maT gamo
gaCenil SezRudvebze.
14. gamoumuSaveT moswavleebs pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba
moswavleebisTvis kreatiulobis swavleba, maTTvis warmate-

bisa da warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgeblobis gan-
viTarebasac iTvaliswinebs. es niSnavs maTTvis (1) kreatiuli
procesis gaazrebis, (2) TviTkritikisa da (3) maTi saukeTeso
kreatiuli naSromebiT siamayis swavlebas. samwuxarod, waru-
mateblobis SemTxvevaSi, bevri maswavlebeli da mSobeli Se-
degebze pasuxismgebel gareSe mters eZebs da moswavleebsac
msgavsi qmedebis nebas rTavs.
fraza moswavleebisTvis Tavis naSromebze pasuxismgeblo-

bis swavlebis Sesaxeb banalurad JRers, magram xandaxan Cvens
codnasa da azrebis qmedebebad Targmnas Soris naprali Cnde-
kritikuli azrovneba
355
ba xolme. sinamdvileSi, adamianebi Zalian gansxvavdebian er-

TmaneTisgan qmedebebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze pasuxismgeb-
lobis TvalsazrisiT. kreatiul adamianebs sakuTar Tavsa da
Tavis ideebze pasuxismgeblobis gaazreba sWirdebaT.
15. xeli SeuwyeT TviTmowesrigebas
yvela students yvela kreatiuli procesis dros ver daexma-

rebiT. Tqvenma moswavleebma procesze kontroli Tavad unda
ganaxorcielon. sawyisi kreatiuli produqtebis Seqmnisa da
maTSi kreatiulobis sixarulis gaRviZebis Semdeg moswavle-
ebs TviTmowesrigebis strategiebic gaacaniT. Cveni umete-
soba mTeli cxovrebis manZilze TviTmimarTul Semoqmede-
bas eweva. gansakuTrebiT, es klasgareSe cxovrebas exeba. ai,
ramdenime qmedeba, romlebic moswavleebs TviTmowesrigebis
procesSi daexmarebaT:
1. CamowereT davalebis ramdenime idea,

2. SeafaseT kreatiuli ideebi da ganaxorcieleT isini,
3. daicaviT Tqveni arCevani,
4. ganaviTareT davalebis Sesrulebis gegma, imis CaTv-
liT, sad da rogor moipovebT informacias da rodis
da rogor daasrulebT proeqts,
5. awarmoeT yoveldRiuri progresis, winaaRmdegobebi-
sa da problemebis gadalaxvis cxrili,
6. miiReT monawileoba yoveldRiur saklaso ganxilveb-
Si angariSTan dakavSirebuli progresisa da fizikuri
yuradRebis gafantvis Sesaxeb (mag. SimSilis grZnoba,
daRliloba),
7. ganixileT dasrulebul proeqtebze maswavleblebis
mier mowodebuli SeniSvnebi,
8. SeafaseT Tanaklaselebis proeqtebi, ganixileT ko-
legebis Sefasebebi.
356 robert bustromi
16. gadaavadeT dajildoeba
kreatiuloba iTvaliswinebs proeqtsa an davalebaze xangrZ-

livi periodis ganmavlobaSi ise muSaobas, rom dauyovnebeli
an Sida jildo ver miiRo. moswavleebma unda iswavlon, rom
yovelTvis swrafad ver dasaCuqrdebian da dajildoebis ga-
davadebas Tavisi dadebiTi mxare aqvs.
bevri adamiani fiqrobs, rom bavSvebi kargad Sesrulebuli

saqmisTvis maSinve unda daajildovon da rom bavSvebi saCuq-
rebs unda elodebodnen. swavlebisa da aRzrdis es stili mo-
mentalur reaqciazea orientirebuli da xSirad grZelvadia-
ni dadebiTi efeqtis xarjze xorcieldeba.
mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli gakveTili, romelic pirada-

daa dakavSirebuli kreatiuli muSaobis disciplinis ganvi-
TarebasTan, jildosTvis lodins iTvaliswinebs. yvelaze di-
di saCuqari xSirad swored isaa, romelic mogvianebiT gaice-
ma. gaacaniT moswavleebs gadavadebuli jildos magaliTebi
Tqveni da kreatiuli adamianebis cxovrebidan da daexmareT
maT, es magaliTebi Tavis cxovrebaSi gamoiyenon.
mZime Sromas uecari jildo xSirad ar moaqvs. bavSvebi uc-

baT ar xdebian beisbolis saukeTeso moTamaSeebi, mocekvave-
ebi, musikosebi an moqandakeebi. raime sferos eqspertad Ca-
moyalibebis aRiareba, TiTqos, Sorsaa. bavSvebi xSirad ver
uZleben televizoris yurebis an videoTamaSebiT dakavebis
cdunebas. Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsimums, Cveulebriv, is
adamianebi aRweven, vinc jildos elis da aRiarebs, rom mokle
vadaSi mxolod ramdenime seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gada-
laxva SeiZleba. mecxreklaseli moswavle, SesaZloa, ver xe-
davdes mZime Sromis sasargeblo mxares, magram safuZvliani
akademiuri naSromebis upiratesoba kolejSi sabuTebis gag-
zavnis periodSi misTvis naTeli gaxdeba.
saskolo davalebebis umetesobis mokle xangrZlivoba bav-

SvebisTvis jildos gadavadebis swavlebis SesaZleblobas
zRudavs. ra Tqma unda, proeqtebi am miznis misaRwevad sau-
keTeso saSualebaa, magram rTulia bavSvebisTvis saxlSi ga-
sakeTebeli proeqtis davaleba, Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT
kritikuli azrovneba
357
mSoblebis mxridan daxmarebasa da maT CarTulobaSi. raime

davalebis Sesrulebaze mravali kviris an Tvis muSaobisas,
moswavle grZelvadiani mogebisTvis saWiro xarisxobrivi Za-
lisxmevis fass swavlobs.
17. xeli SeuwyeT kreatiul TanamSromlobas
kreatiuli muSaoba xSirad ganmartoebul saqmianobad ganixi-

leba. Cven warmovidgenT xolme mwerals, romelic marto zis
Tavis sawer magidasTan, mxatvars, romelic dilis oTx saaTze
gamwarebuli xatavs, an musikoss, romelic gamTeniisas Tavisi
katebisTvis ukravs. sinamdvileSi, adamianebi jgufurad xSi-
rad muSaoben. TanamSromlobam SeiZleba kreatiulobis sti-
mulireba moaxdinos. mouwodeT Tqvens moswavleebs, kreati-
ul adamianebTan erTad imuSaon. Cven yvelani xom magaliTe-
bis saSualebiT vswavlobT. moswavleebi sargebels im teqni-
kis, strategiisa da midgomebis gacnobiT iReben, romlebsac
sxvebi kreatiuli procesis dros iyeneben. garda amisa, isini
isrutaven im enTuziazmsa da sixaruls, romelsac bevri krea-
tiuli adamiani axlis keTebis procesSi asxivebs.
moswavleTa jgufebSi kreatiuli muSaobis xelSewyobis praq-

tikuli gzebis povna Zalian mniSvnelovania, gamomdinare iqi-
dan, rom SeuZlebelia mudmivad TiTo-TiTo moswavlesTan
erTad muSaoba. imis gamo, rom cxovreba sxvebTan erTad muSa-
obas iTvaliswinebs, Rirs moswavleebisTvis erToblivi muSa-
obis Sansis micema da TanamSromlobis procesis ufro krea-
tiulad gadaqceva.
18. gaiTvaliswineT sxva Sexedulebebic
sxva adamianebTan erTad muSaobidan da TanamSromlobidan

maqsimaluri Sedegis miRebis ZiriTadi aspeqti Tqveni Tavis
sxvis adgilas warmodgenaSi mdgomareobs. Cvens Tvalsawiers
imiT vafarToebT, rom samyaros sxva xedvis wertilidan da-
naxvas vswavlobT. es gamocdileba zrdis Cvens kreatiul az-
rovnebasa da wvlils. xeli SeuwyeT Tqvens moswavleebs sxva
adamianebis Tvalsazrisis mniSvnelobis gaazrebaSi, mis pati-
viscemasa da masze reaqciaSi. bevri Wkviani da potenciurad
kreatiuli bavSvi verasdros aRwevs warmatebas imis gamo, rom
358 robert bustromi
praqtikul gonebriv unarebs ver aviTarebs (Sternbergi 1985,

1997; Sternbergi da sxvebi presaSi). SesaZloa, isini skolaSic
warmatebulebi arian da testebsac mSvenivrad abareben, mag-
ram verasdros swavloben imas, rogor iurTierTon sxvebTan,
an Tavisi Tavi da movlenebi sxvisi perspeqtividan rogor da-
inaxon.
19. aRiareT adamianisa da garemos urTierTkavSiri
is, rasac afaseben, rogorc kreatiulobas, - aris urTierTo-

ba adamiansa da mis garemos Soris (Ciqsentmihai, 1988, Csikszen-
tmihalyi; gardneri, 1993, Gardner; Sternbergi, presaSi; Stern-
bergi da lubarti, 1995). erTi da igive produqti, romelic
erT drosa da adgilas kreatiulad miiCneva, SeiZleba sxvagan
uyuradRebobis msxverpli gaxdes.
filmSi mkvdar poetTa sazogadoeba maswavlebeli, romel-

sac mayurebeli SesaZloa, kreatiulad miiCnevdes, skolis
administraciis mier arakompetentur adamianad aRiqmeba.
msgavs gamocdilebas dRis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva garemoSi
xSirad iRebT xolme. ar arsebobs kreatiuli samuSaos Semad-
genlobis gansazRvris zusti standarti. erTsa da imave pro-
duqts an ideas sxvadasxva garemoSi meti an naklebi Rirebu-
leba SeiZleba hqondes. aqedan daskvna: iseTi situacia unda
movZebnoT, sadac Cveni kreatiuli niWi da saqmeSi Setanili
unikaluri wvlili dasaCuqrdeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ga-
remo unda SevcvaloT.
adamianisa da garemos erTmaneTTan Sexamebis mniSvnelobis

mudmivi xazgasmiT Tqven moswavleebs imisTvis moamzadebT,
rom maT mier SerCeuli garemo kreatiul warmatebas Seuwyobs
xels. mouwodeT Tqvens moswavleebs garemos Seswavlisken da
daexmareT maT Tavisi unarebis Sesaferisi garemocvis SerCe-
vaSi.
20. aRmoaCineT azarti
Tqveni moswavleebis saukeTeso kreatiuli unarebis gamosa-

aSkaraveblad maT imis povnaSi unda daexmaroT, rac maT ain-
teresebT. gaxsovdeT, rom ar aris aucilebeli, Tqveni inte-
kritikuli azrovneba
359
resebi erTmaneTs daemTxves. adamianebs, romlebsac namdvi-

lad Zalian kargad SeuZliaT ideebis ganxorcieleba (ar aqvs
mniSvneloba, es saqmianoba profesiuli iqneba Tu ara), TiT-
qmis yovelTvis gulwrfelad uyvarT is, rasac akeTeben. ra
Tqma unda, yvelaze kreatiuli adamianebi Tavisi samuSaoTi
arian Sinaganad motivirebulebi (amabile, 1996, Amabile). nak-
lebad kreatiulebi xSirad iseT karieras irCeven, romelic
fulTan an prestiJTanaa dakavSirebuli, mogvianebiT ki is
bezrdebaT, an veRar itanen. es adamianebi ar asruleben iseT
samuSaos, romelic maT sferos Secvlida. moswavleTa daxma-
reba imis moZebnaSi, rac maT marTla uyvarT, xSirad rTuli
samuSaoa da mas imedebis gacrueba mosdevs Tan. magram, miuxe-
davad amisa, ukeTesia, imedgacrueba maTTan axla gaiziaroT,
vidre isini mis pirispir mogvianebiT marto aRmoCndnen. mos-
wavleebis WeSmariti interesebis gamosavlenad, sTxoveT maT,
klasSi Tavisi gansakuTrebuli niWis an unaris demonstrire-
ba moaxdinon. auxseniT, rom ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ras gaakeTe-
ben (ra Tqma unda, logikis farglebSi igulisxmeba), mniSvne-
lovani mxolod isaa, rom maT es saqme moswondeT.
21. eZieT stimulis gamomwvevi garemo
daexmareT moswavleebs iseTi garemos SerCevis unaris ganvi-

TarebaSi, romelic maTi kreatiulobis stimulirebas moax-
dens. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven saklaso oTaxSi yoveldRe
cdilobT amgvari garemos Seqmnas, gaiTvaliswineT, rom mos-
wavleebi skolis gareT bevr dros atareben, amTavreben mas da
Tavisi kreatiuli ganviTarebis zrdas wyveten, an agrZele-
ben. ufrosebi, romlebic kreatiulobis ganviTarebas agrZe-
leben, im garemos stumroben xolme, romelic kreatiulobas
uwyobs xels.
imisTvis, rom moswavleebs kreatiulobis zrdisTvis kar-

gi garemos SerCevis unaris ganviTarebaSi daexmaroT, iseTi
adgili amoirCieT, romelic maT garemosa da gamocdilebis,
kreatiuli zrdisa da miRwevebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis
saSualebas miscems. aCveneT moswavleebs, rom kreatiulo-
ba garemos stimulirebis Semdeg ufro martivia. dagegmeT
eqskursia axlomdebare muzeumSi, istoriul SenobaSi, meri-
aSi an sxva dgilas, sadac saintereso eqspoziciis naxvaa Se-
360 robert bustromi
saZlebeli. sTxoveT moswavleebs, angariSisTvis kreatiuli

ideebi daamuSaon da Seamowmon. waikiTxeT wignSi monakveTebi
eqspoziciis sferoSi moRvawe kreativi pioneris an eqskur-
siis adgilis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, Tu saqme dinozavrebs exe-
ba, moagroveT informacia romelime didi paleontologis
Sesaxeb; Tu kosmosSi mogzaurobaze saubrobT, didi astro-
navtis Sesaxeb waikiTxeT. sTxoveT moswavleebs, sxvadasxva
roli ganasaxieron. Tqven ver SeZlebT maTi cxovrebis yvela
kuTxe-kunWulSi SeRwevasa da momavali wlebis ganmavlobaSi
maTi kreatiuli ganviTarebis gakontrolebas. magram aCuqeT
maT unari, romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gahyvebaT; as-
wavleT iseTi kreatiuli garemos SerCeva, romelic maT ide-
ebis CamoyalibebaSi daexmareba. kreatiuli garemos SerCevis
codna erT-erTi saukeTeso grZelvadiani strategiaa krea-
tiulobis gansaviTareblad.
22. aqcenti siZliereze gaakeTeT
uCveneT moswavleebs, Tavisi Zlieri mxareebi rogor gamoiye-

non. aRuwereT maT Tqveni Zlieri mxareebi da sTxoveT, Tavisi
siZlieris Sesaxeb mogiyvnen. CaatareT gonebrivi Sturmi maT-
gan maqsimaluri sargebelis miRebis Sesaxeb. uTxariT Tqvens
moswavleebs, rom isini niWisa da SesaZleblobebis erTmaneT-
Tan SerwymiT kreatiul process aviTareben. moswavleebis ni-
Wis zusti bunebis gansazRvraSi daxmarebiT Tqven maT aZlevT
saSualebas, Tavisi niWi gamoxaton da gamoiyenon. Zlieri mxa-
reebis gamovlenaSi moswavlis daxmareba nebismier maswavle-
bels SeuZlia. Tqven amisTvis mxolod moqnili davalebebi da
imis survili gWirdebaT, rom aramondomebul moswavleebs
Tavisi interesebisa da Zlieri mxareebis bunebis gansazRvra-
Si daexmaroT.
23. gaizardeT kreatiulad
roca kreatiuli idea ukve gaqvT, advilia karieris darCenili

nawilis masze muSaobaSi gatareba. SemaSfoTebelia imaze fiq-
ri, rom Semdegi idea, SesaZloa, iseTi kargi ar iyos, rogorc
wina, an warmateba Semdeg ideasTan erTad gaqres. Sedegad, Se-
iZleba, Cven TviTkmayofilebi gavxdeT da kreatiuloba dav-
kargoT, zrda SevwyvitoT. maswavleblebsa da administrato-
kritikuli azrovneba
361
rebs aqvT Tavisi sakuTari eqspertizis msxverplad gaxdomis

midrekileba. isini eflobian im azrovnebis tipSi, romelic
maTTvis warsulSi warmatebuli iyo, Tumca, ar aris aucile-
beli, rom is momavalSic warmatebuli gamodges (frenCi da
Sternbergi, 1989, Frensch & Sternberg). iyo kreatiuli, - niSnavs,
gascde im CarCoebs, romlebic Cven da sxvebma Cveni TavisTvis
SevqmeniT.
24. kreatiulobis qadageba
mas Semdeg, rac kreatiulobis ganviTarebis zemoT CamoTv-

lil teqnikebs daxvewT da maT Tqveni yoveldRiuri swavlebis
nawilad aqcevT, daiwyeT maT Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcele-
ba. sakuTar Tavsa da moswavleebSi kreatiuloba gaZlierebis
saSualebiT mravldeba. gaxdiT cvlilebebis iniciatori da
mouyeviT amis Sesaxeb Tqvens kolegebs, megobrebs, adminis-
tratorebs, skolis direqtors, skolis sabWos wevrebsa da
yvela danarCens da uTxariT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania mos-
wavleebSi kreatiulobis ganviTareba.
gamoiyeneT kreatiuli moswavleebis namuSevrebi (gansakuT-

rebiT, im moswavleebis naSromebi, romlebic tradiciuli
akademiuri unarebis niWiT ar arian dajildoebulni) da kre-
atiuli swavlebiT gamowveuli cvlilebebis demonstrireba
moaxdineT. aRwereT, rogor SeiZleba moTminebisa da kreati-
ulobis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro ramdenime teqnikis gamoye-
nebiT TiToeuli moswavlis swavleba. uTxariT Tqvens kole-
gebs, rom moswavleTa proeqtebi gacilebiT ufro saintere-
so maSin aris, roca isini kreatiulobis swor treinings gaiv-
lian. am dros davalebebi ufro mdidari, saxaliso, Tavisufa-
li da saintereso xdeba. wignis angariSebi da proeqtebi Cvens
cxovrebas naklebad mosawyens xdis. sinamdvileSi, moswavle-
ebisTvis kreatiulobis treningis Catareba maswavleblebis
ufro Rrma da saqmeSi Caxeduli TviTdainteresebis kargi
magaliTia, radgan kreatiuli moswavleebi ufro motivire-
bulni arian da ufro metad erTvebian skolis muSaobaSi, ro-
melic, Tavis mxriv, ufro saintereso xdeba. Tu Tqven skoleb-
Si, saxlebsa da TemSi gaavrcelebT informacias kreatiulo-
bis swavlebis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, swavlebisadmi es midgoma
ufro miRebuli gaxdeba da maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs
362 robert bustromi
sargeblobas moutans. davalebebis Camoyalibebasa da teqs-

tebis SemuSavebaSi Setanili mcire cvlilebebi, SesaZloa,
moswavleebis cxovrebaSi didi gansxvavebis momtani aRmoCn-
des. imedi gvaqvs, SeZlebT, mowodebuli ideebi kreatiulobis
swavlebis dasawyebad dauyovnebliv gamoiyenoT.
rekomendebuli literatura
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York:

Springer-Verlag.
Amabile, T .M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1988). Society, culture, and person: A systems view
of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.),The Nature of Creativity. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Dewey, J. (1933). How we think: A restatement of the relation of reflective
thinking to the educative process.Boston: Heath.
Frensch, P.A., & Sternberg, R. J. (1989). Expertise and intelligent thinking:
When is it worse to know better? In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in the
psychology of human intelligence. Vol. 5. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Garcia, J., & Koelling, R. A. (1966). The relation of cue to consequence in
avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science, 4, 123-124.
Gardner, H. (1993). Creating minds. New York: Basic Books.
Gruber, H. E. (1986). The self-construction of the extraordinary. In R. J.
Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds.),Conceptions of giftedness. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Schank, R. C. (1988). The Creative Attitude: Learning to Ask and Answer
the Right Questions. New York: Macmillan.
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic theory of human
intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Successful intelligence. New York: Plume.
Sternberg, R. J. (in press). A propulsion model of types of creative
contributions. Review of General Psychology.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating
creativity in a culture of conformity. New York: Free Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (1996). How to develop student
kritikuli azrovneba
363
creativity. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum

Development.
robert j. Sternbergi (Robert J. Sternberg) taftis

univesitetis xelovnebisa da mecnierebebis kolejis
dekania. is ganviTarebisa da swavlis centris profesiuli
mrCevelTa sabWos wevria.
vendi m. viliamsi (Wendy M. Williams) kornelis universitetis

adamianuri ganviTarebis departamentis asocirebuli
profesoria. misi kvlevis sagania ganviTareba, Sefaseba,
treiningi da gonebrivi da dakavSirebuli unarebis
sazogadoebrivi kavSirebi.
364 riCard poli da linda elderi
Tavi VI
riCard poli da linda elderi
gansxvaveba daskvnebsa da varaudebs Soris
iyo daxelovnebuli kritikul azrovnebaSi, niSnavs, SegeZlos

azrebis sistematurad daSla, maTi yvela nawilis analizi, xa-
risxis Sefaseba da Semdeg gaumjobeseba. am procesis pirveli
nabiji ki azrovnebis nawilebis an msjelobis elementebis ga-
gebaa.
es elementebia: mizezi, kiTxva, informacia, daskvna, varaudi,

Sexeduleba, koncefcia da mniSvneloba. isini Cveni gonebis
nawilia yovelTvis, roca ki vazrovnebT. azrebis samarTavad
saWiroa rogorc Cveni miznis, ise masTan dakavSirebuli sa-
kiTxis mkafiod Camoyalibeba. azrovnebisas gvWirdeba gansa-
xilveli sakiTxis Sesabamisi da zusti informaciis gamoyene-
ba, raTa logikuri daskvnebi jansaR varaudebze dayrdnobiT
gavakeToT. Cven unda gaviazroT Cveni sakuTari Sexeduleba
da sxva relevanturi Sexedulebebic gaviTvaliswinoT. sa-
Wiroa, moxdes koncefciebis gamarTlebulad gamoyeneba da
gaTvaliswinebuli gadawyvetilebebis miyola (msjelobis
elementebis Camosayalibeblad ixileT analitikuri azrov-
nebis safuZvlebis miniaturuli saxelmZRvanelo).
am statiis ZiriTadi sagania msjelobis ori elementi: daskvna

da varaudi. daskvnisa da varaudis erTmaneTisgan garCeva az-
rovnebis mniSvnelovani unaria, radgan maT erTmaneTSi bevri
adamiani urevs. modiT, msjeloba maTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis
mimoxilviT daviwyoT:
1. daskvna: daskvna aris gonebis nabiji, saazrovno aqti, rom-

lis Tanaxmadac adamiani daaskvnis, rom garkveul informaci-
aze dayrdnobis SemTxvevaSi, sxva informacia sworia, an ase-
Tad Cans. magaliTad, daniT xelSi Tu momadgebiT, SesaZloa
365
davaskvna, rom CemTvis zianis moyeneba gsurT. daskvnebi SeiZ-

leba zusti an arazusti, logikuri an aralogikuri, gamarT-
lebuli an gaumarTlebeli iyos.
2. varaudi: varaudi aris is, rasac dadastureba ar sWirde-

ba. Cveulebriv, es iseTi ramaa, rac winaswar gvaqvs naswavli
da masSi eWvi ar gvepareba, rac Cveni Sexedulebebis sistemis
nawilia. Cven vvaraudobT, rom es Sexedulebebi sworia da
maT garemomcveli samyaros asaxsnelad viyenebT. magaliTad,
Tu vfiqrobT, rom did qalaqebSi gvian RamiT seirnoba saxi-
faToa da CikagoSi vimyofebiT, davaskvniT, rom gvian RamiT
saseirnod gareT gasvla saSiSia. Cven bunebrivad aRviqvamT
azrs, rom did qalaqebSi gvian RamiT seirnoba saSiSia. Tu Cve-
ni Sexeduleba jansaRia, varaudic jansaRi iqneba. Tu Cveni Se-
xeduleba jansaRi araa, varaudi jansaRi ver iqneba. Sexedu-
leba da, amgvarad, varaudic SesaZloa, gamarTlebuli an gau-
marTlebeli iyos, rac dasabuTebis xarisxzea damokidebuli.
gaiTvaliwineT Semdegi magaliTi: `karebze fxaWuni gavigone.
avdeqi da oTaxSi kata SemovuSvi.~ Cemi daskvna efuZneboda va-
rauds (Cemi winaswari Sexeduleba), rom am xmas mxolod kata
gamoscems da is mas mxolod maSin gamoscems, roca saxlSi Se-
mosvla unda.
adamianebi Tavis Sexedulebebs bunebrivad da regularulad

iyeneben varaudebad da maTze dayrdnobiT akeTeben daskv-
nebs. ase imisTvis unda moviqceT, rom gasagebi iyos, sad varT,
ras vapirebT, ra xdeba. varaudebi da daskvnebi Cvens cxovre-
baSi swored imitom Semodis, rom maT gareSe moqmedeba ar Seg-
viZlia. Cven vafasebT, ganvmartavT da Camoyalibebuli Sexe-
dulebebis safuZvelze vakeTebT daskvnebs.
adamianebi nebismier situaciaSi moqcevisas varauds raime

mniSvnelobas aniWeben. isini avtomaturad akeTeben daskvnebs
imisTvis, rom gaazrebisa da qmedebisTvis safuZveli moipo-
von. amgvarad, Cven daskvnebs swrafad da avtomaturad va-
keTebT, rasac wvrTnis gareSe saerTod ver movaxerxebdiT.
vxedavT Sav Rrubels da davaskvniT, rom wvima wamova; gves-
mis, rogor mijaxundeba kari da vaskvniT, rom viRac movida;
warbSeWmuxnul saxes davinaxavT da vfiqrobT, rom adamiani
cud xasiaTzea. Tu Cveni megobari agvianebs, davaskvniT, rom
uyuradReboa; maRal tips rom SevxvdebiT, migvaCnia, rom is
kalaTburTs kargad TamaSobs; azielis danaxvaze vfiqrobT,

rom is maTematikaSi magari unda iyos. wignis kiTxvisas gavaa-
nalizebT, ras ambobs mTliani wigni, sxvadasxva winadadeba da
abzaci. vusmenT sxva adamianebis naTqvams da mis mniSvnelo-
basTan dakavSirebiT daskvnebis mTel serias vagebT.
weris dros winaswar vakeTebT daskvnebs imis Sesaxeb, naweri-

dan mkiTxvelebi ra daskvnas gamoitanen. daskvnebs imisTvis
vakeTebT, rom naTqvami ufro mkafiod gamovxatoT, ukeTesad
avxsnaT is, rasac damatebiTi axsna sWirdeba, risi magaliTis
moyvana an ilustrirebaa saWiroa da risi - ara. bevri Cveni
daskvna samarTliani da logikuria, zogi ki ara.
rogorc yovelTvis, kritikuli azrovnebis mniSvnelovani

nawilia qvecnobieri azrebis amotana cnobieris gaazrebis
donemde. es moicavs imis aRiarebasac, rom Cveni gamocdile-
ba im daskvnebis safuZvelzea Camoyalibebuli, romlebsac
am gamocdilebebis miRebis dros vakeTebT. SegviZlia, Cveni
gamocdilebebi or kategoriad gavyoT: nedli monacemebi da
maTi Cveneuli interpretaciebi an daskvnebi, romlebsac maT-
Tan dakavSirebiT vakeTebT. bolos da bolos, unda gaviaz-
roT, rom Sexedulebebis, adamianebisa da sxvadasxva situaci-
is Sesaxeb Cven mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi Cvenive varaudebis
gavlenas ganicdis. es ki TvalTaxedvis gafarToebis, situa-
ciebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebis ganxilvisa da amgvarad
gonebis ufro metad gaxsnis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.
xSirad sxvadasxva adamiani sxvadasxva daskvnas akeTebs, vi-

naidan maT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Sexeduleba
aqvT. isini monacemebs sxvadasxvagvarad xedaven. sxvanairad
rom vTqvaT, isini danaxulTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva dask-
vnas akeTeben. magaliTad, Tu ori adamiani TxrilSi mwoliare
kacs xedavs, erTma SeiZleba daaskvnas: ài, ager, loTi wevs,~
meorem ki SeiZleba ifiqros: àm adamians daxmareba sWirdeba.~
es daskvnebi efuZneba sxvadasxva varauds im pirobebis Sesa-
xeb, rogor SeiZleba, rom adamiani TxrilSi aRmoCndes. metic,
es varaudebi dakavSirebulia TiToeuli adamianis Sexedule-
basTan adamianebis Sesaxeb. pirveli adamiani varaudobs: `qu-
CaSi mxolod mTvralebi wvanan,~ meore fiqrobs: `quCaSi mwo
liare adamianebs daxmareba sWirdebaT.~
367
pirvel adamians, SesaZloa, Camouyalibda Sexeduleba, rom

adamianebi Tavis saqcielze Tavadve ageben pasuxs da maT sa-
kuTari Tavis movla unda SeeZloT. meore adamiani ki fiq-
robs, rom is problemebi, romlebic adamianebs aqvT, xSirad
im Zalebisa da movlenebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli, rom-
lebsac isini ver akontroleben. am ori adamianis logika, ma-
Ti daskvnebisa da varaudebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba Sem-
degnairad SevafasoT:
pirveli adamiani
situacia: kaci wevs TxrilSi;
daskvna: es kaci loTia;
varaudi: quCaSi mxolod loTebi wvanan.
meore adamiani:
situacia: kaci wevs TxrilSi;
daskvna: am kacs daxmareba sWirdeba;
varaudi: nebismier adamians, romelic TxrilSi wevs,
SeiZleba daxmareba sWirdebodes.
kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi amCneven daskvnebs, rom-

lebsac akeTeben, varaudebs, romlebzec es daskvnebia dafuZ-
nebuli da msoflmxedvelobas, romelsac isini aviTareben. am
unarebis dasaxvewad moswavleebs Tavisi daskvnebisa da maTi
gamomwvevi varaudebis SemCnevaSi varjiSi esaWiroebaT.
roca moswavleebi maT mier gakeTebul daskvnebsa da im vara-

udebs gaacnobiereben, romlebsac daskvnebi efuZneba, iwye-
ben sakuTari azrovnebis kontrols. gamomdinare iqedan, rom
adamianis azrovneba Tavisi bunebiT daskvnebzea dafuZnebu-
li, azrovneba daskvnebis SesaZleblobasa da, amgvarad, vara-
udebzea damokidebuli. warmoidgineT gza, romelsac yovel-
dRiuri saqmeebis Sesaxeb gegmebis Sedgenisa da azrovnebis
dros gavdivarT. Cven sakuTar Tavs sauzmis momzadebis, misi
Wamis, gakveTilisTvis mzadebis, droze misvlis, saklaso dis-
kusiebis warmarTvis, moswavleTa davalebebis Sefasebis, sa-
dilis Sesaxeb gegmebis SemuSavebis, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis,
inteleqtualur diskusiebSi CarTvis da a. S. procesSi movi-
azrebT. CamoTvlil qmedebaTagan verc erTs gavakeTebT maTi
ganmartebis, maTTvis mniSvnelobis micemis, momxdaris Sesa-
xeb daskvnebis gakeTebis gareSe.
amiT imis Tqma minda, rom SesaZlo mniSvnelobebis mravalfe-

rovnebidan romelime unda avirCioT. magaliTad, me axla `vis-
veneb~ Tu `dros vkargav~? `gabedulad viqcevi~, Tu ubralod
`jiuti var~? `saubarSi verTvebi~ Tu `vetenebi~? vinme `Cem-
Tan erTad icinis~ Tu `me damcinis~? `megobars vexmarebi~ Tu
`miyeneben~? yovelTvis, roca Cvens qmedebebs ganvmartavT,
yovelTvis roca maT mniSvnelobas vaniWebT, Cven erT an meo-
re varaudze dayrdnobiT, erT an met daskvnas vakeTebT.
SeuCereblad vakeTebT daskvnebs Cveni, Cveni samsaxuris, me-

gobrebis, moswavleebis, bavSvebis, zogadad, samyaros Se-
saxeb. zogi ram bunebrivad migvaCnia ubralod imitom, rom
yvelaferSi eWvs ver SevitanT. xandaxan SesaZloa, araswori
raRaceebic migvaCndes bunebrivad. magaliTad, maRaziaSi miv-
divar (vvaraudob, rom Tan sakmarisi fuli maqvs) da uceb aR-
movaCen, rom safule saxlSi damrCa; vvaraudob, rom manqanaSi
sakamarisi benzini misxia, magram aRmoCdeba, rom sawvavi gam-
Tavebia; vvaraudob, rom Camofasebul saqonels karg fasad
vyidulob da ucbaT aRmovaCen, rom Camofasebamde mas fasi
moumates; vvaraudob, rom iwvimebs, an ar iwvimebs; vvaraudob,
rom gasaRebis gadatrialebisa da gazis pedalze fexis daWe-
ris Semdeg, Cemi maqana daiqoqeba; vvaraudob, rom sxvebs kar-
gad veqcevi.
adamianebi asobiT varauds ayalibeben ise, rom amis Sesaxeb

arc ki ician da arc ki fiqroben. bevri varaudi jansaRi da
samarTliania, bevri ki - ara. ismis SekiTxva: `rogor SeiZle-
ba, moswavleebma gaiazron daskvnebi, romlebsac isini ake-
Teben, varaudebi, romlebzec isini Tavis daskvnebs ageben
da Sexeduleba, samyaros xedvis perspeqtiva, romelsac isini
ayalibeben?~ moswavleTa daskvnebisa da varaudebis Sesaxeb
informirebulobis xelSewyobis bevri gza arsebobs. yvela
disciplinaSi moqceuli - saganTan dakavSirebuli - azrov-
neba saWiroebs, rom moswavleebma iswavlon zusti varaudis
SemuSaveba im SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac isini swav-
loben. isini unda daxelovndnen konteqstTan dakavSirebu-
li dasaSvebi daskvnebis gamotanaSi. magaliTad: maTematikis
amocanebis amoxsnisas, moswavleebi daskvnebs Tavis maTemati-
kur varaudebze dayrdnobiT akeTeben. mecnierTa SemTxveva-
Si, isini daskvnebs Tavis mecnierul varaudebze dayrdnobiT
ayalibeben; istoriuli ambebis aRdgenisas ki daskvnebs Tavi-
369
si istoriuli varaudebidan gamomdinare ageben. yvela SemTx-

vevaSi moswavleTa varaudebi fundamenturi koncefciebisa
da principebis maTeul gagebazea damokidebuli.
yoveldRiuri varjiSis farglebSi, SegviZlia, moswavleebs

davexmaroT im daskvnebis SemCnevaSi, romlebsac isini saswav-
lo masalis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare akeTeben. SegviZlia, maT
aseve davexmaroT im daskvnebis gansazRvraSic, romlebsac
saxelmZRvaneloebSi maTi avtorebi akeTeben, an romlebic im
statiebSi gvxvdeba, wasakiTxad rom mivcemT. mas Semdeg, rac
am daskvnebs ganvsazRvravT, SegviZlia, moswavleebs im vara-
udebis gamovlena vTxovoT, romlebmac aseT daskvnebamde
migviyvana. rodesac Cven maT daskvnebisa da varaudebis gan-
sazRvris garkveul reJimSi movaqcevT, isini dainaxaven, rom
dauSvebeli varaudebis SemTxvevaSi, daskvna aralogikuri
iqneba. moswavleebi mixvdebian, rom sxva, savaraudod, ufro
logikuri iseTi daskvnebic arsebobs, romlebic SeiZleboda
maT gaekeTebinaT. isini dainaxaven, rom maRali donis daskvne-
bi kargi msjelobis Sedegad viTardeba.
Cven aseve SegviZlia moswavleebs im daskvnebis Sesaxeb fiq-

rSi davexmaroT, romlebsac isini yoveldRiurad akeTeben,
davafiqroT im varaudebze, romlebsac am daskvnebamde mivye-
varT. rodesac isini daskvnebisa da varaudebis gansazRvraSi
daxelovndebian, ukeT SeZleben imis gaanalizebas ramdenad
gamarTlda maTi varaudebi. maT SeuZliaT kiTxvebis dasma da-
iwyon. magaliTad: samarTliania Tu ara varaudi, rom sadils
yvela SuadRis 12 saaTze miirTmevs? samarTliania Tu ara va-
raudi, rom roca caSi Savi Rrubeli gamoCndeba, Cveulebriv
wvims? samarTliania Tu ara varaudi, rom Tavze kopi mxolod
dartymis Sedegad Cndeba?
amiT imis Tqma minda, rom Cveulebriv Cven yoveldRiur cxov-

rebaSi bevr varauds gamovTvamT da unda SegveZlos maTi ga-
azreba da maTSi daeWveba. moswavleTa mier kritikuli alRos
ganviTarebasTan erTad isini sul ufro metad amCneven Tavis
da sxvebis daskvnebs. isini sul ufro metad amCneven imas, ra-
sac isini da sxvebi manamde upirobod misaRebad miiCnevdnen,
sul ufro metad aqceven yuradRebas gamocdilebisgavlenas
Sexedulebebze
gansxvaveba usicocxlo informacias, gaaqtiurebul

uvicobasa da gaaqtiurebul codnas Soris
SeuZlebelia azrovnebis Semadgeneli nawilebis: faqtebis,

monacemebis an gamocdilebis gamoyenebis gareSe msjeloba.
informaciis sando wyaroebis mopoveba da sakuTari gamocdi-
lebis kritikuli srulyofa kritikulad moazrovne adamia-
nebisTvis mniSvnelovani miznebia. gamoyenebul informaciis
wyaroebs yuradRebiT unda movepyroT da Cveni sakuTari ga-
mocdilebis gamoyenebis mimarTac kritikulad unda viyoT
ganwyobili. SesaZloa, romelime pirovneba saukeTeso mas-
wavlebeli iyos, magram tendenciuri gamocdileba tenden-
cias uWers mxars, damaxinjebuli - damaxinjebas iwvevs, Tavis
motyuebis gamocdilebas ki isev sakuTari Tavis SecdomaSi
Seyvana mosdevs. amitomac Cveni gamocdilebis Sesaxeb, ro-
gorc wminda movlenaze, ise ki ar unda vifiqroT, aramed, ro-
gorc azris erT mniSvnelovan ganzomilebaze, romelic, sxve-
bis msgavsad, kritikulad unda gavaanalizoT da SevafasoT.
gonebas informaciis aRqma sami gansxvavebuli gziT Se-

uZlia: 1. usicocxlo informaciis aTviseba, 2. gaaqtiu-
rebuli uvicobis Camoyalibeba da 3. codnis gaaqtiureba.
usicocxlo informacia
usicocxlo informaciaSi vgulisxmobT gonebaSi iseTi in-

formaciis dagrovebas, romelic gvaxsovs da ar gvesmis, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom gvgonia, es ase ar aris. magaliTad, skolis
periodSi demokratiis Sesaxeb bevr adamians uswavlia. isini
fiqroben, rom koncefcia esmiT. informaciis didi nawili,
romelic maT SeiTvises, xSirad maT gonebaSi carieli verba-
luri ritualebisgan Sedgeba. magaliTad, skolaSi bevri bav-
Svi swavlobs imas, rom `demokratia aris xalxis mmarTveloba,
romelic xalxis mier xalxisTvis xorcieldeba.~ es advilad
dasamaxsovrebeli fraza moswavleTa gonebaSi fexs ikidebs
da afiqrebinebs, rom misi mniSvneloba esmiT. Tumca am ada-
mianebis umetesoba frazas im praqtikul kriteriumebad ar
Targmnis, romelTa saSualebiTac romelime konkretul qve-
yanaSi arsebuli demokratiis xarisxis Sefaseba iqneboda Se-
saZlebeli. adamianebis umetesoba Semdegi kiTxvebidan dama-
jereblad verc erTs upasuxebda:
371
1. ra gansxvavebaa xalxis mmarTvelobasa da xalxisTvis

mmarTvelobas Soris?
2. ra gansxvavebaa xalxisTvis da xalxis mier mmarTvelo-
bas Soris?
3. ra gansxvavebaa xalxis mier mmarTvelobasa da xalxis
mmarTvelobas Soris?
4. zustad ras niSnavs `xalxi~?
es Tema rom ganvazogadoT, unda iTqvas, rom moswavleebi xSi-

rad sakmarisad ar fiqroben im informaciis Sesaxeb, romel-
sac isini skolaSi imaxsovreben. isini mas gonebaSi raime mniS-
vnelobis mqone informaciad ar gardaqmnian. adamianuri in-
formaciis didi nawili, im adamianTa gonebaSi, romlebic mas
floben, ubralod carieli (usicocxlo an mkvdari) sityve-
bia. kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi cdiloben, gawmindon
goneba usicocxlo informaciisgan mas Semdeg, rac mas aseTad
aRiareben da, analizis wyalobiT, mniSvnelovan informaciad
aqceven.
gaaqtiurebuli uvicoba
gaaqtiurebul uvicobas Cven iseTi informaciis damaxsov-

rebasa da aqtiurad gamoyenebas vuwodebT, romelic mcda-
ria, magram Cven SecdomiT swori gvgonia. filosofosi rene
dekarti (Rene Descartes) darwmunebuli iyo, rom cxovelebs
grZnobebi ar gaaCniaT da isini ubralo robotul manqanebs
warmoadgenen. gaaqtiurebuli uvicobidan gamomdinare, is
cxovelebze mtkivneul eqsperimentebs atarebda da tkivi-
liT gamowveul maT tirils, ubralod, xmaurad Tvlida.
zogierTi adamiani gaaqtiurebuli uvicobis gamo fiqrobs,

rom mas sxvadasxva sakiTxi, movlena, adamiani da situacia es-
mis, magram, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. aseTi adamianebi Tavi-
si mcdari ideebidan, iluziebidan da damaxinjebuli gagebi-
dan gamomdinare moqmedeben da xSirad usargeblod kargaven
dros, tkivilsa da tanjvas iwveven. xandaxan gaaqtiurebuli
uvicoba milionobiT adamianis masobriv qmedebebSi CarTvis
safuZvelic ki xdeba (ifiqreT im nacisturi ideis Sedegebze,
romlis mixedviTac iTvleboda, rom germanelebi umaRlesi,
ebraelebi ki - daqvemdebarebuli rasa iyo). xandaxan dama-
xinjebuli gagebis msxverpli mxolod erTi adamiania da is

SezRuduli raodenobis situaciaSi moqmedebs. gaaqtiurebu-
li uvicoba saxifaTo ramaa.
amitomac Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom Cvens warmodgenebSi eW-

vi SevitanoT. gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca maT mixedviT moq-
medebas SeiZleba Sedegad sxvebisTvis mniSvnelovani poten-
ciuri garTulebebi, dazianeba, fizikuri travma an tanjva
mohyves. gonivrulia vivaraudoT, rom yvelas aqvs iseTi war-
modgenebi, romlebic, sinamdvileSi gaaqtiurebuli uvicobis
erT-erTi formaa. Cveni pasuxismgeblobaa amgvari warmod-
genebis maqsimaluri raodenoba gavaneitraloT. gavixsenoT,
magaliTad, mZRolebi, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom simTvraleSi
manqanis usafrTxod marTva SeuZliaT. igive exeba mosazre-
bas, rom moweva janmrTelobisTvis mniSvnelovan uaryofiT
Sedegs ar iwvevs.
yovelTvis advili araa imis dadgena, ra miekuTvneba gaaqtiu-

rebul uvicobas da ra - ara. Tavad gaaqtiurebuli uvicobis
koncefcia mniSvnelovania, miuxedavad imisa, SegviZlia Tu
ara imis dadgena, konkretuli informacia ramdenad mcdari
da damabnevelia. Cven, ubralod, unda gvaxsovdes gaaqtiure-
buli uvicobis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb
da piradad viyoT fxizlad im informaciis mimarT, romelsac
gadavawydiT da romelic potenciurad mcdaria. bevri adami-
ani, romelmac gaaqtiurebuli uvicobis wyalobiT sxvebs zi-
ani miayena, SesaZloa, ver xvdebodes, rom sxvebis tanjva ga-
moiwvia. uvicobis simarTled ganxilva banaluri ambavi araa.
gaaqtiurebuli codna
gaaqtiurebuli codna CvenTvis im informaciis damaxsov-

rebasa da aqtiurad gamoyenebas niSnavs, romelic aramarto
sworia, aramed, kargad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi, ufro da ufro
meti codnis safuZveli xdba.
aviRoT, magaliTad, istoriis kvleva. bevri moswavle isto-

riis wignSi mocemuli mxolod im calkeuli gancxadebis da-
maxsovrebiT Semoifargleba, romelic mas gamocdebis Ca-
sabareblad sWirdeba. am gancxadebaTagan zogierTi (isini,
373
romlebic am moswavleebs ar esmiT da romlebsac isini ver

xsnian) usicocxlo informaciis nawili xdeba. sxva gancxade-
bebi, romlebic maT arasworad esmiT da romlebsac mcdarad
xsnian, gaaqtiurebul uvicobas uerTdeba. informaciis did
nawils moswavleebi gamocdebis Semdeg, ubralod, iviwyeben.
kritikuli azrovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve Zalian mniSvne-

lovania istoriuli azrovnebis logikis gaazreba. istori-
is am TvalsazrisiT ganxilva codnis gaaqtiurebas Seuwyobs
xels da mogvcems saSualebas, informacia - winareistoriu-
li codnis Sesaxeb fiqris saSualebiT - istoriul codnaze
davafuZnoT. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia istoriuli azrovne-
bis ZiriTadi dRis wesrigis gaazrebiT daviwyoT da warsulis
iseTi angariSi SevqmnaT, romelic awmyos ukeT gagebisa da
samomavlo racionaluri gegmebis Sedgenis saSualebas mogv-
cems. istoriuli logikis ZiriTadi codnis mopovebis Semdeg,
Cven iZulebulni varT, vaRiaroT, rom yoveldRiur cxovre-
baSi ukve varT Cabmuli istoriul azrovnebaSi. Cven ukve vxe-
davT kavSirs raime sakiTxis Sesaxeb fiqrsa da yoveldRiur
cxovrebiseul situaciebze fiqrs Soris. magaliTad, istori-
uli azrovnebis logikis winaswari daxasiaTebis Sedegad na-
Teli xdeba, rom yvela adamiani Tavis gonebaSi sakuTar ambavs
Txzavs. Cven am ambavs, warsulis Cveneuli gagebis saSualebiT,
awmyodan azris gamosatanad viyenebT da, awmyosa da warsu-
lis Cveneul gagebaze dayrdnobiT, momavlis gegmebs vawyobT.
Tumca, bevri Cvengani ver xvdeba, rom ase iqceva.
Tu istoriis logikis codnis Sesaxeb fiqrs gavagrZelebT da

mis zogierT mniSvnelobaze davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom
arsebobs logikuri msgavseba, magaliTad, istoriul azrov-
nebasa da Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur `Woraobas~ Soris. Worao-
bis dros Cven vqmniT ambavs romelime adamianis axlo warsul-
Si momxdari movlenis Sesaxeb da Semdeg am ambavs sxvebs ga-
davcemT. Tu istoriis logikis Sesaxeb fiqrs gavagrZelebT,
aseve mivxvdebiT, rom yoveldRiuri gazeTebis yoveli nome-
ri istoriuli azrovnebis msgavsi azrovnebis Sedegia. orive
SemTxvevaSi, viRac warsuli ambis Camoyalibebas axdens da mas
ise gvawvdis, rom garkveuli movlenebidan azri gamovitanoT.
istoriuli logikis Sesaxeb fiqrma unda migviyvanos kiTxvam-

de: `garkveuli periodis angariSis Seqmnisas, sinamdvileSi

momxdari movlenebis ramdeni procenti xvdeba istoriuli
movlenebis aRwerebSi?~ nebismier istoriul periodSi, Tun-
dac, is mxolod erT dRes grZeldebodes, uricxvi movlena
xdeba, istoriuli angariSi ki am movlenebis mxolod Zalian
mcire procents Seicavs. aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom isto-
rikosebi mudmivad unda axdendnen imis Sefasebas, Tavis anga-
riSebSi ra Seitanon da ra - ara.
CvenTvis aseve naTeli unda iyos isic, rom arsebobs bevri

sxvadasxva SesaZlo ambavi da angariSi, romlebic Tavad mov-
lenebSi sxvadasxva detals gamoyofen. magaliTad, istorie-
bi, romlebic `maRali donis~ gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pire-
bis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs da alternatiuli istoriebi, rom-
lebic sxvadasxva socialuri da ekonomikuri klasis ambebs
eZRvneba. konkretuli kiTxvebi, romlebsac mocemuli moaz-
rovne svams, konkretul gegmasTan an am moazrovnis miznebTa-
naa dakavSirebuli.
aseve cxadi unda iyos, rom:

 dasmuli istoriuli kiTxvebi Sesabamis monacemebs an
movlenebs gansazRvravs;
 erTi da igive movlena, SesaZloa, sxvadasxvagvarad ga-
Suqdes (magaliTad, sxvadasxva politikuri, socialu-
ri da ekonomikuri Teoriebi adamianebisa da socialu-
ri cvlilebis Sesaxeb);
 sxvadasxva istorikosi sxvadasxva varauds warmoad-
gens (maTgan yvela axdens gavlenas kiTxvebis Camoya-
libebasa da im monacemTa mowodebaze, romlebic maT-
Tvis yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovania);
 rodesac konkretuli istorikosi adamianTa garkve-
ul jgufTanaa dakavSirebuli da mis istorias wers, is
xSirad aRniSnavs am adamianebis dadebiT Tvisebebs da
imaT uaryofiT mxareebs, visac es jgufi upirispirde-
ba an upirispirdeboda.
amgvari àRmoCenebisa~ da azrebis damsaxurebaa is (Cven isini

CvenTvis unda gaviazroT, raTa codnad aRviqvaT), rom Cveni
375
Sexeduleba istoriis Sesaxeb icvleba. àRmoCenebi~ gvaZlevs

saSualebas, informacia istoriul teqstebs miRma amovi-
kiTxoT. maTi wyalobiT vafasebT istoriul azrovnebas, rad-
gan CvenTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebisTvis misi mniSvneloba
cxadi xdeba. isini Cvens istorias, mis gamoyenebas, msofliosa
da adamianuri keTildReobisTvis efeqts ufro da ufro gam-
Wvirvales xdian.
gaaqtiurebuli codna is codnaa, romelic, zogadi gamocdi-

lebis sistematiuri gamoyenebis dros, dinamikuri nayofieri
ideebidan ibadeba da kidev ufro meti da meti codnis mopove-
bis saSualebas iZleva. is yvela kanonieri adamianuri discip-
linis potencialSia mocemuli. sferos Seswavlas ZiriTadi
ideebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mTavari informaciiT
viwyebT. arsebiT koncefciebTan da pirvelad principebTan
kavSiris damyarebis Semdeg ki, azrebis, codnisa da SeTanxme-
buli muSaobis gamocdilebas viyenebT. swavlis Cveva, rome-
lic sakiTxTa logikis gasarkvevad gamoiyeneba, gaaqtiure-
buli codnis aRmoCenis erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri saSuale-
baa. is mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinare swavlis procesis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.
es statiebi adaptirebulia wignidan kritikuli azrovne-

ba: Tqveni swavlisa da cxovrebis kontrolis meqanizmebi.
avtorebi riCard poli da linda elderi (Critical Thinking:
Tools for Taking Charge of Your Learning and Your Life by Richard
Paul and Linda Elder).
376
Tavi VII
gamWriax gonebas kveba sWirdeba
axSoben Tu ara skolebi kreatiulobas? ken robinsoni jesika

Seperds uyveba imis Sesaxeb, ratom unda iyos swavla kargi su-
lisTvis (Ken Robinson, Jessica Shepherd)
jesika Seperdi, The Guardian, samSabaTi, 2009 wlis 10 Tebervali
ser ken robinsoni: moswavleTa umetesobas Tavisi unarebisa

da interesebis sruli speqtris gamokvleva arasdros uwevs.
foto: grem roberTsoni (Graeme Robertson)
àxla, roca unarebis teqsti ukve aRar gamoiyeneba, ris swav-

lebas elian isini Cvengan?~ - ikiTxa internetSi erT-erTma
maswavlebelma im dRes, roca 14 wlis moswavleebisTvis gan-
kuTvnili erovnuli gamocdebi gaauqmes. es kiTxva kidev bevr
adamians gauCnda. maSin, roca SarSan 14 oqtombers mTeli
qveynis masStabiT maswavleblebi Sampanurs xsnidnen, zogier-
Tma maTganma aRiara, rom daibna da ar icoda, mecxreklasele-
bis sagamocdo savarjiSoebisTvis ra eqna.
ser ken robinsons es ar gahkvirvebia. mTavrobis mier Sekve-

Tilma kvlevam, romelsac is 1998 wels Tavmjdomareobda, da-
adgina, rom instruqciebze dafuZnebuli ganaTlebis sistema
maswavleblebisa da maTi moswavleebis kreatiulobas axSob-
da. `TerTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi saqme mxolod gauaresda,~
- amtkicebs vorvikis universitetis xelovnebis ganaTlebis
yofili profesori Tavis axal wignSi èlementi~. ganaTle-
bisadmi Cveni midgoma àxSobs zogierT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
unars, romelic ocdameerTe saukunis sul ufro metad mom-
Txovn samyaroSi axalgazrdebs swored axla sWirdebaT. is
maT kreatiul azrovnebas uSlis xels,~ - ambobs robinsoni.
377
`saskolo karieras yvela bavSvi brwyinvale warmosaxviT, gam-

Wriaxi gonebiTa da Tavis naazrevTan dakavSirebuli riskis
gawevis mzaobiT iwyebs. moswavleebis umetesoba verasdros
axdens Tavisi unarebisa da interesebis sruli speqtris ga-
mokvlevas. ganaTleba is sistemaa, romelmac, savaraudod,
Cveni bunebrivi unarebi unda ganaviTaros da mogvces saSu-
aleba, samyaroSi gza gavikvlioT. amis magivrad ki, is Zalian
bevr moswavles individualur niWsa da unars uxSobs da maT
swavlis motivacias uklavs.~
robinsoni, romelic axla fuls kreatiulobaze saubriT So-

ulobs, amaSi maswavleblebs ar adanaSaulebs. ès sistemis
bralia. is Zalian sworxazovania,~ – ambobs mecnieri.
skolebi Sepyrobilni arian damwyebi moswavleebisTvis mkac-

ri grafikebis Sedgenis ideiT. `Tu Tqven iseT samyaroSi
cxovrobT, sadac yvela gakveTili 40 wuTs grZeldeba, amiT
ukve arRvevT kreatiulobas,~ – ambobs robinsoni. `Cven unda
gavauqmoT sagnebis arsebuli ierarqia. zogierTi discipli-
nis sxvebze ufro maRla dayeneba mxolod aZlierebs indus-
trializmis Zvelmodur varaudebs da Seuracxyofas ayenebs
mravalferovnebis princips. xelovnebas, mecnierebebs, hu-
manitarul mecnierebebs, fizikur aRzrdas, enebsa da maTe-
matikas Tanabrad mniSvnelovani wvlili Seaqvs moswavleebis
ganaTlebaSi.~
dinamikuri kurikulumi
robinsonis azriT, sinamdvileSi `sagnebis~ mTeli idea ga-

dasaxedia. `gancalkevebuli iseTi sagnebis idea, romlebsac
araferi aqvT saerTo erTmaneTTan, dinamizmis princips ar-
Rvevs. skolis sistemebma Tavisi kurikulumi ara gancalkeve-
buli sagnebis, aramed disciplinebis ufro nayofier ideaze
unda daafuZnon... is SesaZlebels xdis Txevadi da dinamikuri
interdisciplinuri kurikulumis Seqmnas.~
dekemberSi gamoqveynebulma rouzis (Rose) mimoxilvam, rome-

lic dawyebiTi swavlebis yvelaze didi kvlevaa, aseve gasca
sagnebis ideisgan daSorebis rekomendacia. ser jim rouzma
378
Tqva, rom `gaberili~ kurikulumi bavSvebs zedapiruli cod-

nisa da gaazrebis amara tovebda. amis sapirispirod mimoxil-
vam uamravi interkurikulumis Tema SemogvTavaza: inglisu-
ris, komunikaciisa da enebis gaazreba; maTematikuri gaazre-
ba; mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis gaazreba; adamianis, soci-
aluri sakiTxebisa da garemos gaazreba; fizikuri aRzrdisa
da keTildReobis gaazreba; xelovnebisa da dizainis gaazre-
ba.
robinsonis azriT, kurikulumi gacilebiT ufro metad un-

da iyos morgebuli pirovnebas. `swavlis procesi gonebasa da
sulSi xorcieldeba da ara mravali arCevanis mqone testebis
monacemTa bazaSi.~ is svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, ratom varT
ase mijaWvuli asakobriv jgufebs. mieciT aTi wlis bavSvebs
saSualeba, Tavisze umcros an ufros megobrebTan erTad is-
wavlon.
`Cven Zalian did mniSvnelobas vaniWebT èrTi swori pasuxis~

codnas~, - amtkicebs robinsoni. Tumca, principSi, is ar aris
unarebis testis msgavsi standartizebuli testebis winaaRm-
degi. sworad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, maT ganaTlebis mxada-
WerisTvis da gaumjobesebisTvis saWiro monacemebis mowo-
deba SeuZliaT. misi azriT, problemebi maSin iwyeba, roca es
testebi, ganaTlebis instrumentis magivrad, misi koncentra-
ciis sagnad iqceva.
es yvelaferi ar aZlevs momdevno Taobas saSualebas, Tavisi

èlementi~ ipovos. es ìs adgilia, sadac erTmaneTs xvdebian
Tqveni sayvareli saqme da is, rac kargad gamogdiT.~ èlemen-
ti~ Cveni keTildReobis, warmatebisa da ganaTlebis sistemis
efeqturobisTvis saWiro mniSvnelovani nawilia, - ambobs is.
robinsonis azriT, saWiroa ganaTlebis sistemis aramarto

reformireba, aramed transformirebac. Tanac es saswrafod
unda moxdes. èkonomikuri krizisis dros Cven imaze ufro
kreatiulad unda viazrovnoT, vidre es odesme gagvikeTe-
bia,~ - ambobs is. ìseve, rogorc yvelgan, problemebi kidev
ufro mZimdeba.~
kembrijis universitetis ganaTlebis ufrosi leqtori doq-
379
tori pamela bernardi (Dr. Pamela Burnard) ambobs: èrTi wuTiT

moiTmineT.~ is SeSfoTebulia imiT, rom SesaZloa, robinsoni
kreatiulobis ideas `garkveuli kulturuli perspeqtividan
axasiaTebdes.~ amtkicebs, rom did britaneTSi am sferoSi si-
namdvileSi yvelaferi kargadaa. bernardis azriT, `kreati-
uloba didi britaneTis saganmanaTleblo debatebis Zalian
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. Cven im sayuradRebo iniciativebis
mowmeni gavxdiT, romlebic kreatiulobis kurikulumSi Se-
tanas isaxavda miznad.~
es iniciativebi Seicavs kreatiul partniorul kavSirebs

- inglisSi kreatiuli swavlebis ganviTarebis samTavrobo
programas, romelic 2002 wels amoqmedda. programa male da-
moukidebeli organizaciis saxiT ganaxldeba da mas kreati-
uloba, kultura da ganaTleba erqmeva. is 2009-2011 wlebSi
kulturul da kreatiul swavlebaSi 100 milioni funti ster-
lingis investirebas moaxdens. bolo Svidi wlis ganmavloba-
Si 1,500 dawyebiT da saSualo skolaSi kreatiul programebze
150 milioni funti sterlingi ukve daixarja. kvalifikaciisa
da kurikulumebis saagentom bevri dawera kreatiulobis Se-
saxeb da koncefcia ZiriTad erovnul strategiaSi ukve Seta-
nilia.
`bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi did britaneTSi uamravi ini-

ciativa ganxorcielda maSin, roca amerikis SeerTebul Sta-
tebSi kreatiul swavlaze naklebi fuli ixarjeba,` – ambobs
bernardi. `didi britaneTi msoflio lideria kreatiulobis
swavlisa da swavlebis TvalsazrisiT. usamarTlobaa, cili
daswamo didi britaneTis msgavsi qveynebis iniciativebs, rom-
lebic swavlebisa da kreatiulobis Sesaxeb axali ideebis win
wamowevas cdiloben.~
ra Tqma unda, didi britaneTis skolebSi kreatiulobis fan-

tastikuri magaliTebi ukve arsebobs. long itonSi, derbi-
SirSi mdebare greinjis dawyebiTma skolam Svidi wlis win
sakuTari qalaqi greinjtoni daaarsa (Long Eaton, Derbyshire,
Grangeton). skolis maSindelma direqtorma riCard gerverma
(Richard Gerver) Tqva, rom misi survili iyo, bavSvebs sxvadas-
xva ramis keTeba eswavlaT da ara mxolod gamocdebis Casaba-
380
reblad momzadebuliyvnen. gamogonil qalaqs Tavisi xeliT

nakeTobebis maRazia, kafe, radiosa da televiziis sadgurebi
da gazeTi aqvs.
SotlandiaSi, fort viliamis maxloblad mdebare kaulis (Ca-

ol, Fort William) dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebma sakuTari xe-
lovnebis studia gaxsnes da mas, rogorc bizness, ise marTa-
ven. maT Seagroves fuli masalebis sayidlad da maTTan samu-
Saod profesionali xelovanebi daiqiraves.
kreatiuloba saklaso oTaxSi
`miuxedavad yvelafrisa, rac keTdeba (fuli, iniciativebi,

tendenciebis Seqmna), kreatiulobis koncefcia saklaso oTa-
xebamde mainc ver aRwevs,` – ambobs Ria universitetis ganaT-
lebis profesori da dawyebiT skolebSi kreatiulobis eqs-
perti tereza kremini (Teresa Cremin, Open University).
misi azriT, bevri maswavleblisTvis kreatiuloba jer kidev

niSnavs, iyo kaSkaSa da komunikabeluri. `marTalia, bevri sko-
la kreatiulia, magram bevri sxva amis Sesaxeb mxolod lapa-
rakobs da amisTvis arafers akeTebs,~ - ambobs is.
es SeiZleba niSnavdes unarebis testis Cabarebis Semdeg ku-

rikulumisgan Tavisufali dRis dawesebas, rom moswavlee-
bi `xelovnebiT~ dakavdnen. misi azriT, àmisTvis kreatiuli
swavlis wodeba miTia.~ kreatiuloba CarTuli unda iyos yo-
veldRiur swavlasa da swavlebaSi. `bevri skola kreatiulo-
bis enas ver flobs da kreatiulad swavlebis Sesaxeb dums,~
– ambobs kremini. ìsini imaze nerviuloben, rom sxva sfero-
ebSi standarts ver miaRweven.~ is eTanxmeba robinsonis mier
moyvanili argumentebis umetesobas. `Tu Tqven iseTi skolis
sistema gaqvT, romelic tradiciulobas waaxalisebs da ris-
kis gawevas Tavs aaridebs, maSin patarebi maT win gadaSlil
samyarosTan gamklavebas ver SeZleben.~
eqseteris universitetis ganaTlebis profesori da mTav-

robis mrCeveli kreatiulobis sakiTxebSi anna krafti (Anna
381
Craft, University of Exeter) ambobs: àrsebobs Zalian didi mzad-

yofna saklaso oTaxebSi kreatiulobis Setanis Taobaze, mag-
ram, amave dros, sitemaSi mzardi modunebulobac SeimCneva.~
misi azriT, robinsoni marTalia da saWiroa ara `receptis da-
cicqna, aramed axali receptis Seqmna.~
àmis ganxorcielebas SeiZleba moswavleTa mxridan masobri-

vi protesti da maT mier skolis datoveba mohyves, radgan es
Zalian ararelevanturi sakiTxia,~ - ambobs is. magram cxadia,
rom, bolos da bolos, cvlileba mainc unda moxdes. robin-
sonis wigns ki `debatebis xmamaRla da mkafiod dawyebisTvis
mxolod kargis motana SeuZlia.~
elementi: rogor cvlis Tqveni sayvareli saqmis povna

yvelafers, ken robinsoni da lu aronika. gamomcemloba
“Penguin”.
The Element: How Finding Your Passion Changes Everything by Ken

Robinson with Lou Aronica, published by Penguin
© 2011 Guardian News and Media Limited
382 ka ren ma ko lis te ri da mi Sel f. sa i le ri
Tavi VIII
ka ren ma ko lis te ri da mi Sel f. sa i le ri
avwioT niWieri moswavleebis SesaZleblobebis Weri,

avamaRloT akademiuri momzadebis xarisxi kritikuli
azrovnebis saSualebiT
niWieri moswavleebisTvis skolaSi optimaluri saswavlo

garemo mecnieruli argumentirebis standartis arsebobaa.
mecnieruli argumentireba studentebis inteleqtualuri
stimulirebisTvis da akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebis-
Tvis aris saWiro. amisTvis sabavSvo baRSi, dawyebiT, sabazo
an saSualo safexurze unda moxdes kritikuli azrovnebis
unarebis integracia yoveldRiur yofasa da gakveTilebSi
(Tomlinson, 2003). aseTi integracia moswavleTa interesebis,
momzadebis donisa da Seswavlis procesis saxeobebis gaTva-
liswinebasTan erTad qmnis im saZirkvels da kedlebs, romle-
bic aucilebelia maTi mecnieruli zrdis da inteleqtualu-
ri stimulaciis Weris amaRlebisTvis.
niWieri moswavleebis ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTeblebia inte-

leqtualuri SesaZleblobebis gaumjobeseba da masTan da-
kavSirebuli saWiroebebi (Sayler, 2009). imisaTvis, rom saTa-
nadod gamoviyenoT es kognituri SesaZlebloba, akademiuri
swavleba unda daeyrdnos kompleqsur kurikulums, romlis
miwodebis tempi moswavleebis inteleqtualur SesaZleb-
lobebsa da ganviTarebis dones unda Seesabamebodes. niWieri
moswavleebis ganviTarebis done xSirad ufro maRalia, vid-
re maTi maswavleblebi varaudoben (Colengelo, 2007). swored es
ganapirobebs im faqts, rom kurikulumi, romelic amave asa-
kis tipiuri moswavleebisTvis aris Sedgenili, Seusabamoa ni-
Wieri moswavleebisTvis, - romelTa saWiroebebi normas mniS-
nelovnad aRemateba.
niWieri moswavleebi Rrmad iTaviseben sakuTar codnas.

avwioT niWieri moswavleebis... momzadebis xarisxi kritikuli azrovnebis saSualebiT
383
amitomac, isini mzad arian, gamoiyenon mkafio azrovne-

ba da logikuri msjeloba axali codnis misaRebad.
maswavleblebisTvis yvelaze efeqtiani gza saukeTeso stu-
dentebis saswavlo procesSi CasarTavad kritikuli azrov-
nebis unarebis ganviTarebaa. klasSi kritikul azrovnebasTan
dakavSirebuli kargi davalebebis Setana im studentebsac
exmareba, romlebic Cveulebrivi ganviTarebis traeqtoriis
farglebSi arian. am tipis davalebebis Sesrulebisas isini
erTmaneTs uziareben ideebs sxvadasxva sagnidan, rac zrdis
akademiur miRwevebsa da sakiTxis siRrmiseulad gagebas (Paul
& Elder, 2007).
inteleqtualuri niWiereba mtkicedaa dakavSirebuli kri-

tikuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobasTan; Tumca, kritikuli
azrovnebis unarebi zedmiwevniT aris damokidebuli forma-
lur ganaTlebaze (Linn & Shore, 2008). moswavleebs, romelTac
codnis Zlieri baza aqvT, ukeT SeuZliaT problemebis ga-
daWra. kritikuli azrovneba aris Cveni azrovnebis xerxebis
yuradRebiT gaanalizebis xelovneba, romlis mizani azrov-
nebis gaumjobesebaa. msjeloba ki aris daskvnebis gasakeTeb-
lad da gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad, mtkicebulebebze day-
rdnobiT, problemis amoxsnis an kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis
inteleqtualuri mcdeloba (Paul & Elder, 2008). kritikuli
azrovneba akademiur miRwevebs aumjobesebs: rac ufro me-
tad aris kritikuli azrovneba intergrirebuli swavlebis
SinaarsSi, ufro meti studenti gaaanalizebs Seswavlil kon-
cefciebs (Swartz & Parks, 1994). kurikulumebSi kritikuli az-
rovnebis integracia oTxi sasargeblo gziT aris SesaZlebe-
li: problemis gadaWriT; iseTi kiTxvebis dasmiT, romlebic
kritikul analizs moiTxovs; wyaroebis SefasebiT; gadawyve-
tilebis miRebiT.
problemis gadaWra
problemis saTanadod gadaWris SesaZleblobebi saSualebas

aZlevs niWier moswavleebs, kritikuli azrovneba nebismier
konteqstSi gamoiyenon. niWieri studentebi Rrmad iTavise-
ben TavianT codnas, amitomac mzad arian, mkafio azrovneba
da logikuri msjeloba axali codnis misaRebad gamoiyenon.
kritikulad moazrovneebs mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi -

maTematikaSi, socialur mecnierebebSi an enis gakveTilze -
disciplinebs Soris kavSiris povna SeuZliaT. es afarToebs
maT SesaZleblobebs, moZebnon problemebis gadaWris unika-
luri, SemoqmedebiTi da praqtikuli gzebi.
sagnis moZraobaze Zalis efeqtis siRrmiseulma codnam Se-

saniSnavi roli Seasrula meoTxe da mexuTe klasis niWieri
mosawavleebisTvis, romlebic CarTulebi iyvnen maTematikis
damatebiT mecadineobebsa da sabunebismetyvelo programaSi.
kritikuli azrovnebisa da problemis gadaWris unarebi ga-
moyenebul iqna fizikis klasSi, sadac moswavleebma iswavles,
rom SesaZlebelia sistemebSi mimdinare cvlilebaze dakvir-
veba da misi gazomva, aseve, kanonzomierebis aRmoCena. fizika
aris mecniereba, romelic swavlobs Zalebs da maT urTier-
Tqmedebebs. moswavleebi, romlebsac codnis kargi safuZve-
li aqvT, ukeTesad wyveten problemebs (Sternberg, 2006). mos-
wavleebma sabaziso informacia gamoikvlies ,,slaid Souebi-
dan~, specialuri vebgverdebidan, aramxatvruli wignebidan
da Catarebuli eqsperimentebidan. Seiswavles isaak niutonis
cxovreba; moZraobis, dedamiwis mizidulobisa da energiis
mudmivobis kanonebi; siCqaris formula. amis Semdeg, moswav-
leebs TavianTi codnis demonstrirebisTvis SesTavazes, mci-
re jgufebSi daegegmaT da SeesrulebinaT kvleva. maT unda
gadaeWraT Semdegi problema: moeZiebinaT masalebi siCqaris
formulis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb; daegegmaT da daesru-
lebinaT moZiebuli masalebis gamoyenebiT kvleva, romelic
maT codnas warmoaCenda; kerZod, potenciuri da kinetikuri
energia unda gamoesaxaT sityvebiT, sailustracio naxaze-
biT da maTematikuri gantolebiT. unda aexsnaT, rogor SeiZ-
leba sistemaSi cvlilebaze dakvirveba da misi gazomva.
moswavleebma kvlevis ganxorcielebis dagegmvisa da ganxor-

cielebis procesSi marmariloebi, ping-pongis da Cogbur-
Tis burTebi, sxvadasxva qafis izolatoris gzebi, zonari,
wamzomebi, sazomi lenti, masalis zolebi da sxva ,,oficia-
luri masalebi~ gamoiyenes. kvlevis ganmavlobaSi maT Caiwe-
res SesamCnevi da gazomvadi monacemebi; moamzades werilo-
biTi namuSevari, sadac gamoyenebuli iyo swori nomenklatu-
ra ilustrirebul naxazebTan, diagramebTan da cxrilebTan
erTad. maT TavianTi codna - Zalis, moZraobis, gravitaciis,
385
energiisa da siCqaris Sesaxeb - dokumenturad warmoadgines,

radgan SeZles cvlilebaze dakvirveba da maTi gazomva.
moswavleebma axsnes, Tu rogor Seicvleboda siCqare, roca
manZili mudmiv sidides aRar warmoadgenda. austinma aseTi
Canaweri gaakeTa: ,,roca davagrZeleT gza, Cveni dro gaizar-
da. Cven aseve SevniSneT energiis gadacemis kanonzomiereba,
roca gavakeTeT gorebi da maryuJebi, rac moniSnul diagra-
maze avsaxeT~.
rogor gaiges bavSvebma es sakiTxi, naTeli gaxda, rodesac

drois da siCqaris cvladebi Secvales. saram aseTi Canaweri
gaakeTa: `cvlilebebi damokidebulia xaxunis Zalaze. mi-
nimaluri xaxunis Zalis pirobebSi sagani ufro didi siCqa-
riT moZraobda, vidre maSin, rodesac xaxunis Zala didia.
gzas uswormasworo zonaris borcvebi davamateT. dro ga-
izarda da siCqare Semcirda. winaRobebis gareSe gzaze mar-
marilo ufro swrafad moZraobda.~
moswavleebis Canawerebi naTlad aCvenebda, rom maT gaiges

arsi da gadaWres problema. maTi ilustrirebuli naxazebi,
maTematikuri aplikaciebi da teqsti logikuri azrovnebis
mkafio demonstrireba iyo.
kiTxvebis dasma
akademiurad maRali donis saswavlo garemoSi, saTanado

kiTxvebis dasma diferenciaciisa da kritikuli azrovnebis
Setanis mniSnvnelovani saSualebaa. faqtobrivi codna SeiZ-
leba gaxdes mimzidveli, moaxdinos azris provocireba, ro-
ca fokusirebas vakeTebT SekiTxvebze, romlebic sakiTxis
siRrmiseul gagebas uwyobs xels. kiTxvebs SeuZlia Rrma az-
rovnebis stimulireba, moswavleTa daintereseba, damatebi-
Ti kiTxvebis wamoWra (Wiggins &McTighe, 2005).
klasSi kritikuli kiTxvebis dasma azrovnebas aviTarebs. sa-

kiTxi zogjer met dazustebasa da sicxades saWiroebs (Paul
&Elder, 2008). maswavlebelma SeiZleba ikiTxos: `SegiZliaT,
es sakiTxi ufro detalurad axsnaT? SegiZliaT, Tqveni az-
ri sxvagvarad gamoxatoT?~ kargi kiTxvebi studentebs ufro
Rrmad da farTod Caaxedebs sakiTxSi (Paul &Elder, 2008). `ra

kanonzomierebebi SegiZliaT dainaxoT monacemebSi, mocemul
detalebSi? rogor SeiZleba Seicvalos Tqveni mosazreba Tu
informacias sxva TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT?~
kiTxvebze dafuZnebul saganmanaTleblo proeqtSi kiTxva

mniSvnelovania; kiTxva moswavleebisTvis im kvlevis dasawyi-
sia, romelic maT konceptualur codnas daedeba safuZvlad.
mecnieruli Zieba xels uwyobs moswavleebs, rom maT ukeT
gaigon Sesaswavli sakiTxi. moswavleebi ikvleven, agroveben
faqtebs, pasuxs scemen dasmul kiTxvebs da pasuxgaucemel
SekiTxvebs iniSnaven. kiTxvebi aumjobesebs maT Sedegebsa da
daskvnebs; moswavleebi ukeT igeben sakiTxs da maT komunika-
ciis unari unviTardebaT. mexuTe klasis moswavleebi kiTx-
vaze dafuZnebul proeqtSi monawileobdnen. maT pasuxi un-
da gaecaT Semdeg kiTxvaze: ,,Waobis binadrebis Semcireba an
zrda rogor gavlenas axdens wylis gareuli frinvelebis
migraciaze?~ am ZiriTadma da Tanaklaselebisgan wamosulma
SekiTxvebma moswavleebs ekosistemis gamtarianobis Sesaxeb
codnis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba misca.
internetidan amerikis sanapiro Waobebis Sesaxeb sawyisi in-

formaciis moZiebis Semdeg, moswavleebma monawileoba mi-
iRes simulaciur TamaSSi. maT Seasrules wylis gareuli
frinvelebis roli (Council for Environmental Education, 2005). maT
baraTebiT (,,Fate Card”) TamaSi gamoiyenes da cades wylis binad-
rebis bunebrivi sacxovrebeli garemos dakargvisa da mopo-
vebis procesis warmodgena - miwis amoTxris, qarxnis aSene-
bis, navTobis daRvrisa da bunebrivi kataklizmebis Sedegad;
drodadro iseTi pozitiuri baraTebic gamoiyenes, rogori-
caa ,,axali saxelmwifo kanonmdebloba zRudavs did Waobeb-
Si motoriani naviT moZraobas, rac amcirebs adamianebis mier
veluri bunebis garemoSi gareuli cxovelebis Sewuxebas. da-
amate erTi binadari adgilze arsebul binadrebs.~
studentebma rukaze gamosaxes wylis gareuli frinvelebis

zrda da danakargi, TiToeuli ciklis dasrulebisas. cik-
li iwyeboda gamravlebis adgilidan da zamTris cxovrebis
gavliT brundeboda ukan - gamravlebis adgilze. TiToeu-
li gadaadgileba mibmuli iyo SemTxveviT aRebul baraTze.
387
moswavleebi intensiurad iyvnen CarTulni ZiriTad SekiTx-

vasTan dakaviSrebul diskusiaSi.
maT gamoiyenes kvleva da aseve simulaciri TamaSidan miRebu-
li maTematikuri monacemebi, raTa mtkicebulebebi Seegro-
vebinaT da maswavlebels warudgines Rrma codna ganxiluli
sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
simulaciis Semdeg imitirebuli debatebi Catarda. moswav-

leebma Seasrules garemosdamcveli agentebisa da navTobis
kompaniis warmomadgenlebis roli da CaerTvnen diskusiaSi.
maT warmoadgines urTierTsawinaaRmdego argumentebi Wa-
obis binadrebis gamravlebasa da maT migraciaze. kiTxvebis
gamoyenebis saSualebiT - ramac Sesaswavl sakiTxs sicxade,
sizuste da siRrme SesZina - moswavleebs TvalTaxedva gau-
farTovdaT. isini CaerTvnen sakiTxis akademiuri ganxilvis
procesSi, gaiumjobeses codna bunebismetyvelebaSi, maTema-
tikasa da socialur mecnierebebSi. moswavleebis kompeten-
cia naTeli gaxda, roca maT rolebi moirges da sakiTxi sxva-
dasxva TvalTaxedvidan ganixiles. moswavleebis azrovnebam
naTlad dagvanaxa, rom maT kargad gaiazres is cudi Sedegi,
rac wylis binadrebis gaqrobas moaqvs gareuli wylis frin-
velebisTvis. amasTan erTad, kargad gaiges maTematikuri
mtkicebuleba, kanonmdebloba da sxva kerZo sakiTxebi, rom-
lebic am kompleqsur problemas ukavSirdeboda.
wyaroebis Sefaseba
Semdegi meTodi wyaroebis Sefasebaa. is, kritikuli azrov-

nebis unarebTan erTad, akademiuri ganaTlebis xarisxs aum-
jobesebs. kvleva xSirad iTxovs sxvadasxva wyarodan infor-
maciis Segrovebas. pirveladi wyaroebi gvaZlevs istoriuli
movlenis uSualo mtkicebulebas, rac moicavs fotografi-
as, werilebs, rukebs da videoebs; da meoradi wyaroebi pirve-
ladi wyaros, dokumentebis meoradi versiaa. zogadad, ufro
mkafio monacemebs pirveladi wyaro gvawvdis; Tumca, yvela
wyaros sWirdeba sandoobis Sefaseba. pirvelad moswavleebi
pouloben informacias, romelic eTnxmeba an ewinaaRmdege-
ba kvlevis procesSi myof mtkicebulebas. sanam moswavlee-
bi informacias moiZieben, isini amowmeben wyaros sandoobas,
aanalizeben wigns, eleqtronul gverds, avtors an statias.

wyaros SefasebisTvis iyeneben kiTxvebs: ,,rodis gamoica pub-
likacia?~ da ,,rogoria avtoris profesiuli gamocdileba?~
(Swartz & Parks, 1994). gacemul pasuxebs qulebs aniWeben.
damkvirvebeli
ricxvi: 10 aprili klasi: me-3
mecnieris saxeli: iakobi
dakvirveba Wiaze
aRniSnuli
dakvirvebis detalebi teqsti/gazomva
naxatebi
Wiis sigrZe
6 ½ sm
santimetrebSi
ordan - sam
Wiis wona gramebSi
gramamde
vfiqrob,
gamadidebeli SuSis
rom patara
gamoyeneba, Wiis
aburZgnuli Tmebi
gverdebis daTvaliereba.
exmareba niadagSi
SegiZlia jagaris
CaZromaSi. isini
danaxva? risTvis aris is
SeuiaraRebeli
saWiro?
TvaliT Zlivs Cans.
Wia daaxloebiT
segmentebis raodenoba 16 segmentisgan
Wiis Tavidan analur Sesdgeba. isini
xvrelamde narnarad ikumSeba
da iSleba.
Wiis Tavi da
bolo erTmaneTs
hgavs, magram Wia
aRwere gansxvaveba Wiis
mxolod erTi
Tavsa da bolo nawilebs
mimarTulebiT
Soris
moZraobs.
vfiqrob, win TaviT
miiwevs.
389
mainteresebs, Wias aqvs tvini? aqvs

guli, romelic sisxls tumbavs?
gamozamTreba SeuZliaT? mTel
msoflioSi arsebobs Wiebi?
yvelaze grZeli Wia ra zomisaa?
dawere, ra Wiebi saxifaToa? floris romeli
gainteresebs, warmomadgenlebi etanebian Wiebs,
rom imis mixedviT garda Citebisa? miwis garda,
warmarTo kvleva riT ikvebebian Wiebi? ratom
vxedav mkvdar Wiebs Cemi saxlis
axlos trotuarebze? romelime
mecniereba Tu Seiswavlis sakuTriv
Wiebs? Wiebi odesme TviTmfrinavSi
yofilan?
rogor gavigoT Wiis sigrZe?
1. frTxilad moaTavseT Tqveni Wiayela sveli qaRaldis

xelsaxocze.
2. zemodan msubuqad daafareT meore sveli qaRaldis xel-
saxoci.
3. neba mieciT, Tavisuflad gaSalos sxeuli, Torem daixve-
va, roca mis gazomvas ecdebiT.
4. gamoiyeneT Sesasxurebeli boTli imisTvis, rom qaRal-
dis xelsaxoci samuSao procesSi sveli SeinarCunoT.
dawyebiTi klasis moswavleebs moswonT, rodesac informaci-

is, avtoris da publikaciebis, wyaroebis sandoobas sazRv-
raven. maT uviTardebaT yvela monacemis sandoobis Sefase-
bis Cveva da mxolod amis Semdeg ijereben yvelafers, rasac
kiTxuloben, an rac esmiT. informaciis Sinaarsobriv mxares-
Tan interaqciis donis asamaRleblad, moswavleebs ubiZge-
ben, mravali wyarodan moiZion urTierTgamomricxavi mtki-
cebulebebi, romelebic an eTanxmeba, an uaryofs informaci-
as.
mesame klasis niWieri moswavleebi vermikologiaSi (Wiebis

Seswavla) ,,rezidenti eqspertebi~ gaxdnen (WInebrenner,2000).
pirvelad maT gaakeTes grafiki, sadac aRniSnes is monaceme-

bi, rac, maTi azriT, swori iyo. aseve Seqmnes kiTxvebis sveti
da ,,me mainteresebs~ mtkicebulebebi. Semdeg, Seqmnes savara-
udo wyaroebis nusxa, dasmul kiTxvebsa da ,,me mainteresebs~
mtkicebulebebze zusti informaciis moZiebis mizniT.
kiTxvebi ,, me mainteresebs~ wyaroebi
maT daiwyes Wiebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla. pirvel suraTze

Tqven SegiZliaT waikiTxoT, Tu ra Cawera Wiayelebis Sesaxeb
iakobma kvlevis manZilze.
savana absoluturad darwmunebuli iyo, rom yvelaze didi

Wiis sigrZe 15 santimetrs aRwevda (In Figure 2, Savannah is mea-
suring a worm).
warmoidgineT savanas gakvirveba, roca man aRmoaCina, rom zo-

gierTi tropikuli Wiayelas sigrZe 3.3 metrsac ki aRwevs. sa-
vanam es manam ar daijera, sanam im eleqtronuli gvardebis
sandooba ar gadaamowma, saidanac es informacia moiZia.
aseTi akademiuri midgoma srul TanxvedraSia kurikulumiT

gaTvaliswinebul mizanebTan (memkvidreobiToba, qceva da
cxovrebis cikli). aseTi midgoma moswavleebs saSualebas
aZlevs, SeiZinon informaciis sandoobis Semowmebisa da Se-
fasebis gamocdileba, informaciis sandoobis SefasebisTvis
saWiro kiTxvebis Camoyalibebis unari.
moswavleebs unda vaswavloT, rom saWiroa yvela faqtis mini-

mum ori wyaroTi dadastureba. faqti dawereT dafaze an qa-
Raldze, sTxoveT moswavleebs, Tu wyaro faqts adasturebs,
daweron lurj stikerze da daawebon kiTxvis zemoT, xolo
Tu ewinaaRmdegeba - daweron yviTel stikerze da kiTxvis qve-
moT daawebon. moswavleebi dainaxaven, sandoa Tu ara faqti.
kvlevaSi monawile yvela sxva axalgazrda mecnierma daadas-

391
tura, rom es damatebiTi nabiji aucilebeli iyo. stikeris

furclebma cxrilis Sevseba daaCqara.
moswavleebma Wiebis Sesaxeb kvleva dagegmes da ganaxorcie-
les, rogorc vermikologistebma. kvlevis Sedegebi warmoad-
gines Wiayelebis laboratoriis dRes, romelic mesameklase-
lebisTvis, maswavleblebisTvis da mSoblebisTvis Catarda.
yvelasTvis, vinc praqtikuli laboratoria moinaxula, Zali-
an STambeWdavi iyo is codna, romelic moswavleebma SeiZines.
odrim da kolinma axsnes, ra rols asruleben ubralo Wiaye-

lebi dedamiwaze sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad; daasabuTes
anelidebisTvis Savi miwis upiratesoba qviSasTan da Tixas-
Tan SedarebiT. maTi msjelobidan gairkva, rom Wiebi mniSvne-
loan rols asruleben niadagis gafxvierebisa da ganiavebis-
Tvis; bavSvebma sami Wia moaTavses gamWirvale konteinerSi,
romelic savse iyo sami gancalkavebuli niadagis nimuSiT.
Savi miwa marjvniv iyo moTavsebuli da konteineris zustad
mesameds ikavebda, konteineris Sua nawilSi moTavsebuli iyo
Tixa, qviSa ki - konteineris marcxena nawlSi. roca odrim da
kolinma Wia konteineris Savi miwis seqciaSi moaTavses, is
maSinve Savi miwis zedapiris qveS moeqca. roca Wia Tixasa da
qviSaze dasves, man swrafad gadainacvla Savi miwis seqciaSi
da gauCinarda. auditoria aRtacebiT uyurebda da usmenda
am faqts.
meore mxares, lilim da spenserma vizitorebi aneliebis sam-

yaros tropikuli gigantebis modelebiT moajadoves, ma-
Ti sigrZe 3.3 metrs aRwevda. rezidentma eqspertebma yvela
kiTxvas bolomde da zustad upasuxes, Tanac, pasuxebis mxar-
dasaWerad kvlevidan miRebul informacias da cxrilebs iye-
nebdnen.
moswavleebs SeuZliaT, rezidenti eqspertebi gaxdnen nebis-

mier Sinaarsobriv sakiTxSi. sandoobisTvis wyaroebis Sefa-
seba zrdis kritikul azrovnebas, amaRlebs akademiuri mom-
zadebis xarisxs da SesaZleblobas aZlevs moswavleebs, raime
TemasTan dakavSirebiT mdidari konceptualuri codna gani-
viTaron.
gadawyvetilebis miReba
dawyebiTi klasis niWieri moswavleebis kritikuli azrovne-

bis unari, gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobebTan er-
Tad, damatebiTi gzaa akademiuri moswrebis gasazrdelad.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari gamoiyeneba imisTvis, rom Se-
moTavazebul mraval arCvans Soris SeirCes erTi da Sefasdes
SesaZleblobebi rogorc akademiur, ise yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi (Sternberg, 2006). moswavleebs aswavlian, gaiTavison
ZiriTadi SekiTxvebi ise, rom guldasmiT da konstruqciu-
lad gamoikvlion gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobe-
bi (TreffInger, 2008). gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi iyeneben
metakognicias da Riad fiqroben TavianTi azrovnebis pro-
cesze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi da manamde (Paul &
Elder, 2007).
moswavleebi arsebul arCevans aanalizeben da Semdeg afase-

ben mis xarisxs, rac maT mtkicebulebaze dayrdnobiT gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT codnis grafikuli
organizebis xerxi, gonebrivi ruka.
ʶʸʵʩʲʬʳʨ
moswavleebi afaseben TiToeul arCevnsa da Sedegebs, sanam

gadawyvetilebas miiReben (Swartz & Parks, 1994). arCevanisa da
Sedegebis SefasebisTvis kiTxvebi kvlav saukeTeso instru-
mentia. magaliTad ,,ra daSvebebi arsebobs?~, ,,ra SesaZlo Se-
degebi aqvs TiToeul daSvebas?~ da ,,am daskvnas ra upirate-
soba aqvs, sxva daskvnasTan SedarebiT?~
393
meoredan mexuTe klasis CaTvliT, niWieri moswavleebi mTe-

li 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ostinsa da texasSi cxovrobdnen.
maT sakuTari TvaliT aqvT nanaxi wyaldidoba, xanZari da
tornado. bavSvTa fsiqologebis gundma ramdenime rekomen-
dacia SeimuSava im wels momxdari bunebriv kataklizmebTan
dakavSirebuli SiSebis gadalaxvis meTodebis Sesaxeb. Semu-
Savda proeqti, romelic toiota Teifstrim daafinansa (To-
yota TAPESTRY Grants for Teachers). proeqti iTvaliswinebda im
moswavleebis monawileobas, romlebic ostinsa da texasSi
cxovrobdnen. bavSvebs SesTavazes maTi geografiuli area-
lis farglebSi bunebrivi kataklizmebis siRrmiseul kvle-
vaSi monawileoba. proeqtis mizani iyo, moswavleebs Seeswav-
laT usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi bunebrivi kataklizmebis dros
da gaeziarebinaT sxva bavSvebisTvis.
osborn-parnesis problemis kreatiulad gadaWris procesis

mixedviT (Treffinger, 2006), romelic win uZRvis gadawyvetile-
bis miRebas, studentebma miznad daisaxes Semdegi amocana:
Seagroves faqtebi, monacemebi da dasves kiTxvebi; fokusi-
reba moaxdines centralur problemaze; SeimuSaves SesaZlo
gadawyvetilebebi; aarCies yvelaze kargi gadawyvetilebebi;
moamzades prezentacia. vinaidan maTi mizani iyo lokaluri
bunebrivi kataklizmebisa da usafrTxoebis zomebis Sesaxeb
sxva bavSvebis informireba, maT SearCies is zomebi, romel-
Ta praqtikuloba Sefasebuli iyo Semdegi maxasiaTeblebis
safuZvelze: warmateba, Rirebuleba da dro.
niWierma studentebma gadawyvites specialuri Ria ka-

ris dRis Catareba, raTa informacia gaevrcelebinaT xanZ-
ris, wyaldidobisa da tornados SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis
usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb. pirvel rigSi, moswavleebma warsul-
Si momxdar bunebriv katastrofebze, aseve, kargad cnobil
amerikul qariSxlebze, wyaldidobebze da tornadoebze in-
formacia internetSi moiZies. maT Seagroves faqtebi da mo-
nacemebi. eleqtronuli Ziebis Semdeg, TiToeulma bavSvma pi-
radi interesebidan gamomdinare airCia Tema im mizniT, rom
arCeuli katasrofis tipis rezidenti eqsperti gamxdariyo.
maT moamzades informacia istoriuli SemTxvevebis, usafr-
Txoebis zomebis Sesaxeb. Seiswavles is mecniereba, romelic
TiToeuli katastrofis ukan dgas. moamzades prezentacia

pauer pointis programiT.
niWierma studentebma eqspertis msgavsad azrovnebis unari

unda ganiviTaron (Mansilla & Gardner, 2008).
klasma Seqmna rubrikebi momzadebuli prezentaciebis Sesa-

faseblad, kerZod, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad zusti
iyo usafrTxoebis SemoTavazebuli zomebi; sxvadasxva usaf-
rTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli sizuste da warmateba. rubri-
kebis SemuSavebis procesSi moswavleebi Sexvdnen gadawyveti-
lebis mimReb patara jgufs. moswavleebma gansazRres krite-
riumebi, rac yvelaze metad miesadageboda TavianTi jgufis
proeqts. moswavleebma Seafases momzadebuli proeqtebi da
avtorebs gadaxedva da mzardaWera SesTavazes, raTa Ria ka-
ris dRisTvis proeqti ufro srulyofili yofiliyo.
Ria karis dRes, mowveuli stumrebi monusxulni iyvnen ambis

mTxrobelebiT, usafrTxoebis vebgverdebiT, ,,pauer point-
Si~ momzadebuli prezentaciebiT, TavSesafris maketebiT da
arqiteqturuli modelebiT, istoriuli kataklizmebis am-
saxveli naxatebiT, poeziiT, moTxrobebiT, sportuli oTa-
xiT - romelic savse iyo im samecniero eqsperimentebiT, rom-
lebic moswavleebma dagegmes, ganaxorcieles da Seafases.
Ria karis dRes daeswrnen moswavleebis mier mowveuli adgi-
lobrivi saxanZro departamentisa da amerikis wiTeli jvris
wevrebi, texasis satyeo departamentis reinjerebi. rodesac
moswavleebi usafrTxoebis sainformacio furclebs ari-
gebdnen, am procesSi monawileoba amerikis wiTeli jvris
wevrebmac miiRes. mexanZrem Tavisi aRWurviloba moitana da
gaawyo magida, pasuxi gasca dasmul kiTxvebs. tyis reinjer-
ma waikiTxa moTxroba ,,kvamliani daTvi~ (amerikaSi smokey be-
ar gamogonili daTvis personaJi, romelic xalxs uxsnis tyis
xanZris mniSvnelobas, Seqmnilia mravali sareklamo videor-
goli ,,kvamliani daTvis~ monawileobiT). ,,kvamliani daTvi~
gamosaxuli iyo dekoratiulad morTul yuTebze. adgilob-
rivma xuroebma da mSeneblebma saxuravis dizainis Semqmneli
gundi Seaqes maTi rekomendaciebis da naCvenebi magaliTebis
zustad da Sesabamisad gaTvaliswinebisTvis. praqtikuli eq-
395
sperimentebi ganxilul iqna adgilobrivi sazogadoebis mi-

er, ,,sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis maswavlebelTa erov-
nuli asociaciis~ aRmasrulebelTan erTad.
naTeli iyo moswavleTa maRali akademiuri done, radgan maT

erTmaneTs gauziares is siRrmiseuli codna bunebriv katak-
lizmebsa da kritikuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze, rac auci-
lebelia stiqiuri ubedurebis dros. sazogadoebis ufrosma
wevrebma moswavleebis namuSevrebs maRali Sefaseba misces da
madloba gadauxades maT usafrTxoebis informaciis warmod-
genisTvis. rezidenti eqspertebisTvis proeqtSi monawile-
oba Zalian warmatebuli iyo. maT kvlevis Catareba mouxdaT
inteleqtualurad mastimulirebul saswavlo garemoSi.
niWieri moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovania iseTi saswavlo ga-

remo, sadac akademiuri moswreba prioritetulia da stan-
dartebs akmayofilebs. standarti saWiroa imisTvis, rom
moswavleebis inteleqts mivceT stimuli da maTi akademiuri
winsvla gavaumjobesoT. cnobilia, rom moswavleebi warmate-
bas aRweven, roca isini bejiTi da mtkice nebisyofis adamia-
nebi arian (Sayler, 2009). maT didi xnis manZilze SeuZliaT aka-
demiurad rTuli davalebebis Sesruleba gonebrivi daRlis
gareSe. moswavle inJinrebma, romlebic Zalas da moZraobas
swavlobdnen, yvela kvlevaSi mondomebuli da cocxali inte-
resiT miiRes monawileoba.
moswavle inJinrebma Seqmnes sxva modelebi imisTvis, rom

epovnaT siCqaresTan, drosTan, manZilTan da gravitaciul
potenciur energiasTan asocirebuli magaliTebi. TiToeu-
li klasis win moswavleebma warmoadgines kvlevebi, romle-
bic maT mier iyo dagegmili da ganaxorcielebuli. es ar iyo
Cveulebriv klasSi micemuli davalebebi; am Seupovar moswav-
leebs undodaT, ufro meti scodnodaT; ase rom, maT ipoves
gzebi miznis misaRwevad.
niWieri moswavleebi uzarmazari codnis safuZvliTa da Zli-

eri unarebiT Sedian saklaso oTaxSi. maT sWirdebaT Rrma in-
teleqtualuri stimulacia, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aRrma-
vebs da afarToebs maT arsebul codnis bazas da saSualebas
aZlevs, TavianTi gansakuTrebuli talanti da niWi gamoiye-
non. es marTlac asea, niWier moswavleebs aqvT SesaZleblobe-

bi, rogorc modebateebs, artistebs, mwerlebs, dizainerebs,
maTematikosebs an musikosebs (Hoh, 2008). moswavleebi, rome-
lebmac bunebrivi kataklizmebis Ria karis dRis proeqti Seq-
mnes, uTvalavi saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen klasSi da mis
gareT, raTa sazogadoebis cnobiereba aemaRlebinaT usafr-
Txoebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. maT aCvenes simtkice da
Seupovroba, roca ufrosi eqspertebisTvis moamzades kiTx-
vebi, SeimuSaves da ganaxorcieles sakuTari kvlevebi, Seqm-
nes saTanado produqtebi da isini sazogadoebas warudgines.
maTi Rrma CarTuloba swavlaSi da azrovnebis mravalmxrivo-
ba aSkarad Canda dasmul kiTxvebSi da Waobebis binadrebis
danakargisa da zrdis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis
gamofenaSi.
aRmzrdelebma unda cadon niWieri moswavleebis daukmayo-

filebeli saWiroebebis gageba da Seqmnan kurikulumi, rome-
lic maTi SesaZleblobebis donesa da kompleqsurobas emTx-
veva. Tavis mxriv, niWieri bavSvebi kargad grZnoben Tavs iseT
garemoSi, sadac isini gamocdilebas iReben, sadac maT uwevT
Rrma azrovneba da izidavT sakiTxis kompleqsuri Sinaarsi.
kritikuli azrovnebis integrireba yvela sagnis saswavlo
kursSi uzrunvelyofs maT mzadyofnas, rom monawileoba mii-
Ron problemebis dasmasa da gadaWraSi.
moswavleebis mzaobis donis, personaluri interesebis da

swavlis stilis gansazRvris Semdeg, maswavleblma unda Seq-
mnas sagnis axali Sinaarsi niWieri moswavleebisTvis, Seimu-
Saos swavlebis instrueqciebi, Sefasebis xerxebi da daiwyos
saswavlo procesis danergva miznobrivad, kritikuli azrov-
nebis ganmaviTarebel aqtivobebTan erTad. es niWieri mos-
wavleebisTvis maRla wevs ganaTlebis Wers, uzrunvelyobs
efeqtur da mravalferovan saswavlo garemos, romelic sti-
mulirebas ukeTebs niWieri bavSvebis inteleqtualur ganvi-
Tarebasa da maT akademiur zrdas.
397
References
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(2005).
Project wild: K–12 curriculum and activity guide. Houston, TX: Author.
Hoh, P. (2008). Cognitive characteristics of the gifted. In J. A. Plucker& C.
M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and practices in gifted education (pp. 57–
84). Waco, TX: Prufrock Press. Linn, B., & Shore, B. M. (2008).
Critical thinking. In J. A. Plucker& C. M. Callahan (Eds.), Critical issues and
practices in gifted education (pp. 155–166).
Waco, TX: Prufrock Press. Mansilla, V. B., & Gardner, H. (2008).
Disciplining the mind.Educational Leadership, 65(5), 14–20. Paul, R., &
Elder, L. (2007).
Critical thinking competency standards. Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for
Critical Thinking.
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2008).
Critical thinking concepts and tools (5th ed.). Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation
for Critical Thinking. Sayler, M. (2009a).
Intellectual growth, school, and thriving of the gifted. Tempo, 29(1), 9–13.
Sayler, M. (2009b).
Gifted and thriving: A deeper understanding of the meaning of GT. In L.
Shavinina (Ed.), The international handbook on giftedness (pp. 215–230).
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Springer Science and Business Media.
Sternberg, R. (2006).
Cognitive psychology. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth. Swartz, R. J., &
Parks, S. (1994). Infusing the teaching of critical and creative thinking into
elementary instruction. Pacific
Grove, CA: Critical Thinking Press. Tomlinson, C. (2003).
Fulfilling the promise of the differentiated classroom: Strategies and tools
for responsive teaching. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development Treffinger, D. (2006).
Creative problem solving: An introduction (4th ed.) Waco, TX: Prufrock
Press. Treffinger, D. (2008, Summer).
Preparing creative and critical thinkers. Educational Leadership, 65(9).
Retrieved from
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,, . . . Tu dRes mecnierni
universitetis da swavlulni
Semdeg TiTon arian, SeuZeniaT
TaviT TvisiT marto imiT, rom skolisa
swavla da
da codna.
maSasadame, skolam ise unda amzados da swurTvnos, rom kacs Rone, xerxi da
wyurvili hqondes erT radme yofnisa qveynis sasargeblod; Rone, xerxi da
wyurvili hqondes, patiosani ram sagani cxovrebisa iqonios; Rone, xerxi da
wyurvili hqondes, yovel amisaTvis moipovos Sesaferisi swavla-codna.
egre mowyurebuli, gaRonierebuli da xerxiani kaci araviTars siZneles
saqmisas ar SeuSindeba, ar Seudrkeba da zne-xasiaTobac es aris“.
kritikuli da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebis ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania 21-e saukuneSi, rodesac codnam Seicvala Tavisi-
tradiciuli Sinaarsi: Tanamedrove epoqaSi moqalaqis warmateba damok -
idebulia mis kritikul da SemoqmedebiT unarebze. am unarebis ganviTare
baSi skolisa da universitetis roli ganuzomlad didia.
saqarTvelom SeimuSava erovnuli sakvalifikacio CarCo (2010), romlis

saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia Cvens qveyanaSi dainergos mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze swavlis sistema, rasac sicocxlis manZilze swavlis evropuli
sakvalifikacio CarCo iTvaliswinebs
Lifelong Learning - LLL).
CarCo rvadoniania da moicavs zogad, profesiul da umaRles ganaTlebas.

TiToeuli donis Sesabamisi Sedegebi (codna, unari da kompetencia)
gulisxmobs, rom saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebam unda izrunos saswavlo-
procesis imgvarad organizebaze, rac xels Seuwyobs kritikuli da Semoq
medebiTi saazrovno unarebis ganviTarebas.
wigni ,,kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovneba, warmosaxviTi ganaTleba“

universitetebisa da skolebis pedagogebs daexmareba, ise dagegmon
saswavlo procesi, rom studentebs kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi
azrovneba ganuviTardeT. ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebs saSualeba
eqnebaT, gaecnon mihai Ciqsentmihais, kiran iganis, tim van velderis-
naazrevs, aseve - wamyvani mecnierebis statiebsa da konkretul rekomenda -
ciebs saswavlo procesSi kritikuli da SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganvi
TarebisTvis.
sakonsultacio jgufi

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kritikuli da

am programis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis

publikacia ar gamoxatavs USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

Project “Thinking Creatively; Thinking Critically“ is implemented through the

redaqtorebi: ia anTaZe, Tamar mosiaSvili

© ssip axalqalaqis umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo

Tavi II tim van gelderi

kri ti ku li az rov ne ba .................................................129

Tavi IV kiran igani

T a v i V I riCard poli da linda elderi

T a v i V I I I karen makolisteri da miSel f. saileri

problemis gadaWra ............................................................... 383

kreatiuloba: nakadi da aRmoCenisa da

sad aris kreatiuloba?

pasuxi naTelia: kreatiuloba gonebrivi aqtivobis erT-erTi

universitetSi samagistro programaze swavlis paralelu-

xandaxan gvigzavnidnen mfrinavi TefSis agebis saxelmZRva-

ramdenime wlis win samecniero samyaroSi didi xmauri gamo-

jeikob rabinovi (Jacob Rabinow) gamomgonebelia da vaSington-

bevri gamomgonebeli Semxvedria, romelic iseT rames

meore kanons arRvevs. isini ki geubnebian: `Seni dawyev-

vin aris marTali: individi, romelsac Tavisi an sxvisi krea-

problema isaa, rom termins `kreatiuloba~, Tavisi Cveu-

terminis pirveli gamoyeneba, romelic Cveulebriv saubreb-

doT. Tu aseTi adamianebi mniSvnelovan produqts ar qmnian,

terminis gamoyenebis meore gza im xalxis aRweraa, romelic

terminis bolo gamoyenebis Tanaxmad, is aRniSnavs adamianebs,

kreatulobis am sam mniSvnelobas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod

magaliTad, leonardo da vinCi, romelic terminis mesame

SexvedrodiT, damRlel da mosawyen adamianad mogeCvenebo-

Cem mier gamoyenebuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, am kvlevaSi

sruliad SesaZlebelia kreatiuli kvalis ise datoveba, rom

saqme ufro rom gavarTuloT, kidev or iseT termins Semog-

imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is gulisxmobs ramis Zalian kargad

meore termini, romelic `kreatiulis~ sinonimad xSirad ga-

Cven davinaxeT, rom namdvili kreatiuloba, romelic kultu-

yvelaze logikuri pasuxia, rom kreatiulobas mxolod sami

gebad algebrisa da ricxvTa Teoriis gamoyofac SegviZlia.

kreatiulobis meore komponentia sfero, romelic yvela im

dabolos, kreatiuli sistemis mesame komponenti Tavad indi-

amgvarad, zemoT Tqmulidan Semdegi gansazRvreba gamomdi-

sakiTxze arsebul aseT Sexedulebebs ramdenime Sedegi mos-

adamiani ver iqneba kreatiuli iseT dargSi, romelTanac mas

garda amisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom kreatiuloba mxo-

SeTanxmeba imaze, rom kompiuteruli TamaSi, rok simRera an

modeli aseve gvaZlevs saSualebas, gaviTvaliswinoT krea-

rafaelis kreatiuloba xelovnebis istoriis codnis, xelov-

me moxdes. Cveni erT-erTi respondenti, poeti entoni hexti

sakiTxis amgvari ganxilva zogisTvis, SesaZloa, giJuradac

Ceboda, rac manamde iyo: SeSlil adamianad, romelic ucnaur

magaliTad, robert galvini (Robert Galvin) `motoroladan~ sa-

kreatiuloba renesansis periodSi

mxatvruli kreatiulobis kargi magaliTia is uecari afeTqe-

riT SeiZleba aixsnas didi xelovnebis aseTi ayvaveba? Tuki

rac Seexeba dargs. renesansi nawilobriv e. w. bneli saukune-

florenciaSi agebuli santa maria novelas sakaTedro taZa-

zedamxedvel sabWos warudgendnen, magram maTi SeTavazebebi

bolos da bolos, humanisti mecnierebi romis panTeoniT da-

bruneleski, romelic 1401 wels roms iqauri antikuri xanis

magram miuxedavad klasikuri xelovnebis xelaxla aRmoCe-

rom es garkveulwilad asec iyo, SemoqmedebiTi miRwevebis

am fenomenis axsna is aris, rom im periodSi, roca xelovne-

swored amgvari simdidrisa da gaurkvevlobis periodSi ga-

motiviT, rom msoflio Zalian bevr silamazes dakargavda. qa-