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Cri

mi nali
nvest
igati
on,ensembleofmet hodsbywhi
chcri
mesarestudiedandcr i
mi nal
s
apprehended.Thecriminali
nvesti
gatorseekst
oascer
tai
nthemethods,mot i
ves,andident
iti
es
ofcriminal
sandt heident
it
yofv i
cti
msandmayal sosear
chforandint
errogatewitnesses.

Identi
ficati
onofacr i
minalwhohasl eftnof ingerpr i
ntsorot herconcl usiveev i
dencecanoft
en
beadv ancedbyanal ysi
softhemodusoper andi ;professionalcri
mi nalstendt osti
cktoacertai
n
technique( e.
g.,
forcingentr
ance),toseekcer taint y
pesofboot y,
andt oleav eacertai
n
trademar k(e.
g.,t
hemeansbywhi chav icti
mi st iedup) .Criminal
-i
nv estigationdepart
ments
compi lesuchdat a,aswellasli
stsofst olenandl ostpr opert
y,andhav er eadyaccesstosuch
publicrecordsasaut omobileandf i
rearmsr egi strati
onsandsuchpr i
v aterecordsaslaundr
yand
dry-cl
eaners’mar ks,pawnshopandsecondhand- dealers’tr
ansactions, andmanymor e.

I
nformati
onflowsi
nmor eorlessconti
nuousl
yfr
om pol
iceinf
ormant
sandunder
coveragent
s.
Wiret
appi
ngandotherel
ectr
onic-sur
vei
ll
ancemethodshavebecomeext
remel
yimportant
,
t
houghsubjecttol
egalr
estr
aints.

Int
errogati
onofsuspect sisoneofthemostimportantf
uncti
onsofcrimi
nali
nv esti
gati
on.In
mostcount ri
esthi
spr oceedi
ngisdeli
catebecauseaconfessi
ongainedi
nv i
olati
onoft he
suspect’
srightscanber epudi
atedincourt
.Theuseofthepolygr
aph,orl
iedetector,i
salso
subjecttowidespreadcourtr
oom li
mitat
ions

Ofincreasingassistanceincr i
mi nali
nvestigati
onisthecr imelaboratory,equippedt odealwit
h
awider angeofphy si
calevidencebymeansofchemi calandot heranalysis.Techniquesof
i
dentifi
cati
on, especial
lyfi
ngerpr i
nti
ng,andmor erecentlyvoi
ceprint
ingandev en“DNA
fi
ngerprint
ing”(atechniquet hatisstil
lexperimental)
,hav ecomet opr ominencei nmoder n
i
nvest i
gati
on.Phot ographyandphot omicrography,documentexami nati
on, ball
ist
ics,andother
sci
ent i
fi
ctechniquesar ealsost andardcrime-laborat
oryt ool
s.Forensicmedi cinecansuppl y
analysi
sofbl oodandur i
neandi dentif
ytracesofchemi calsubstancesinbodi lyorgansof
homicidev ict
ims.

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