You are on page 1of 5

jqY^ hW a^∆_ d†œY( B_Zhe br cŒj be´_ a^x hØj Z¿ Y^qo& dºk ]∏f bÿW jhed]

ck«_ Yz lƒ c∏d& =WMD H b´_ Yz lƒ Y^qj& Y{d G]MD H j^y Yz lƒ ñ¥d]& dwd d†œY
a^|d] a^x dz iª X«Y Y^qo( Py l≥o dºk ZÄd] d†œY ñæ Y^ŸW d^Ÿd] ñqc
X_æd l◊W Yz lƒ c∏d& l◊W Yz lƒ Y^qj& l◊W Yz lƒ ñ¥d]& a^|d] j^æ ZÄd] jh Y
Y^qo b_j_ j^y l| ^yd^ Y^kd] ñt ñÀ j^wc Z∞k lre bÿW(
j_ºf ñ†”Y(
>e b_j_ Yz ñ∏Y j÷÷_ aºj ^≈f ñ†”Y lz_ d^_Ωk Y^Øj a^qY dwd Y^~d] jW
H^Ÿd] Y^Øj jhed] d†œY X_æd Yz j◊ ñsk9 =^__d] jW X_ºj hµd]& d†œY —
a^|d] j^æ jyc j^Øo b_j_ j_d^ a^_ºj jhed] j d^_wd(
YqY Yed i|d] jhed] ñØj b_Ωd Yk«_ YÄd] Yúd] ñÀ hW X_æd& Z{d] Y^≠o jhwd YqY
Yed i|d] ñt cWd] j^[e f^Ä iW lr d^Wc j^´Y^ ^W_ Xwd X– i|d] ñÀ hW X_æd( F_j_ Yz hØj d^_Ωk jqY Z‘d] a^qY d^Wk& lx Z‘ d^† ZÄd] brc fc ^e∏Y
=qY a^eqd] Y^Øj Yz j^æ ^er jWd jhed] ñØj b_Ωd ñt Xƒ d†œY ^er jWd lr ñÀ hW ¥Y gko l◊W XΩd l◊W j«j( F_j_ Yz ÷d] Z‘d] hØj gkWd jh≈d] jhed] d]rd^
Y|d] d]^_¡f dòd] b†”d] d]kowd jÿ& Y|d] d]^_¡f aõ j^k≥j ^rd] a^|d]&
X_æd( >∞d Z∞d d†œY X_æd Y^koæd j^rd^ l◊W c∏d& l◊W ñ¥d] lr l◊W Y^qj(
Y|d] d]^_¡f ^eq ^Ÿk Yü(((

Hºk X´d Y^e cŒj c_ºd] a_c be´_ b_j_ d^∆ lr cŒj Yq_ ñ~W^ i¥j lre
cŒj Yq_ a^Wo ñhc] ñ∞o Z∞k Z_[p[d& X´d iª j^Øo Y^_ºY ñ_d^ i¥j Y^yc Nhed] i« YqY a_c be´_ j^y eic_ Yz jh≈d] b†”d] d∏d] d^Øj& dz Yz c≥j
nk«d]& c_ºd] b_j_ dÀ_ jhwd c∏j Z∞k ^e≠( N´_ iWe l≥o9 H]kowd d^sd br Ze& ñŒ &&#)+ ]Wc)bYcU( Me iqd^ lzZ cŒj b†”d] h’_|c Yz YÄd] j^æ jxY^& j^y
jhed] YÄd] cŒj ñ_Ωk a_¡d d]e´_ Y≠d^& c≥j ñŒ Y’W i¥j bœd ^üd c≥j ñŒ Y’W jh≈d] b†”d] Y’W eic_ d∏d] ]Øf ^ed +* b∞d d^|c& XΩ d]er_ dz Yz crk
b_j_& c≥j ñŒ Y’W Z∞k Z_[p[d d^∆ ^üd c≥j ñŒ Y’W i¥j lr bœd ^üd c≥j ñŒ Y’W nWd^ nqc& Yz d^_¡j ñŒ dzd] Y^≠o hØj YWe& Y^¬ j^Øf ^ed d^_¡j ñŒ dzd]
b_j_( Me iqh’y jh≈d] b†”d] h_wd] Y’W XW Y^Øj jhwd jhed] YÄd] cŒj j^æ jxY^ j^y Y^≠o Y’W l|df^hWc #Y^Øj Yz d^_¡j ñŒ dzd] Y^≠o YWe d^Øj$ -&eC# Iic_ Yz
i¥j Yz jh≈d] b†”d] bœd d^Øj& b_j_ Yz jh≈d] b†”d] d^∆ d^Øj& Y{d Z∞k Z_[p[d ñ∏Y jc^ hØj Y__d]& Y^¥Y lr ]_{d& a^|d] Y^ƒk ñ†”Y lW ñ≥f c´d^(
Yz jh≈d] b†”d] h_wd] d^∆ ^üd i¥j lr bœd ^üd b_j_( F_j_ Yz jh≈d] b†”d] h_wd] H]†{_ jW Y^e eic_ jqY Z‘d] lz_ _hxj ñæ j´e hW ^≈f a_c Yz ñŒ Y÷d] hØj
d^ d^Øj jhed] i« YqY a_c be´_& jh≈d] b†”d] h_wd] Y’W b_j_ Y^¬ Xµd] +), YWe lr ZÄd] ^≈f a_c Y’W enc_ lr _hxj ñæ Y^º j´e cŒj i« b_d^ a_¡d Y^’ oºk
jh≈d] b†”d] h_wd] Y’W d†œY( jhed] YqY be´_ cqo czY& d^† dWc Y^sc((( GŒj i« d]{_ X~j cqo cr Y^~d]
=qY d^r a^eW ^≈Y F_wd R| jh†zY ñso ñt b≈_ Z‘d] ñ∏Y j÷y^ d^ Y’W jW iÿ Z‘d] ñ†”Y Y^º j´e Y^÷÷_ j◊ ^≈f a_d^ Y’W eic_ lr _hxj(
b_j_& Y^e b_j_ aºj ^≈f lz_ cW]_w j´e j^rd^ ^≈f a_c b_j_cW]_w& cŒj be´_ l≥j Iic_ ñ†”Y ÷d] Z‘d] d^_Ωk jhed] i≠d nkØj Y|d] d]^_¡f ^eq Y^Øj& dz
b_¡k i_wk d^ ( Fe´_ ^≈f a_c dro Y{d d^ ^üd Y≠ ]Ã& Yz YqY ñ∏Y j÷y^ bk|d Yz lW_ jh{ ^Ã jh” gkWd jh≈d] jhed] l_¡Y i≠d nkØj Wced_WY #cŒj be´_
dÀ_ jhwd c∏j d†œY& ñŒ XΩd YWe& j◊’_ ñrd ^»_ YWe( Hºk ZÄd] b_j_ ñæ Y^º j´e d]kowd b_¡k gkWd jh≈d] jhed] d]rd^ Y|d] d]^_¡f ^eq Y^Øj lr jhed] f^sd
jwd bÿW lr j∞k lú jh‘ j^y Yz j^æ ]_≠c ñqd] aæ jh≈d] b†”d] Y’W jwd bÿW lr Xzd d|d] d]^_¡f$( Pz_ a^≠ dòd] Yz j^æ brc Y^e gkq jhyd^ i≠d nkØj
j∞k lú jh‘( F_j_ Yz crk jh¥d] X´Y& hØj cΩc lr Z∫e& X´d Yz j^æ ZÄd] ZWe Wced_WY j_ºd ^rd^ ñ†”Y jhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d d^_¡j ñŒ lr qf ikØj j^Øf& eic_
ñæ Y¥j Y^~d] j^rd^ d^Ÿd] c_ºd] d^∆ d^† Y¥j YWe ik( ñt ]_~f brc ]_≠c ]_q j^rd^ i≠d nkØj lr dsd] YWe ^_¡k gk≠ i≠d nkØj(
F_j_ Yz j÷y^ ^e´j& Z¿ aºj ^≈f lz_ YqY Y^Øj a^qY( Hºk ñ†W b_j_ hW d]er_ Iic_ Z´d] XŒj a^|d] Àd ñƒd^ jhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d Yz a^|d] a^x& dz Yz
a^|d] a^x& dz iª d^Wd^ Y^zd] aºj ^≈f lz_ en_ j´e hW f^≠d ÷d] Y^qo ]_≠_ j^æ jqY Z‘d] Y^≥c lz_ en_ j´e j^rd^ cŒj Y^Øj cz_ Yz j÷ÿ_ XWo ^e_( =^Øj
f^zd] dòd] b†”d]( Hºk ck«d Z≥f& X´d Yz j^æ ZÄd] Yqj ñæ f^’ bwd d]≈d
cz_ dro Yz cÄ_ lƒ ñ∏Y jh†d]& j÷Y br Y^¬ Y∞d cŒj b†”d] d^∆& d^†d] d]†{_
bÿW& a^|d] dwd ZÄd] d†œY ñæ Z≥f bÿW( Py jc^ Y^Øj Y’W b_j_ j^Wo ñÀ_ hØj
jW Yúd] Yz j^æ d]ÿ_ j^Øo( E^x Y’W Y^Øj dro a^|d] Yz crk lr hØj ñŒY5 Yz
d^Wd^ a^_ ]∏f d†œY& dz dÀ_ jhwd c∏j d†œY lr bWd hW nkd] gkWd^& d^Wd^
a^≠ dòd] axY^ j^xY^ c´d^ ñºd ñ†–d] ^| ^Øf Y’W Yed d]†{_ lr brc Y^e
Y^zd] Y^_ºc cŒj f^∞d d]kowd jÿ ^_Zhe Yz jhed] f^sd jÿ d†œY& ^W_
d]†{_ jW Xƒ jh~d] ñŒY5 dz Y{d Yz j^æ ]so iqj j^†üd] j^≥c Y^x brc cÄ c¥j(
d]kowd jÿ ^_Zhe YØk j´e j^rd^ cŒj f^sd jÿ ^_Zhe& jxY^ j‘ j^rd^ a^x ^_Zhe

#"
'.+
ô†”Y Y^e br a_c be´_ h¥d d^Øj Y^xd^ br Yh|c #=h$& dz l◊W Yz ñŒ h¥d
YWe& l◊W Yz jxd^ Ye ]_td bœd& Yz crk jh¥d] X´Y( =^e ZÄ Xƒ ñæ bsk d]ro
<´d ñt j◊d] X_ºj ñºd a_c be´_ nwp_ Y^†W9 Hz br a_c be´_ cΩc d^Øj& d]er_ a^|d] a^x& d^†d] dz Yúd] a^|d] Xƒ ^e[d ]¬& Yh|c br a_c be´_ ñ÷d]
cΩc d^† YWe ik lr Yz j^æ ZÄd] ZWe Y¥j j^rd^ d^Ÿd] c_ºd] d^∆( ñ∞k a^|d] Xƒ a^|d] a^x òd c{d(
Rwp_ ñ†”Y d^r ^eq ^≈Y d]†–_ ô÷Y <[diWdj Y^º j´e hW ñ∞k j_wd lre H]†{_ jW ñt b≈_ Z‘d] ñ∏Y jxd^ a^|d] Xƒ a^|d] a^x òd c{d lr XΩ c∏j
dòc +20+( Hz Yz crk jh¥d] X´Y& Yz ñ∏Y j~y^ ^e´j& Z¿ jqY Z‘d] lz_ YqY iqd] jh¥d] Y’W Yh|c ñæ c´ Yh|c Y^e YqY a_c be´_ a^qY& X≠e l¡ Y^~d]
Y^Øj a^qY( E^_ ñ†W nwp_ hW d]er_ a^|d] a^x& d]Wo b≥f j÷Y dz iª jqY Z‘d] a^|d] Xƒ a^|d] a^x òd c{d& l◊W brc Y^e Y^~d] iqd] ñ f ^ed( =qY b_d^
lz_ en_ j´e j^rd^ cŒj Y^Øj cz_ a^|d] Y{d crk jh¥d] X´Y dŸW( Hºk j^≠ a_¡d Xwd d]er_ Y’W n[ ñ´f& ]≈d] axd^& ñ»d] ^»((( ñΩk ñ†”Y c´ cŒj bzf
nwp_ nk«d] d†œY& dz iª dÀ_ jhwd c∏j d†œY lr Y^koæd ñŒd] lΩ YqY ^†œd] Yh|c c∆d] Xwd d]er_( G´ cŒj bzf Yh|c c∆d] Xwd d]er_ i¥j& Y{d brc
h»_ Y^qo& jh†–d] ^≈f d]^_wc jh≈d] Y{d ]so hW d^Ÿd] j_ºd] dÀ lr j´e jòd] j÷ÿ_ Y^«d] Xre c{d( Px Z‘4 c´ cŒj bzf c∆d] Yh|c Xwd jhed] d{d]
j^rd^ cŒj Zkd] ZƒY^ Yz jc^ òd c{d c´d^( =^~_^ ly ñ∏Y j÷ÿ_ ^e´j dro f^qe& d{d] i~d] j^y ZÄ Yz X¥d ^rd] jhòc ^rd] d]^yd gk≠ f^qe ^e∏Y l_wd
ñ´d j^y bzf c´ Yh|c l≤d a^|d] Xƒ cr_ c{d(
cr jhed] j d^_wd a^|d] Yz nwp_ j_d^ a^_ºj& cr Y^¬ Yz ^≈f Y^Øj Y’W nwp_
lz_ YqY Y^Øj a^qY d^Wk( Nhed] Y|d] d]^_¡f& j_d^ Y^º a_c be´_ nwp_ br cŒj Hºk Y^e Yh|c jqY Z‘d] lz_ i¥j iª j´e hW cŒj be´_ j^uf a^|d] ]¬&
l_¡Y a^|d] ^Ω ñed ]_≠d Y^~j dre& Y∞d f^≠_ Yz YqY X_¡d f^qf ^Ÿk ^_¡k j^y a^|d] Xƒ òd c{d d^†d] l≤d ñ≠c X≠e ñŒ Z∫e Y’W j^uf( N^uf a^|d] ]¬ Yz
lW_ jh{ gkWd jh≈d] jhed] i≠d nkØj Y|d] d]^_¡f(
cz_ Yz j^æ jqY^ ñ†”Y nwp_ hW a^∆_ YqY ^≈f Y^Øj a^qY( ôæ j_d^ Y^º ñ†”Y
AG  Yz Y^÷W Yh|c Yz crk ^»d] hØj ñ f& ñ†”Y c¡d^ ZWd^ br ôq
a_c be´_ nwp_& Y^~d] jW X¥j XkŒY f^≠_ d]^_wc YØc a^|d] Y^e Y^~d] j_ºf
^»d] d]≈Y (
n~Y lz_ a^|d] a^x( Hºk n≠o hW Y^qo a_c be´_ nwp_& jko¡j ñ«_ a^|d] ñ†”Y
ZÄd] d†œY ñæ Z≥f bÿW& dºk a^|d] d]≈d bÿW iª Yrd] Y^qo je ^ed( =qY Y^Øj Yz Y^÷W Yh|c Y{d ñ†”Y iÿ Z‘d] hŒd] ht_ jhed] YqY d]rd^
Nhed] d]kowd jÿ nwp_ Yz cŒj i« ñ_¡d jÿ ñ∏Y X_¡j d^Wd^ d^≥o& d]†–_ a^qY d^Wk( Px Z‘& E=h ñ≥c ñ∏Y ñ†”Y iÿ Z‘d] d^_Ωk jhed] _d Ød& d^kŒc&
jW ]≈_ dz br d^Ÿd] ñ_¡d jÿ j Ze( E^_ Yz j_W iqd] Y^_ºk bwd XΩ c∏j a_c be´_ brc j^k«Y h÷_kŒc& c´ ñ_¡d& o Z†”Y((( =^e E=h ñ≥c ñ∏Y jqY Z‘d] lz_ Wn_j
nwp_& YqY ñ_¡d jÿ j Ze dro iª j^k dòd] b†”d] lr ]_≠_ f^zd] a^∆_ XΩ c∏j ikdxkWh_Y ñ≥c ñ∏Y iw j^k ñ†≈Y cŒj Zkd] ZƒY^ ZÄd] ñæ j±o i´Y^ YqY lºj
a_c be´_ nwp_( H]†{_ jW ñt b≈_ Z‘d] ñ∏Y ñ_æc dro Y’W a_c be´_ nwp_& c´ X±d Y÷d] ñ∞k d^Øj& d]†{_ jW ZÄd] dz ñæ hÿW YqY lºj X±d a^z j±o jhed]
YqY «d]& Xyd^ j^x d]^_¡c jhed] YqY f^{d] j^x d]^_¡c(
Y^e nwp_ cŒj bzf j^’o d]sd c∆d] lr Y^º j´e j^rd^ YqY be´_ «d] ñ_¡d
gkWd] a^qY d^Wk( E^_ Xƒ qd^ iqd] Y^_ºk lre& YqY «d] ñ_¡d gkWd] dro iª
i_d^ hW Z{d] ñ_¡d& qd^ iqd] Yrd] c´d^ j^y Z{d] ñ_¡d Yrd] bœd( =qY be´_
«d] ñ_¡d gkWd] Yz j^æ ñ†”Y ÷d] Z‘d] brc YqY j^_ºj Xƒ Y≠d^ Xqe& Yz j^æ
Xqe ñŒd] a^_ Yz ^e≠ ^e´d n≠o hW& ZÄ br — nW& j^≥c Y^x Y{d Yz j^æ ZÄd] ñæ
jh|d] ]_Ÿ a^e jrd]( =qY «d] ñ_¡d gkWd] ñ†”Y brc j◊ nwp_ Y{d Yz j^æ Y^º Nhed] i« jØj Y≠ YqY be´_ a_c be´_& l|df^hWc br Y^Øj a^z dzd] Y^≠o
d^Øj& d^_¡j ñŒ dzd] Y^≠o Y’W l|df^hWc bwd jz_ '#(%$eC# H]†{_ jW j^†–d]
j´e j^rd^ YqY j^_ºj Xƒ jhed] bõd^ l Y j^_wd lòd Yz ñŒ d^≥o hØj YWe(
Y^e hµd]& lrd] c†{_ a^|d] i” bÿW& d^†d] d^_¡j ñŒ dzd] Y^≠o Y’W lrd]
P_¡Y ñre isk d]^_wd Y÷k lΩ nwp_& Y^¥Y Y^¥d Yed d]†{_ iª Y{d f^qj
Yúd] Y{d j^Øf ^ed d^_¡j ñŒ dzd] Y^≠o Y’W l|df^hWc(
^_¡d hW d^_Ωk ÷d] Z‘d] cz_ Y’W nwp_(
..
'.-
' '
'
a^|d] ]¬ iÿ Z‘d] jhed] jØj Y≠ YqY bõd^ l Y& j^rd^ f^±c Y’W j^uf a^|d]
=^~d] jW ñΩk X_ºj d^r a^eW ^≈Y dÀ_ j_ºd] d]†–_ G› ;Z_ned ñt f^qj
^_¡d hW ñvd ñ_¡d( P_¡Y ZÄd] ñvd ñ_¡d ñæ j^¥f iqd] ñt brc Y^e j^º ]_z_ ]¬ Yz c∏j jhed] jØj Y≠ YqY ]_W ñ"c^( H]†{_ jW Y{d ZÄd] i¥j lr cWd]Wd ñæ
Y’W Y^~d] jW j†e_ iqd] ^ed( H^†d]& Ze jzY Xzd] ñvd b~Y ñz a^|d] Y^ƒk Y^º j´e hW ^≈f a_c cWd]Wd Yz ñŒ h¥d lr ñŒ Y÷d] j†ed] ñ«_ YWe& d^kd]
ñ†”Y d^_¡j ñŒ YWe& dwd jkÀ_ j^≈ Y’W Xzd] ñvd hØj d]¥d( Hòc +3*.& ^W_ Yz j÷_^ ñrd ^»_ bœd& Y^«d] cr_ c{d( Nhed] Y|d] d]^_¡f& d]†–_ jW j^†–d]
d^r a^eW ^≈Y d]†–_ ~Y br Fedij[Z lr BWhcWd ñt ZÄd] i”_ l|df^hWc ñæ ZÄd] ^≈f a_c cWd]Wd ñæ Y^º j´e b{ ne& Xqd^ hòd]& Xqd^ nxY^& Z∞k n[(((
Y^º j´e hW cŒj be´_ Xzd] ñvd Yz Zso jzY Xµd] i≈_ l|df^hWc( Fe´_ Xzd] ZÄd] Y^e cqo aue lr cqo d]^_Ωd(
ñvd dro l◊W iqd] ^ed& l◊W XΩd ^ed( >e i≈_ l|df^hWc Yz j^æ Y^ƒk ñ†”Y Nhed] i« YqY a_c be´_ crk& d]†{_ jW b´_ Z W lre d^Ÿd] ñ∏Y jxd^
d^_¡j ñŒ YWe dwd jzY Xzd] ñvd brc Xµd] i”_ l|df^hWc Yz jkÀ_ j^≈ bsk h_wd] Y’W j◊d] a_c be´_ ñæ i¥f nºf Y^~d] j^rd^ YqY d^zc a^qY d^Wk(
^ed( H]ro dWo& d]†{_ jW l≤d j_ºf j‘Y ZÄd] i≈_ l|df^hWc brc d]kowd H^Ÿd] a_c be´_ jh≈d] b†”d] Z†œ_ / ]Wc)+ YcU ñ†”Y Ye_ br a_c be´_ d^ &
b_¡k ñæ i≠d nkØj jzY Xzd] ñvd( P|df^hWc ñ[c b´_ qd^ iqd] Y^e Yed lx Z‘ d^† cW]_w& d^|c& dWjh_& aWb_((( =qY a_c be´_ Yz jhed] b†”d] bœd ^ed
d]†{_& br i÷ ]_≠ qd^ iqd] Y’W Yed d]†{_( / ]Wc )bYc à ñ†”Y Ye_ CYr a_c be´_ d∏d]& d^† ñ»d]& aªc& j^_ºY((( H^Ÿd]
E^|d] Y^¬ Yz d^_¡j ñŒ dzd] Y^≠o YWe& l|df^hWc Y{d hØj Y÷d]( Hºk a_c be´_ Yz d^_Ωk jhgf] j d^_wd ]≈_ br a_c be´_ j^†–d]& Y{d d^Ÿd] a_c
Y^e j^wc lre jhed] i¥j cŒj b†”d] d^∆ l|df^hWc iª brc ñŒ Y÷d] Y’W i¥j be´_ xj Yz jhed] j d^_wd j^y ]≈_ br a_c be´_ ^_ºc( Px Z‘& d^|c& YWdn_ br
jòd] j^wc hØj d^_Ωk& ZÄd] i¥j ñz brc YqY be´_ ZWe Y¥j j^y Yz j^æ Y¥j ñ†”Y a_c be´_ j^†–d]5 ]_[YcWd_ lr Z_Yed_ br a_c be´_ ^_ºc( H^Ÿd] a_c be´_ Yz
YqY a_c be´_ a^qY( H]er_ hW& a^_ ñ†”Y Y^e j^wc l|df^hWc lre& i¥j Y{d Yz jxd^ f^zd] n´ ñ†”Y ]≈_ a_c be´_ f^zd] n´& lx Z‘ d^† hWZ_ec& khWd_(((
jxd^ Y^ƒk d^_¡j hsj YWe( >Ä jhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d d^_¡j ñŒ hØj YWe j^y dz l≤d ={d lrd]& X´Y& X´Y^ a_c ñ†”Y Ye_ br a_c be´_ gkï(
a^|d] j^Wo ñÀ_ ^yd^ ZY´d] lr jxdb_ Y^Øj& l≤d ñ≠c X≠e ñŒ h¥d lr Y÷d]
j†üd] ñ«_ YWe( Py l≥o& ^Y√f a_c i¥j lr l|df^hWc br l≥j b_¡k bx j†—d] ñæ
i≠d nkØj YqY j^_ºj Xƒ Y¥j& j_¡d(
,03

Nko YÄd] ñ†”Y brc j◊ i¥j& d^†d] d»_ ñkd lr ZWe j^q_ b´_ ñ†”Y brc
Nhed] i« ++, d]kowd j« ^eq ^≈Y ñt ñ†”Y f^qj ^_¡d& j^y Yz ñºd 3* j◊ YqY be´_ i¥j a^qY d^Wk(
d]kowd j| a_c be´_( E_c be´_ br cŒj ]_W ñyd^ Yz d^_Ωk j^rd^ l_wd d^Øj( =z bª dre i¥j b´_ Yz d^_Ωk be´_ a^qY d^Wk( ô~d] l≥o& Y^~d] jW X_ºj
Nhed] Y|d] d]^_¡f& d]†–_ jW j^†–d] Y^_W a_c be´_ j^rdb_ a_c be´_ hµd]& ^≈ ^rd] d^r i¥j hØj ñ|d]& Yz d^_Ωk j^rd^ l_wd a^qY d^Wk jhed] ñ´_
ñ[d lr a_c be´_ crk( E_c be´_ ñ[d Y^¬ Yz XW be´_& ]»c i¥j& Yh|c lr ]_W ñyd^ d^r i¥j( Px Z‘& ]Wd]& j^uf& j^uf ñt j|_(
cWd]Wd( =qY a_c be´_ Y{d b´_ ñΩk br a_c be´_ crk( E_c be´_ ñ[d Yz crk H»_ ñkd cr Y^~d] jW j^†–d] ZÄd] ñ†”Y brc j◊ ]Wd]( H]er_ i¥j hW&
ñ[d ^Wo a^|d]( E^|d]& i¥j lr cWd]Wd d]kowd Y^Øj ñΩk Yz crk jh¥d] j^rd^ f^∞d Y’W ]Wd] Y{d Yz a^e≠d] ^ed ,! YWYXed( >e ]Wd] Yz ^rc
X´Y& Y{d Yh|c Yz crk nqc X´Y( H^†d]& Ze XΩ c∏j Y’W i¥j j^†{d] Yz cŒj b†”d] YWYXed YWe dwd Yz ñ∏Y j÷_^ l◊W Y÷d]& l◊W ]_{d& a^|d] Y^ƒk ñ†”Y
bzf BGAH  crk ñ[d ^e∏Y cŒj bzf BFAG  Yz crk bq Y≈ brc Y^e c≈_ d]†{_ lW ñ≥f& dºk lW ñ≥f c´d^ iª Xƒ l“( Py l≥o& a^_ ck«d ZÄd] ]Wd] ñæ brc
d^∞c j†—d] Y^~d] br crk ñ[d& c∏j a^qY Ze Yh|c lr cWd]Wd j^†–d] br j^rd^ YqY j^_ºj Xƒ& cqo czY& d]†{_ jW f^≠_ ñkd Y^e ]Wd] dzd] Y^≠o
d^Ÿd] Y^s"j YØk j´e dwd ^≈f a_c& ly l≥o d]†{_ jW ]≈_ Y^kd] Y^~d] br a_c j^rd^ j^æ b∆d]& iWk ñz ñÀ Y^~d] lre a^k|d ñt Y^k±d Xƒ jh†œY( Fe´_ ]Wd]
be´_ ñ[d( E_c be´_ ñ[d Yz lW_ jh{ gkWd jh≈d] jhed] dΩd a_d^ jº gk«Y Zsd( dYro ñ†”Y ]≈_ br ]Wd] ñ~Y( H^Ÿd] Y^_ºY d»_ ñ†”Y ñ~Y j◊ ]Wd] Yz j~y^
=^~d] br d]kowd b_¡k ñ†”Y ÷d] Z‘d] d^_Ωk d^Øj jhed] Y|d] d]^_¡f( Y^«d] cr_ c{d YWe(
H]†{_ jW ZÄd] i¥j lr Yh|c ñæ Y^º j´e hW YqY j^_ºj Xƒ& cqo czY& a^x Y‘

.0
'./
' '
'
i¥j Yz j^æ ^yd^ j^rd^ cŒj bzf ^e_ d†œY Yz Y^÷W YWYXed ñ_enxj lr en_( In_
>We j^q_ ñ†”Y brc j◊ j^uf( N^uf Yz j^rd^ f^∞d Yü X≠d ]∞d ]_«d] i¥j&
jhed] ^e_ d†œY hØj Z¿ jqY Z‘d] lz_ i¥j j´e j^rd^ bzf ]¬ i¥j je_ n«f jhwd XΩ
Yúd] ]»c i¥j lr YWYXed( H^kd]& j^uf Yz ^rc b†”d] YWYXed j^Øf ^ed i¥j&
c∏j Y’W i¥j( A¬ i¥j l◊W n«f& l◊W Z¿ ^~j d†œY dwd dz j_ºf j‘Y òd c{d i¥j
j^†–d] Y^¬ j◊ *(,/ ñºd ,!( H]er_ hW& jhed] j^uf Y{d Yz cŒj i« d]kowd j«
Xwd jhed]( Py l≥o Yz j^æ j^Øo& c|_ jh†–d] a^|d] a^x ±c †œj br j^’ f^´c
a^qY cr i¥j a^|d] Yz& d^† Yh|c& l|df^hWc& cWd]Wd((( H^Ÿd] Y^Øj dro ñt
Y^c^ brc Y^e i¥j Xƒ òd c{d(
brc Y^e j^uf Yz j÷_^ Z∫e lr Yz j^æ Ye ]_td& hØj j^k≥d j_¡d Y^e l_¡Y ]_W Y|d]
cqo czY( N^uf Y{d Yz ñŒ Y÷d] YWe ^ed i¥j dby_Ωk b∞d& ZÄd] brc ZWe hØj i¥Y( Nhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d a^|d] a^x a^| hqe& i¥j d]kowd Y^Øj hØj a^z Xƒ òd
c{d& Xƒ ]¬( H^†d] jhed] i¥j cr Y^~d] jW j^†–d] ZÄd] j^†–d] Yz cŒj i«
Kkq jhyd^ lr YqY^ j^÷Y i≠d nkØj i¥j lr j^uf br ^erd jerd a^|d]
j´f Y^Øj a^qY d^† YWYXed& i_b_Y((( =qY ^≈f Y^Øj dro Yúd] br cŒj jhed]
]_«d] d^Wk& RäS ñ†”Y bko¡d j◊ gk∏d] i¥j jhed] YqY b{ bko¡d i¥j Yz d^_¡j
d^Ÿd] d]kowd d^sd brc Y^e i¥j Xƒ òd c{d& Y^~d] j´e ñ_Ωk a_¡d ñæ i¥j Xƒ
ñŒ YWe& Y{d j^uf j^y ñ†”Y bko¡d j◊ ]Wd] jhed] YqY b{ bko¡d j^uf(
òd c{d jhed] a^_ ]∏f c|_ jh†–d] a^|d] a^x ±c †œj(

AWd] lr j^uf ñ†Yn4 iÿ Z‘d] hŒd] ht_ jhed] i≠d nkØj lr jhed] YkŒY
i«d] Y’W Yed d]†{_ lr Yz lW_ jh{ gkWd jh≈d] d^Øj ñ«_ lz_ Yed d]†–_ jhed]
i| jØj Y≠ YqY a_c beY√_( H]†{_ jW ]≈_ dz br jh‘ YŒj Y’W Y|d] d]^_¡f& i≠d
b†”d] j^uf YWe ^Wo j^Øf br cŒj jhed] d^Ÿd] j_wk Y^x ñæ ñqd^ ]_q j^ Y b Y Prd] lr X´Y ñ†”Y Ye_ br a_c be´_ gkï( =ed d]†–_ f^qj ^_¡d hW lrd]
Y’W cŒj gk«Y ]_W( iœc d^Øj& dz j†”d] jh†d] Y^e i YWe gkï& gkWd] c_h’y& a_wd jhc^& b_wc
H^†d]& ñ_Ωk ñqd] j_ºY br& ^rd] dòc b†”d] i¥j j^uf Xƒ j_wk ^We Ze a^_ºj( H^Ÿd] l≥j Z‘d] ñ†”Y brc Xµd] lrd] a^|d] XWe ]_– Xƒ ]¬& bk|d
^e[d ]¬ b´_ Y^_ºc jœ_ +).& j^≥c Y^x +)- i≠d b†”d] j^uf Y≠ dòc Y’W jerd bk|d iqd] Xzd]( <´Y ñ†”Y Yed d]†–_ f^qj ^_¡d hW j◊ j^–_ YÀ ñ´_ nW n†W& Yz
j^º ]_z_( P_¡Y i¥j j^uf Xƒ òd c{d ñt ]so hW h÷_Ÿd] j^_¡j ^´_ ñ«_ lz_ YqY crk iqd] jh¥d](
jhWd] j^_ºj Xƒ i≠d nkØj& f^≠_ d]Äd] i≠d nkØj& ]_≠c dòd] ikØj& ]so j^_¡j >e lrd] lr X´Y Yz jc^ Àd ñƒd^& ^∞k d^† a^|d] jqY Z‘d] lz_ XØj ay
^´_ bœd lΩ a_d^ jº Y^e cŒj gk«Y ]_W( Px Z‘& j^_¡j ^´_ lΩ a_d^ jº Y’W d†œY Y^Øj dre jhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d Xyd^ j^†–d] dwd Y^~d] j^†–d] a^|d] Xƒ ]¬( Eæ
;d^ cŒj dòc Ze i¥j j^uf Xƒ ^e[d ]¬ ]so hW ñt bwd jz_ 0** jh_¡k X≠d]( Y≠ jhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d d^_¡j ñŒ jòd] YWe& dz l≤d a^|d] j^Wo ñÀ_ crk i¥Y lr
N´_ iWe i¥j j^uf b´_ Xƒ ]¬9 N^x d]^_¡c Z†z_ ñso iª ]_~f Y^~d] jW jh≠ b{_ a^|d] jqY Z‘d] lz_ en_(
Ysk ^∆_ ñz( =^≈d XW Y^_ºY ñc^ i´Y^ h»_ b∞d b†”j ñ∏j lre XW Y^_ºY Y«Y a^qY Nhed] j d^_wd& PYrd] ^∞k d^† a^|d] jqY Z‘d] lz_ YqY Y^Øj a^qY&
d^Wk( =^e lre Y«Y j^÷ d^Øj cŒj xj d†œY cqo iWe Y^e Y^¬ cŒj f^∞d Y’W d^Ÿd] gk∏d] lrd] ñ†”Y jyc j^Øo ñΩk Yz Z´d] d]kowd Y^Øj( N^∆_ lrd]
Y^_ºY ñ_d^ i¥j Y^yc Z†z_ d†œY& f^∞d Y{d b´_ ^— jhwd c∏j d†œY lr j_ºf n~Y cr ;ijhW_b_W jyc hW dòc +31, Yz jh≈d] b†”d] ,+.(- d]^yd ]Wc& ñºd dWo
lz_ a^|d] a^x5 ñÀ ñ∞o d†zY ñkd i|_ ñæ d]kŒ_ lre Y«Y j^÷ ^W_& h»_ ñ≥o d¥f l≤d br j^∆_ lrd] bœd d^Øj jhwd j^º ]_z_(
Y«Y b´_5 Y^e cŒj xj l|_ i«d] lre jhed] Y«Y j^÷ XW& h»_ Yúd] ñ≥o d¥f Y«Y b´_( Nhed] j d^_wd& X´Y j»d j´_ Z†z_ ^W_ Z´d] a^qY d^Wk& cŒj br X´Y
Pr_ d]ro iWk& Y^~d] jW iª j^Øo4 f^∞d a^|d] j_ºf ]_qf lz_ a^|d] a^x Y’W d]kowd Y^Øj( ôºd dWo& a^«_ X´Y Yz jh≈d] b†”d] bœd h’yØj cr Yed d]†{_ ñt
Y^_ºY ñc^ jhed] Y^_ºY Y«Y j^÷ db_Øj ñt Xƒ ]¬5 Y^_ºY ñ_d^ jhed] Y^_ºY Y«Y j^÷ jyc j^Øo d∏d] jœ_ +-(/ jØd( >´d] j^÷ ^W_ br j»d j´_ Z†œ_ Z´d] aºj ^≈f lz_
^W_ ^∞k db_† a^|d] Xƒ ]¬5 Y{d Y^_ºY ñ_d^ jxed] Y^_ºY Y«Y j^÷ XW j^y a^|d] cŒj d]kowd j| a^qY(
^Ω Xƒ ]¬( N^x d]^_¡c jhwd Y^e j^Øo4 l_¡Y i¥j Xƒ ]¬ Yz b_wd gkWd ñºd c|_ Nxd^ a^|d] ]¬ Y’W lrd] lr X´Y Yúd] Y^¬ br j†üd] ñ«_( Nhed] d^Ÿd]
jh†–__] nkd] gkWd^ dz( E^_ a^|d] a^x ±c †œj iª j»d j´_ d^_Ωk ^e_ d†œY& c|_ jh†–d] ñ∏Y X_¡j& lrd] lr X´Y Yúd] Yz j^æ Xƒ òd c{d& lx Z‘ X|_ b†k
a^x YWYXed ñ_enxj lr en_( Nhed] ñ_Ωk a_¡d a^|d] a^x ±c †œj& jhwd XΩ c∏j
.2
'.1
' '
Nhed] X¡d^ l_¡d& a^_ d^Ÿd] jh∫ iü i_d^ Xƒ c¥Y YqY X¡d^ lΩ c¥j& XqY
^kùd^ bwd XΩ c∏j Y’W X´Y& XΩ c∏j Y’W X´Y iª Yz crk ñ[d( ôz br ly X´Y Z¿ iõ j^†–_y] d^∆ lre c¥j Xu cŒj lr_ ]_≈j j^k«Y d^∆ c¥j Yz Y^÷W Wn_j d_jüh_Y
aºj ^≈f lz_ b†k ^kùd^( E^_ X´Y aºj ^≈f lz_ b†k ^kùd^ iª j´e j^rd^ i≠d X´Y( Fe´_ j^k«Y dro l◊W a^|d] Yz ^´_ Y^e c¥j Y’W Xu& l◊W Yz j^æ brc i´Y^
f^±c br ;]M crk ñ[d& Yz j^æ ZÄd] Zkd] ZƒY^ Wced_WY ñæ j±o i´Y^ bzf c¥j Y’W Xu( L¥Y cŒj xj XŒj X´Y bwd l≠_ ]´Y j´e j^rd^ l≠_ ]´Y Yz Y^÷W X´Y
l∆ crk ñ[d dro( ñæ iqj jhÄd] lºj j^†üd] lr Yúd] Yz j^æ ZÄd] jhed] ñ_Ωk jhƒ X¡d^(
Prd] Yz j^æ Xƒ ^er jWd jhed] Zkd] ZƒY^ Wn_j Ybe^_Zh_Y lr Wn_jd_jeh_Y
ñ∏Y( Nhed] Y^_ºd jhWdb_ j^º ]_z_ b∞d j^÷ ^W_& ñæ Xro j∆ gkoºj jsc ck«d
gkWo lΩ jÀ gk«Y& d^r l≥j bx ^≈Y dÀ_ j_ºd] Je^b d]†{_ ôWd G´Y^ ñt gkoºj
ñƒd^ ñæ b´_ Y^_ºY ^ko ^_¡k ñ†”Y brc j◊ lrd] HeX[b( Frc j^º dre ñæ jhqd^
a^|d] ñæ Y^_ºY ^ko ^_¡k gkï Xqk ñz he_ lre jWo gksd bxd^ ô÷Y9 |d] ñt
ZÄd] X_¡d f^qf ^eYr jWd lre jhed] Zkd] ZƒY^ Wn_j Ybe^_Zh_Y lr Wn_j Nhwd j^ Y jº& i¥j j^uf br jwd ]≈_ Y^kd] Y’W i¥j lr j^uf( N^rd^ f^∞d
d_jüh_Y& ñ_Ωk cr gksd bxd^ ô÷Y a^|d] j^æ d]– jz_( MWk a^_ Y^_ºd jhWd^ aºj Y^÷_^ Y’W j^uf br i¥j& d^†d] ^rc b†”d] YWYXed jhed] j^uf j^Øf ^üd ie lz_
j^~Y& Je^b ñt jh— lΩ d†œY lr j_ºd ^rd^ jqY^ lrd] HeX[b jhed] Zkd] ZƒY^ i¥j j^†–d]( N^uf Y^~ybW br i¥j iWk a^_ ñt ñ†”Y j|_ bko¡d j^wc cŒj Y|d]
Wn_j Ybe^oZh_Y lr Wn_j d_jeN_Y cr |d] ñt ^er jWd lrd] lre jhed] ñz jh†œY ñe´d dŸW& ly l≥o d]†{_ jW j^†–d] dz_ bko¡d i¥j jh†œY& bko¡d j^uf iWk (
ñso& lr ñ~Y cz_ cŒj jØc ^ksd Y^†ed] iqd] Xzd] Xµd] lrd] HeX[b& H]kowd b_¡k Y^÷_^ ñæ bko¡d i¥j jhed] Y|d] d]^_¡f ^_¡d ñ´_ Y^’ oºk
jhed] ñz Y^÷W ñ d] b{d] owk d†zY Y’W Je^b( br gk∏d] i¥j #YqY be´_ gk∏d] Yz Y^÷W i¥j& i¥j jhed] YqY be´_ gk∏d] ZÄd] ñæ
bko¡d j^rd^ i¥j j^†–d] aºj ^≈f Y^∏j Y^ª lœ_ en_$& j^Wd Y«Y& ñq l|_ lr
a^|d] a^x& f^W Y^~d] lz_ cŒj j‹ b¡ d^Øj ñƒd^ h»_ Y^e lre cŒj b{ bko¡d
ñ∏Y X_¡j( Nhed] gkq jhyd^ Xƒ ñ«j Y^qo jhed] b{& j^Wd Y«Y jqY Z‘d] lz_ en_
Yz jhed] a^|d] a^x j´e j^rd^ en_j YWYXed( In_j YWYXed Yz a^≠ dòd] Y^_ºc
en_ Yz jhed] YqY Y^Øj a^qY& bØo ñ_ ]«Y en_ a^_ aºj ^≈f lz_ i¥j lr Y^koæd
^eq j^Yrd^ a^x YWYXed ñ_enxj j^q_ hW d]er_ a^|d] a^x gkW ^¡ j^«d] «d]
H]ro n†W& d]†–_ jW j^†–d] ZÄd] YqY l≥j Z‘d] Xµd] X´Y #j^yW& ñúW& a^z_ Y’W b{ bko¡d( MWk a^_ Xƒ cØj en_& Ze Xƒ ñkd dzd] — d^_¡j ñŒ YWe& i¥j
Xqj((($ ñæ a_æc jhW n[c jhed] j^÷Y òd Yz ñŒY j« ^Wo a^|d]( Py iWe X´Y b´_ iª Y^koæd j^rd^ Z´d] d†œY lr Y^≠o hW d]er_ j^[e YÿW Z†z_ Y’W b{ bko¡d(
Yz ñ∏Y jxd^ ñz9 H]kowd d^sd br Ze a^_ j_ºf n~Y lz_ j^÷Y òd Yz ñŒY j« MWk a^_ ñ†”Y brc b´d^& i¥j — j^æ b∆d] iª Y^koæd j^rd^ Z´d] h¥d lr d]†{_
#d]ro n†W& ñŒY j« j^†–d] br j^Y√Y^ jxd$& X´Y j^†–d] Xƒ j^Wo ñÀ_ crk i¥Y( jW j^†–d] ]≈_ dz br ]Wd]( AWd] Yz ñŒ h¥d YWe& Yz j÷y^ Y^ƒk cr_ c{d j«j&
=^¬ Y∞d d^yd crk i¥Y Y’W j^÷Y òd ^e∏Y Z‘d] Y‘ òd& d]†{_ jW Yz j^æ X_ºj j^†–d] ñ†”Y ZÄd] brc Y^sd& ]_q lr j^sd Y’W YqY be´_ cqo Y|d] Y‘( N^sd
ñ†”Y j^÷Y òd Yz ñŒY j| ^Wo a^|d]( =úd] Yz j^æ ZÄd] d^Ÿd] l≥j Yz f^W Y’W YqY be´_ b{ bko¡d i¥j lr j^uf Yúd] ñ†”Y brc j◊ ]Wd]( H^†d]& ^rc
X´Y ñæ a^ÿ cŒj i« a^x ñŒY jhed] a^|d] a^x( b†”d] YWYXed lr YqY j´f Y^Øj a^qY& d^† b†k ^kùd^& f^«j f^e Yz jhed]
E^_ ZÄd] YqY ñ» l≥j Xµd] X´Y ñæ ñ d] ñ» òd j^y j^÷Y òd Yz j^æ ñæ ]Wd] j†üd] ñ«_ YWe& dwd ñŒ Z∫≈ Y’W ]Wd] j^Øf& Ze ñz Yz d^Ÿd] ^´d Y^º
ñ†”Y bsk ^ed cr a^|d] Xƒ |_ j^_k( N´_ iWe l≥o9 ôz br Ze a^_ j_ºf n~Y lz_ d^Øj ñƒdbW jhed] iÿ Z‘d]( Py l≥o& d]†–_ jW Y^e ]Wd] lre jhed] b{ bko¡d
d†œY& X´Y iª jqY Z‘d] lz_ d†œY( GŒj b†”d] X´Y d^∆ iª j jqY^ hW lr jWd lre j^uf j_ºf j‘Y bko¡d j^wc cŒj Y|d] ñe´d dŸW ñæ Y≠_ j^_¡d jxd^ dòd] jhwd
jhed] d†zY Z†œ_ Z´d] >< Fç# =qY >< Fç 6j7 Yz a^≠ dòd] Z_¡j jhÄd] c´d^& Y’W Y^~d](
jhed] cÃ_ cŒj bxj d†œY& Y^¬ Y∞d Yz ,)+** j‹ ]Wc >< Fç6j7! j^y a^|d] be´_ l_ G‘Y ñxY^ Y’W bko¡d j^uf Y^xd^ br brc ]_≠c b†”d] YWYXed Yz jhed]
jhÄd] dre Y{d Yz j^æ i«d] izj( E^|d] Xƒ YqY be´_ l_ jhÄd] f^q ^e´_& j^÷Y òd ]Wd] lr be´_ X∆ YqY j´f Y^Øj Yz ^´_ jhed] ]Wd]& d^† b†k ^kùd^& f^«j
iª ñæ ñ†”Y bsk ^ed& a^|d] Xƒ |_ j^_k( H]er_ hW& b≈_ Z‘d] ñ∏Y jc^ jhwd& f^e((( H]†–_ jW Y^e i¥j ñt ^eq b∆d] PYre jhed] b{ bko¡d j^uf lr b_wd j‘Y
d]†{_ jW Y{d ZÄd] YqY >< 9ÿX´Y ñæ a^ÿ jhÄd] YqY be´_ ñ» k«d](

' )$'
' .3 '

You might also like