RAW STEEL

INTRODUCTION TO
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS
D
D 2005 AISC SPECIFICATION
P P

BY: IVAN MARIN (AUG/2008)

ivan.marin@mustangeng.com
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE
RAW STEEL

• Present the accepted Analysis Methods on AISC-2005 Steel Code.

• Show Staad pro 2007 analysis capabilities (to be used along with
AISC code)
• Review the analysis – design process
• Overview on P-delta method and other concepts to be used with
Staad-Pro and AISC-2005
TABLE OF CONTENT
RAW STEEL

1. INTRODUCTION
– Analysis and Design process
2. AISC-Chapter C (STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN )
– General Requirements
3. SOME DEFINITIONS
– Geometric Stiffness
– P-Delta effects
4. STAAD.Pro 2007 – ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES
5. AISC-Chapter C (ANALYSIS METHODS)
– Direct Analysis Method
– Effective Length Method
– First Order Analysis Method
6. CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
Analysis – Design process RAW STEEL

• Structural analysis and design

– Structure shall be stable
– Shall resist the design forces
(vertical, horizontal, others)
– Shall be within the service
requirements (deflection, vibration)
– We shall avoid a sudden collapse

– We want to compare the capacity of the elements to the required forces

(moment, axial, shear, other) 

Ma < Mn/W (ASD)

INTRODUCTION
Analysis – Design process RAW STEEL

GEOMETRY
2D, 3D

BOUNDARY
PROPERTIES LOADS
CONDITIONS
MATERIAL (E) , SECTION (A,I), (W, P)
(SUPPORTS)

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Matrix methods, Finite Element methods
Elastic or Inelastic analysis
Second Order Analysis (P-D, P-d)
Static or Dynamic Analysis

RESULTS
DEFLECTIONS (D)
INTERNAL FORCES (Ma, Pa, Va)

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
FP > Pa, FM > Ma, FV > Va (LRFD)
P/W > Pa, M/W > Ma, V/W > Va (ASD)
INTRODUCTION
We don’t want this to happen RAW STEEL
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
General requirements (1/2) RAW STEEL

• Global stability
Chapter C specifies that the design of the structure for stability
must consider all of the following:
1. Flexural, shear, and axial deformations of members.
2. All component and connection deformations that contribute to
the lateral displacement of the structure.
3. P-Δ effects, which are the effects of loads acting on the
displaced location of joints or nodes in the structure.
4. P-δ effects, which are the effects of loads acting on the
deformed shape of a member between joints or nodes.
5. Geometric imperfections, such as initial out-of-plumpness.
6. The reduction in member stiffness due to residual stresses and,
in particular, the effect of this stiffness reduction on the stability
of the structure.
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
General requirements (2/2) RAW STEEL

• Member stability
– If the analysis method includes all these effects 
members can be designed using the provisions for
individual members (Chapters E, F, G, H, and I).
• System Stability shall be provided by
– Moment frames
– Braced frames
– Shear walls
– Or any other combinations
DEFINITIONS
Geometric Stiffness (1/3) RAW STEEL

• We are all aware that a cable, when subjected to a large tension

force, has an increased lateral stiffness.
• If a long rod is subjected to a large compressive force and is on the
verge of buckling, we know that the lateral stiffness of the rod has
been reduced significantly and a small lateral load may cause the rod
to buckle.
• This general type of behavior is caused by a change in the
“geometric stiffness” of the structure. It is apparent that this stiffness
is a function of the load in the structural member and can be either
positive or negative.

P
C P C T T

<<K >>K
 DEFINITIONS
Geometric Stiffness (2/3) RAW STEEL

• Typical beam element  the force-displacement

relationship
– Geometric Matrix [Kg]

– The well known Mechanical Stiffness Matrix [KE]

– Total forces acting on the beam:

DEFINITIONS
Geometric Stiffness (3/3) RAW STEEL

• Approximate buckling analysis

– When the axial compressive force is large the [Kg] matrix
can become singular (this is going to affect the results in
Staad)
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis (1/3) RAW STEEL

• What are P-delta effects?

– P-Delta is a non-linear effect that occurs in every structure
where elements are subject to axial load.
– This “effect” is associated with the magnitude of the
applied axial load (P) and a displacement (delta).
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis (2/3) RAW STEEL

• There are two P-Delta effects:

– P-“BIG” delta (P-Δ) - a structure effect (displacement of
one end of a column relative to the other end.
– P-“little” delta (P-d) - a member effect (due to bending of
the column) D D
P P

d
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis (3/3) RAW STEEL

• The magnitude of the P-Delta effect is related to

– The magnitude of axial and lateral loads,
– stiffness/slenderness of the structure as a whole,
– slenderness of individual elements.
D D
P P

d
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – overview (1/2) RAW STEEL

• With the first edition of the green book (AISC-89), we were using linear
elastic static (first order) analysis to determine design forces and
moments resulting from loads acting on a structure. Later on with the
Supplement No.1 (AISC-01) a second order analysis were requested
either by computer analysis or with a modification factor B2.
• First order analysis assumes small deflection behavior; the resulting
forces and moments take no account of the additional effect due to the
deformation of the structure under load.
• In the past, design codes have incorporated empirical checks and
“Good Practice” design guidance to ensure that the magnitude of the
P-Delta effect stays within limits for which allowance has inherently
been made.
• Where appropriate, they have made simple and approximate provision
for them using methods like amplified sway or extended effective
lengths (K factor).
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – overview (2/2) RAW STEEL

• Engineers have been aware of the P-Delta effects for many years.
However, it is only relatively recently that the computational power
has become widely available to provide analytical approximations.
• Codes of Practice are referring engineers more and more to the use
of second-order analysis, including:
– P-Delta effects
– “Geometric stiffening” effects.
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – Methods (1/6) RAW STEEL

• P-Delta analysis is different from software to

software.
• Pseudo Approaches
– Simple elastic analysis (small displacement) takes no
account of this „secondary‟ action on the frame. But, it is
possible to begin to approximate the P-Δ effect in two
ways using simple elastic analysis.
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – Methods (2/6) RAW STEEL

• A “Pseudo-Load” Approach
– Typically this sort of approach relies on the structure being
subject to predominantly gravity (vertical) loading.
– An initial analysis allows the “Pseudo” horizontal loads at each
floor to be determined. The structure is re-analysed with the
“pseudo” loads applied. This process can be repeated (further
iteration) with additional adjustment to the pseudo loads.
– In the end, the result could be accurate (if the structure fits in
with the limitations), but there will be forces within the structure
and base reactions that relate to entirely artificial loading.
– REMEMBER this method does not take account of “Geometric
stiffening”, it only deals with one P-Delta effect, P-Δ, it is only
relevant to structures that are predominantly gravity loaded, and
which have clearly defined floors or diaphragm levels.
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – Methods (3/6) RAW STEEL

• A “Pseudo- Displacement” approach

– Rather than introducing an artificial load to induce deformation,
why not introduce approximate displacements?
– An initial elastic analysis is run to establish nodal deflections.
– The structural model is then re-configured using the deflected
geometry and is re-analysed elastically. This process can
obviously be repeated progressively but since “stress stiffening”
is not taken into account then solutions may not converge.
– This approach will not give a good approximation to the P-Delta
effect as it takes no account of the „work done‟ to move the
structure. At best it is a simple approximation. Inaccuracies
increase as P-Delta effects increase.
– REMEMBER this method does not take account of “Geometric
stiffening” and it only deals with one P-Delta effect, P-Δ.
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – Methods (4/6) RAW STEEL

• The Two Cycle Iterative Method

– The Two-Cycle Iterative Method (Chen and Lui 1991) automates
a two-pass analysis procedure during which nodal
displacements are used to determine “Geometric stiffening” in
structural elements.
– The resulting element geometric (stress) stiffness matrix
accommodates both the P-Δ and P-δ effects as well as
accounting for “Geometric stiffness”.
– Since the geometric (stress) stiffness is used in the method,
there are no significant limitations on its use or applicability
unless gross deformation occurs when a full non-linear iterative
solution is more appropriate.
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – Methods (5/6) RAW STEEL

• Non-Linear Static (Full Newton Raphson) Analysis

– A full non-linear iterative solution allows for all sorts of non-linear
conditions to be accounted for simultaneously, including
“Geometric stiffening” and both the P-Δ and P-δ effects.
– The non-linear solution is carried out in an incremental step-by-
step analysis with the total applied loads divided into a number
of load steps. The most popular method of solution for non-linear
equations is the Newton Raphson method.
– When a general “geometric (stress) stiffness matrix” is used in
the method, there are no significant limitations on its use or
applicability.
DEFINITIONS
P-Delta Analysis – Methods (6/6) RAW STEEL

• Conclusion
– For many years, engineers and Codes have included P-Delta
effects in a simple and limited application
– Today, Codes and Software (computational capabilities) have
moved forward.
– As a result, engineers may have to make informed decisions on
the choice of second-order analysis to use.
– It‟s very important to understand the analysis methods and the
design requirements in order to comply with the code
requirements (is the software including the correct method??)
STAAD.Pro 2007
Analysis capabilities RAW STEEL

• Stiffness Analysis / Linear Static Analysis

• Second Order Static Analysis
– P-Delta Analysis
– P-Delta - Kg Analysis
– Direct Analysis for AISC 360-05 (Available effective 2007 Build 03)
– Buckling Analysis (Available effective 2007 Build 01)
– Imperfection Analysis
– Multi Linear Spring Support
– Member/Spring Tension/Compression only
– Nonlinear Cable/Truss Analysis
• Dynamic Analysis Time History Response Spectrum Steady
State / Harmonic
• Pushover Analysis
STAAD.Pro 2007
Analysis capabilities RAW STEEL

• Stiffness Analysis / Linear Static Analysis

– Based on matrix displacement method
– Idealized into an assembly of discrete components (frame
members or FE).
– Loads can be applied as distributed loads or point loads on
nodes
– Matrices are created and then solved:
STAAD.Pro 2007
Analysis Capabilities-Second Order Analysis RAW STEEL

• P-Delta Analysis (P-D and P-d)

– This is an iterative process (numerical method)
– It‟s a nonlinear process.
– Method includes the stiffness changes due to P-Delta 
Geometric Stiffness [Kg]
– Includes two types:
• P-D Displacement of one end of a column relative to the
other end.
• P-d  Displacement due to bending of the column
 STAAD.Pro 2007
Analysis Capabilities-Second Order Analysis RAW STEEL

P-Delta Analysis (P-D and P-d) - Staad process

Primary Axial forces Geometric stiffness P-Delta secondary

deflections Are calculated terms [Kg] loading.
are calculated using the Are calculated with Is equal to [Kg] * d.
based on external Primary from the prior iteration
loading. deflections these forces and
stresses
To include P-d enter
3 to 10 iterations are “SMALLDELTA”
recommended or until option on the
displacements are the same PDELTA command.
(converged). Depending on the
complexity of the structure Effective load vector
Is created for the next
New deflections iteration using the
are generated with secondary loading
Member forces the revised combined with the
and reactions (effective) load originally applied load
are calculated vector and the static
based on the factorized matrix to
new deflections generate
The lateral loading
must be present
concurrently with
the vertical loading
 use REPEAT load.
STAAD.Pro 2007
Analysis Capabilities-Second Order Analysis RAW STEEL

• P-Delta Analysis [K]+[Kg] Dynamic Analysis

– New in staad 2007 build-01
– To be used with dynamic analysis (spectrum)
– Similar to previous method.
– Both P-D and P-d effects are calculated.
– The calculated geometric stiffness terms [Kg] are added to the
global stiffness matrix [Kg].
– The final factorization from the last static case is used into the
dynamic case along with the masses to solve the dynamic
analysis.
– Use Repeat Load with vertical and horizontal loads.
– Method permits buckling (needs to be checked then)
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
Analysis methods RAW STEEL

Use C2.2a  Design by

Second Order Analysis

Dsecond order
If  1.5 Use C2.2b  Design by
D firstorder First Order Analysis

Use Appendix 7  Direct

Analysis Method

If
D sec ond order Use Appendix 7  Direct
 1.5 Analysis Method
D first order
Dsecond order / Dfirst order = B2 (see C2.1b)
Dsecond order  from analysis (using LRFD or 1.6ASD)
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
Analysis methods RAW STEEL

• Design by Direct Analysis Method (1/2)

– There is no restriction for Dsecond order/ Dfirst order
– Analyze the structure with a P-delta method
• General second order analysis:
– Any method that account for P-D and P-d
• Second order analysis by amplified first order analysis
– B1 and B2 factors are based on the reduced stiffness
– For design using ASD:
• Analyses shall be carried out under 1.6 times ASD load
combinations and the results (forces and displacements) shall be
divided by 1.6
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
Analysis methods RAW STEEL

• Design by Direct Analysis Method (2/2)

– Notional load
• To account for out of plumpness and member stiffness reduction
due to residual stress).
• All load combination shall include a minimum lateral load Ni, applied
at every level equal to 0.002Yi (this load shall be in addition to other
lateral load, if any)
• Yi = design gravity load.
• Apply independently in two orthogonal directions
• If Dsecond order/ Dfirst order < 1.5 apply notional load only on “gravity only”
combos
– Reduced flexural stiffness
• Reduced flexural stiffnessEI*=0.8tbEI (tb = 1 if you add and
additional notional load of 0.001Yi)
• Reduced axial stiffness EA*=0.8EA
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
Analysis methods RAW STEEL

• Design by Effective Length Method (second order analysis)

– Only for Dsecond order/ Dfirst order < 1.5
– Analyze the structure with a P-delta method using
• Nominal geometry
• Nominal elastic stiffness
– For design using ASD:
• analyses shall be carried out under 1.6 times ASD load
combinations and the results (forces and displacements) shall be
divided by 1.6
– Notional load:
• All “gravity-only” load combination shall include a minimum lateral
load applied at every level equal to 0.002Yi,
• Yi = design gravity load. (to account for out of plumbness and
member stifness reduction due to residual stress).
• Apply independently in two orthogonal directions
– If Dsecond order/ Dfirst order < 1.1
• K=1 for all columns
• Otherwise use the well-know Effective Length Method
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
Analysis methods RAW STEEL

• Design by first order analysis method

– Only for Dsecond order/ Dfirst order < 1.5
– All columns can be designed using K =1, provided that:
• The requiered compressive strength of all members whose flexural
stiffness used in the analyses satisfy the following
aPr < 0.5 Py
Where
a = 1 (LRFD) a=1.6 (ASD)
Pr : Required axial compressive strength (for ASD/LRFD combos)
Py: Member yield strenght = A*Fy
• ALL load combos to include an additional lateral load Ni
Ni = 2.1(D/L)Yi > 0.0042Yi
• Non-sway amplification of beam-column moment is considered by
applying the B1 amplifier of section C2.1 of AISC to all members
STABILITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN –AISC Chapter C
Analysis methods RAW STEEL

• Comparison of analysis methods

Direct Analysis Effective Length First Order

Method Method Analysis Method

Specification Reference Appendix 7 Section C.2.2a Section C2.2b

Limits on applicability? No Yes Yes

Type of Analysis Second-Order Second-Order First-Order

Member Stiffness Reduced EI and EA Nominal EI and EA Nominal EI and EA

Notional lateral load? Yes Yes Yes

Sidesway buckling
Column effective length K=1 analysis (“K” K=1
mehtod)
THANK YOU
RAW STEEL

• QUESTIONS

• COMMENTS
REFERENCES
RAW STEEL

• STAAD Pro.2007, “Technical Manual”, 2006

• SAP2000 Manual, “Geometric Stiffness and P-Delta Effects”, 2005
• Angela M. Schimizze, “Comparison of p-delta analyses of plane
frames using Commercial structural analysis programs and Current
AISC design specifications”, Thesis, MSc. April 2001.
• Richard Dobson, “An overview of P-delta analysis”, CSC, 2003.
• Donald W. White, et al. “Stability Analysis and Design of Steel
Building Frames Using the 2005 AISC specification”, Korean Society
of Steel Construction, Steel Structure 6, 2006.
• AISC, “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings”, 13th ed,
American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL. 2005