Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center:

Applying Skill of the Craft to Maintenance Planning

2014 TECHNICAL REPORT

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Nuclear Maintenance Applications
Center: Applying Skill of the Craft to
Maintenance Planning
3002003194

Final Report, September 2014

EPRI Project Manager

R. Pepin

All or a portion of the requirements of the EPRI Nuclear

Quality Assurance Program apply to this product.

ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITIES
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following organization, under contract to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI),
prepared this report:
Procedure Solutions Management, LLC
P.O. Box 714
Cape May Court House, NJ 08210
Principal Investigators
D. McCord
S. McCord
This report describes research sponsored by EPRI.
EPRI acknowledges the peer review of Nick Camilli.
The Skill of the Craft Determination was developed with the help of several organizations and
individuals. EPRI wishes to recognize the following individuals who volunteered to participate in
the technical advisory group who freely contributed their time and knowledge in reviewing this
guide:
Brad Crandall FirstEnergy, Perry Station
Cheryl Gavin Duke Energy, Crystal River Station
Donald Grove Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Company
Harold Piasecki PPL, Susquehanna Station
Justin Reeves Duke Energy, Brunswick Station
Stephen Holcombe Duke Energy, Oconee Station
Ken Anderson Pacific Gas & Electric, Diablo Canyon Station
Stephen Belflower Xcel Energy, Prairie Island Station
Kevin Christian Entergy, Grand Gulf Station
Mike Gibbons Pacific Gas & Electric, Diablo Canyon Station
Richard Maine Nebraska Public Power, Cooper Station
Justin Reeves Duke Energy, Brunswick Station
This publication is a corporate document that should be cited in the literature in the following
manner:
Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Applying Skill of the Craft to Maintenance Planning.
EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2014. 3002003194.
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PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

This report delineates a consistent approach to the definition and explanation of skill of the craft
used in part when determining the appropriate level of detail when planning and developing
work packages to assist stations in establishing a standard. The intent is to diminish “lesson plan”
type of detail within work plan instructions by allowing credit for the skills and knowledge
inherent within the occupation.
This report is based on a consensus of industry peers and is intended to be applied at facilities as
appropriate. Each facility is encouraged to assess its own experience and training and to adapt
this information to best meet its unique needs. The intent is to identify standard elements that
should be considered when accounting for skill of the craft within work plan instruction and not
to provide an all-inclusive list.
Standardized task evaluations are also introduced as a method that can be used to validate skill
level if a supervisor is concerned with the level of skill a craftsperson displays.
Background
The term skill of the craft and its application vary widely throughout the industry; examples
include the following:
• Skill of the craft (also called skill of the trade): The discipline-specific skills, possessed by
craft, which can be performed properly without written instructions. Skills possessed by the
craft are defined and administered by the associated craft accredited and non-accredited
training programs. This list of craft skills and knowledge can be found in the task analysis
maintained by the Nuclear Training Department for craft who participate in an accredited
training program.
• Skill of the craft defines the level of skills, knowledge, and abilities required for the
individual to qualify to perform a scope of work safely and effectively in facilities/areas that
are low hazard or below, based on their qualifications, training, experience, and judgment.
• Skill of the craft is defined for each craft, including required proficiency, experience,
knowledge, skill, and ability as well as the type of work that can be safely performed without
enhanced work planning.
Although the definition can change, the intent remains the same: skills that do not require the use
of work plan instructions to be performed.
This report is not intended to replace the comprehensive work planning guidance on graded
approach to planning or discussion of level of detail in EPRI report 3002000966, Maintenance
Work Package Planning Guidance. This report provides additional support to these and to
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) 12-013, “Performance Objectives and Criteria”

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(INPO proprietary document) WM-1 performance objectives and Criteria 1, which states, “The
level of detail in work planning and instruction is based on the safety significance and
complexity of the activity and considers training, experience, and skills of the workers and
supervisory oversight.”
Objectives
This report provides a consistent approach to the definition and explanation of skill of the craft
supporting the level of detail determination when planning and developing work packages.
Approach
An EPRI Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center (NMAC) technical advisory group (TAG)
on Skill of the Craft was convened to develop an industry guideline document to address skill of
the craft and the impact on work packages based on a station’s specific determination of its
craft’s non-trained skills. This group met to develop the appropriate scope of the report,
applicable guidance, and licensee examples of implementation. Experience-proven practices and
techniques were identified during this effort and originally addressed in EPRI report
3002000966, Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance. Additional guidance was
requested to be provided as a separate document and is addressed in this report.
Results
This report will conclusively address a recurring topic: how to define and address skill of the
craft in work plan instructions. This will result in further improvement between inherent
knowledge as documented in craft training programs and the level of detailed provided in
planned tasks that will accomplish the following:
• Reduce or eliminate “lesson plan” type of detail in work plan instruction by allowing credit
for skills and knowledge inherent with the occupation.
• Improve human performance by providing a more consistent approach when evaluating the
skill of the craft input to the level of detail determination.
Ultimately, addressing skill of the craft will reduce work package “bloat” that often masks
deficiencies in other areas and invalidates the content of existing accredited craft training
programs, increasing the overall risk to human performance.
Applications, Value, and Use
The information contained in this report represents a significant collection of industry best
practices and human performance information related to skill of the craft in support of various
work activities common at a nuclear power plant. Assemblage of this information provides a
single point of reference both now and in the future. Through the use of this guideline, in close
conjunction with EPRI report 3002000966, Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance,
stations should be able to significantly improve and consistently implement the processes
associated with establishing baseline skills to support efficiency in planning. This will
subsequently help members reduce the cumulative impacts resulting in work package bloat and
increase reliability and efficiency.
Keywords
Skill of the craft
Standardized task evaluation
Work packages

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ABSTRACT

There are several factors that the planner should consider when determining the most appropriate
type of work package and content level of detail that is communicated to the craft. Skill of the
craft is one element. The level of detail for work plan instructions must consider training and
qualification of users to improve worker productivity and task execution and to implement the
graded approach to planning.
This report provides a standard approach to skill of the craft definition and explanation in work
plan packages and instruction. It provides a basis for evaluating and maintaining a station-
specific standard approach to addressing skill of the craft in work instructions that follows a
more consistent methodology in supporting the level of detail determination. Fundamentally, the
result will be the creation of work packages that contain a sufficient level of technical detail.

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CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Background ................................................................................................................1-1
1.3 Report Structure and Content Overview .....................................................................1-2
1.4 Glossary of Terms ......................................................................................................1-2
1.4.1 Definitions and Nomenclature ............................................................................1-2
1.4.2 Acronyms ..........................................................................................................1-3
1.5 Relationship with EPRI NMAC and to Other EPRI Reports ........................................1-3
1.6 Listing of Key Points ...................................................................................................1-3

2 SKILL OF THE CRAFT DETERMINATION ..........................................................................2-1

2.1 Reliance on Skill of the Craft ......................................................................................2-1
2.2 Determining Skill of the Craft ......................................................................................2-2
2.2.1 Overview of Training Program ...........................................................................2-2
2.2.2 Task Listing .......................................................................................................2-2
2.2.3 Gaps Between Craft Training and Actual Knowledge ........................................2-3
2.3 Skill of the Craft Determination for Supplemental Personnel ......................................2-3

3 REFERENCES .....................................................................................................................3-1
3.1 Regulations and Regulatory Guidance .......................................................................3-1
3.2 Implementing Standards ............................................................................................3-1
3.3 Industry Guidance ......................................................................................................3-1
3.4 EPRI Technical Reports .............................................................................................3-2

A LISTING OF KEY POINTS .................................................................................................. A-1

A.1 Key Human Performance Points ............................................................................... A-1

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B EVALUATION METHODS TO VALIDATE SKILLS ............................................................ B-1
B.1 Skills Evaluation Methods ......................................................................................... B-1
B.1.1 Standardized Task Evaluation .......................................................................... B-1
B.1.2 Task Performance Evaluation ........................................................................... B-1

C GUIDELINE POWERPOINT OVERVIEW............................................................................ C-1

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1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to provide a consistent approach to the application of skill of the
craft and a methodology for the allowance of baseline skills when evaluating and developing
work packages to improve and consistently implement the work package processes. This will
support efficiency in planning by reducing the impact on human performance, resulting in the
following:
• Sufficient level of technical detail
• Effectively managed resources
• Improved human performance
• Improved alignment with accredited training
• Reduction of masked deficiencies in other areas
• Reductions in work package “bloat”
In addition, the report identifies standardized task evaluations (STEs) as a method that can be
used to validate skill level.
It is not the intention of this report to provide a listing of skill of the craft tasks. The report is
designed to facilitate utilities or stations (generically referred to as station) in establishing the
rationale for accounting of baseline skills and craft personnel’s non-trained skills.
Likewise, skill of the craft should not be the sole determinant for overall work plan instruction
level of detail. The information in this technical report should be used in conjunction with EPRI
report 3002000966, Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance.

1.2 Background
EPRI report 3002000966, Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance (supplement to
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) AP-928, “Work Management Process
Description”) identified standards regarding work package content to facilitate a consistent
approach for work package quality, format, level of detail, and implementation of feedback.
However, additional guidance was requested that would focus on an industry consensus of skill
of the craft to reduce work package bloat and provide a consistent approach to craft personnel’s
baseline and non-trained skills in the work package process.

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Introduction

In response to the request, in April 2014, an EPRI Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center
(NMAC) technical advisory group (TAG) on skill of the craft was convened to expand on skill of
the craft and provide STEs that would provide methodologies to validate skills. The emphasis is
to increase work package planning efficiency and reduce work package bloat that potentially
becomes a challenge to human performance to the craft.

1.3 Report Structure and Content Overview

The key sections of this report provide guidance to licensees on developing and implementing a
strategy for planners to incorporate skill of the craft into work plans and instructions consistently
and effectively.
Section 1 presents the scope and purpose of this report and discusses deficiencies addressed in
part by this report. It also introduces definitions and outlines some relationships between this
report and other EPRI documents and organizations.
Section 2 describes the inherent knowledge and skills of the craft and essential attributes for skill
of the craft associated with the determination of level of detail in work packages and instructions.
Section 3 provides a list of references.
Appendices are also provided to enhance the guidance developed in the report. Appendix A
provides a listing of key points. Appendix B describes considerations for situations in which
there is no accredited training program or no basis to determine skill of the craft. Finally,
Appendix C provides a presentation summarizing the purpose and content of the report.

1.4 Glossary of Terms

1.4.1 Definitions and Nomenclature

Continuing training: A training program that maintains and enhances the required performance
level of individuals qualified to independently perform tasks.
Qualified: Condition that exists when all programmatic requirements have been fulfilled for
completion of training and qualification requirements in order to perform a given task and/or job.
Skill of the craft (SOC) (also called skill of the trade): Skills possessed by qualified craft that
can be performed consistently error free, independent of the risk to human performance, and that
do not rely upon written instructions or procedures.
Standardized task evaluation (STE): Portable tasks for the utility industry coordinated by
EPRI. Each EPRI STE is written for a specific task and is composed of a written test and a
separate performance evaluation similar to task performance evaluation. The primary uses of
STEs are to prove the capability of supplemental personnel and to establish portable
qualifications.
Task performance evaluation (TPE): The process of validating competency on practical factors
and performance items that personnel must demonstrate in the work place or simulated work
environment while being evaluated by a qualified task evaluator. TPE is distinct and separate
from on-the-job training.

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 Introduction

Training qualification task list: An inventory of tasks for a specific job or position. This list
includes all tasks selected and deselected for initial and continuing training based on their
difficulty, importance, and frequency.
Qualification: The characteristics, skills, or knowledge gained through training or experience, as
measured against established requirements that qualify an individual to perform an identified
task.
Work package bloat: Occurs when basic site procedure and management expectations are
reiterated in the body of work packages or work instructions to typically compensate for
workers’ noncompliance with established expectations.

1.4.2 Acronyms
DIF difficulty, importance, frequency
SOC skill of the craft
STA standard task analysis
STE standardized task evaluations
TPE task performance evaluation

1.5 Relationship with EPRI NMAC and to Other EPRI Reports

The development of this report was made possible through the close working relationship
between the utility work planning community and EPRI NMAC. NMAC continues to serve as a
key resource for work planners by providing a wide range of products, including technical
reports addressing maintenance processes and system/equipment maintenance guidance—both
with a focus on improving equipment reliability.
During the development of this report, several EPRI products were identified that provide
detailed guidance regarding a work activity or work process. In many cases, skill of the craft was
considered, but not to the level of detail provided in this report. These EPRI reports were
primarily used as source material to ensure consistency of applied guidance among licensees and
include the following:
• Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance
(3002000966)
• Plant Engineering: EPRI Standardized Task Evaluation Program Implementation Guide
(1025244)
• Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Maintenance and Modification Work Planner
Training Program Description (3002002821)

1.6 Listing of Key Points

Throughout this report, key information is summarized in Key Points. Key Points are bold-
lettered boxes that succinctly restate information covered in detail in the surrounding text,
making the key point easier to locate.

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Introduction

The primary intent of a Key Point is to emphasize information that will allow individuals to act
for the benefit of their plant. EPRI personnel who reviewed this report assisted in the selection of
the information included in these Key Points.
The Key Points are organized into a single category—Human Performance—which is shown in
the following way:

Key Human Performance Point

Denotes information that requires personnel action or consideration in order
to prevent injury or damage or ease completion of the task.

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2
SKILL OF THE CRAFT DETERMINATION

2.1 Reliance on Skill of the Craft

It is reasonable to place a degree of reliance on skill of the craft in the development of work
packages and work planning instructions. The benefits are easily identified and agreed upon:
• Improved consistency among planners in work instruction content
• Facilitates human performance in work instruction content
• Reduced cumulative impact of work package bloat
• Increased efficiency of resources
However, these benefits can be realized only through consistent application of skill of the craft
during the development of work plan instructions. This is achieved using a deterministic
approach based on station processes and a clear explanation of skill of the craft, to create human-
factored content that takes into account the inherent abilities of the discipline-specific craft
persons, reducing unnecessary reiteration of these basics.
It is important to recognize the guidance contained in EPRI report 3002000966 regarding graded
approach and level of detail. When Level 1 detailed work packages are prepared, there is
minimal reliance on the skill of the craft other than the fundamental inherent skills.

Key Human Performance Point

Skill of the craft is only one factor the planner should consider when
determining the appropriate level of detail of work plan instructions.

Skill of the craft includes discipline-specific skills possessed by qualified craft that can be
performed consistently error free, independent of the risk to human performance, and that do not
rely upon written instruction.
Skill of the craft is considered the basic skills that the craft possess due to hiring practices and
educational requirements. These are entry-level requirements. These skills and knowledge are
important because they usually support the skills requiring training, but they have been
deselected from the training program because they are fundamental to the craft position.
From a training perspective, typically craft training tasks are identified and programs developed
using the difficulty, importance, frequency (DIF) methodology and standard task analysis (STA)
to determine if the task requires no training, training, or training and periodic retraining. The
latter two—tasks requiring training and training and periodic retraining—become part of the
craft qualification matrix used to assign work and are therefore not skill of the craft.

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Skill of the Craft Determination

2.2 Determining Skill of the Craft

Stations have numerous methods to determine skill of the craft. Each station should document its
skill of the craft determination. Planning of activities that are determined to be skill of the craft
should be limited to sufficient technical detail required to conduct the task.

2.2.1 Overview of Training Program

Training programs provide well-defined and documented skills and knowledge required to
perform work activities; this provides a baseline for determining skill of the craft. Craft training
programs identify inherent skills basic to the discipline-specific skill set as determined through
the STA. Because these skills require no training, they are typically not on the training
qualification task list. These work skills result from accumulated knowledge from basic craft
training or experience required to obtain independent qualification or enhanced journeyperson
skills; they are often required at time of hire.
As such, the planner would not need to provide detailed instructions on tasks requiring no
training. However, as with all rules, there are special exceptions for which it may be appropriate
to provide additional task detail. These decisions should be made with the input of craft
supervision. Additional controls may be based on the complexity or consequence of error
associated with the task to be performed.

2.2.2 Task Listing

Although a list of all tasks can be generated and training identified for those tasks, it must be
understood that the list is for training development purposes to determine the tasks on which
craft will be trained.
Lists developed are not intended to be used by planners to determine qualifications used to
support task level of detail determinations. Instead, skills and knowledge items should be made
easily understandable to planners for use during planning. One possible method would be to
evaluate each step within a task in a deterministic manner, taking into account variables
addressed in Appendix B (“Work Instruction Technical Writing”) of EPRI report 3002000966,
Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance, which include the following:
• Complexity of task
• Frequency of task performance
• Consistency
• Risk and consequence of error
• Qualifications

Key Human Performance Point

Additional detail or controls may be appropriate for tasks that require no
training based on deterministic evaluation criteria that assess human
performance to reduce the risk to human error.

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 Skill of the Craft Determination

2.2.3 Gaps Between Craft Training and Actual Knowledge

One benefit of stations determining skill of the craft within their programs is the opportunity to
identify gaps between craft training and actual knowledge. Once gaps are identified, the gap
should be discussed with station training department and craft supervision for resolution. The
resolution may result in raising the level of detail above what should normally be required as an
interim measure to reduce the risk to human performance error in order to supplement the skills
and knowledge provided to the craft through the training program.

Key Human Performance Point

Raising the level of detail in work instructions may be an interim measure to
supplement craft personnel’s skills and knowledge to reduce the risk of
human performance error.

2.3 Skill of the Craft Determination for Supplemental Personnel

Contractors and temporary personnel who work independently at the station are held to the same
standards with regard to training. They must be qualified to perform the work. Although the
evaluation methodology may differ, the intent is to meet the standards used in considering the
individual “qualified.”
Work package planning should not differentiate between station and supplemental personnel.

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3
REFERENCES

3.1 Regulations and Regulatory Guidance

10CFR50 Appendix B, “Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel
Reprocessing Facilities.”
10CFR50.65, “Guidelines for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power
Plants.”
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear
Power Plants. USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.160, Revision 2, Washington, D.C., May 2000.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Qualification and Training of Personnel for Nuclear
Power Plants. USNRC Regulatory Guide 1.8, September 1975.

3.2 Implementing Standards

Administrative Controls and Quality Assurance for the Operational Phase of Nuclear Power
Plants. American National Standards Institute, 1976. ANSI N18.7/ANS 3.2.
American National Standard Selection and Training of Nuclear Power Plant Personnel.
American National Standards Institute, 1971. ANSI 3.1/18.1-1971.

3.3 Industry Guidance

Guidelines for the Conduct of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants. Atlanta: National Academy
for Nuclear Training, 2005. ACAD 05-004, Chapter VI.
Guidelines for the Conduct of Operations at Nuclear Power Stations. Atlanta: Institute of Nuclear
Power Operations, Atlanta, GA. May 2001. INPO 01-002.
Guidelines for the Conduct of Training and Qualification Activities. Atlanta: National Academy
for Nuclear Training. September 13, 2002. ACAD 02-004.
Guidelines for the On-the-Job Training and Evaluation. Atlanta: National Academy for Nuclear
Training. October 2011. ACAD 91-006.
Guidelines for Training and Qualification of Maintenance Personnel. Atlanta: National Academy
for Nuclear Training, 2008. ACAD 92-008.
Industry Guideline for Monitoring the Effectiveness of Maintenance at Nuclear Power Plants.
Nuclear Management and Resources Council (now the Nuclear Energy Institute), Revision 3,
July 2000. NUMARC 93-01.
Supplemental Personnel Process Description. Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, Atlanta,
GA, December 2009. INPO AP-930, Revision 2.

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References

Work Management Process Description. Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, Atlanta, GA,
November 2003. INPO AP-928, Revision 1.
Performance Objectives and Criteria, Institute of Nuclear Power Operations, Atlanta, GA.
INPO 12-013.
Work Package Planning Guide. The Nuclear Exchange, June 1999. NX-1017.

3.4 EPRI Technical Reports

Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Maintenance Work Package Planning Guidance.
EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2013. 3002000966.
Nuclear Maintenance Applications Center: Maintenance and Modification Work Planner
Training Program Description. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2013. 3002002195.

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A
LISTING OF KEY POINTS

A.1 Key Human Performance Points

Key Human Performance Point

Denotes information that requires personnel action or consideration in order
to prevent personal injury, equipment damage, and/or improve the efficiency
and effectiveness of the task.

Page Number Key Point

2-1 Skill of the craft is only one factor the planner should consider when
determining the appropriate level of detail of work plan instructions.

2-2 Additional detail or controls may be appropriate for tasks that require no
training based on deterministic evaluation criteria that assess human
performance to reduce the risk to human error.

2-3 Raising the level of detail in work instructions may be an interim

measure to supplement craft personnel’s skills and knowledge to reduce
the risk of human performance error.

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B
EVALUATION METHODS TO VALIDATE SKILLS

Planning methods should not differentiate between station and supplemental personnel.
Supplemental personnel who work independently at the station must be trained and qualified to
perform assigned tasks. They may be exempted from initial training and task performance
evaluation using the same method as for station personnel.
Where there is no station training program or no basis to determine skill of the craft
(that is, supplemental personnel performing tasks), one of the following methods should be
considered.

B.1 Skills Evaluation Methods

Should a supervisor determine that validation of a craftsperson’s level of skill be required, there
are several methodologies that can be used. Greater detail can be obtained from the station’s
training department.

B.1.1 Standardized Task Evaluation

EPRI’s standardized task evaluations (STEs) have been recognized as a method for validating a
standard level of ability. Although various methods exist to provide assurance that workers have
the necessary skills and knowledge to perform work, the end result must be objective, credible
evidence to show that they have been evaluated to meet station standards.
EPRI’s STEs can be used to determining whether a worker is proficient in the performance of a
specific task. The selected task evaluations that have been systematically developed through the
EPRI’s STE program are intended to support the needs of the nuclear power industry, other
electric power stations, and work force providers who supply the supplemental work force.
INPO’s ACAD 91-006, Revision 1, October 2011, “Guidelines for On-the-Job Training and
Evaluation,” acknowledges the use of STEs as one way to prove proficiency. Being able to
reference the standard to which workers have been evaluated allows stations to compare the
evaluation criteria to the requirements of their program.

B.1.2 Task Performance Evaluation

Task performance evaluation (TPE) is the typical process for awarding qualification. If a
craftsperson is awarded qualification through TPE, the same process can be repeated to validate
that the base level of skills required to attend training are present to perform the job function.

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 C
GUIDELINE POWERPOINT OVERVIEW

This appendix provides a brief presentation summarizing the purpose and content of this report.
An electronic version of this presentation (MS PowerPoint) is available at the Work Planners
Users Group Collaboration website.

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Guideline Powerpoint Overview

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 Guideline Powerpoint Overview

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Guideline Powerpoint Overview

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 Guideline Powerpoint Overview

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Guideline Powerpoint Overview

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