Unit One

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Physics 1st Secondary

Unit One

Physical quantities and measuring units

Chapter One

Physical Measurements
Measurement is the process of comparing an un known quantity with another
quantity of its kind to found how many times the first includes the second

What are the conditions needed for measurement

1-The physical quantity to be measured

2-The measuring tools

3-Units of measurement

Types of physical quantities

Fundamental quantity Derived quantity

Is the physical quantity that can’t be Is the physical quantity that can be defined
defined in terms of other quantity in terms of other quantities
Examples length, mass and time Examples velocity, acceleration and force

Units of measurement

The fundamental French system British system Metric system

quantity Gaussian system (international system)
Length Centimeter Foot Meter
Mass Gram Pound Kilogram
Time Second Second Second

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Some physical quantities and their units in international system

1- Electric current intensity its unit is Ampere

2-The temperature its unit is Kelvin

3-Amount of material its unit is Mole

4-Luminous intensity its unit is Candela

5-Angle its unit is radian

6-Solid angle its unit is steradian

Measuring tools analog balance vernier

From the measuring tools for

1-Length is ruler, tape meter and micrometer

2-Mass is beam balance, analog balance and digital balance micrometer

3-Time is clock ,stopwatch and digital watch

4-Density is hydrometer

Standard units digital watch beam balance

1-The standard length (meter) is the distance between two engraved marks at
the end of a rod made of platinum and iridium alloy kept at 0C

2- The standard mass (Kg) is the mass of a cylinder made of iridium and
platinum alloy of fixed dimensions kept at 0C
1
3-The standard time (second) is equal to of the average solar day
86400

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Dimensional formula

The general equation for the dimensional formula is M±a L±b T±c

Dimensional formula for some physical quantities

The Physical quantity Measuring Unit Dimensional Formula

Volume m3 L3
Density Kg/m3= Kg.m-3 M L-3
Acceleration m/s2= m.s-2 L T-2
Force Kg.m/s2= Kg.m.s-2 M L T-2
Velocity m/s L T-1
Momentum Kg.m/s M L T-1

Measuring Error

Reasons of measurement error

1-Choosing unsuitable tool

2-A defect in the measuring tool

3-Wrong procedure

4-Enviromental conditions

Types of measurement ( compare between them)

Point of comparison Direct measurement Indirect measurement

Number of processes One process More than one process
Calculations No mathematical relation Mathematical relation is used
is used
Measurement error One measuring error More than one measuring
error
Examples Measuring volume by Measuring volume by
using graduated multiplying length, width and
cylinder height

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The absolute error: is the difference between the actual value(X0) and the
measured value (X)

𝚫X = X0 - X

The relation error (r): is the ratio between the absolute error to the real value
∆𝐱
r=
𝐱

Solved Examples

1- A student measures the length of a book ,it was found to be 19.8 cm

but its actual length is 20 cm find the absolute error and the relative
error

𝚫X = X0 – X = 20 – 19.8 = 0.2 cm
∆𝑋 0.2
r= = = 0.01
𝑋 20

2-Calculate each of the relative error and the absolute error when
measuring the area of a rectangle that has length ( 7 ± 0.2 ) m and width
( 4 ± 0.1 ) m
0.2
Relative error of length r1 = = 0.029
7

0.1
Relative error of width r2 = = 0.025
4

Relative error of area r = r1 + r2 = 0.054

𝚫X = r x X0 = 0.054 x (7x4) = 1.512 (absolute error of area of rectangle)

The area of the rectangle = ( 28 ± 1.512 )

2-If Y = (10 ± 0.2) cm and X = (5 ± 0.1)

find each of a) X + Y b) 2X + Y c) X Y

a)X + Y = (5 ± 0.1) + (10 ± 0.2) = ( 15 ± 0.3 )

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 a)2X + Y = (10 ± 0.2) + (10 ± 0.2) = ( 20 ± 0.4 )
∆𝑥 0.1 ∆𝑌 0.2
b)rx = = = 0.02 ry = = = 0.02
𝑥 5 𝑌 10

r = rx + ry = 0.02 + 0.02 = 0.04

𝛥𝑋𝑌 ∆𝑋𝑌
r= → 0.04 = 𝚫XY = 50 x 0.04 = 2
𝑋𝑌 50

(50 ± 2)

Revision Ch 1

Q1 Write the scientific term

1-A physical quantity can’t be defined in terms of other physical quantity

2-Unit of measuring energy in the international unit

3-A system that uses foot for measuring length

4-The distance between two engraved marks on a rod made of iridium and
platinum alloy that kept at 0⁰C near Paris

5-The measurement that uses one tool

6-The difference between the actual value and the measured value

7-The mass of a cylinder of fixed dimensions made of iridium and platinum alloy
kept at 0⁰C

8-The ratio between the absolute error to the actual value

9-The dimensional formula of force

10-Unit of temperature in the international system

11-The process of comparing an un known quantity with another quantity of its

kind to found how many times the first includes the second

12-Unit of luminous intensity in metric system

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Q2 Choose the correct answer

1-From the basic physical quantity ( length – acceleration – force )

2-Unit of amount of material is ( Candela – mole – Kelvin )

3-Dimentional formula of area ( ML-2 – MLT-1 – L2 )

4-From the derived physical quantities ( mass – length – force )

5-A student measure a rod of wood it was 50.2 cm but its actual value is
50cm so the absolute error = ( 0.04 – 0.2 – 2 – 50 )

6-From the errors in physical measurements

( environmental conditions – personal error – all the previous )

7-From the derived quantities ( mass – time – force )

8-Density is measured directly by

(graduated cylinder – ammeter – hydrometer)

9- cm = -------------- micrometer ( 102 – 104 – 106 – 108 )

10- when measuring the volume of a liquid using a graduated cylinder

the absolute error was 0.6 cm3and the relative error was 1.2% ,so the
actual value of volume of the liquid is -------------- cm3
( 18 – 50 – 60 – 120 )

11- if the dimensional formula of a physical quantity A is M2LT-2 and the

dimensional formula of physical quantity B is M2LT-2 so the dimensional
formula of the quantity ( 4A – 2B ) is ------------

( M4L2T-4 – M-4L-2T4 – M2LT-2 – has no physical meaning)

12- A group of students measure the velocity of a moving body ,which of

these measurements is more accurate

( (350 ± 20 ) – ( 340 ± 15 ) – ( 335 ± 10 ) – ( 320 ± 10 ) )

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 Chapter Two

Vector and Scalar quantities

Vector quantity Scalar quantity

It is the physical quantity that can be It is the physical quantity that can be
defined by its magnitude and direction defined by its magnitude only
Examples displacement, velocity, force Examples distance ,time ,mass, speed
and acceleration and temperature

Compare between distance and displacement

Distance
It is the length of the path moved by
the object from a position to another
Or it is the actual length moved by
the object
It is a scalar quantity
Displacement
It is the length of the straight line in a
certain direction between the starting
point and end point
It is a vector quantity

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Graphical representation of vectors

1-Two vectors are considered equal if they have the same magnitude and direction
even if each has a different initial point

2-The magnitude of the vector ( A )is equal to that of vector ( –A )but having an
opposite direction What is the result if the vector is multiplied by –1

A A

B -A

A=B vector A = to vector – A in

magnitude but opposite in direction

The resultant force: is a single force that results in the same effect on an object
as that produced by the acting forces

The resultant force is given by the relation F2 = √𝑭𝒙² + 𝑭𝒚²

Solved problem

Find the resultant of two forces one of them (Fx = 4 N) while

the other ( Fy = 3 N ) and its direction

F2 = Fx2 + Fy2 = 16 + 9 = 25

F=5N
𝐹 3
tan 𝚹 = = 𝚹 = 36.87
𝐹 4

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Resolution of a vector

Resolving a vector is a reverse operation for the process of getting the resultant of
some vectors

Fx = F cos 𝚹 Fy = F sin 𝚹

Product of vectors

Scalar dot product Vector cross product

A . B = AB cos 𝚹 C = A ^ B = AB sin 𝚹 n

The result is a scalar quantity The result is a vector quantity

Right hand rule is used to know the direction of the resultant vector C

Solved problem

If the magnitude of two vectors A and B are 5 and 10 respectively if the angle
between them =60 Find the result of each a) A.B b) A ^ B

a) A . B = AB cos 𝚹 = 5 x 10 cos 60 = 25
b) A ^ B = AB sin𝚹 = 5 x 10 sin 60 = 43.3 n
c)
d) B

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Q1 Problems

1-Two perpendicular forces Fx , Fy act on an object where Fx = Fy = 80 N Find

a) the resultant of two forces b) the angle between their resultant

2-A and B are two vectors having an angle 120 between them where A = 3 units
and B = 5 units find their a) dot product b) cross product

3-A student measures the length of the door of the class he found that it is 250
cm the actual value = 225 cm calculate the absolute and relative error

4-Find the resultant force of two forces Fx = 11 N and Fy = 9 N and the angle
between the resultant and x-axis

5-If Y = (20 ± 0.2) m and X = (10 ± 0.1) m find each of

a) X+Y b) 2Y + X c) X Y

Q2 Write the scientific term

1-The physical quantity that known by its magnitude and direction

2-The shortest distance between the starting point and ending point

3-A single force that results in the same effect on an object as that produced by
the acting forces

4-The physical quantity that known by its magnitude only

5-The rule that used to know the direction of the resultant vector

6-The actual length moved by the object

7-The length of the straight line in a certain direction between starting point and
ending point

8-The mathematical relation used to calculate the resultant force

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Q3 Choose the correct answer

1-If Fx in X dimension is 8N while the other Fy in y- dimension the resultant force =

( 8 – 4 – 10 )

2-Scalar dot product of two vectors A and B ( AB cos𝚹 – AB sin𝚹 – AB sin𝚹 n)

3-The displacement of a body moves a distance 50m and return back to the same
starting point = ( 50m – 100m – zero )

4-The direction that represents the direction of the resultant vector C can be
defined by ( Ampere’s rule – right hand rule – left hand rule )

5-From the vector quantities ( mass – distance – force )

General revision on unit one

Q1: Choose the correct answer

1-The fundamental unit of measuring temperature in the international

system (SI) is------------------

a-degree b-Celsius c-Kelvin

2-The dimensional formula of the work is---------------

a-MT-1 b-MLT-1 c-ML2T2 d-MT-2

3-The dimensions of the general gravitational constant is------------

a-MLT-2 b-ML2T2 c-M-1L3T-2

4-A measure of 3.5 µ s =-------------------- m.s

a-3.5 × 10-3 b-35× 10-6 c-3.5 × 104

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5-The dimensional formula of the relative error in the measure of the
density of a metallic cube is---------------

a-ML-3T0 b-M0L0T0 c-MLT-1

6-The cross product of two vectors vanishes if the measure of the angle
between the two vectors 𝚹 =--------------

a-0⁰ b-45⁰ c-90⁰

𝟏
9- of a meter is called------------------
𝟏𝟎

a-kilometer b-centimeter c-millimeter

10-Micrometer is equal to---------------------millimeter

a-10-6 b-10-5 c-10-3 d-10-2

Problems

1-Calculate each of the relative error and the absolute error when measuring
the area of a rectangle of length (5+-0.2) m and width (6+-0.1) m

2-Knowing that the magnitude of the 2 vectors A and B are in order 5 N and
10 m and the angle between 2 vectors is 60⁰, then calculate the dot product
of these 2 vectors

3-Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of two perpendicular

forces F1= 3 N and F2 = 4 N

4-Two vectors A and B the angle between them is 180⁰ and the value of A is 3
units and value of B is 5 units. Find:

1-The dot product of them 2-The vector product of the

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Unit Two

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 Unit Two

Chapter One

Motion in a straight line

Motion is the change in the position of the object with respect to a fixed point as
the time passes

Types of motion

Transitional motion Periodic motion

Is the motion which has a starting point Is the motion that repeats itself over
and end point equal intervals of time
Example : motion in a straight line Example: motion in a circle and
and projectiles vibrational motion

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Velocity: is the displacement moved by the object in one second

Types of Velocity

1-Uniform Velocity: the moving object covers equal displacement in equal times

2-Non uniform Velocity: the moving object covers unequal displacements in

equal times

3-Instantaneous Velocity: is the velocity of the object at a certain instant

(graphically it is determined by the slope of the tangent at that instant)

4-Average Velocity: it is given by dividing the total displacement by the total

time (graphically it is determined by the slope of the straight line joining the
starting point to the end point)

Point of comparison Speed Velocity

Definition -The distance moved by the -The displacement covered
Object in one second By the object in one second
Its type -Scalar -Vector
Its sign -Always positive -Positive in one direction and
Negative in the opposite
direction

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Acceleration: is the change of velocity per unit time ,Or it is the rate of change in
velocity
∆𝑽
a=
∆𝒕

Its unit is m/s2

Its dimensional formula is L T2
It is a vector quantity
The acceleration may be positive if the velocity increases or it may be negative if
Acceleration is given from the relation
𝑽𝒇 − 𝑽𝒊
a=
∆𝒕

Revision Ch 1
Q1 Write the scientific term
1-The motion which have starting point and end point
2-The change in the position of the object with respect to a fixed point as the time
passes
3-The motion that repeats itself over equal intervals of time
4-The velocity of the object at a certain instant
5-The velocity that given by dividing the total displacement by the total time
6-The moving object covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time
7-The moving object covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time

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 Chapter Two

Motion with uniform acceleration

Equations of motion

1-Equation of (velocity – time)

𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
a=
𝑡

Vf – Vi = a t

Vf = V i + a t

2- Equation of (displacement – time)

𝑑
V=
𝑡

Vf + Vi
V=
t

𝑑 𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑖
=
𝑡 2
𝑑 (𝑉𝑖 +𝑎 𝑡)+ 𝑉𝑖 2 𝑉𝑖 +𝑎 𝑡 1
= = = Vi + at
𝑡 2 2 2

𝟏
d = Vi t + a t2
𝟐

Graphical prove of the second equation

Displacement = total area below the curve v

Displacement = area of rectangle + area of triangle

Area of rectangle = Vit vi

1 1 1
area of triangle = (Vf – Vi) t = (a t) t = a t2 t
2 2 2

𝟏
d = Vi t + a t2
𝟐

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 3-Equation of (displacement – velocity)

d=Vt
𝑉𝑓 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑓² − 𝑉𝑖²
d= 𝑥 =
2 𝑎 2𝑎

2ad = Vf2 - Vi2

Applications of motion at a uniform acceleration

1- Free fall

When a body falls freely its velocity increases by 9.8 m/s in each second
due to the gravitational force

The acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.8 m/s2 or = 10 m/s2

The equations used in this case are

Vf = V i + g t
𝟏
d = Vi t + gt2
𝟐

2 g t = V f 2 + Vi 2

Solved problem

A ball fell from the height 78.4 m above sea level find the velocity by which
the ball hit the ground if (g = 9.8 m/s2) and find also the time taken by the
ball to hit the ground

2 g d = Vf2 - Vi2

2 x 9.8 x 78.4 = Vf2 – 02 V = 39.2 m/s

Vf = V i + g t 39.2 = 0 + 9.8 x t t = 4 sec

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 Projectiles

a) Vertical projectiles

When an object is projected vertically up wards it is projected with initial

velocity V, but its final velocity Vf = 0

The acceleration due to gravity = - 9.8 m/s2

The time of rising = the time of falling

Solved problem

A body is projected vertically upwards with initial velocity 98 m/s calculate

the maximum height reached and the time taken to reach the ground (g =
9.8 m/s2)

Vf2 – Vi2 = 2 g d 02 – 982 = 2 x - 9.8 x d d = 490 m

Vf = Vi + g t 0 = 98 – 9.8 t t = 10 sec

Total time to reach the ground = 10 + 10 = 20 sec

b) Projectiles when projected at an angle (motion in two dimensions )

The initial velocity of a projectile at an angle 𝚹 in the dimension X is given by

Vix = Vi cos 𝚹

The initial velocity in Y dimension is given by Viy = Vi sin 𝚹

The velocity of the projectile at any instant is given by the V = √𝐕 𝟐 + 𝐕 𝟐

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 −𝐕𝐢𝐲
The time of reaching maximum height is given by t=
𝐠

− 𝟐 𝐕𝐢𝐲
The time till it return back to the plane of projection (flight time) T=2t =
𝐠

− 𝐕²𝐢𝐲
The maximum height reach by the projectile h=
𝟐𝐠

The range (horizontal distance reached by the projectile R = Vix T = 2 Vixt

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 Chapter Three

Force and Motion

Force is an external influence that change the state or direction of an object

Force is measured by spring balance in Newton

Newton’s first law (law of inertia)

States that a body keeps its state of rest or motion with uniform velocity in a
straight line unless acted by a resultant force

Mathematical relation of the first law 𝞢F=0

Inertia is the tendency of the body to keep its state of rest or motion with uniform
velocity in a straight line

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Momentum (PL) is the product of mass and velocity

It is vector quantity , its unit is kg.m/s

PL = m v

Newton’s second law states that when a resultant force acted on an object the
object acquires an acceleration which is directly proportional to the resultant force
and inversely proportional to its mass

OR it states that the resultant force acted on an object equals to the rate of
change in momentum

Prove of Newton’s Second law

∆𝑚𝑉 𝑚𝑉 −𝑚𝑉 𝑉 −𝑉 ∆𝑉
F= = =m =𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

F=ma

Unit of force is Newton that = Kg.m/s2

Newton is the force that acted on a body

of mass 1 kg accelerate it by 1 m/s2

Compare between mass and weight

Mass Weight
It is the resistance to change the It is the gravitational force of earth to the
object’s state mass of the object

It is constant It changes from place to another

It is scalar It is vector
It’s unit is kg It’s unit is Newton
𝑤 𝐹
m= = W=mg
𝑔 𝑎

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Newton’s third law states that:” For every

action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

The mathematical formula for third law F1 = -F2

Launching a rocket is based on Newton’s third law

If the same force acted on two different bodies the following relation is used

m1 a1 = m2 a2

No single force exists in the universe

Action and reaction are of the same type

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 Revision Ch 2 & 3
Q1 Write the scientific term
1-The tendency of an object to keep its state of rest or motion in straight line with
uniform velocity
2-An external influence that changes the state or direction of the object
3-The mathematical relation for the law of inertia
4-Abody keeps its state of rest or motion in straight line with uniform velocity
unless acted by external (resultant) forces
5-For every action there is a reaction equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
6-The uniform acceleration by which objects fall freely towards earth’s surface
7-When a resultant force on an object it acquires an acceleration which is directly
proportional to the resultant force and inversely proportional to its mass
8-The resistance of the object to change its state
9-The gravitational force of earth to the mass of the body
10-The force that acts on an object of mass 1kg accelerate it by 1m/s2

Q2 Problems

1-A car of mass 500kg starts from rest on a horizontal road under the acting force
of 300kg and subjected to a force of friction 50 N Find a) the resultant force acting
on the car b) the acceleration of the car
2-Two equal forces acted on two different bodies of masses 5kg and 1kg
respectively if the second body gain acceleration of 20m/s2
Find the acceleration gained by the first one
3-A motor cycle is launched at 25 m/s in a direction at an angle 30⁰ to the
horizontal a) What is the max. height reached by the motorcycle
b)Find the time of its flight
c) What is the horizontal range reached by the motorcycle
4-A stone fell from the roof of a tower if the stone reached the ground after 5
seconds .(g = 10m/s2) Find the tower height and the velocity just before it
touches the ground

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 General Revision on Unit 2

Q1: Choose the correct answer

1-The motion in straight line is considered as------------------motion

a) periodic b) translational c) vibrational d) wave

2-The mechanical energy of a free falling object of mass (m) and velocity (v) at half
its maximum height----------------

a) 1/2 mv2 b) 2 mv2 c) mv2 d) 1/4 mv2

3-An object moves with uniform velocity 5 m/s for one second, its acceleration
equals-------------------m/s2

a) 0 b) 1 c) -5 d) 5

4-In decelerating motion the ratio between the final velocity and the initial velocity
is--------------------

a) equal one b) less than one c) more than

one d) less than or equal one

5-The ratio between mass of the body on surface of Earth to mass of same body on
surface of Moon is----------------

a) 1 : 6 b) 6 : 1 c) 1 : 1

6-If the mass of an object is decreased to half and the acting force is doubled, so
the moving acceleration-----------------------------

a-decreases to half b-increases to double

c-increases four times d-remains constant

Q6: When does each of the following equal zero?

1-The acceleration of a moving object

2-The body mass on Moon

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3-The final velocity of a projected object = zero

4-A projectile reaches the greatest horizontal range

5-The linear acceleration of moving object

Q7:What happens when?

1-A driver of a fast moving car stops the car suddenly

2-The driver of a heavy fast moving car does not slow down round dangerous turns

3-A moving car covers unequal displacements in equal periods of time

4-A motorbike racer leans or swings his body right and left while driving

5-An object move with uniform velocity

6-Body projected upward with angle 90⁰ (concerning the range)

Q8: Mention a scientific principle for each of the following

1-The fan keeps moving for a while although it is turned off

Q9: Problems

1-A force of 100 N acting on an object of mass 10 kg and changed its velocity from
10 m/s to 20 m/s. Calculate the distance it moved during the change in its velocity

2-An object moves at velocity 162 km/hour and decelerates at 0.5 m/s2.Find:

a-The time it takes until it stops b-The displacement until it stops

3-A force of 100 N acts on a body of mass 10 kg to accelerate 6 m/s2.Find the

force of friction between the body and the surface

4-A body has a mass of 50 kg on Earth where the acceleration due to gravity = 9.8
m/s2. Find:

a-The body weight on Earth b-The body mass on Moon

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5-A crane pulls a car with a force 3000 N to accelerate it at 3 m/s2 Find the mass
and the weight of the car (g = 9.8 m/s2)

6-An airplane lands on the runway at velocity 162 km/hr and decelerates uniformly
at 0.5 m/s2. Find the time and displacement it takes till stops

7-A body is projected with velocity 20 m/s in a direction making an angle 30⁰ to the
horizontal. What is the maximum height reached? And find the time of its flight, if
g = 10 m/s2

8-A body moves according to the relation: d = 4 t find:

a-The initial velocity b-The acceleration

9-If a body moves according to the relation: vf = 4 √𝑑 + 16

Find: a-Acceleration of the body

b-The distance covered after 4 second from starting motion
10- A force of 100 N acts on an object to change its velocity from 10 m/s to 20
m/s after covering a distance 30m.Calculate:

a-The mass of the object b-The weight of the object (g = 10 m/s2)

11-A body of weight 98 N at rest is acted upon by a resultant force 6 N find the
velocity after 12 second (g = 9.8 m/s2)

12-Train moves with velocity 10 m/s and when the driver used the brakes the train
motion decelerates by 2 m/s2, find:

a-The time required to stop the train

b-The distance covered to stop the train

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