INDEPENDENT UNIVERSITY, BANGLADESH

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Course Title: Lab work for Sensors & Instrumentation Lab
Course Code: EEE 423L

Lab Report No: 01

Submission Date: 28.06.21

Submitted to:
Ms. Zaima Tasneem

Submitted by:
Shafiul Alam Shawon
ID-1821688
LM35
LM35 is a Temperature sensor, whose output voltage varies, based on the temperature around
it. It is a small and cheap IC that can be used to measure temperature anywhere between -55°C
to 150°C.

Parameters
• Minimum and Maximum Input Voltage is 35V and -2V respectively. Typically 5V.
• Can measure temperature ranging from -55°C to 150°C
• The output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a
rise of 10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
• ±0.5°C Accuracy
• Drain current is less than 60uA

Fig-Equivalent Circuit

Working principle
It is a low-cost temperature sensor. Small and hence suitable for remote applications It can
easily be interfaced with any Microcontroller that has ADC function or any development
platform like Arduino. Power the IC by applying a regulated voltage like +5V (V S) to the input pin
and connected the ground pin to the ground of the circuit. If the temperature is 0°C, then the
output voltage will also be 0V. There will be a rise of 0.01V (10mV) for every degree Celsius rise
in temperature
Thermocouple Sensor

A thermocouple is a sensor that measures temperature. It consists of two different types of

metals, joined together at one end. When the junction of the two metals is heated or cooled, a
voltage is created that can be correlated back to the temperature. Thermocouples are commonly
used in a wide range of applications.

Fig-Equivalent Circuit

Working principle
When two wires composed of dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and one of the ends is
heated, there is a continuous current that flows in the thermoelectric circuit. If this circuit is
broken at the center, the net open circuit voltage (the Seebeck voltage) is a function of the
junction temperature and the composition of the two metals. This means that when the
junction of the two metals is or cooled a voltage is produced that can be correlated back to the
temperature.

LDR

The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is just another special type of Resistor and hence has no
polarity. Meaning they can be connected in any direction. They are breadboard friendly and can
be easily used on a perf board also. The symbol for LDR is just as similar to Resistor but adds to
inward arrows as shown above. The arrows indicate the light signals. as the name suggests will
change its resistance based on the light around it. That is when the resistor is placed in a dark
room it will have a resistance of few Mega ohms and as we gradually impose light over the sensor
its resistance will start to decrease from Mega Ohms to few Ohms.
Parameters

Working Principle
A potential divider is a circuit that has two resistors in series. A constant voltage will be applied
across both the resistor and the output voltage will be measured from the lower resistor. In our
case, the lower resistor will be an LDR and the constant voltage will be +5V. The set-up is shown
below.

Fig-Equivalent Circuit

A DC multimeter is used to monitor the voltage across the LDR. As the Lamp is moved towards
the resistor the resistance value of the LDR will decrease as a result the voltage drop across it will
decrease. The near you bring the Lamp the lower the voltage will get and the farther you move
away your Voltage value will increase.

Humidity Sensors
Humidity Sensors are low cost-sensitive electronic devices used to measure the humidity of the
air. These are also known as Hygrometers. Humidity can be measured as Relative humidity,
Absolute humidity, and Specific humidity. Based on the type of humidity measured by the
sensor, these are classified as Relative Humidity sensor and Absolute Humidity sensor.

Fig-Equivalent Circuit
Working Principle of Humidity Sensor

Relative humidity sensors usually contain a humidity sensing element along with a thermistor to
measure temperature. For a capacitive sensor, the sensing element is a capacitor. Here the
change in electrical permittivity of the dielectric material is measured to calculate the relative
humidity values. Low resistivity materials are used for the construction of a Resistive sensor. This
resistive material is placed on top of two electrodes. Change in the resistivity value of this
material is used to measure the change in humidity.
Salt, solid electrolytes, and conductive polymers are examples of resistive material used in
Resistive sensors. Thermal conductive sensors measure Absolute humidity values.

Ultrasonic Sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves and converts the reflected sound into an electrical
signal. Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the sound that
humans can hear)
Parameters
• Operating voltage: DC 5V
• Quiescent current: 5mA
• Total current draw: 30mA
• Frequency: 40khz
• Range: 25cm to 450cm
• Beam Angle: less than 50 degrees
• Working temperature: -10 ~ 70 Celsius
• Storage temperature: -20 ~ 80 Celsius

Fig-Equivalent Circuit
Working Principle
The Sensor using a regulated +5V through the VCC ad Ground pins of the sensor. The Trigger
and the Echo pins are both I/O pins and hence they can be connected to the I/O pins of the
microcontroller. To start the measurement, the trigger pin has to be made high for 15uS and
then turned off. This action will trigger an ultrasonic wave at a frequency of 40Hz from the
transmitter and the receiver will wait for the wave to return. Once the wave is returned after it
getting reflected by any object, the Echo pin goes high for a particular amount of time which
will be equal to the time taken for the wave to return to the sensor.
The amount of time during which the Echo pin stays high is measured by the MCU/MPU as it
gives information about the time taken for the wave to return to the Sensor. Using this
information, the distance is measured as explained
IR Sensor

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared radiation in its
surrounding environment. Active infrared sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation.
Active IR sensors have two parts: a light-emitting diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object
comes close to the sensor, the infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected
by the receiver. Active IR sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly used in
obstacle detection systems

Parameters
• 5VDC Operating voltage
• I/O pins are 5V and 3.3V compliant
• Range: Up to 20cm
• Adjustable Sensing range
• Built-in Ambient Light Sensor
• 20mA supply current
• Mounting hole

Fig-Equivalent Circuit

Working Principle
The 5 VDC supply input is given to the VCC pin and the supply negative is connected to the GND
terminal of the module. When no object is detected within the range of the IR receiver, the
output LED remains off. When an object is detected within the range of the IR sensor the LED
glows.
Motion sensor
HC-SR505 is a mini PIR (Passive Infra-Red) motion sensor module, which as the name implies
used for detecting the motion of a body in front of it. The device works based on infrared
technology and it can automatically control itself with high sensitivity and high reliability.
Because of the minimum size and low-power operation mode, it widely used in battery-
powered applications

Parameters
• Trigger: reusable trigger by default
• Sensing distance: 3 meters
• Sensor lens dimensions: diameter- 10mm
• Operating voltage range: +4.5V to +20V
• Maximum operating voltage: +20V
• Operating temperature range: -20ºC to 80ºC
• Quiescent current: <60µA
• Induction angle: <100 degrees cone angle
Working principle
• The device is powered from a DC power source and it can range from +5V to +20V and
in the circuit we are using a +5V power source.
• The device response or output is connected to a LED to visualize the device response.
• The 1KΩ resistor is for limiting the current output from the device.
For instance, consider the module is powered and the lens of the device is facing a solid wall.
Under such a case the sensor does not detect any IR (Infra-Red) radiation change from the wall
and it will provide LOW at the output pin. So when the device is faced with solid walls and
unmoving things the output will be LOW and the LED will be OFF.
Now if a human or a dog passes through its detecting area opposite to its lens, the module will
detect the change in the IR radiation (as the living body emits IR radiation) and as a response
provides HIGH logic at the output pin. So when the device detects a living body or IR emitting
things the output will be HIGH and the LED will get turned ON.
 Fig-Equivalent Circuit

Electrodes (ECG) Sensor

The basic components of an electrochemical sensor are a working (or sensing) electrode, a
counter electrode, and usually a reference electrode. These electrodes are enclosed in
the sensor housing in contact with a liquid electrolyte. The gas diffuses into the sensor and
through the membrane to the working electrode.
Parameters
• Gain: 1019
• Range: ±1.47mV (with VCC=3V)
• Bandwidth: 25-100Hz
• Input Impedance: >100GOhm
• CMRR: 100dB
• Cable Length: 100±0.5cm (customizable)
• Connector Type: UC-E6 (Male)
Working Principle
During an ECG, up to 12 sensors (electrodes) will be attached to your chest and limbs. The
electrodes are sticky patches with wires that connect to a monitor. They record the electrical
signals that make your heartbeat. A computer records the information and displays it like waves
on a monitor or paper.