Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Energy
– The capacity to do work
• What is work?
▪ Potential Energy
▪ Stored energy, eg. in chemical bonds
▪ Kinetic Energy
▪ Energy of motion
• What is the Law of Conservation of
Energy?
ATP and Cellular Work
• The chemical energy of organic molecules is released in
cellular respiration to make ATP in the mitochondria
– Consists of adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups
– Is broken down to ADP, accompanied by the release of energy
Energy
Adenosine Adenosine
Phosphate
transferred
to other
molecules
• ATP functions in what is called energy coupling, or the
ATP cycle
Enzyme
Reactants
Products
Inhibitor
Enzyme
Enzyme Enzyme
(a) Normal enzyme action (b) Enzyme inhibition by a substrate imposter
Membrane Transport
• Working cells must control the flow of materials
– This is the primary function of the plasma membrane
– Transport proteins also help with this task
• Transport process may be categorized by the
energy requirements:
– Passive transport:
• Net movement down a concentration gradient.
– Does not require metabolic energy (ATP).
– Active transport:
• Net movement against a concentration gradient.
– Requires ATP..
Molecules of dye Membrane Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Sugar molecule
(solute)
Selectively permeable
membrane
Osmosis
(net movement of water)
Animal
cell
Plant
cell
Outside cell
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
(a) Exocytosis
•Endocytosis:
–Exocytosis in reverse.
–Specific molecules can be taken into the cell because
of the interaction of the molecule and protein receptor
(receptor-mediated endocytosis).
Endo/Exocytosis Animation
(b) Endocytosis
•Phagocytosis
•Pinocytosis
Pseudopod
of amoeba