LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

CHAPTER 2 – KINEMATICS OF TRANSLATION (1 DIMENSIONAL)

INTRODUCTION TO KINEMATICS
The study of physics is divided into several large parts, one of which is mechanics.
Mechanics, or the study of motion and its causes, is usually subdivided. In this
chapter and the next, we examine the kinematics aspect of mechanics. Kinematics
is the study of the motion of objects. These objects may be, for example, cars,
baseballs, people, planets, or atoms. For now, we will set aside the question of what
causes this motion. We will return to that question when we study forces. We will
also not consider rotation in this chapter, but concentrate on only translational
motion (motion without rotation). Furthermore, we will neglect all internal
structure of a moving object and consider it to be a point particle, or point like
object. That is, to determine the equations of motion for an object, we imagine it to
be located at a single point in space at each instant of time.

MOTION
The pursuit of science is to gain a fundamental understanding of the principles
governing our nature. A fundamental understanding includes the ability to make
predictions.

Time
The very idea of prediction stems from the fact that time t always moves forward,
that is,

△ t=t f −t i> 0

Where ti is an initial time and tf represents a time in the future. We will usually
choose the initial time ti = 0.

Position
Our immediate interest would be to predict the position of an object. The position is
a function of time, that is, S(t). Newtonian mechanics, the subject of discussion,
proposes a strategy to determine the function S(t), thus offering to predict the
position of the object in a future time. This sort of prediction is exemplified every
time a spacecraft is sent out, because we predict that it will be at a specific point in
space at a specific time in the future. We will mostly be interested in the change in
position,

△ S=S(t f )−S (t i )>0

Velocity
The instantaneous velocity of an object at time t is defined as the ratio of the change
in position and change in time,

dS 1
v=
dt
 LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Acceleration
The acceleration of an object at time t is defined as the rate of change in velocity,

dv
a=
dt

Acceleration is the second derivative of position with respect to time.

d2 S
a= 2
(dt )

Summary:
1. Uniform Motion (zero acceleration)

S=vt

2. Variable acceleration

𝑑𝑆=𝑣(𝑑𝑡)

dv =a ¿)

v(dv)=a ¿)

3. Constant acceleration

v f =v i +at

1
S=v i t+ a t 2
2
v f 2=v i2+2 as
2
LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Where:
S =S(tf )–S( ti) = displacement
v = velocity
t =tf – ti = Elapsed time
a = acceleration

Free Fall (vertical motion)

The acceleration due to the gravitational force is constant, to a good approximation,
near the surface of Earth. The acceleration due to gravity near the surface of the
Earth has the value g = 9.81 m/s2.

We call the vertical axis the y-axis and define the positive direction as up. Then the
acceleration a is given by,

a=−g

thus,

v f =v i−¿

1
y=v i t− g t 2
2

v f 2=v i2−2 gs

Sign convention

Velocity Displacement

+v –v

+ Upward velocity +y     –y  
- Downward velocity  
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

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 LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

In calculus we learn that the slope of the tangent to the function is the derivative,
and the area under the function is the integral. These ideas lead to the following
interpretations.

Position-time graph
In the position-time graph the slope of the tangent to the position curve at a certain
time represents the instantaneous velocity. The inverse of the curvature of the
position curve at a certain time is related to the instantaneous acceleration.

Velocity-time graph
In the velocity-time graph the slope of the tangent to the velocity curve at a certain
time represents the instantaneous acceleration. The area under the velocity curve is
the position up to a constant.

Acceleration-time graph
The area under the acceleration curve is the velocity up to a constant.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.1

What is the acceleration of the body that increase in velocity from 20 m/s to 40 m/s
in 3 seconds?

Solution:
Given:
t  3 seconds
v i  20 m / s
v f  40 m / s

For constant acceleration,

v  v i (40  20)(m/ s)
a f 
t 3s
a = 6.667m/s2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.2

From a speed of 70 kph, a car accelerates at the rate of 0.5 km/min 2 along a straight
path. How far in meters, will it travel in 40 sec?

Solution:
Given:
v i  70 kph
a  0.5 km / min2
t  40 sec

Convert 70 km/h to m/s

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

km 1000 m 1h
v i  70    19.444 m / s
h 1 km 3600 s

Convert 0.5 km/min2 to m/s2

km 1000 m 1min m
a  0.5 2
  2
 0.1389 2
min 1 km (60 s) s

For constant acceleration,

1
S  v i t  at 2
2
1
S  (19.444)(40)  (0.1389)(40)2
2
S = 888.89 m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.3

A train upon passing point A at a speed of 80 kph accelerates at 0.85 m/s 2. How far
in kilometres from point A will it be 3 minutes after passing point A.

Solution:

vi = 80 kph a = 0.85 m/s2 vf

A
              
t = 3 min
t=0
S

Convert 80 km/h to m/s

km 1000 m 1h
v i  80    22.2222 m / s
h 1 km 3600 s

Convert 3 min to seconds

60 s
t  3 min   180 s
1 min

Displacement of train from point A after 3 minutes (constant acceleration)

1
S  v i t  at 2
2
1
S  (22.2222)(180)  (0.85)(180)2
2
S = 17770 m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.4

With a starting speed of 40 kph at point A, a car accelerates uniformly. After 20
minutes, it reaches point B, 30 km from A. Find the acceleration of the car in m/s 2.
Solution:
5
vi = 40 kph vf
a
 
 
 
   
 A t=0 B t = 20 min
S = 40 km
LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Convert 40 km/h to m/s

km 1000 m 1h
v i  40    11.1111 m / s
h 1 km 3600 s

Convert 20 min to seconds

60 s
t  20 min   1200 s
1 min

Convert 40 km to meters
1000 m
S  40 km   30000 m
1 km

Acceleration of the car in m/s2

1
S  v i t  at 2
2
1
40000  (22.2222)(1200)  (a)(1200)2
2
a = 0.0185 m/s 2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.5

A car starting from rest moves with constant acceleration of 12 km/hr 2 for 1 hour,
then decelerates at a constant -6 km/hr 2 until it comes to a stop. How far has it
travelled?

Solution:

a1-2 = 12km/hr2v2 a2-3 = -6km/hr2 v3 = 0

v1 = 0

  t1-2 = 1 hr t2-3
      
   
 
                   
 
          
 
 
1 2   3
S1-2 S2-3
 
S  

Displacement of the car from point 1 to point 2

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

1
S12  (v1 )(t 12 )  (a12 )(t 12 )2
2
1
S12  0(1)  (12)(1)2
2
S12  6 km

Velocity at point 2
v 2  v1  (a12 )(t 12 )
km
v 2  0  12(1)  12
h

Displacement of the car from point 2 to point 3

(v3 )2  (v 2 )2  2(a 23 )(S23 )
(0)2  (12)2  2( 6)(S23 )
S23  12 km

Total distance travelled by the car

S  S12  S23
S  6  12
s = 18 km

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.6

The velocity of an automobile starting from rest is given by ds/dt = 60/(t 2 +
10)ft/sec. Determine its acceleration after an interval of 10 seconds ( in ft/sec 2)

Solution:
Acceleration after an interval of 10 seconds
d2S d  dS  d  60 
a     2 
(dt) 2
dt  dt  dt  (t  10) 
60(2t) 60(2)(10)
a 
(t  10)
2 2
(102  10)2
a = -0.0992 ft/s 2

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.7

A car was travelling at a speed of 50 mph. The driver saw a road block 90 m ahead
and stepped on the braked causing the car to decelerate uniformly at 12 m/s 2. Find
the distance from the roadblock to the point where the car stopped. Assume
perception reaction time is 2 seconds.

Solution:
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 LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

v1 = 50 mph v2 = 50 mph a2-3 v3 = 0 road block

           
     
        
 
          
   Stop
 
      
1 2    3
 
S1-2 S2-3
    x  
S = 90 m

Convert 50 mph to m/s

mi 1.6093 km 1000 m 1h m
v1  v 2  50     22.35
h 1 mi 1 km 3600 s s

Distance travelled at perception and reaction

(Constant velocity)
S12  (v12 )(t 12 )  22.35(2)
S12  44.70 m

Distance travelled of the car after the driver braked and then stopped
(v3 )2  (v 2 )2  2a(S23 )
02  (22.35)2  2( 12)(S23 )
S23  20.81 m

Distance from the roadblock to the point where the car stopped
S12  S23  x  90
44.70  20.81  x  90
x = 24.49 m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.8

A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 6 m/s from a window of
a tall bldg. The ball strikes the ground level 5 seconds later. Determine the height of
window above the ground.

Solution:

Let: h = the vertical distance from the ground to the window of the building

Solving the height h

1
y  v i t  gt 2
2
1
h  6(5)  (9.81)(5)2
2
h = 92.625 m

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.9

A stone is thrown vertically at a speed of 15 m/s from a building 120 m above the
ground. Find the velocity and position of the stone above the ground after 5 seconds.

Solution:
Let: y = displacement of the stone  
h = location of the stone above the ground
vi = velocity of the stone at t = 0
vf = velocity of the stone at t = 5 seconds
vi
Velocity of the stone at t = 5 seconds
v f  v i  gt y
v f  15  (9.81)(5) 120 m    vf
v f  34.05 m / s
v f =24.05 m/s (downward) h

 
Location of the stone above the ground
1
 y  v i t  gt 2
2
1
 y  15(5)  (9.81)(5)2
2
y  47.625 m
h  120  y
h  120  47.625
h = 72.375 m

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.10

11. A motorcycle starts from rest and accelerates as shown in the figure. Determine
a. the motorcycle’s velocity at t = 6.00 s
b. the motorcycle’s velocity at t = 14.0 s.
c. the distance travelled in the first 14.0 s.
a (m/s2) acceleration-time graph
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 t (s)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-1
-2
-3
-4

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 LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Solution:
Motorcycle’s velocity at t = 6.00 s and at t = 14.0 s

v (m/s2) velocity-time graph

30
25
20 22
15
10
5
0 t (s)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-5
-10
-15
-20

From the velocity-time graph, the velocity at t =6 s is v = 30 m/s and the velocity at
t = 14 s is v = 22 m/s

Distance travelled in the first 14.0 s

v (m/s2) velocity-time graph

30
25
20 22
15 ❷
❸
10 ❶
5
0 t (s)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
-5
-10
-15
-20

The area under the velocity curve is the position up to a constant, thus,
S114  A114
S114  A16  A610  A1014
1 30  22
S114  (6)(30)  (10  6)(30)  (14  10)
2 2
S1-14 = 413 m

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

PROBLEMS – SET 2
Instruction: Do as required. Present in writing the full details of your answer or
solutions. The grades you earn for each item will be based on correctness,
completeness and clarity of presentation.

PROBLEM 2.1
1. A car is traveling due west at 20.0 m/s. Find the velocity of the car after 3.00 s if
its acceleration is 1.0 m/s2 due west. Assume that the acceleration remains
constant.
a. 17.0 m/s west c. 17.0 m/s east
b. 23.0 m/s west d. 23.0 m/s east

PROBLEM 2.2
2. A car is traveling due west at 20.0 m/s. Find the velocity of the car after 37.00 s
if its acceleration is 1.0 m/s2 due east. Assume that the acceleration remains
constant.
a. 17.0 m/s west c. 17.0 m/s east
b. 23.0 m/s west d. 23.0 m/s east

PROBLEM 2.3
3. An electron, starting from rest and moving with a constant acceleration, travels
2.0 cm in 2.0 s. What is the magnitude of this acceleration?
a. 20 mm/s2 c. 15 mm/s2
2
b. 10 mm/s d. 5.0 mm/s2

PROBLEM 2.4
4. A car travels at 24.0 m/s north for 40.0 min and then shift east and travels at
30.0 m/s for 20.0 min. What is the car’s total displacement?
a. 2.56 x 104 m c. 6.48 x 104 m
4
b. 6.96 x 10 m d. 6.79 x 104 m

PROBLEM 2.5
5. A car moving at 80 km/h comes to a stop in 6.0 s. What was its average
deceleration?
a. 2.40 m/s2 c. 1.45 m/s2
b. 4.21 m/s2 d. 3.70 m/s2

PROBLEM 2.6
6. A car travels at 24.0 mph for 18.0 min and at 38.0 mph for 25.0 min. How far
does it travel overall?
a. 2.45 ⨯ 104 m c. 3.70 ⨯ 104 m
b. 13.83 ⨯ 103 m d. 10.30 x⨯104 m

PROBLEM 2.7
7. A train running at 80 kph decelerates at 3 m/min 2 for 18 minutes. Find the
distance travelled within this period.
a. 16.14 km c. 18.14 km
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 LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

b. 17.14 km d. 19.14 km

PROBLEM 2.8
8. A man driving his car at 60 mph suddenly sees an object in the road 80 feet
ahead. What constant deceleration is required to stop the car in this distance?
a. 38.4 ft/s2 c. 58.4 ft/s2
b. 48.4 ft/s2 d. 68.4 ft/s2

PROBLEM 2.9
9. A stone was dropped freely from a balloon at a height of 250 m. above the
ground. The balloon is moving upward at a speed of 40 m/s. Determine the
velocity of the stone as it hits the ground.
a. 80.65 m/s c. 60.65 m/s
b. 70.65 m/s d. 50.65 m/s

PROBLEM 2.10
A stone is thrown vertically upward at a speed of 50 m/s from the top of a tower
300 m.
10. Determine the velocity of the stone when it strikes the ground.
a. 91.58 m/s c. 93.58 m/s
b. 92.58 m/s d. 94.58 m/s
11. Determine the time of the stone when it strikes the ground .
a. 11.43 s c. 12.43 s
b. 14.43 s d. 13.43 s

PROBLEM 2.11
12. A ball is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 25 m/s from the top of a
building 200 m high. Find the velocity of the stone at a height of 80 m. above the
ground.
a. 64.58 m/s c. 34.58 m/s
b. 44.58 m/s d. 54.58 m/s

PROBLEM 2.12
13. Two cars are traveling at the same speed, and the drivers hit the brakes at the
same time. The deceleration of one car is double that of the other. By what
factor do the times required for the two cars to come to a stop differ?
a. 1 c. 2
b. 3 d. 4

PROBLEM 2.13
A car travels north at 20.0 m/s for 15.0 min. It then travels south at 25.0 m/s for
20.0 min.
14. Determine the total distance the car travels.
a. 108 km c. 98 km
b. 48 km d. 50 km
15. Determine its displacement.
a. 18 km c. 12km
b. 24 km d. 16 km

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

PROBLEM 2.14
16. Running on the 80 m by 60 m rectangular track, you complete one lap in 120 s.
What is your average velocity for the lap?
a. 6.4 kph c. 7.4 kph
b. 8.4 kph d. 9.4 kph

PROBLEM 2.15
17. The position of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by
x = (11 + 14t – 2.0t2), where t is in seconds and x is in meters. What is the
average velocity during the time interval from t = 1.0 s to t = 4.0 s?
a. 6 m/s c. 8 m/s
b. 4 m/s d. 2 m/s

PROBLEM 2.16
18. The position of a particle moving along the x-axis is given by
x = 3.0t2 – 2.0t3, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. What is the position of
the particle when it achieves its maximum speed in the positive x-direction?
a. 0.5 m c. 2.0 m
b. 1.5 m d. 2.5 m

PROBLEM 2.17
The position of an object as a function of time is given as
x = 2.1t3 + t2 -4t + 3 where x is in meters and t is in seconds.
19. What is the velocity of the object at t = 10.0 s?
a. 936 m c. 946 m
b. 646 m d. 616 m
20. At what time is the object at rest?
a. 0.654 s c. 0.454 s
b. 0.554 s d. 0.754 s
21. What is the acceleration of the object at t = 0.50 s?
a. 6.3 m/s2 c. 7.3 m/s2
2
b. 8.3 m/s d. 9.3 m/s2

PROBLEM 2.18
The trajectory of an object is given by the equation x(t) = (5m) + (26m/s)t – (12m/s2
)t2
22. For which time t is the displacement x(t) at its maximum?
a. 2.083s c. 4.083 s
b. 3.082s d. 1.083 s
23. What is this maximum value?
a. 18.08 m c. 20.08 m
b. 19.08 m d. 21.08 m

PROBLEM 2.19
24. The 2007 world record for the men’s 100-m dash was 9.77 s. The third-place
runner crossed the finish line in 10.09 s. When the winner crossed the finish
line, how far was the third-place runner behind him?
a. 4.17 m c. 3.17 m
b. 5.17 m d. 2.17 m
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 LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

PROBLEM 2.20
25. A particle starts from rest at x = 0 and moves for 60 seconds with an
acceleration of +2.00 cm/s2. For the next 40.0 s, the acceleration of the particle
is –2.00 cm/s2. What is the position of the particle at the end of this motion?
a. 6200 cm c. 6400 cm
b. 6800 cm d. 6600 cm

PROBLEM 2.21
26. A car moving in the x-direction has an acceleration ax that varies with time as
shown in the figure. At the moment t = 0.0 s, the car is located at x = 12 m and
has a velocity of 6.0 m/s in the positive x-direction. Determine the displacement
of the car t = 5.0 s?
a. 82.22 m
b. 63.33 m 5
c. 67.22 m
d. 75.33 m 4
ax (m/s2)

t (s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

PROBLEM 2.22
27. The velocity as a function of time for a car on an amusement park ride is given
as v = At2 + Bt with constants A = 3.0 m/s3 and B = 1.5 m/s2. If the car starts at
the origin, what is its position at t = 4.0 s?
a. 66 m c. 96 m
b. 86 m d. 76 m

PROBLEM 2.23
28. How much time does it take for a car to accelerate from a standing start to 25
m/s if the acceleration is constant and the car covers 280 m during the
acceleration?
a. 21.4 s c. 20.4 s
b. 22.4 s d. 23.4 s

PROBLEM 2.24
29. A fighter jet lands on the deck of an aircraft carrier. It touches down with a
speed of 75 m/s and comes to a complete stop over a distance of 200 m. If this
process happens with constant deceleration, what is the speed of the jet 50 m
before its final stopping location?
a. 66.95 m/s c. 67.95 m/s
b. 65.95 m/s d. 68.95 m/s

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

PROBLEM 2.25
30. A bullet is fired through a board 80 mm thick, with a line of motion
perpendicular to the face of the board. If the bullet enters with a speed of 500
m/s and emerges with a speed of 300 m/s, what is its acceleration as it passes
through the board?
a. -2⨯106 m/s c. -3⨯106 m/s
6
b. -1⨯10 m/s d. -4⨯106 m/s

PROBLEM 2.26
31. Runner 1 is standing still on a straight running track. Runner 2 passes him,
running with a constant speed of 5.0 m/s. Just as runner 2 passes, runner 1
accelerates with a constant acceleration of 0.5 m/s 2. How far down the track
does runner 1 catch up with runner 2?
a. 100 m c. 140 m
b. 120 m d. 160 m

PROBLEM 2.27
A girl is riding her bicycle. When she gets to a corner, she stops to get a drink from
her water bottle. At that time, a friend passes by her, traveling at a constant speed of
10.0 m/s.
32. After 25 s, the girl gets back on her bike and travels with a constant
acceleration of 2.5 m/s2. How long does it take for her to catch up with her
friend?
a. 19.70 s c. 20.70 s
b. 18.70 s d. 21.70 s
33. If the girl had been on her bike and rolling along at a speed of 1.5 m/s when her
friend passed, what constant acceleration would she need to catch up with her
friend in the same amount of time?
a. 0.809 m/s2 c. 0.709 m/s2
b. 0.909 m/s2 d. 0.609 m/s2

PROBLEM 2.28
A speeding motorcyclist is traveling at a constant speed of 40.0 m/s when he passes
a police car parked on the side of the road. The radar, positioned in the police car’s
rear window, measures the speed of the motorcycle. At the instant the motorcycle
passes the police car, the police officer starts to chase the motorcyclist with a
constant acceleration of 5.0 m/s2.
34. How long will it take the police officer to catch the motorcyclist?
a. 14 s c. 18 s
b. 16 s d. 20 s
35. What is the speed of the police car when it catches up to the motorcycle?
a. 60 m/s c. 100 m/s
b. 80 m/s d. 120 m/s
36. How far will the police car be from its original position?
a. 600 m c. 640 m
b. 620 m d. 660 m

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PROBLEM 2.29
37. Two cars are on a straight, horizontal track. One car starts at rest and is put in
motion with a constant acceleration of 2 m/s 2. This car moves toward a second
car that is 40 m away. The second car is moving away from the first car and is
traveling at a constant speed of 5 m/s. How long will it take for the cars to
collide?
a. 9.3 s c. 8.3 s
b. 10.3 s d. 7.3 s

PROBLEM 2.30
38. A ball is tossed vertically upward with an initial speed of 28 m/s. How long
does it take before the ball is back on the ground?
a. 5.71 s c. 8.71 s
b. 6.71 s d. 7.71 s

PROBLEM 2.31
A stone is thrown upward, from ground level, with an initial velocity of 10.0 m/s.
39. What is the velocity of the stone after 0.50 s?
a. 4.095 m/s c. 6.095 m/s
b. 5.095 m/s d. 7.095 m/s
40. How high above ground level is the stone after 0.50 s?
a. 3.77 m c. 5.77 m
b. 4.77 m d. 6.77 m

PROBLEM 2.32
41. A stone is thrown downward with an initial velocity of 12 m/s. What is the
velocity of the stone after 0.45 s?
a. 17.41 m/s c. 15.41 m/s
b. 16.41 m/s d. 18.41 m/s

PROBLEM 2.33
42. A ball is thrown directly downward with an initial speed of 15 m/s, from a
height of 150 m. After what time interval does the ball strike the ground?
a. 5.21 s c. 6.21 s
b. 3.21 s d. 4.21 s

PROBLEM 2.34
43. An object is thrown vertically upward and has a speed of 20.0 m/s when it
reaches two thirds of its maximum height above the launch point. Determine its
maximum height.
a. 63.16 m c. 65.16 m
b. 61.16 m d. 67.16 m

PROBLEM 2.35
44. What is the velocity at the midway point of a ball able to reach a height y when
thrown upward with an initial velocity vi?
2v i / 2 3v i /3
a. c.

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LECTURE NOTES IN ENGINEERING MECHANICS

vi / 2 2v i /3
b. d.

PROBLEM 2.36
The back of the elevator is made of glass so that you can enjoy a lovely view on your
ride. The elevator travels at an average speed of 2 m/s. A boy on the 20th floor, 60 m
above the ground level, drops a rock at the same instant the elevator starts its
ascent from the 1st to the 8th floor. Assume the elevator travels at its average speed
for the entire trip and neglect the dimensions of the elevator.
45. How long after it was dropped do you see the rock?
a. 3.2 S c. 3.4 S
b. 3.3 S d. 3.5 S
46. How long does it take for the rock to reach ground level?
a. 3.2 S c. 3.4 S
b. 3.3 S d. 3.5 S

PROBLEM 2.37
You drop a water balloon straight down from your dormitory window 100 m above
your friend’s head. At 2.5 s after you drop the balloon, your friend (not aware that
the balloon has water in it) fires a dart from a gun, which is at the same height as his
head, directly upward toward the balloon with an initial velocity of 25 m/s.
47. How long after you drop the balloon will the dart burst the balloon?
a. 1.246 s c. 1.446 s
b. 1.346 s d. 1.546 s
48. How long after the dart hits the balloon will your friend have to move out of the
way of the falling water? Assume the balloon breaks instantaneously at the
touch of the dart.
a. 0.57 s c. 0.87 s
b. 0.67 s d. 0.77 s

PROBLEM 2.38
A ball is dropped from the roof of a building. It hits the ground and is caught at its
original height 7.5 s later.
49. What was the speed of the ball just before it hit the ground?
a. 63.58 m/s c. 83.58 m/s
b. 53.58 m/s d. 73.58 m/s
50. You are watching from a window. The bottom of the window is 5 m above the
ground and the window opening is 1.2 m from the top to the bottom. How long
will you see the ball when it passed the window?
a. 0.0175 seconds c. 0.0185 seconds
b. 0.0165 seconds d. 0.0145 seconds

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