ADVANCED DESIGN OF STEEL

STRUCTURES
 Introduction
Advantages of Steel as a Construction material
– High strength per unit weight
– High ductility
– Tough
– Ease of cutting , shearing, shaping, etc
– Light: reduced weight for handling , ease of
transport, etc.
– Long life, if properly maintained
– Properties do not change with time
 Introduction
- Additions, alterations, etc. are easy.
- Faster erection & construction
- Scrap value
- Recyclable
- Availability
 Introduction
• Of the above properties, the first 2 have
special significance in design.
High strength leads to slender and sleek
structures.
Ductility permits the structure to undergo
large deformations before failure
Large deflections, large rotations,
redestribution & reserve strength
Introduction
 Methods of Analysis
• Broadly classified into two
– Elastic analysis
• 1st order
• 2nd order
– Inelastic analysis
• 1st order
• 2nd order
 Methods of Analysis
• Elastic or Inelastic?
– Decided based on the constitutive relations
– If the material is chosen as linear elastic in its
constitutive behaviour, the model is elastic and
the analysis is elastic analysis.
– If the constitutive relation for the material is not
elastic, the model is inelastic in general, and the
analysis is called inelastic analysis in nature.
 Methods of Analysis
• Various inelastic constitutive relations are
possible such as
– Rigid-plastic
– Elasto-plastic
– Strain hardening
– Strain softening
– Visco-elastic and so on
Constitutive Models
Methods of Analysis
Stress-Strain Relation of Mild Steel
(Constitutive Relation)
A : Proportional limit
OA: Stress proportional to strain
B: Elastic limit
B represents the maximum stress up to which the
specimen can be loaded maintaining its ability to
regain its original length on unloading.
A & B are generally coincident
C: Upper yield point
C': Lower yield point
C'D: Plastic flow (strain increases without any
increase in stress)
DE: Strain-hardening
E: Point of ultimate stress
F: Point of failure/breaking
The strain at 1st yield = 0.125%
The strain at initiation of strain-hardening =
1.5%
The strain at maximum stress = 15%
The strain at failure = 25%
Strain at beginning of strain-hardening = 12
times strain at yield.
Strain at failure/breaking = 200 times strain at
yield.
Behaviour of MS Cross Sections – Plastic Hinge
Moment-Rotation Relation of MS C/S