06| KvR, ¶gZv I kw³ ‡gvt kvn& Rvgvj

mnKvix Aa¨vcK (c`v_©weÁvb wefvM )

(Work, Energy And Power) we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR XvKv
‡dvb: 01670 856105, 9125630, 9115369
KvR (Work):
‡Kvb e¯‘i Dci ej cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hw` e¯‘i miY N‡U Z‡e ej I e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvs‡ki ¸bdj‡K KvR e‡j|

KvR‡K W Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| g‡b Kwi, †Kvb KYvi Dci GKwU aªæe ej F Gi wµqvq KYvwUi

e‡ji Awfgy‡L mij‡iLv eivei miY S n‡j KYvwUi Dci ejØviv K…Z KvR W  FS n‡e|
KvR GKwU Aw`K ivwk| Kv‡Ri GKK Ryj|

aªæe ej hw` KYvwUi miY S Gi  †KvY Drcbœ K‡i, Zvn‡j GB miY Kv‡j K…Z KvR
W  (F cos )S
ev, W  F(S cos ) A_©vr, KvR = ej × e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk

‡f±i iƒ‡c wjL‡j, W  F.S

om
Ryj: GK wbDUb ej cÖ‡qv‡M e¯‘ hw` e‡ji w`‡K GK wgUvi m‡i hvq Z‡e †h KvR nq Zv‡K GK Ryj KvR e‡j|

.c
24
e‡ji Øviv KvR (Work done by the force): hw` ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j e¯‘ e‡ji w`‡K m‡i hvq Z‡e ev e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi

bd
Dcvsk _v‡K Z‡e †mB ej Ges e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvs‡ki ¸b dj‡K abvZ¡K KvR ev e‡ji Øviv KvR e‡j|

|e
  
e¨vL¨v: W  F.S  FS cos  mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, cos  abvZ¡K n‡j W abvZ¡K nq| ej F Ges miY S Gi
AšÍ©fy³ †KvY  Gi gvb 90º Gi Kg n‡j A_©vr 0    90 n‡j cos  abvZ¥K nq, ZLb e‡ji w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk
_v‡K; d‡j e‡ji Øviv KvR ev abvZ¥K KvR nq| al
m
Ja

D`vniY: GKwU e¯‘ Dci †_‡K gvwU‡Z †d‡j w`‡j e¯‘wU AwfKl© e‡ji cÖfv‡e gvwU‡Z co‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖhy³ ej Z_v e¯‘i
 
ah

IRb mg Ges S GKB w`‡K A_©vr wb‡Pi w`‡K nq, d‡j e¯‘i Dci AwfKl© ej Øviv KvR n‡q‡Q ev abvZ¥K KvR n‡q‡Q
eySvq|
Sh

e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR (Work done against the force): hw` ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j e¯‘ e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K m‡i hvq Z‡e ev
d

e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K Z‡e †mB ej Ges e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K mi‡Yi Dcvs‡ki ¸b dj‡K FbvZ¡K KvR
M

ev e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR e‡j|

r
so

  
e¨vL¨v: W  F.S  FS cos  mgxKiY †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, cos  FbvZ¡K n‡j W FbvZ¡K nq| ej F Ges miY S Gi
es

AšÍ©fy³ †KvY  Gi gvb 90º Gi ‡ekx n‡j A_©vr 90 0    180 0 n‡j cos  FbvZ¥K nq, ZLb e‡ji wecixZ w`‡K
of

mi‡Yi Dcvsk _v‡K; d‡j e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR ev FbvZ¥K KvR nq|
Pr


D`vniY: GKwU e¯‘ gvwU †_‡K Dc‡i DVv‡bv nj| Zvn‡j e¯‘i Dci AwfKl© ej Z_v e¯‘i IRb mg Lvov wb‡Pi w`‡K

Ges S Lvov Dci w`‡K wµqv K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î AwfKl© ej I miY wecixZ gyLx nIqvq AwfKl© e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR n‡q‡Q ev
FbvZ¥K KvR n‡q‡Q eySvq|

cwieZ©x ej Øviv K…Z Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv (GKgvwÎK †ÿ‡Î):

aivhvK, †Kvb e¯‘i Dci X Aÿ eivei F ej wµqv Ki‡Q| Zvn‡j e¯‘i miY n‡e x Aÿ eivei| aivhvK, GB
ej aªæe bq Ges Gi gvb mi‡Yi Dci wbf©ikxj A_©vr F, x Gi Av‡cÿK ev F(x)| GLb ej ebvg †jLwPÎ wbgœiƒc n‡e,
†hLv‡b X A‡ÿi w`‡K miY x I Y A‡ÿi w`‡K ej F †`Lvb n‡q‡Q|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 2

aivhvK, †Kvb e¯‘i Dci F(x) ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j nq x1 †_‡K x2| GLb GB miY‡K x ˆ`‡N©¨i ÿz`ª ÿy`ª As‡k fvM Kwi|
g‡b Kwi fvM msL¨v N (wPÎ-1)| e¯‘ x1 Ae¯’vb †_‡K x1+x Ae¯’v‡b A_©vr x ÿz`ª mi‡Yi Rb¨ ej cÖvq aªæeK we‡ePbv
Kiv hvq| g‡bKwi GB aªæe ej F1| Zvn‡j GB As‡k K…Z KvR,
W1=F1x
Avevi x1+x †_‡K x1+2x Ae¯’v‡b miv‡Z A_©vr x mi‡Yi Rb¨ aªæe ej F2 n‡j G‡ÿ‡Î K…Z KvR,

om
W2=F2x
Gfv‡e, cieZ©x x mi‡Yi Rb¨ aªæe ej F3 n‡j G‡ÿ‡Î K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb,

.c
W3=F3x

24
GLb e¯‘‡K x1 Ae¯’vb †_‡K x2 Ae¯’v‡b miv‡Z †gvU K…Z KvR n‡e G ai‡bi N msL¨K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Kv‡Ri mgwói mgvb|

bd
†gvU KvR W n‡j,
W = W1+W2+W3+.........................+WN

|e
= F1x + F2x + F3x +......................... +FNx
N
  F x
i al
m
i 1
GLb Kv‡Ri mwVK gvb †c‡Z n‡j x1 †_‡K x2 ch©šÍ miY‡K AmsL¨ ÿy`ª ÿz`ª As‡k fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| (wPÎ-2) A_©vr hLb
Ja

x  0 Ges fvMmsL¨v N   n‡e ZLb K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb n‡e,

ah

N
W  lim  F x
x  0 i
Sh

i 1
x2
 lim F( x )dx K¨vjKzjv‡mi fvlvq
d

x  0 
M

x1
Ges GB K…Z KvR n‡e ej ebvg miY †jLwPÎ Øviv X A‡ÿi mv‡_ Ave× †ÿ‡Îi †ÿÎd‡ji mgvb hv wPÎ-3 G Qvqv hy³
r

AÂj Øviv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz GLv‡b ej I mi‡Yi AšÍ©fy³ ‡KvY 0º ZvB, †jLv hvq,
so

x2
es

W   Fdx cos 0
x1
of

x2  
  F . dx [µm ¸Y‡Yi wbqgvbymv‡i]
Pr

x1
GwUB GKgvwÎK †ÿ‡Î cwieZ©x ej Øviv K…Z Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv|

w¯cÖs ej Øviv m¤úvw`Z KvR (Work done by the spring force)t

w¯cÖs ej Øviv m¤úvw`Z KvR GK gvwÎK Kv‡Ri GKwU cÖK…ó D`vniY| GKwU w¯cÖs‡K †U‡b cÖmvwiZ Ki‡j ev †P‡c
msKzwPZ Ki‡j w¯cÖs Gi Af¨šÍ‡i cÖwZµqv e‡ji m„wó nq| G cÖwZwµqv ej‡K w¯cÖs ej e‡j| w¯cÖs ej Fs, w¯cÖs Gi
cÖmviY ev ms‡KvPb x Gi mgvbycvwZK I wecixZgyLx A_©vr F  - x
s
 F  - k x GLv‡b k GKwU aªæeK| G‡K w¯cÖs aªæeK e‡j|
s

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 3
GLb w¯cÖs F  -k x ej Øviv K…Z KvR wn‡me Kiv hvK| aiv hvK, w¯cÖs e‡ji wµqvq GKwU e¯‘‡K x0 Ae¯’vb †_‡K x
s
Ae¯’v‡b Avbv nj| w¯cÖs e‡ji wµqvq e¯‘‡K dx cwigvb miv‡Z K…Z KvR,
dW  F dx
s
 dW   kx dx
AZGe e¯‘‡K x0 Ae¯’vb †_‡K x Ae¯’v‡b wb‡Z †gvU KvR
x
W    kx dx
x
0

x
x2 
 W  k  

om
 2 
x
0

.c
1 1
 W  k  x 2  x 2  GUvB wb‡Y©q Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv| hw`, x0= 0 nq Z‡e, W   kx 2 | w¯cÖs msKzwPZ ev cÖmvwiZ hvB

24
2  0  2
1
†nvK A_©vr x abvZ¡K ev FbvZ¡K hvB †nvK bv †Kb Gi eM© me©`v abvZ¡K| d‡j mgxKiY W   kx 2 †_‡K ejv hvq,

bd
2
w¯cÖs ej Øviv KvR me©`v FbvZ¡K n‡e|

|e
GKwU w¯cÖs –Gi ms‡KvPb ev cÖmvi‡Yi Rb¨ mwÂZ wefe kw³i ivwkgvjvt
al
g‡b Kwi, GK cÖv‡šÍ `„pfv‡e Ave× GKwU w¯cÖs Gi gy³ cÖv‡šÍ m f‡ii GKwU
m
e¯‘ AvUKvb Av‡Q| e¯‘wU GKwU Nl©Y wenxb Z‡ji Dci PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Ja

Avgiv Rvwb, w¯cÖs‡K Uvb Uvb Ki‡Z w¯cÖs e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
w¯cÖs e‡ji weiæ‡× K…Z GB KvRB w¯cÖs G wefe kw³ wnmv‡e weivR K‡i|
ah

w¯cÖswU‡K hLb Zvi wkw_j Ae¯’v x=0 †_‡K x=x Ae¯’v‡b Uvb Uvb Kiv nq,
ZLb e¯‘wUi Dci cÖhy³ w¯cÖs Gi ej Fs=  kx| GLb e¯‘wU‡K x `~iZ¡
Sh

miv‡Z Zvi Dci Gi mgvb I wecixZgyLx F=ks ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| GB ej Øviv K…Z KvRB n‡e e¯‘wUi
mwÂZ wefe kw³|
d
M

x
wefe kw³ U   Fdx
r

0
so

x
ev, U   kx dx
es

0
x
of

ev, U  k  x dx
Pr

0
x
 x2 
ev, U  k  
 2 0
1
 U  kx 2 BnvB wefe kw³i ivwkgvjv|
2

gnvKl© ej Øviv KvR (Work done by the gravitational force) t

g‡b Kwi, O we›`y‡Z GKwU e¯‘ Av‡Q| e¯‘i fi M| O we›`y n‡Z r `~‡i A we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z m f‡ii e¯‘i Dci wµqvkxj
GMm
ej n‡e, F  GLv‡b,
r2
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 4
G -†K gnvKl© aªæeK e‡j| GB ej AO eivei wµqv Ki‡e| GLb AO Gi ms‡hvM ‡iLvi Dci A †_‡K dr ÿz`ª `~i‡Z¡ B
we›`yi Ae¯’vb we‡ePbv Kiv hvK| Wvb cv‡k¦©i wP‡Î AB = dr LyeB ÿz`ª e‡j AB -Gi Gi me©Î gnvKl© e‡ji gvb mgvb
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq| myZivs A we›`y †_‡K B we›`y‡Z m f‡ii e¯‘‡K Avb‡Z m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb,
dW  Fdr
GMm
 dW  dr GLb e¯‘wU‡K ra Ae¯’vb †_‡K rb Ae¯’v‡b miv‡Z m¤úvw`Z
r2
r
b
†gvU KvR, W   dW
r
a

r
b GMm
W  dr

om
r r2
a

.c
r
b
 W  GMm  r  2 dr

24
r

bd
a
rb
 r 21 

|e
 W  GMm  
  1  ra
1 1
 W  GMm    al
m
 rb ra 
Ja

1 1
 W  GMm    BnvB wb‡Y©q Kv‡Ri ivwkgvjv|
 ra rb 
ah

kw³ (Energy) t
‡Kvb e¯‘ ev e¨e¯’vi KvR Kivi mvg_©‡K kw³ e‡j| KvR I kw³i cwigvc, GKK I gvÎv GKB| kw³i GKK Ryj, kw³i
Sh

gvÎv [ML2T-2]| Ae¯’v †f‡` gnvwe‡k¦ kw³ wewfbœ iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i, †hgbt hvwš¿K kw³, Zvc kw³, kã kw³, we`¨yr kw³,
Pz¤^K kw³, Av‡jvK kw³, cvigvYyweK kw³ BZ¨vw`|
d
M

hvwš¿K kw³ (Mechanical Energy) t

r
so

‡Kvb e¯‘ ev e¨e¯’vi ‡fŠZ Ae¯’v‡bi (w¯’wZ ev MwZ) Rb¨ GUv KvR Kivi †h mvg_© AR©b K‡i, Zv‡K hvwš¿K kw³ e‡j|
hvwš¿K kw³ 2 cÖKvit 1| wefe kw³ (Potential Energy) 2| MwZ kw³ (Kinetic Energy)
es
of

wefe kw³ (Potential Energy) t

Pr

cvwicvwk©¦‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ w¯’i _vKvi d‡j †Kvb e¯‘ ev e¨e¯’v KvR Kivi †h mvg_© AR©b K‡i ev
kw³ mÂq K‡i, Zv‡K wefe kw³ ev w¯’wZkw³ e‡j|

wefe kw³i cwigvc (Measurement of Potential Energy) t

†Kvb e¯‘‡K GK w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’v †_‡K Ab¨ w¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vq wb‡Z †h cwigvb KvR m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K H e¯‘i wefe kw³ e‡j| g‡b Kwi, m f‡ii e¯‘ f~ -c„ô n‡Z h D”PZvq
†Kvb we›`y B †Z Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q| Gi wefe U kw³ wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 5
e¯‘wU‡K f~wg n‡Z h D”PZvq Zzj‡Z Gi Dci wµqviZ AwfKl© ej F= e¯‘i IRb = mg Gi weiæ‡× †h cwigvb
KvR Ki‡Z nq, ZvBB B we›`yi wefe kw³i cwigvb wb‡`©k Ki‡e| AZGe, U = ej × miY = mgh | GLv‡b fi m aªæe
ivwk Ges †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b g aªæe  wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b, U  aª æeK  h  Uh A_©vr wefe kw³ D”PZvi mgvbycvwZK|

MwZkw³ (Kinetic Energy) t

cvwicvwk©¦‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ MwZkxj _vKvi d‡j †Kvb e¯‘ ev e¨e¯’v KvR Kivi †h mvg_© AR©b K‡i, Zv‡K MwZ kw³ e‡j|

MwZkw³i cwigvc (Measurement of Kinetic Energy) t

g‡b Kwi m f‡ii †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘i Dci GKwU aªæe ej F wµqv Kivq e¯‘wU v †eM cÖvß nj| Gi MwZ kw³ K wbY©q Ki‡Z
n‡e| e¯‘wU‡K v †eM w`‡Z F e‡ji Øviv m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri cwigvbB Gi MwZkw³i cwigvb wb‡`©k Ki‡e| GLb, F e‡ji
wµqvq e¯‘wU‡K dx ÿz`ªvwZÿz`ª `~iZ¡ miv‡Z K…ZKvR,

om
dW  Fdx
 F  ma 

.c
 dW  ma dx

24
dv  dv 
 dW  m dx
dt  dt  a 

bd
dx
 dW  m dv

|e
dt
 dx 
 dW  mvdv  dt  v 
al
m
AZGe e¯‘wU‡K †eM v = 0 n‡Z v = v †eM w`‡Z †gvU K…Z KvR A_©vr MwZkw³
Ja

W
K   dW
0
ah

v
 K   mvdv
0
Sh

v
 v2 
 K  m 
d

 2 
M

1
 K  mv 2 e¯‘i fi m GKUv aªæeK Kv‡RB
r
so

2
K  aª æeK  v 2
es

 K v 2 A_©vr, wbw`©ó f‡ii †Kvb e¯‘i MwZkw³ Gi †e‡Mi e‡M©i mgvbycvwZK|

of

MwZ kw³i mv‡_ fi‡e‡Mi m¤úK© (Relation with Kinetic Energy and Momentum) t
Pr

1
MwZkw³, K  mv 2
2
1 m
 K  mv 2  [ni I je‡K m Øviv ¸b]
2 m
1 m 2v2
K
2 m
p2
K  [mv = fi‡eM p] BnvB MwZkw³ I fi‡e‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úK©h³
y mgxKiY|
2m

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 6
msiÿbkxj ej (Conservative force) t
†Kvb e‡ji Øviv GKwU e¯‘‡K c~Y© P‡µ cwiågb Kiv‡Z K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb k~b¨ n‡j, H ej‡K msiÿbkxj ej e‡j|
AwfKl© ej GKwU msiÿbkxj ej| GKwU e¯‘‡K Lvov Dci w`‡K wb‡ÿc Ki‡j GUv wKQy mgq ci f~-c„‡ô wd‡i Av‡m|
e¯‘wU Dc‡ii MwZi Rb¨ AwfKl© e‡ji weiæ‡× †h cwigvb KvR m¤úvw`Z nq, Zv cZb Kv‡j AwfKl© e‡ji Øviv K…ZKv‡Ri
mgvb nq| e¯‘i GB PµvKvi åg‡bi Rb¨ †gvU K…Z KvR k~b¨ nq|

AwfKl© ej GKwU msiÿbkxj ej t

Avgiv hw` GKwU e¯‘‡K AwfK‡l©i weiæ‡× Lvov Dc‡ii w`‡K wb‡ÿc Kwi, Z‡e GwU cybivq Avgv‡`i nv‡Z wd‡i Avm‡e|
G ‡ÿ‡Î e¯‘wU nvZ †_‡K wbwÿß n‡q cybivq nv‡Z wd‡i Avmv GB c~Y© P‡µ KYvwUi
Dci AwfKl© e‡ji m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb k~b¨| m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘‡K f‚c„‡ôi
A we›`y †_‡K h D”PZvq B we›`y‡Z DVv‡j AwfKl© e‡ji Rb¨ K…Z KvR FbvZ¥K nq|

om
e¯‘wU‡K †h c‡_B (Wvb cv‡k¦©i wPÎ) DVv‡bv †nvK bv †Kb mKj †ÿ‡ÎB GB Kv‡Ri
cwigvb nq mgh| AZGe AwfKl© ej Øviv m¤úbœ Kv‡Ri cwigvb †Kej we›`y `ywUi

.c
Ae¯’v‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj-KYvwUi MwZc‡_i Dci bq| ZvB AwfKl© ej GKwU

24
msiÿbkxj ej| Z`ªæc Zwor ej, †PŠ¤^K ej, GKwU Av`k© w¯úªs- Gi ej cÖf…wZ

bd
msiÿbkxj ej|

|e
Amsiÿbkxj ej (Non-conservative force) t
†Kvb e‡ji Øviv GKwU e¯‘‡K c~Y© P‡µ cwiågb Kiv‡Z K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb k~b¨ bv n‡j, H ej‡K Amsiÿbkxj ej e‡j|
al
Nl©Y ej GKwU Amsiÿbkxj ej| mvB‡K¬vUªb h‡š¿ †h Z¡viK ej KvR K‡i, Zv Amsiÿbkxj ej|
m
Ja

Nl©Y ej GKwU Amsiÿbkxj ej t

g‡bKwi, GKwU e¯‘‡K †Kvb Agm„b Z‡ji Dci w`‡q ACB c‡_ A Ae¯’vb †_‡K B Ae¯’v‡b Ges c‡i BDA c‡_ B Ae¯’vb
ah

†_‡K cybivq A Ae¯’v‡b Avbv nj| MwZ c‡_ GKwU ÿz`ª miY dx Ges G miY
Sh

Mo Nl©Y ej F Gi wecixZ w`‡K NU‡Q|

 ACB c‡_ Pjvi Rb¨ Nl©Y e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR   Fdx
d

 ACB c‡_ A n‡Z B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡Z e‡ji weiæ‡× KvR W1    Fdx

M

Gi ci hw` e¯‘wU‡K cyYivq BDA c‡_ A we›`y‡Z Avbv nq, Z‡e G †ÿ‡ÎI Nl©Y ej e¯‘i wecixZ w`‡K wµqv Ki‡e|
r
so

Kv‡RB K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb, W2    Fdx

es

 e¯‘wU A we›`y n‡Z B we›`y‡Z Ges B we›`y n‡Z A we›`y‡Z hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ Nl©Y e‡ji weiæ‡× †gvU KvR,
of

W  W1  W2    Fdx   Fdx  0 Kv‡RB Nl©Y ej GKwU Amsiÿbkxj ej|

Pr

c d

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 7
msiÿbkxj ej I Amsiÿbkxj e‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
µwgK msiÿbkxj ej Amsiÿbkxj ej
†Kvb e‡ji Øviv GKwU e¯‘‡K c~Y© P‡µ cwiågb †Kvb e‡ji Øviv GKwU e¯‘‡K c~Y© P‡µ cwiågb
1 Kiv‡Z K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb k~b¨ n‡j, H ej‡K Kiv‡Z K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvb k~b¨ bv n‡j, H ej‡K
msiÿbkxj ej e‡j| msiÿbkxj ej e‡j|
msiÿbkxj ej wµqviZ _vK‡j hvwš¿K kw³i Amsiÿbkxj ej wµqviZ _vK‡j hvwš¿K kw³i
2
msiÿb m~Î Lv‡U| msiÿb m~Î Lv‡U bv|
GB e‡ji Øviv K…Z KvR c‡_i cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i GB e‡ji Øviv K…Z KvR c‡_i cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i
3
K‡i bv| K‡i|
4 GB e‡ji Øviv K…Z KvR c~biæ×vi Kiv m¤¢e| GB e‡ji Øviv K…Z KvR c~biæ×vi Kiv m¤¢e bq|
5 GB ej Kvh©iZ _vK‡j kw³i AcPq N‡Ubv| GB ej Kvh©iZ _vK‡j kw³i AcPq N‡U|

om
.c
KvRkw³ Dccv`¨ (Work-Energy theorem) t

24
MwZkxj e¯‘i Dci cÖhy³ ej Øviv K…Z KvR e¯‘i MwZkw³i cwieZ©‡bi mgvb|

bd
aªæe e‡ji Rb¨ cÖwZcv`b: awi v0 †e‡M MwZkxj m f‡ii †Kvb e¯‘i Dci F aªæe ej wµqv K‡i| Gi d‡j †eM e¯‘wUi nq

|e
v Ges H mg‡q e¯‘wUi e‡ji w`‡K x `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i|
myZivs ej Øviv K…ZKvR, W=Fx
al
GB ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j e¯‘i aªæe Z¡iY a n‡j, wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq m~Îvbyhvqx, F=ma
m
 W=max
wKš‘ MwZi mgxKiY †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb,
Ja

v 2  v 2  2ax
ah

0
2
v  v2  2ax
Sh

v2  v2
0
 ax 
d

2
M

v v 
2 2
 
r

myZivs, W  m 0
so


 2 
 
es

1 1 1 1
 W  mv 2  mv02 wKš‘ mv02 n‡”Q e¯‘i Avw` MwZkw³ K0 Ges mv 2 n‡”Q e¯‘i †kl MwZkw³ K |
of

2 2 2 2
 W  K  K 0  K
Pr

A_©vrej Øviv K…Z KvR = e¯‘i MwZkw³ cwieZ©b|

cwieZ©bkxj e‡ji Rb¨ cÖwZcv`b: aiv hvK, †KvY KYvi Dci cwieZ©bkxj ej wµqv Ki‡Q| e‡ji gvb cwieZ©bkxj
n‡jI Gi w`K AcwieZ©bkxj| †m †ÿ‡Î KYvwUi mi‡Yi AwfgyL e‡ji w`‡KB n‡e| aiv hvK, KYvwU x- Aÿ eivei
x
MwZkxj| GLb KYvwU‡K x0 Ae¯’vb †_‡K x Ae¯’v‡b miv‡Z cÖhy³ ej Øviv K…Z Kv‡Ri cwigvY, W   Fdx
x0

dv dv dx dv dv
wKš‘ wbDU‡bi MwZi wØZxq †_‡K Avgiv Rvwb, F=ma Avevi, a   .  .v  v
dt dx dt dx dx

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 8
x x v v 2 v
dv v  1 1
 m¤úvw`Z KvR, W   madx   mv dx   mvdv m  vdv m    mv 2  mv02
x0 x0
dx v0 v0  2  v0 2 2
1 2 1
wKš‘ mv0 n‡”Q e¯‘i Avw` MwZkw³ K0 Ges mv 2 n‡”Q e¯‘i †kl MwZkw³ K |
2 2

 W  K  K 0  K
A_©vrcwieZ©bkxj ej Øviv K…Z KvR = e¯‘i MwZkw³i cwieZ©b|

MwZkw³ I wefe kw³i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨t

µwgK MwZkw³ wefe kw³
cvwicvwk©¦‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ MwZkxj _vKvi d‡j †Kvb cvwicvwk©¦‡Ki mv‡c‡ÿ w¯’i _vKvi d‡j †Kvb e¯‘ ev

om
1 e¯‘ ev e¨e¯’v KvR Kivi †h mg_© AR©b K‡i, Zv‡K e¨e¯’v KvR Kivi †h mg_© AR©b K‡i ev kw³ mÂq
MwZ kw³ e‡j| K‡i, Zv‡K wefe kw³ e‡j| G‡K w¯’wZ kw³I e‡j|

.c
24
1
2 m f‡ii e¯‘i †eMv n‡j Gi MwZ kw³  mv 2 m f‡ii e¯‘ h D”PZvq _vK‡j Gi wefe kw³ = mgh
2

bd
e¯‘i Ae¯’v ev Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b bv n‡j wefe kw³
3 e¯‘i †eM bv _vK‡j MwZkw³ _v‡K bv|
_v‡K bv|

|e
4 MwZ kw³ †K K Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| wefe kw³ †K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î (Conservation law of energy) t al
m
kw³i m„wó ev webvk †bB, kw³ †Kej GK iƒc †_‡K Aci GK ev ev GKvwaK iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| gnvwe‡k¦i †gvU
Ja

kw³i cwigvb wbw`©ó I AcwieZ©bxq|

e¨vL¨vt kw³i aŸskI ‡bB m„wóI ‡bB, Av‡Q ïay cwieZ©b| †hgb wnUv‡i we`¨yr kw³ Zvc kw³‡Z, ev‡j¦ we`¨yr kw³
ah

Av‡jvK I Zvc kw³‡Z d¨v‡b we`¨yr kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq|
hvwš¿K kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î (Mechanical Conservation law of Energy) t
Sh

‡Kvb e¨e¯’vq †Kej msiÿbkxj ej wµqv Ki‡j e¨e¯’vi MwZ kw³ I wefe kw³i †hvMdj me©`v aªæe _v‡K| A_©vr,
MwZkw³ + wefe kw³ = aªæeK
d
M

cošÍ e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î hvwš¿K kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î (Conservation law of energy in case of falling body)t
g‡b Kwi, m f‡ii GKwU e¯‘KYv f~-c„‡ôi A Ae¯’vb n‡Z B Ae¯’v‡b Avbv nj| B we›`y‡Z e¯‘wU
r
so

w¯’i Ae¯’vq _v‡K e‡j Gi †Kvb MwZkw³ _v‡K bv| B we›`y‡Z MwZkw³ = 0
B we›`yi wefe kw³ = mgh
es

B we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ EB = MwZkw³ + wefe kw³

of

 EB = 0 + mgh
Pr

EB = mgh
GLb aiv hvK, e¯‘wU B we›`y n‡Z Aev‡a cwZZ n‡jv Ges wKQy mgq ci x `yiZ¡ AwZµg K‡i C we›`y‡Z †cŠwQj
Ges v †eM cÖvß n‡jv| Zvn‡j cošÍ e¯‘i MwZi mgxKiY Abymv‡i cvB,
v2= o+2gx
v2= 2gx
1
C we›`y‡Z e¯‘i MwZkw³ K c  mv 2
2
1
 K c  m  2gx
2
 K c  mgx

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 9
f~-c„ô n‡Z C we›`yi D”PZv (h  x) ;
Kv‡RB C we›`y‡Z e¯‘i wefe kw³ U c  mg (h  x )
 U c  mgh  mgx
C we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ EC = MwZkw³ + wefe kw³ = KC+UC
 Ec=mgx + mgh - mgx = mgh A_©vr, B we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ EB = C we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ EC
e¯‘wU f~-c„‡ô cwZZ n‡j GB kw³ kã, Zvc I Ab¨vb¨ kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Abyiƒc fv‡e †`Lv‡bv hvq †h, f‚wg ¯úk©
Kivi gyn~‡Z© A we›`y‡Z †gvU kw³ EA= mgh myZivs AwfK‡l©i cÖfv‡e gy³fv‡e cošÍ e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î me mgq wefe kw³ I
MwZ kw³i mgwó mgvb _v‡K|A_©vr cošÍ e¯‘i †ÿ‡Î kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î cÖgvwYZ nj|

mij ‡`vj‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³i wbZ¨Zvi m~‡Îi cÖgvY (Conservation law of energy in case of simple pendulum)t

om
aiv hvK, OA GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki mvg¨ve¯’vb| e‡ei fi m| GwU `yj‡Z `yj‡Z †Kvb GK mgq m‡e©v”P we›`y
C-‡Z †cuŠwQ‡j ÿwb‡Ki Rb¨ w¯’i n‡e| C we›`y, e‡ei mvg¨ve¯’vb A n‡Z AN D”PZvq Aew¯’Z|

.c
C we›`y‡Z mg¯Í kw³ wefe kw³|

24
C we›`y‡Z wefe kw³ EP = mg ×AN
Ges C we›`y‡Z MwZ kw³ EK = 0

bd
C we›`y‡Z ‡gvU kw³ EP +EK = mg ×AN + 0
C we›`y‡Z ‡gvU kw³ = mg ×AN

|e
‡`vjKwU †Kvb GK mgq B we›`y‡Z †cŠQ‡e| B we›`y‡Z e‡ei wefe kw³ I
MwZkw³ DfqB _vK‡e|
al
m
B we›`y‡Z wefe kw³ EP = mg ×AM
Ja

1
B we›`y‡Z MwZ kw³ E K  m(u 2  2gh )
2
ah

1
 E K  m(0 2  2gh )
2
Sh

1
 E K  m  2gh
2
d

 E K  mgh
M

 E K  mg  NM [GLv‡ b, h  NM ]
r

 EK  mg(AN AM)
so

B we›`y‡Z ‡gvU kw³ = EP +EK = mg ×AM+ mg (AN  AM)

es

= mg ×AM+ mg ×AN  mg × AM
= mg ×AN = C we›`y‡Z ‡gvU kw³, Gfv‡e †`Lvb hvq †h, e‡ei MwZ c‡_i me©Î †gvU kw³
of

aªæeK| AZGe, mij †`vj‡Ki †ÿ‡Î kw³i wbZ¨Zv m~Î cÖgvwYZ nj|
Pr

ÿgZv (Power) t
†Kvb e¨vw³ ev h‡š¿i KvR Kivi nvi‡K ÿgZv e‡j| ÿgZv‡K P Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| t mg‡q W KvR Ki‡j ÿgZv
W
P n‡e| ÿgZvi GKK IqvU| ÿZvi gvÎv [ML2 T 3 ]
t

IqvU (Watt) t
1 †m‡K‡Û 1 Ryj KvR Kivi ÿgZv‡K GK IqvU ÿgZv e‡j| IqvU †K W Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| IqvU = Ryj/ †m‡KÛ|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 06| KvR, kw³ I ¶gZv (Work, Energy And Power) 10
Ak¦ÿgZv (H.P) t
1 †m‡K‡Û 550 dzU cvDÛ KvR Kivi ÿgZ‡K 1 Ak¦ÿgZv e‡j| 1 Ak¦ÿgZv = 550 dzU-cvDÛ/†m‡KÛ| IqvU Gi mv‡_
Gi m¤úK© nj, 1 Ak¦ÿgZv = 746 IqvU|
1 H.P  550ft lb / s
 1 H.P  550  30.48  10 -2 m  0.4536Kg / s
 1 H.P  550  30.48  10 -2  0.4536 kg m / s
 1 H.P  550  30.48  10 -2  0.4536  g Ryj / † m‡ KÛ
 1 H.P  550  30.48  10 -2  0.4536  9.81 Watt
 1 Ak¦ÿgZv = 746 IqvU|
Kg©`ÿZv (Efficiency) t

om
‡Kvb hš¿ †_‡K cÖvß †gvU Kvh©Ki kw³ I h‡š¿ cÖ`Ë †gvU kw³i AbycvZ‡K H h‡›`ªi Kg©`ÿZv e‡j| Kg©`ÿZv‡K  Øviv
† gvU Kvh Ki kw³ † gvU Kvh Ki kw³
cÖKvk Kiv nq| Kg©`ÿZv,   kZKivq cÖKvk Ki‡j,    100 %

.c
† gvU cÖ`Ë kw³ † gvU cÖ`Ë kw³

24
‡Kvb h‡š¿i Kvh©Ki ÿgZv 50% ej‡Z eywS †h, hw` H h‡š¿ 100 Ryj kw³ †`Iqv nq Z‡e hš¿wU †_‡K 50 Ryj kw³ Kvh©Ki
n‡e|

bd
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al
m
Ja
ah
Sh
d
r M
so
es
of
Pr

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com