FORMAT FOR CASE ANALYSIS THROUGH CONCEPT MAPPING

I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts.breast cancer
occurs when some breast cells begin to grow abnormally. These cells divide more
rapidly than healthy cells do and continue to accumulate, forming a lump or mass. Cells
may spread (metastasize) through your breast to your lymph nodes or to other parts of
your body. Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts
(invasive ductal carcinoma). Breast cancer may also begin in the glandular tissue called
lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or in other cells or tissue within the breast.

Doctors estimate that about 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are linked to gene
mutations passed through generations of a family. A number of inherited mutated genes
that can increase the likelihood of breast cancer have been identified. The most well-
known are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), both of
which significantly increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1.7

million new cases diagnosed in 2012, representing about 25 per cent of all cancers in
women. Incidence rates vary widely across the world, from 27 per 100,000 in Middle
Africa and Eastern Asia to 92 per 100,000 in Northern America. It is the fifth most
common cause of death from cancer in women, with an estimated 522,000 deaths (6.4
per cent of the total). It is also the most frequent cause of cancer death in women from
regions characterized by lower indices of development and/or income (14.3 per cent of
deaths), and the second most frequent from regions characterized by higher indices of
development and/or income (15.4 per cent of deaths), after lung cancer. In the
Philippines 26 females out of 100 females and 1 male for every 105 males may be
diagnosed with breast cancer. Since 1980s, breast cancer ranks 1st among the top
leading cancers afflicting women in the Philippines.

Substantial support for breast cancer awareness and research funding has
helped created advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Breast
cancer survival rates have increased, and the number of deaths associated with this
disease is steadily declining, largely due to factors such as earlier detection, a new
personalized approach to treatment and a better understanding of the disease. It
also opens the door to finding better ways to prevent, detect, and treat breast cancer,
and to improve the quality of life of both cancer patients and survivors. From studying
causes and prevention to learning how to manage and treat, here are some of the main
focuses in breast cancer research today.
II.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
A. Diagram

ETIOLOGY
(CAUSATIVE/PREDISPOSING/
PRECIPIATING) SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

SPECIFIC TO THE
DISEASE MECHANISM

DIAGNOSTIC
EVALUATION/TOOLS
DISEASE PROCESS

MANAGEMENT TO
THE SPECIFIC SSX
MEDICAL,
PHARMA, NURSING

IF NOT TREATED

MEDICAL
SURGICAL
NURSING PROGNOSIS
PROGNOSIS IF TREATED

Management

menttnt