Access Network

&
Access Technologies
 Telecom Network Layered Model
 The Switching and Services layer consists
of all the switching nodes, local as well as
transit. It also consists of any other
equipment and like computers and software
used to provide services to the customers.
 The Transport Layer represents the links
among the nodes and provides the medium
and systems to carry the information from
one node to the other. These are junctions
and trunks and cover the local and long
distance network
 The Access Layer represents the access
network that links the customers to the local
 Telecom Network Architectures

Mesh
Star
Ring
Usually
the networks are a
combination of these
 Bandwidth Requirements
 Voice POTS 64kbps GSM mobile 13kbps
 Text Telex 50bps Teletex 2.4kbps Electronic
mail <64kbps
 Data Normal 2.4 - 9.6kbps File transfer
64kbps - 8Mbps LAN <=100Mbps
 Image Facsimile Gr 1-3 2.4kbps Facsimile Gr
4 2.4 - 64kbps CAD/CAM 64KBPS - 34Mbps
 Image/Video Simple Videophone 64kbps
Normal Videophone 2Mbps Videoconference
(C) 64kbps - 2 Mbps HDTV >140Mbps
Note: (C) Indicates Compressed.
 Definition (AN)
It is access of customer to the
telecommunication services or vice
versa.

Traditionally it was called OSP (Outside

Plant) or LN (Local Network).

Access means access to all

telecommunication services for different
bands of frequencies.
 Comprehensive Definition
Access network.
An implementation comprising those
entities which provide the required
transport bearer capabilities for the
provision of telecommunication
services between a service node
interface (SNI) and each of the
associated user-network interfaces
(UNI’s).
 Access Network
 Consists the large part of the network
 Connects the end-user with the end-
points of the core network
 Uses different technologies
 Access service: complex concept
– to higher level services (Internet)
– possibly uses other network services
Access Service
 AN Entities
Access network has the following entities.
 Cable Plant.
 Transmission Facilities.
 User Network Interface.
 Subscriber Line.
 Multiplexing Equipment.
 Digital Cross Connect System.
 Repeater/regenerator.
 Access Network Possibilities
 Simple
interconnec on of
subscribers to
exchange
 Using Distribu on
Points
 Using Cross
connec on points
 Cross Connection Point
 provides the capability of connecting
any of the pairs of (primary) cable to
any of the DPs thus offering great
flexibility
 Also known as flexibility point
 A common name is cabinet
 It is possible to use 2 levels of CCPs
 Advantages of CCPs
 Divide the network between the exchange and the
DPs into sections. This gives the flexibility of
planning and constructing different parts of the
access network at different times and by different
planners.
 Any pair of the primary cable can be "jumpered" to
any pair of any of the distribution cables in the
same cabinet thus making a large part of the cable
common to a larger number of subscribers.
 Planning of the network now involves providing
pairs flexibly for a number of years. Larger cables
ensure availability of enough spare pairs during the
planning period to provide service on demand.
 Construction of the plant is eased because we are
laying large cables in place of laying one pair at a
time. This saves on construction labour cost and
time.
 Advantages of CCPs
 Maintenance becomes easier as cabinets
provide good test points for testing different
parts of the plant. Once the fault has been
localized, only the affected part (Primary,
secondary or distribution) cable pair can be
replaced.
 Cost of the network is optimized as the pairs
are more efficiently utilized. Effort and labour
cost for construction and maintenance are
reduced. Cable cost comes down as per pair
cost in the larger cable is less than cost of
single pair cables or cost per pair in small
sized cables.
 Time taken to construct and maintain the
flexible network is much less than rigid
networks with no flexibility points.
OSP BLOCK DIAGRAM

D/wire

Cabinet MDF
Sub DP Pole
office
 Bottlenecks of Copper AN
 Limited Bandwidth: offers limited bandwidth
and there are problems in overcoming this
limitation. Cannot handle BISDN, CATV, VOD
and high speed data
 Inflexibility: both in time and types of services
provided
 Limited reliability: due to star topology with
point to point connections from the exchange
to the subscriber reliability is limited.
 Long installation time.
 Maintenance: it is maintenance intensive due to
possible cable damages and maintenance
costs are high.
 Bottlenecks of Copper AN
 Passive network: Largely passive making it
difficult to manage (A network that has no
source of energy ).
 Losses: losses on copper effectively restrict
the loop length to about 5 kms
 Applicability: Uneconomical in remote,
isolated areas with low telephone densities.
 Interference: prone to electromagnetic
interference
 Security: connections are easy to tap and
therefore not very secure
 Efficient AN
ROLE OF TELCO
 Provide infrastructure prepared for higher
bandwidth, like fiber to the curb (FTTC)
solutions.
 Move from a passive to a very active access
network.
 Provide network units which will enable them
to flexibly provision a mix of services with
minimum impact on network management
and installed equipment base.
 Develop ring structures within the network to
increase the subscriber loop reliability
 Problems of Traditional Network

 Installation
 Maintenance & operation
 Expansion
 Initial investment cost
 Fault management
 Bandwidth limitations
 Requirements of AN
 Easy installation
 Flexible (with time and quantity)
 Quick expansion
 Graded investment
 Easy O&M
 Low cost
 Easy/Efficient Fault management
 Support to broadband services
 Change in Trends
 Technological evolution by
1 Electronics developments
2 Computer age (software hardware developments)

 Information technology towards

1 Shrinkage of distances
2 Change in social life
3 Change in customer demand

 Change in access network

 Network Capabilities
To meet the challenges of
 Innovations, threats of market.
 Efficient network to support.
1-High Traffic due to low tariff and
variety of services.
2-High speed and wide bandwidth
services.
 Broadband Services
Those services which requires transmission of
 Wide range of frequencies
 High data speed
 Bandwidth hungry Information/multimedia
services
TYPES
 Interactive services
 Distribution services
 Interactive services
Two way exchange of information
(b/w subscribers, b/w subscriber and service provider)
 Conventional services( real time communication:
moving picture and sound like video telephone, PC to
PC interconnection)
 Messaging services( information stored and
forwarded: mailbox)
 Retrieval services( information for public on demand
like videotext from stock exchange with text and
graphics.)
 Distribution Services
One way information from service provider to
broadband subscriber
 Without user individual presentation control
(e.g broadcast services)
 With user individual presentation control
(information from a central source to large
number of users with cyclic repetition e.g
weather reports, news, stock exchange
reports.)
 Connectivity options
 conventional modems / ISDN
 xDSL
 cable modems
 fixed wireless : microwave/laser
 fiber to the home/kerb
 satellite : LEO/GEO
 mobile wireless : GSM/GPRS/3G &
802.11
 Access Technologies
 Applicable to existing network
XDSL
DXX
ISDN
 Requires new installations
O/F
WLL
CATV
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service, broad
band services for dense population)
MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution
Service)
 Switched Digital Video

SDV = Switched Digital Video)

PON = Passive Optical Network
 WLL
 Uses a wireless link to connect
subscribers to their local exchange in
place of conventional copper cable.
 WLL is referred to as "the last mile" in a
telephone network.
 For quick expansion of telephone
service, WLL is best solution.
FIXED AND WIRELESS NETWORKS
 Categories of Wireless Technology

WLL has five categories of wireless

technology.
1.     Analog Cellular.
2.     Digital Cellular.
3.     PCN/PCS.
4.     CT-2/DECT.
5. Proprietary Implementations.
 Analog Cellular

 Have analog transmission using

conventional FM on either 25kHz or 30
kHz channels in 800MHz or 900MHz
mobile bands.
 Recently AMPS operate in
1800-2000MHz bands.
 For WLL platform, analog cellular has
some limitations in regards to capacity
and functionality (with reference to
broadband services).
 Analog Cellular cont.
 Analog cellular is suited for low-density
to medium-density markets

 Long radio range, 30-70 km are possible.

 Low cost of equipment.

 Low speed, less channels (subscriber

unit cannot support more than one line
per radio transceiver).
 Digital Cellular
 Digital cellular standards include (GSM),
D-AMPS & GSM/DCS TDMA (CDMA).
 Support higher capacity subscribers
 Provide high speech, security with no
impact on quality.
 Both DAMPS and GSM use TDMA
 PCN/PCS
Personal Communication Services/ Network.
 Operate in the 1800 MHz frequency band.
PCS/PCN has elements of digital cellular and
cordless standards as well as RF protocols.
 Offers low-mobility wireless service using
low-power antennas and lightweight,
inexpensive handsets.
 Applicable standards for PCS/PCN are CDMA,
TDMA, GSM,
 CT-2/DECT

Digital Cordless Systems

 CT2 provides single 32kb/s duplex channel.
 Speech quality near to PSTN.
 The DECT system employs a concentration of
small-radius base stations.
 Typical applications in office buildings and
other very dense subscriber environments.
 operates in the 1880 to 1900 MHz band. The
maximum voice channels 60/ cell.
 Proprietary Implementations

 Called Proprietary Implementations, because

not available on public wireless networks and
are typically customized for a specific
application.

 Useful to provide basic fixed wireless

telephony in low-demand and medium-
demand density area.
 Advantages of WLL

 Fast and cost effective network deployment

 Sooner realization of revenues
 Lower payback period
 Lower construction cost
 Lower network maintenance cost
 Lower management operating cost
 Greater flexibility to meet uncertain levels of
penetration and rates of growth.
 Disadvantages of WLL

 Needs line-of-sight
 Basic requirement of antenna, installation
problems.
 Power limitations imposed by regulatory body.
 Possible weather interference.
 Information signals in air have Security
problem.
 In a competitive environment availability of
frequency Spectrum is core issue.
 xDSL
 DSL does not refer to a physical line but to a
modem—or rather a pair of modems.
 A DSL modem pair creates a digital
subscriber line, the network does not
purchase the lines when it buys DSL—it
already owns those—it purchases modems.
 xDSL is a family of modems for bringing high-
bandwidth information to homes and small
businesses over ordinary copper telephone
lines. Family members are ADSL, VDSL,
RADSL, HDSL, DSL, SDSL, BDSL.
xDSL
Name Meaning Data Rate Connec on Type Distance to Applica ons
exchange

DSL Di gi ta l s ubs cri ber 160kb/s Symmetri ca l ~5 km ISDN s eri es , voi ce a nd da ta

Li ne comm.

HDSL Hi gh Da ta Ra te 2Mb/s Symmetri ca l 4-5km No POTS, E1 LAN/WAN

Di gi ta l Subs cri ber
Li ne

SDSL Si ngl e Li ne 2Mb/s Symmetri ca l 3-4km Sa me a s HDSL + POTS

Di gi ta l Subs cri ber
Li ne

ADSL As ymmetri c 1.5 to 8Mb/s As ymmetri ca l 3-6km Interes t a cces s , vi deo on

Di gi ta l Subs cri ber Down dema nd,
Li ne 128kb-768kb s i mpl ex vi deo, remote LAN
Up a cces s ,
i ntera c ve mul medi a .

VDSL Very Hi gh Da ta 13-52Mbp/s As ymmetri ca l 0.3-1.5km Sa me a s ADSL pl us HDTV

Ra te Di gi ta l Down
Subs cri ber Li ne 1.5-2.3Mbp/s
Up
 Advantages of XDSL
 XDSL uses existing copper lines.
 Low investment.
 Well suited for carrying IP and ATM traffic.
 Equally suited to residential, professional and commercial
customers.
 Enables new applications that require real-time, interactive
services.
 Becomes dedicated line, transmission speeds are not affected by
other users. XDSL is "always on" and connected.
 Download 125 times faster than a 56.6K analog modem.
 Internet and phone call may function simultaneously.
 Data Rates Comparison
Type Of Data File 28.8 ISDN – DSL– DSL –
  Length Kbps 128 Kbps 384 Kbps 1.5 Mbps
  Modem      
 

Browsing the 2.5Mb 12 2½ 52 13

Net - 25 web   minute minutes seconds seconds
pages with text s      
and graphics  
 

A 20-second 8Mb 37 8½ 2¾ 43
video   minute minutes minutes seconds
  s      
 

Download entire 25Mb 120 26 8 2/3 2 1/5

Netscape 4.0 or   minute minutes minutes minutes
Internet Explorer s      
4.0 browser  
software
 
 Cable TV system
 A television distribution method in
which signals from distant stations are
received, amplified, and then
transmitted by (coaxial or fiber) cable or
microwave links to users.
 Cable Television System means a
system for distribution of video, voice
and data through closed transmission
paths for reception by multiple
subscribers.
 Cable TV system

 The abbreviation CATV originally meant "

community antenna television. "
However, CATV is now usually
understood to mean cable TV.
 CATV originated in areas where good
reception of direct broadcast TV was
not possible. Now CATV also consists
of a cable distribution system to large
metropolitan areas in competition with
direct broadcasting.
 Main Parts
1.     Antennas
2.     Head-End
3.     Distribution Network
4.     Power Supplies
5.     Subscriber Installations
6.     Test Equipment
 DISTR. POINT

HEADEND
Cable Networks

CABLE

HFC
 Services Possible
 Education And Distance Learning
 Video-On-Demand
 High Definition Television
 Interactive Entertainment
 Interactive Program Guides And Navigators
 Business Services
 Research Support
 Interactive Advertising
 Information Services
 Internet Access
 OFAN (Optical Fiber Access Network)
The optical fiber access network is that
part of the access network
implemented using optical fiber.
Optical access offers increased
access-network bandwidth by up to
several gigabits per second (Gbps)
FITL -Fiber in the loop

FTTB
Fiber to the Building/Basement
FTTC
Fiber to the Curb/Cabinet
FTTH
Fiber to the Home

© Dr. Irfan Zafar 51

 Architecture of Optical Access Network
CO Customer
Premise
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
BA DSLAM

ODN Curb
m
2 5 0 -7 0 0 g e
overa
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up U rb a n C
FTTC OLT

MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB OLT

ONU
Optical Networks Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTH OLT
ONT
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination

© Dr. Irfan Zafar 52

 Objectives of fibre in the loop
 Allows evolution to tomorrow’s broadband
services: video on demand, BISDN,
broadband multimedia etc. i.e provide
bandwidth on demand
 Improve reliability and quality of services.
 Must be competitive for today’s services on
the basis of life cycle cost analysis
 Must be able to deliver on today’s services,
POTS, Narrow band data
 Fibre in the loop driving forces

 Cost reduction
– increase of area served by one exchange
– replacement of older technology in CO
– cost saving for system
 Increase of transmission capacity
– new revenues by new services
 Technology has matured
 Increasing markets
 Main Parts
 OLT (Optical Line Terminal).
installed at service provider facilities such as
telephone company switching centers or cable TV
head-ends.

 ONU (Optical Network Unit).

installed in homes, apartment and office buildings,
or in neighborhood distribution hubs (in fiber-to-
the-curb configurations). Communications signals
travel between the OLT and ONU over optical fiber,
with signals being routed from one OLT to as many
as 32 ONUs

 NMS (Network management system).

 Main Parts

 SDH/PON
The term "passive" refers to the fact that there
are no electrically powered components along
the network path - only the endpoints (the OLT
and ONUs) are powered

 Optical Fiber Cable.

 OFAN Architecture
 Fibre to the Curb (FTTC) in which the terminal
equipment is located on the curb from where it
would be convenient to serve a suitable service
area.
 Fibre to the building (FTTB) in which the
terminal equipment is located inside a multi-
storeyed building. This brings higher bandwidth
closer to the subscriber. The distribution part is
still copper. For new buildings, the planners
may negotiate for suitable location well in time.
 Fibre to the home/Office (FTTH/FTTO) in this
method the fibre goes upto the subscriber
premises
 Architectures
 Point to Point

 Point to Mul point/

Star
 Architectures
 Tree Structure

 Ring Structure
 OFAN Use
    POTS
        N-ISDN (BRI and PRI)
        Packet switched data services
        Frame related services
        ATM related interfaces
        xDSL interfaces
        2/4 wire analog private line services
        E & M analog trunk service
        Hot line telephone services
        IP services
        Broadband multimedia services
        CATV services
 OFAN advantages

 Easy Expansion
 Low Cost Expansion
 Flexible Networking
 More Loop Length (e.g. voice freq. band services
upto 80km)
 High Reliability And Easy Maintenance
 Long Life
 No Electro-magnetic Effects
 Easy Maintenance
 Sound Security
 World of OFAN
 China, Japan, UAE, USA. Australia, Sweden, UK
 In Japan KDDI has offered a trial project of
100Mb/Sec for interactive broadband services.
 NTT of Japan offers 1Gb/Sec to Theaters.
 In Stockhome 100,000 lines were working in
1999 and a project of one million lines is
under installation. Charges $25 per month for
10Mb/Sec.
 Hatchet Ranch has a project of rural OFAN(3,
000 lines) for Clorado city cost $4.2M
 FSO (Free Space Optics)
Fiber Optics Without Fiber
 Idea came 30 years ago even before the
fibers were practically used.
 The best wireless solution where fiber
optical cable is not available.
 High bandwidth (anywhere from 1
Mbps up to 1.25 Gbps) is possible
 FSO
 Line-of-sight is required
 Target within a couple of miles or less
 Free Space Optics is now a viable
choice for connecting the LAN, WAN,
and MAN; and carrying voice, video and
data at the speed of light (10 Mbps-1.25
Gbps Ethernet, ATM, Sonet, T-1, T-3, DS3,
OC3, OC12, OC24).
 FSO Advantages
 Significantly lower cost on average than
the build out of a new fiber optical
solution, or leased lines
 Free Space Optics can be deployed in
days to weeks vs. months
 Bandwidth can easily be scaled with
virtually unlimited headroom (10 Mbs to
1.25 Gbps) per link
 The primary advantages of Optical
Wireless are high throughput, solid
security, and low cost
 LMDS
 A broadband wireless point-to-
multipoint communication system
operating above 20 GHz that can be
used to provide digital two-way voice,
data, Internet, and video services
 It requires line of sight between the
transmitter and receiving antenna that
can be up 6 kilo metres apart
depending on weather conditions.
 LMDS
 LMDS offers a bandwidth of up to 1.5
Gbps downstream to users and 200
Mbps upstream from the user.
 L (local)—denotes that propagation
characteristics of signals in this
frequency range limit the potential
coverage area of a single cell site
 M (multipoint)—indicates that signals
are transmitted in a point-to-multipoint
or broadcast method; the wireless
return path, from subscriber to the base
station, is a point-to-point transmission
 LMDS
 D (distribution)—refers to the
distribution of signals, which may
consist of simultaneous voice, data,
Internet, and video traffic
 S (service)—implies the subscriber
nature of the relationship between the
operator and the customer; the services
offered through an LMDS network are
entirely dependent on the operator's
choice of business
 Why LMDS?
 Lower entry and deployment costs
 Ease and speed of deployment
 Fast realization of revenue
 Demand-based buildout
 Cost-effective network maintenance,
management, and operating costs
 MMDS?
•(Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service or Microwave Multipoint Distribution Servic

•A digital wireless transmission system that works in the 2.2-2.4GHz range.

•It requires line of sight between transmitter and receiver, which can be 30 or more miles

•It was designed initially as a one-way service for bringing cable TV to subscribers in remo
areas or in locations that are difficult to install cable.

•MMDS supports approximately 33 analog channels and more than 100 digital channels o

•In late 1998, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) opened up the technology
for two-way transmission, enabling MMDS to provide data and Internet services to subsc
 Conclusion
 Network Architecture should be able
to
– Flexible and cost effective extension of
services
– Save cost by reusing the existing
infrastructure
– Provide common management for the
whole network independent of the
distribution media.
– Rapid provisioning and high reliability.