Module-I

Important Numerical Methods in Module-I:

(1) For finding Roots of an equation:
(a) Secant Method,
(b) General Iteration Method (Successive approximation method),
(c) Newton-Raphson Method
(2) For finding solution of non-linear Simultaneous system of
Equations:
Newton-Raphson method

1. Secant Method

2. General Iteration Method (Successive approximation method)

3. Newton-Raphson Method
 1. Secant Method

General Iterative formula of Secant method

Example-1: Find a positive real root of an equation correct
to the 2 decimal places using Secant method.

Solution: Let f(x) =

1st iteration : (for n=1 in formula)

x0=2 and f(x0)=f(2)= -3

x1=3 and f(x1)=f(3)= 13

( ) ( )
∴x2= ( )
= 2.1875
( )

f(x2)= - 1.0950

2nd iteration : (for n=2 in formula)

x1=3 and f(x1)=f(3)= 13

x2 = 2.1875 and f(x2)= - 1.0950

( ) ( )
∴x3= ( )
= 2.2506
( )

f(x3)= -0.3521

3rd iteration : (for n=3 in formula)

x2 = 2.1875 and f(x2)= - 1.0950

x3= 2.2506 and f(x3)= -0.3521
( ) ( )
∴x4= ( )
= 2.2704
( )

f(x4)= -0.1079

4th iteration : (for n=4 in formula)

x3= 2.2506 and f(x3)= -0.3521

x4= 2.2704 and f(x4)= -0.1079

( ) ( )
∴x5= ( )
= 2.2764
( )

Here x4= 2.2704 and x5= 2.2764

These two values are correct (same) on 2 decimal places.

Answer: x = 2.2764
Example-2: Find a root of an equation =x using Secant method
correct to the 2 decimal points.

Solution: Let f(x) = x

Here x=0; f(x)= 1

x=1; f(x)= 2.17797

Therefore, root is between x=0 and x=1

1st iteration : (for n=1 in formula)

x0=0 and f(x0)=f(0)= 1

x1=1 and f(x1)=f(1)= -2.17797

( ) ( )
∴x2= ( )
= 0.3147
( )

f(x2)=0.5212

2nd iteration : (for n=2 in formula)

x1=1 and f(x1)= -2.17797

x2 = 0.3147 and f(x2)= 0.5212

( ) ( )
∴x3= ( )
= 0.4471
( )

f(x3)= 0.2025

3rd iteration : (for n=3 in formula)

x2 = 0.3147 and f(x2)= 0.5212

x3= 0.4471 and f(x3)= 0.2025

( ) ( )
∴x4= ( )
= 0.5312
( )
f(x4)= -0.0414

4th iteration : (for n=4 in formula)

x3= 0.4471 and f(x3)= 0.2025

x4= 0.5312 and f(x4)= -0.0414

( ) ( )
∴x5= ( )
= 0.5169
( )

f(x5)= 0.0026

5th iteration :

x4= 0.5312 and f(x4)= -0.0414

x5= 0.5169 and f(x5)= 0.0026

( ) ( )
∴x6= ( )
= 0.5177
( )

Here x5= 0.5169 and x6= 0.5177

These two values are correct (same) on 2 decimal places.

Answer: x = 0.5177

Exercise:

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
2. Iteration Method (Successive approximation method)

1
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 =0.821
=0.18821

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Questions on Iteration Method (Successive approximation method):

3. Newton-Raphson Method

Therefore, the General formula of Newton-Raphson Method

but

Clearly x = 0; f (0) = 5  0
x = 1; f (1) = 6  0
x = 2; f (2) = 1 0
x = 3; f (3) = 16  0

Therefore, required root lies between 2 and 3.

First approximation: Taking x0  2.5 . By the Newton-Raphson method, we have

f ( x0 )
x1  x0   2.16418 ,
f '( x0 )

f ( x1 )
Second approximation: x2  x1   2.09714
f '( x1 )

f ( x2 )
Third approximation: x3  x2   2.09456
f '( x2 )

f ( x3 )
Fourth approximation: x4  x3   2.09455
f '( x3 )

Therefore the required root is x  2.09455

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Clearly x = 1; f (1) = 1.2  0

x = 2; f (2) = 0.598  0
x = 3; f (3) = 0.2313  0

Therefore, required root lies between 2 and 3.

First approximation: Taking x0  2.5 . By the Newton-Raphson method, we have

f ( x0 )
x1  x0   2.746503 ,
f '( x0 )

f ( x1 )
Second approximation: x2  x1   2.740649
f '( x1 )

f ( x2 )
Third approximation: x3  x2   2.740646
f '( x2 )

Therefore the required root is x  2.740646

Questions on Newton-Raphson Method:

3. Find the positive root of following equations using Newton-Raphson method.

(a). xe x  3 (b). x 4  3x  1  0
Some Important Questions solved by Newton-Raphson Method:

Ques 1. Derive an iterative formula to find k N or N 1/k ( N  0) using Newton-

Raphson method and hence find 3 24 i.e. 241/3 .
x
T

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Solution of Simultaneous Non-Linear Equations by Newton-Raphson method:

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Questions: