ფილოსოფიის შესავალი

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
filosofiis instituti
irakli braWuli (nawili I, II _ Tavi I, nawili VI)

valerian ramiSvili (nawili II _ Tavi 2, nawili III)
anastasia zaqariaZe (nawili IV)
demur jalaRonia (nawili V)
filosofiis
Sesavali
nfpUyf!Tftxpsfcvmj!eb!hbebnvTbwfcvmj!hbnpdfnb
gamomcemloba `meridiani~
Tbilisi 2015
uak (UDC) 1.01 (075. 8)
b-90
`filosofiis Sesavali~ gaTvaliswinebulia, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo iv.

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul
mecnierebaTa fakultetis studentebisaTvis. (ganxiluli da mowonebulia
Tsu-s filosofiis mimarTulebis profesorTa sxdomaze, oqmi #3, 08.05.09)
wignis mizania Seasrulos gzamkvlevis roli filosofiis samyaroSi Sesasv-
lelad. igi daexmareba studentebs filosofiis sawyisebis SeswavlaSi.
redaqtori: revaz balanCivaZe

filosofiis doqtori, profesori
recenzentebi: mamuka doliZe

filosofiis doqtori, profesori
aleqsandre aladaSvili
filosofiis doqtori
© i. braWuli, a.zaqariaZe, v. ramiSvili, d. jalaRonia.

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2015
ISBN 978-9941-25-122-1 (meoTxe gamocema)

sarCevi
winasityvaoba .................................................................................. 8
nawili pirveli. ra aris filosofia? ....................................... 12
Tavi I. nulovani dasawyisidan .......................................................................... 12
§1. erTi sityva `filosofia~ ...................................................... 12
§2. Cven damwyebi filosofosebi ................................................... 16
§3. filosofiis sami asaki ............................................................. 20
Tavi II. sad viswavloT filosofia? .............................................................. 25
§1. filosofiuri skolebi ............................................................ 25
§2. saswavlo sagnebi ....................................................................... 34
§3. filosofiis cnebis gansazRvris siZneleebi ......................... 38
Tavi III. vis sWirdeba filosofia? .................................................................. 42
§1. filosofia da misi mtrebi ...................................................... 42
§2. mefe liri moxucTa TavSesafarSi .......................................... 43
§3. sokrates gamoZaxeba ................................................................. 45
nawili meore. metafizika: yofiereba da Semecnebis

filosofia .......................................................................................... 51
Tavi I. mecniereba miuwvdomelze .................................................................... 51
§1. metafizika rogorc amocana da rogorc mecniereba............ 51
§2. yofiereba: mizezebi, mizani, sazrisi ...................................... 55
Tavi II. ontologia: moZRvreba yofierebaze ............................................. 59
§1. RmerTi ....................................................................................... 59
§2. samyaro....................................................................................... 62
§3. adamiani ...................................................................................... 66
Tavi III. Semecnebis Teoria................................................................................... 72
§1. Semecneba .................................................................................... 72
§2. codna ......................................................................................... 82
§3. cnobiereba ................................................................................. 96
nawili mesame. ena da logika ......................................................... 108

Tavi I. enis fenomeni ............................................................................................... 108
§1. enis arseba ................................................................................. 108
§2. enis ganxilvis strategiebi ..................................................... 109
§3. enis funqciebi .......................................................................... 112
Tavi II. logikis elemenetebi ............................................................................. 114
3
§1. ra aris logika? ...................................................................... 114
§2. logikis ZiriTadi kanonebi...................................................... 118
§3. logikuri azrovnebis formebi: cneba, msjeloba, daskvna ... 121
§4. daskvnis Teoriis elementebi .................................................. 121
§5. darwmuneba dasabuTebis gziT ................................................ 134
nawili meoTxe. eTika ....................................................................... 144

Tavi I. metaeTika ....................................................................................................... 144
§1. ra aris eTika? ......................................................................... 144
§2. eTikuri Rirebulebebis raoba ................................................ 151
§3. Tavisufleba .............................................................................. 156
§4. pasuxismgebloba........................................................................ 159
Tavi II. normatiuli eTika ................................................................................... 162
§1. normatiuli principi da normatiuli eTikis strategiebi . 162
§2. eTikuri egoizmi ....................................................................... 170
§3. eTikuri altruizmi.................................................................. 173
§4. utilarizmis tipebi ................................................................. 173
§5. sargeblianoba da principebi .................................................. 176
Tavi III. gamoyenebiTi eTika ................................................................................. 179
§1. gamoyenebiTi eTikis sferoebi ................................................ 179
§2. mediaeTika.................................................................................. 182
§3. danaSauli da jildo................................................................ 183
nawili mexuTe politikuri filosofia ................................... 187

Tavi I. politikuris sferos gansazRvra .................................................... 187
§1. politikis adamianuri ganzomileba- Zoon politicon .................. 187
§2. ra aris politika? ................................................................... 189
§3. ra aris politikuri filosofia? ......................................... 193
§4. politikuri filosofia guSin da dRes................................. 196
Tavi II. saxelmwifo: bunebrivi mdgomareobidan sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisaken ............................................................................................... 198
§1. ra aris saxelmwifo? saWiroa Tu ara misi arseboba? ........... 198
§2. winaresaxelmwifoebrivi anu bunebrivi mdgomareoba .......... 201
§3. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisaken ......................................................................... 203
§4. saxelmwifos warmoSoba .......................................................... 205
§5. idealuri saxelmwifos modeli .............................................. 210
4
Tavi III. politikuris morfologia -politikuris kategoriebi .. 213
§1. Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi ..................... 213
§2. legitimuroba da mdgradoba; vin marTavs _ adamiani Tu
kanoni? ............................................................................................ 217
§3. Zalauflebis legitimacia da mmarTvelobis tipebi ........... 221
§4. politikuri Tavisuflebis gamovlenis Tavisebureba ......... 224
§5. samarTlianobis ZiriTadi principebi: _ ra aris
samarTlianoba? ............................................................................. 228
§6. Tanasworobis arsi: _ ra aris Tanasworoba? ........................ 233
nawili meeqvse. esTetika ................................................................ 239

ra aris esTetika? ........................................................................... 239
Tavi I. mSvenierebis metafizika ........................................................................ 242
§1. mSvenierebis idea ...................................................................... 242
§2. xelovnebis ideali.................................................................... 243
§3. xelovnebis apolonuri da dionisuri sawyisebi ................... 244
Tavi II. esTetikuri gemovneba da esTetikuri Rirebuleba ................ 246

§1. esTetikuri msjelobis sayovelTaoba ................................... 246
§2. fenomenologiuri esTetika .................................................... 248
§3. xelovnebis semiotika ............................................................... 250
Tavi III. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtika................................................... 254

§1. mxatvruli teqstis interpretacia ........................................ 254
§2. esTetikuri rogorc hermenevtikuli wre ............................. 256
§3. esTetikuri kategoriebi .......................................................... 257
qrestomaTia
ra aris filosofia? ......................................................................... 260
platoni _ `fedoni~ ....................................................................... 260
aristotele _ `metafizika~ ......................................................... 263
martin haidegeri _ `ra aris es filosofia?~ ............................. 268
ludvig vitgenStaini _ `filosofiuri gamokvlevebi~ .............. 275
Salva nucubiZe _ `filosofia da sibrZne~ ................................. 281
5
metafizika: yofierebisa da Semecnebis filosofia ............ 283
platoni _ `fedoni~ ....................................................................... 283
aristotele _ `metafizika~ ......................................................... 284
ioane petriwi _ `RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlebi~ ....................... 291
rene dekarte _ `metafizikuri ganazrebani~ ............................... 293
blez paskali _ àzrebi~ ................................................................ 298
imanuel kanti _ `wminda gonebis kritika~ ................................... 299
g.v.f.hegeli _ `logikis mecniereba~ ............................................ 300
ernst kasireri _ `ra aris adamiani?~........................................... 303
karl poperi _ `racionalizmis sawyisebi~ ................................... 305
eTika ..................................................................................................... 308

aristotele _ `nikomaqes eTika~ ................................................... 308
imanuel kanti _ `praqtikuli gonebis kritika~ .......................... 310
imanuel kanti _ `zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba~ ..................... 312
jon muri _ èTikis safuZvlebi~ .................................................. 313
jorj stiuart mili _ ùtilitarizmi~ ...................................... 314
norman geizleri _ qristianuli eTika ........................................ 317
ain rendi _ ègo egoizmis gareSe~ ................................................ 318
politikuri filosofia................................................................. 320

platoni _ `saxelmwifo~ ............................................................... 320
aristotele _ `politika~ ............................................................. 326
nikolo makiaveli _ `mTavari~ ....................................................... 327
Tomasi hobsi _ `leviaTani~ ........................................................... 329
jon loki _ òri traqtati samoqalaqo mmarTvelobaze~.......... 331
maqs veberi _ `xarizmuli batonoba~ ............................................ 332
jon roulsi _ `ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi da
maTi prioritetebi~........................................................................ 335
esTetika .............................................................................................. 338

platoni _ `nadimi~ ......................................................................... 338
aristotele _ `poetika~ (sergi danelias komentarebi) ............. 339
georg. v.f. hegeli _ èsTetika~ ................................................... 344
artur Sopenhaueri _ mSvenierebis metafizika ........................... 345
martin haidegeri _ dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa .................. 346
6
avtorebi madlobas uxdian
profesor rismag gordezians, akademiuri mxardaWerisaTvis, fa-

seuli rCevebisaTvis da Zveli berZnuli filosofiuri terminebis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvnebisaTvis; profesor leri
mWedliSvils, saxelmZRvaneloSi warmodgenili logikis ganyo-
filebis vrceli ganxilvis, SeniSvnebisa da sasargeblo rekomenda-
ciebisaTvis; profesor kaxa kacitaZes sayuradRebo mosazrebebebi-
saTvis ontologiis zogierTi rTuli cnebis martivad gamoTqmis
Taobaze; im filosofiuri teqstebis qarTulad mTargmnelebs, rom-
lebic Setanilia qrestomaTiul nawilSi.
avtorebi madlierebiT ixsenieben maswavleblebs, qarTvel fi-
losofosebs, romlebic gasuli saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi moR-
vaweobdnen da didi wvlili Seitanes saqarTveloSi filosofiuri
azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
madlobas movaxsenebT humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis
baklavriatis studentebs. maTi rCevebi, interesi saxelmZRvanelos
mimarT da filosofiuri problemebis ukeT wvdomis survili iqca
im pirvel pirobad, romelmac avtorebs misca stimuli emuSavaT sax-
elmZRvanelos meoTxe, gadamuSavebul da Sesworebul gamocemaze.
aseve, madlobas vuxdiT gamomcemloba „meridianis“ xelmZR-
vanels baton kaxa rusiZes.
7
winasityvaoba
studentebisadmi!
ratom daiwera es wigni? imitom, rom dagexmaroT filoso-

fiis elementaruli safuZvlebis, anu filosofiis elementebis
SeswavlaSi. misi amocanaa Seasrulos gzamkvlevis roli, raTa ga-
giadviloT filosofiis samyaroSi Sesvla.
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetSi da sxva umaRles saswavleblebSi filosofiis swavlebis
mravalwliani gamocdileba mis avtorebs saSualebas aZlevs
gaiTvaliswinon is siZneleebi, romlebic eRobeba filosofiis
Seswavlis damwyebs. praqtikam gvikarnaxa am saxelmZRvanelos
agebis principebi, moculoba, forma da Sinaarsi. igi dRevan-
del pirvelkurselTa SesaZleblobebze da saWiroebebzea orien-
tirebuli. roca filosofiis Seswavlas iwyeb, Sens winaSe iSleba
ucnobi ganzomileba, ucnobi ena, terminologiuri da cnebiTi
aparati. saTanado masala da swavlebis meTodika saSualebas iZl-
eva urTulesi moZRvrebebi da sistemebi gamartivdes im zRur-
blamde, rom asaTviseblad iyos ioli da amave dros ar dakargos
siRrme.
qarTuli kulturisaTvis ucxo ar aris filosofia. Zveli
berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT ukve me-4 saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi
arsebobda fazisis filosofiuri academia. qarTul enaze pro-
fesiuli traqtatebi filosofiaSi Seiqmna XI saukuneSi, gelaTis
akademiaSi, ioane petriwis mier. petriwis Sromebma didi gavlena
moaxdina qarTuli kulturis mTel speqtrze. amis dasturia SoTa
rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~. istoriuli Znelbedobis gamo, me-
13 saukunidan, saqarTvelo mowyda dasavluri azrovnebis are-
als. XIX saukuneSi solomon dodaSvilma gamosca `filosofiis
kursi, nawili pirveli-logika~ (1828 weli). XX saukunis dasawy-
isSi qarTuli azrovneba kvlav brundeba evropuli azrovnebis
wiaRSi. pirveli `filosofiis Sesavali~ Seqmna Salva nucubiZem
(gamoica 1920 wels). igi dRemde inarCunebs udao istoriul Ri-
rebulebas. masze aRizarda qarTvel mecnierTa araerTi Taoba.
misi meSveobiT axaldaarsebuli qarTuli universitetis studen-
toba eziareboda filosofiur problematikas.
30-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi myardeba `daxuruli sazoga-
doeba~, romelmac Cveni qveyana isev didi xniT mowyvita dasav-
8
leTis Tavisufali filosofiuri azrovnebis sivrces. mTeli
70 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi iZulebiT iswavleboda XIX
saukunis germaneli mecnieris karl marqsis sistema, rogorc
erTaderTi WeSmariteba. yvela sxva moZRvrebis da mimdinareobis
swavleba daSvebuli iyo mxolod rogorc `marqsizmis~ mosamza-
debeli an damxmare masala. cenzuris kontrolis qveS gamoica
ideologiuri tipis saxelmZRvanelo: `dialeqtikuri material-
izmis safuZvlebi~, romelis gazepirebas aiZulebdnen ganurCev-
lad yvela specialobisa da mrwamsis adamians. aman Seaferxa
Tavisufali filosofiuri azris ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.
80-90-ian wlebSi filosofia cenzuris kontrolidan gaTavisu-
flda. gamoica sxvadasxva avtorTa saxelmZRvaneloebi. iTargmna
kembrijis universitetis saxelmZRvanelo _ jeni TeiCmanisa da
qeTrin evansis `filosofia. saxelmZRvanelo damwyebTaTvis~.
`filosofiis Sesavlis~ Seqmnis saWiroeba Cndeba maSin, roca
filosofias ukve didi gza aqvs gavlili da dgeba am gzis Sej-
amebis, saswavlo dargad Camoyalibebis aucilebloba. igi axali
TaobebisaTvis tradiciis gadacemis saSualebaa. `filosofiis
Sesavali~ imdenad filosofiuri Ziebebis sarbieli ar aris, ram-
denadac swavlebisa da ganaTlebis sistemis komponentia.
`filosofiis Sesavlis~ amocanaa filosofiis Seswavlis dam-
wyebs gaacnos filosofiis ZiriTadi elementebi, problemebi,
cnebebi, kategoriebi, mimdinareobebi da meTodebi.
mkiTxvelisadmi, romelsac adre filosofiaze araviTari

warmoadgena ar hqonda!
`filosofiis Sesavlis~ amocana ver iqneba mxolod dargis

Sesaxeb codnis gadacema, aranakleb mniSvnelovania filosofi-
uri problemebisadmi interesis gaRviZeba, rac `Sesavlis~ efeq-
turi swavlebis yvelaze pirdapiri gza da pirobaa.
Zalzed bevri iqneba imaze damoukidebeli, Tu rogori pozi-
ciiT miudgeba filosofiis Semswavleli sagans, rogori iqneba
misi amosavali pozicia da motivacia: mxolod filosofiis Ses-
axeb zogadi cnobebis miReba unda, Tu survili aqvs TviTonac
ìfilosofosos~? `filosofiis Sesavali~ asrulebs mniSvnelo-
van rols am poziciis CamoyalibebaSi.
`filosofiis SesavalSi~ saWiroa zomierebis dacva masalis
moculobasa da TematikaSi, miwodebuli unda iqnes informaciis
9
mxolod aucilebeli minimumi. es saSualebas mogvcems aqcenti
gakeTdes filosofiuri azrovnebis wesis gagebasa da gamoc-
dilebaze. amgvari gamocdileba miiReba filosofosebTan da fi-
losofiur teqstebTan urTierTobaSi, seminarul muSaobaSi, fi-
losofiur disputebSi, diskusiebSi da rac mTavaria dialogSi.
es ukanaskneli aris filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebuli
forma. zogjer mas dialeqtikasac uwodeben.
arafilosofosi kolegebisadmi!
saqarTvelos integrireba dasavlur saganmanaTleblo sivrce-

Si SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamisi da adgi-
lobriv tradiciebTan adaptirebuli `filosofiis Sesavalis~
gareSe. igi evropisa da amerikis sauniversiteto programebis
savaldebulo disciplinaa. Cvens saxelmZRvaneloSi garkveuli
aqcentebi dasmulia zogierT iseT sakiTxzec, rac aqtualuria
qarTul samecniero da saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi, es upirveles
yovlisa exeba mecnierebaTa `sazRvriTi~ problemebis kvlevisa
da swavlebis sakiTxebs. am sferoSi SeiniSneba moZvelebuli an
calmxrivi kliSeebis nakvalevi da inercia. sasazRvro cnebebi da
problematika, agreTve filosofiis klasikosTa Sromebis mcire
qrestomaTia, romelic Tan erTvis ZiriTad teqsts, Cvens sax-
elmZRvanelos sasargeblos xdis ara marto maTTvis vinc fi-
losofias swavlobs, aramed imaTTvisac vinc dainteresebulia
socialuri da politikuri mecnierebiT, RvTismetyvelebis, xe-
lovnebaTmcodneobis, fsiqologiis, kulturisa da anTropolo-
giis sakiTxebiT.
Cveni kolegebisadmi!
`filosofiis Sesavali~ ar unda iyos im moZRvrebaSi Sesavali,

romelsac avtori emxroba. e.i. unda iyos miumxrobeli. ar unda
qadagebdes arc erT calke aRebul moZRvrebas. aseve ar unda
daemsgavsos filosofiur terminTa enciklopedias, leqsikons
an cnobars. is ar SeiZleba iswavlebodes, ise rogorc, magal-
iTad, evklides geometria _ rom `samkuTxedis Sida kuTxeebis
jami udris 2d-s~. swavlebam ar unda miiRos samudamod dadge-
nili formulebis gazepirebis saxe. `zust-definiciur~ gansaz-
Rvrebebs Tavisi nakli aqvs. is sakiTxis garkvevis sxva SesaZle-
blobas gamoricxavs. SevecadeT, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia Tavi
10
agveridebina am naklisaTvis. filosofiis Sesavlis amocanaa Sem-
swavlelis winaSe gadaSalos mravali filosofiuri moZRvrebis
konkurenciis panorama. unda moxerxdes dinamikuri da inter-
aqtiuri kontaqti azrovnebis specifikur wesTan. Tanamedrove
dasavleTis universitetebSi moqmedi saxelmZRvaneloebi ganic-
dian angloamerikuli anu ànalitikuri~, an kontinenturi anu
`sistemuri~ tradiciebis garkveul zegavlenas.
„analitikuri“ tradiciis mixedviT, adamianis azrovnebis
sagania empiriuli realobis, gamocdilebis samyaros enobrivi
velis analizi. xolo kontinenturi tradiciis mixedviT, fi-
losofiis sagania ara marto arsebuli empiriuli realoba, ar-
amed sxva, SesaZlebeli, savaraudo realoba. maTTvis Semecnebis
ZiriTadi saxea SemoqmedebiTi sinTezi da sistemuroba. saxelmZ-
RvaneloSi vcdilobdiT yvelgan dagvecva obieqturobis pozi-
cia da Tematuri standartebi. saxelmZRvaneloSi calke Tavebad
aris warmodgenili metafizikis, logikis, eTikis, politikuri
filosofiis da esTetikis sakiTxebi.
germanelebi, frangebi, espanelebi, italielebi, rusebi Ta-
vianT universitetebSi `filosofiis Sesavlis~ iseT modelebs
nergaven, romlebSic sakuTari kulturuli tradiciebis konte-
qstia gaJRerebuli da amasTan, aqcents svaven im problemebze,
romlebic Tanamedrove kacobriobis winaSe dgas. Cvens saxelmZ-
RvaneloSiac hpova gamoxmaureba qarTuli filosofiuri azris
garkveulma motivebma. imedi gvaqvs, es wigni studentTa garkveu-
li wreebisaTvis iqneba stimuli, raTa maT filosofiis profesi-
uli Seswavla gadawyviton.
11
nawili pirveli
ra aris filosofia
Tavi I
nulovani dasawyisidan
§1. erTi sityva `filosofia~
ra aris filosofia? am sakiTxis Semswavlel sagans metafiloso-

fias an filosofiis filosofias uwodeben. is filosofiis nawilia,
gansxvavebiT magaliTad xelovnebis filosofiisagan, romelic ar
aris xelovnebis nawili.
viwyebT filosofiis anbanis Seswavlas nulovani donidan. igu-
lisxmeba rom aqamde aranairi saqme ar gvqonia am ucnob saganTan. am
`Sesavalma~ unda Camogviyalibos filosofiis naTlad moxazuli di-
apazoni. ufleba gvaqvs am wignis pirvelive gverdebidan movelodeT
gagvagebinos riT aris dakavebuli am sagnis Semswavleli. pirvel
rigSi vikiTxoT: ramdenad nulovania Cveni sastarto mdgomareoba?
am SekiTxviT, Cven ukve vxdebiT damwyebi filosofosebi.
skolaSi gaviareT `vefxistyaosani~, SeuZlebelia xsovnaSi ar
CagvrCenoda strofi:
`me sityvasa erTsa gkadreb platonisagan swavla Tqmulsa~

sicrue da orpiroba avnebs xorcsa merme sulsa~
maSasadame Cven, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelebs da

mTxrobelebs erTxel mainc dagvimowmebia filosofosi platoni. e.
i. raRac Sexeba ukve gvqonia filosofiasTan. es, ase vTqvaT, Cveni
mwignobruli wyarodan. cxovrebis yoveldRiurobaSic zogjer gai-
JRerebs sityva `filosofia~. magaliTad, `ras filosofosob?!~ es
imas niSnavs, rom raRac winaswari gageba ukve gvaqvs imis Sesaxeb Tu
ra igulisxmeba am sityvaSi.
maSasadame damwyebis goneba ar aris udabno, romelzec saxldebi-
an filosofiis elementebi; arc Wadrakis carieli dafaa, romelzec
figurebi jer ar daulagebiaT da arc carieli saswavlo dafaa,
romelzec maswavlebelma unda daweros gakveTilis formulebi.
damwyebis inteleqtualur aqtivSi mocemulia garkveuli Sinagani
wanamZRvebi, romelic Seicavs `mofilosofose~ potencias. SesaZloa
12
am `wanamZRvrebs~ ufro Rrma kavSiri hqondes filosofiis raobas-
Tan, vidre yvela filosofiur mecnierebas.
modiT am `wanamZRvrebze~ vTqvaT cota ufro gasagebad. vu-
wodoT mas cxovrebis mecnierebamdeli an Tundac `stiqiuri~ gage-
ba. swored cxovrebis am winaswar gagebazea aSenebuli mTeli Cveni
yoveldRiuri cxovreba. am `winmswreb gagebas~ ori wyaro kvebavs:
 Cvens mier wakiTxuli `diadi wignebi~, romlebSic laparakia

samyarosa da adamianis raobaze. aseTi wignebidan yvelaze
mniSvnelovania `wignTa wigni~ biblia. is mogviTxrobs
RmerTis mier samyarosa da pirveli adamianebis Seqmnaze. maT
codviTdacemaze da samoTxidan gandevnaze. garda amisa ukve
vicnobT xelovnebis qmnilebebs, an SeiZleba ukve wakiTxuli
gvaqvs romelime im filosofosis wignic, romlebic saocrad
advilad ikiTxeba, magaliTad paskalis àzrebi~ an netari
avgustines àRsarebani~.
 sakuTari cxovrebis gamocdileba, is rac gvicxovria da
gangvicdia. erTi filosofosis saflavs misive sityvebi aweria:
òri ram aRavsebs suls sul ufro mzardi gancvifrebiTa
da mowiwebiT, rac ufro xSirad da didxans vfiqrobT masze:
varskvlavebiT moWedili ca Cems zemoT da moraluri kanonebi
CemSi.~
aseT gamocdilebas uSualod ukavSirdeba samyarosa da Tvi-

Ton Cemi raobis gageba. amgvarad me yovelwamierad Sevicnob Cemi
cxovrebis kavSirebs yvela xilul da uxilav samyaroebTan. swored
Cems mier gancdil am gancvifrebasa da mowiwebas ZaluZT mibiZgon
Ziebisaken: ra xdeba? ratom xdeba? ufro mogvianebiT daviwyo Se-
sabamisi mecnierebis Seswavla, romelSic es Zieba ukve meTodurad
warmarTuli sistematuri kvlevis saxes iRebs. es is etapia, roca
gviCndeba filosofiasTan rogorc mecnierebasTan da saswavlo sa-
ganTan SeWidebis survili.
maSasadame ukve viciT, rom filosofias ori wyaro kvebavs:
wignebi da cxovreba. romeli ufro mniSvnelovania? ilia WavWavaZe
gvaZlevs saukeTeso pasuxs: àrc mTlad uwignuroba varga da arc
sul wignebidan yureba~. vinc filosofiuri codnis SenobaSi apir-
ebs Sesvlas, man unda icodes, rom filosofosoba ver daerqmeva
`tvinis Wyletas~, romelic cxovrebas uSualod ar akvirdeba, ma-
gram sasacilo iqneba yvela, vinc Sesabamisi wignebis wakiTxvisa da
saswavlo sagnebis Cabarebis gareSe `filosofosobs~.
13
****
cxovrebaSic da wignebSic gvixdeba Sexvedra sityva `filoso-

fiasTan~. ras niSnavs es sityva? sad, rogor, ratom warmoiSva es
sityva? pirvelad vin warmoTqva igi? daviwyoT am erTi, erTaderTi
sityvis Sinaarsis gagebiT. SevCerdeT am erTi sityvis winaSe. amiT
Cven filosofiis dabadebis mowmobas movipovebT.
bibliaSi naTqvamia: àr dakargvia rjuli mRvdels, rCevis un-
ari brZenkacs da sityva winaswarmetyvels~ (ier. 18.18.). Zveli is-
raelis xalxs sami saxis winamZRoli hyavda: mRvdeli, brZenkaci
da winaswarmetyveli. mRvdelmsaxureba (msverplSewirva) ganwmends
uwmidurebisagan, winaswarmetyveli zeciuris macnea, brZeni ki
cxovrebis maswavlebelia. is mowafes gonierebas aswavlis, rogor
ascdes daRupvis gzas da rogor gadarCes. sibrZnis sapirispiroa
sisulele. isini Tanaarseboben adamainSi, adamianma unda gaakeTos
arCevani maT Soris. Zvel elinebsac hyavdaT misnebi, jadoqrebi,
qurumebi da Svidi brZeni, elinuri kulturis Svidi Tavkaci. aris-
toteles cnobiT, pirveli filosofosi Tales mileTeli (daaxl.
625-547 Zv.w.) Svid brZenTa Soris moixsenieba. sibrZnis am saxeobebs
Zv. w. VI saukuneSi gamoeyo azrovnebis Taviseburi wesi, romlis aR-
saniSnavad iSva sityva: `filosofia~.
ra viciT am sityvis Sesaxeb? viciT, rom es sityva berZnulia.
is ori sityvis: berZn.  _ sibrZne da Φιλία _ siyvaruli kom-
pozitia. maSasadame sityva-sityviT is sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs.
vin warmoTqva igi pirvelad? ar viciT! magram viciT, rom berZeni
iyo. varaudiT es iyo piTagora (an SesaZloa heraklite efeseli).
man cal-calke arsebuli es ori sityva:  da Φιλία SeaerTa, sa-
maradJamod SeauRla. Cven ara varT brZenni, Cven mxolod sibrZnis
moyvareni varT _ uTxra man Tavis Tanamoazreebsa da mowafeebs.
es moxda Zv. w. VI saukuneSi. aqve gavixsenoT, rom swored iq da
maSin iSvnen sityvebi: geometria, politika, demokratia, musika da
sxva. maSasadame berZnuli sityva `filosofia~ aris Cveni, damwye-
bi filosofosebis gzis maCvenebeli, romelsac mivyvebiT da imedi
gvaqvs am sityvis qaragma rames gvapovninebs.
filosofia berZnulia ara marto Tavisi warmoSobiT, aramed
SekiTxvis dasmis wesiTac. azrovneba ki sxva araferia Tu ara SekiTx-
vebis dasmisa da maTze pasuxis Ziebis unari. filosofia aris az-
rovnebis Taviseburi wesi, romelic saberZneTSi warmoiSva.
kiTxva filosofiis raobis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis xelaxla gansam-
artavi rCeba. sityva `sibrZnis moyvare~ im rigis sityvaa, rogoricaa
sityvebi: pativmoyvare, vercxlismoyvare da a. S. e. i. filosofosi
14
aris kaci, romelsac sibrZne uyvars, vinc masTan megobrobs, masTan
TanxmobaSi imyofeba.
sityva `brZeni~, qarTul enaSi `berZens~ ukavSirdeba. qarTuli
sityva `brZeni~ gveubneba, rom brZeni berZenTa wesiT moazrovnea.
xolo amgvari azrovneba aris TviT sicocxlis zeimi da cxovrebis
azri. sami udidesi berZeni filosofosi, _ sokrate, platoni da
aristotele aswavlidnen, rom filosofia aris mzadeba, wvrTna,
treiningi maradiuli sicocxlis zeimisaTvis. berZnebma samyaros
pirvelmizezs miaweres sicocxle da TviTmoZraoba. es Sexeduleba
gaavrceles zneobriv da politikur sferoze.
berZnebSi samyaros idumaleba gaocebas iwvevda, maT Soris gamoirC-
nen kacebi, romlebmac Seabijes gaocebiT gaxsnil TvalsawierSi da
Seudgnen Ziebis ltolviT, erosiT, erotikiT STagonebul saqmianobas.
Cven verafers gaugebT sityva `filosofias~ Tu ar gaviTval-
iswineT Zveli saberZneTis ganmsazRvreli ori faqtori: berZnuli
qalaq-saxelmwifo, polisi da misteriebi, misnoba, jadoqroba, ukv-
dav olimpiel RvTaebaTa kulti. polisis Sesaxeb Cven istoriidan
viciT, rom es iyo monaTmflobeluri demokratia, Tavisufal mo-
qalaqeTa arCevanze damyarebuli sajaro dawesebulebebis mmarTv-
eloba. aTenis moqalaqeTa yuradRebas iqcevda erT ucnauri kaci
sokrate, romelic ambobda: `me is vici, rom araferi vici~. is da-
dioda qalaqis quCebsa da moednebze da yvelas iwvevda WeSmaritebis
Sesaxeb kamaTSi.
yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxze aTenis moqalaqeni delfos samis-
nos mimarTavdnen xolme. sokrates Sesaxebac delfos misans hkiTx-
es: vin aris sokrateze brZeni? misanma RvTaebaTa CagonebiT upasuxa:
aravinaa am qveynad sokrateze brZeni!
aris Tu ara es TviT RvTaeba apolonis pasuxi? miuxedavad imisa,
rom sokrates swams ukvdavTa arseboba, is mainc cdilobs gamoiZios
pasuxis WeSmariteba. is cdilobs ipovos Tavisze brZeni. am ZiebaSi
mixvdeba, rom misnis pasuxi WeSmaritia da RvTiuri sferoebidan
momdinareobs. sokrate sxvebze brZenia, imitom, rom man araferi
icis, maSin rodesac sxvebs hgoniaT, rom raRac ician. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sokrates arc erTi RvTaeba arasodes dalaparakebia,
(SesaZloa amitomac) sakuTari da sxvebis sibrZnes gamocdas utarebs
e. i. filosofosobs. da am saqmeSi wvrTnas sTavazobs yvelas, vinc
amas moisurvebs. sokratuli gakveTilebi tardeba uSualod quCeb-
Si, moednebze, bazrobebze, nadimebze, stadionebze. esaa filoso-
fosis misia. am misiis Sesruleba sasikvdilo safrTxes Seicavs. imis
gageba, rom misi codna sinamdvileSii arcodnaa, bevr pativcemul
moqalqes ar siamovnebs. maT sasamarTloSi uCivles sokrates.
15
sokrate aTenis sasamarTlom gaasamrTla ori muxliT: uRmer-
Toba da axalgazrdobis garyvna. sasamarTlom sokrate damnaSaved
cno da sikvdiliT dasja miusaja sawamlavis SesmiT. 399 wels 70
wlis sokratem sikvdilmisjilTa sakanSi sawamlavi dalia.
sokrate ar werda, araferi dauweria. is Tvlida, rom azrTa
gacvla-gamocvlaSi, kiTxva-pasuxSi, dialogSi, kamaTSi ibadeba WeS-
mariteba. amitom uari unda vTqvaT Clung monologurobaze da ga-
vacnobieroT Cveni arcdona. mcodne codnis mosapoveblad aRar iz-
runebs.
§2. Cven damwyebi filosofosni
`bunebiT yvela adamiani Semecnebisaken iswrafvis.~

aristotele
sityva `filosofiam~ ukve raRac Segvatyobina Cveni sagnis Ses-
axeb. axla kidev erTi nabiji gadavdgaT.
rogorc pirveli filosofosebi gvirCevdnen Cven, damwyeb fi-
losofosebs araferi gvWirdeba garda imisa, rom gvqondes gak-
virvebis unari.
Cveni xedvis areSi ukve Semosulia filosofiis pirveli didi
sameuli: sokrate, platoni, aristotele. sityva gadavceT aristo-
teles.
ès mecniereba ar aris praqtikuli xasiaTis, amas cxadhyofs imaTi
moZRvreba, romlebmac pirvelad daiwyes filosofosoba. adamianebi ki
rogorc Tavidan, ise axlac gakvirvebis Sedegad iwyeben filosofoso-
bas... rogorc Cans gakvirvebas iwvevda yovelive is, risi mizezic ucnobi
iyo, anda rac ver izomeboda umciresi sazomebiT~.
(aristotele, metafizika)
jer akvirvebdaT rac xeliT Sesaxebia. cecxlSi rom TiTi Cayo
dagewveba, magram ratom? ra mizeziT? Semdeg akvirvebdaT Soreuli
sagnebi ... `varskvalebiT moWedili ca Cems zemoT~ da mis miRmac,
SoreTs iqiTa SoreTi. isev aristoteles mousminoT:
`visac ukvirda man isic icoda rac ar icoda, … amrigad filoso-
fosoba daiwyo ucodinarobis Tavidan asacileblad da cxadia codnas
etanebodnen Semecnebis da ara raime sargeblis gamo.~ (metafizika)
Cven ukve viciT, rom filosofia aris adamianis saqme yvela pi-
robasa da viTarebaSi. adamiani mofilosofose arsebaa.
`filosofosoba adamianis saqmea, e. i. ufro maRal safexurze igi
aRar iqneboda saWiro, xolo ufro dabal safexurze jer kidev ar iqne-
16
boda aucilebeli. amitom filosofosoba exeba da emTxveva adamianurs.~
(S. nucubiZe, filosofia da sibrZne)
Tavisufali mxolod RmerTebi arian! _ ase swamdaT berZnebs.
imitom, rom mxolod RmerTi SeiZleba iyos brZeni, anu `TavisTavad
codnis~ mqone, maSasadame filosofia aris Teologia, _ RvTaebrivi
mecniereba.
aristotele naTlad ambobs: `rogorc Tavisufals vuwodebT
adamians, romeliic arsebobs Tavisi TavisaTvis da ara sxvisTvis, aseve
codnaTa Soris erTaderT Tavisufal codnad vTvliT mxolod imas,
romelic arsebobas TavisTvis. amitom iTvleba misi mopoveba araadami-
anur saqmed ... radgan Cveni azriT, RmerTia yvelafris mizezi da raRac
sawyisi, amitom aseTi mecniereba an mxolod RmerTs, an yvelaze ufro
RmerTs SeiZleba hqondes~. (aristotele, metafizika)
maSasadame filosofia aris RmerTebis mecniereba, ganmaTavisu-
flebeli gza, da amitom ufro metia, vidre simdidre, Zalaufleba
da TviT sicocxlec ki. amiT aristotelem agvixsna filosofiis ro-
gorc gamorCeuli mecnierebis `buneba da mizani, ramac unda gansaz-
Rvros Cveni kvleva-Ziebis mimarTuleba~
rac aristotelem gvaswavla, SevavsoT misi didi maswavleblis,
platonis swavlebiT. Cven SeiZleba gagvigonia Zalze gavrcelebu-
li gamoTqma `platonuri siyvaruli.~ es aris SemecnebiTi erotika,
sulis ltolva xorcielis miRma maradiuli idealuri saxeebisak-
en, romelsac platoni ideebs (Eidos) uwodebda. es èrosi~ aris az-
rovnebis stiqia, sicocxlis uzenaesi RvTiuri safexuri. amgvarad
platoniseburi filosofia veRar eteva Tavis sazRvrebSi da reli-
giaSi (ganwmenda, xsna) da politikaSi (qceva) gadadis.
Cven gvaxsovs piTagora, `geometriis mama~, romelic fiqrobda,
rom msoflio harmonia, ricxvTa Tanafardoba musikaluri melo-
diis msgavsia. kosmiuri musikis mosmena ki misteriaa. piTagoram Se-
qmna daxuruli skola, gandobilTa saidumlo seqta, _ sadac maTema-
tika da geometria gaerTianda misteriebTan. Cven dagvWirda sityva
misteria. ganvmartoT igi: berZnulad niSnavs dafaruls, idumals.
am sityviT aRiniSneboda xeldasmuli, rCeuli, gandobili (inicia-
cia), saidumlo moZRvrebaTa Tanaziari. platonic gatacebuli iyo
msoflio harmoniis ideiT. is ocnebobda idealur saxelmwifoze,
sadac filosofosni iqnebodnen mmarTvelni.
namdvili sokratelis gza aris uwyveti Zieba, ganwmenda, TviTa-
nalizi Tavisi Tavisa, raTa daimorCilos vnebebi, gaiTavisuflos
suli (goneba), amaRldes grZnobad samyaroze, daibrunos wminda
formaTa cnobiereba da amgvarad moemzados maradisobaSi dasa-
bruneblad. sikvdilis treiningiT (`wvrTna sikvdilisa~), xangrZli-
17
vi arsTaWvretiT, meditaciiT (fiqriT) azrovneba emzadeba Tavisive
stiqiaSi, wminda azrTa anu ideaTa samefoSi dasabruneblad.
`WeSmariti filosofosni sikvdilisaTvis zrunaven mxolod da kac-
Ta Soris yvelaze naklebad ufrTxian mas.~ (platoni, fedoni)
filosofiisa da religiis urTierTgardamaval xasiaTs Seesa-
bameba platonis TxzulebaTa stili. platonis dialogebi Sedgeba
sami mxarisagan: filosofiuri, poeturi da religiur-miTosuri.
vinc amas jerovnad ar gaiTvaliswinebs, is verafers gaugebs pla-
tons. platoni yveba ori eniT: logikuriT da miTosuriT da orives
poeturi formiT gamoTqvams. es TanxmobaSia elinur misteriebTan,
misnoba- jadoqrobasTan, rac imJamad yvavoda saberZneTSi. filoso-
fosTa saubrebSi yvelaze xSirad gaismis fraza: ò, vficav zevss~.
antikur epoqaSi filosofiis erT-erTi mTavari amocana iyo su-
lis ukvdavebis dasabuTeba. platonis `fedoni~ gvacnobs sokrates
cxovrebis ukanasknel dRes. ambavi moTxrobilia TviTmxilvelis,
fedonis piriT.
sapyrobileSi, sikvdilis dasjis molodinSi sokrate atarebs fi-
losofiuri meditaciis gakveTlebs. suli _ sokrates mixedviT _
garedan ki ar iRebs cnebebs, aramed ixsenebs Sobamdel arsebobas mara-
disobaSi. codna aris mogoneba (berZ. anamnezisi). raki adamianis suli
Sobamde arsebobda, maSasadame is iarsebebs sikvdilis Semdegac.
sulis ukvdavebis dasabuTeba gonebis TanSobili ideebis safuZ-
velze iZleva sarwmuno codnas imis Sesaxeb, rom sikvdilis Semdeg
SesaZlebelia Sexvde maradisobis binadrebs; ganicado netareba an
tanjva, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icxovre saaqaoSi _ zrunavdi su-
lis siwmindeze zneobrivi qcevebiT, Tu sxeuls emsaxurebodi da
cxovrobdi TavaSvebuli, uzneo vnebebis karnaxiT.
`fedonSi~ sulis ukvdavebis sxva argumentebic aris moyvanili.
zogierTi maTgani logikuri figurebis saxiT SeiZleba gadmoices.
argumenti 1. yoveli substancia maradiulia;
suli aris substancia
______________________________
maSasadame suli maradiulia.
argumenti 2. martivi mouspobadia (uxrwnelia)
suli martivia (ar aris Sedgenili).
______________________________
maSasadame, suli mouspobadia
argumenti 3. uzenaesi Rirebuleba maradiulia.
suli aris uzenaesi Rirebuleba
_____________________________
maSasadame suli maradiulia.
18
sulis ukvdavebis argumentebi da mogonebis Teoria gonebiT mop-
ovebuli codnaa, magram aq Tavdeba misi mijna, amis iqiT goneba ver
wava da amitom moiTxovs koordinacias misteriebis sibrZnesTan, rom-
lebic winaswarmetyvelTa da poetTa gadmocemiT SeiZleba vicodeT.
sokrate mowafeebs uyveba misi sulis SesaZlo Tavgadasavals
sikvdilis Semdeg. rogor gamova suli sxeulidan da aCrdilovan
arsebobas gaagrZelebs hadesSi, miwisqveSeTSi; rogor moxdeba su-
lis perioduli gardasaxvebi (reinkarnaciebi), axal-axal sxeulTa
Semosvebi, da maTgan kvlav ganTavisuflebebi. Znelia daadgino
sulTa gardasaxvebis Sesaxeb am uZvelesi rwmenis sadauroba. Sesa-
Zloa is indoeTis an egviptis qurumTa mier iqna Camoyalibebuli
da Semdeg gavrcelebuli saberZneTSi. magram sokrate iqve ambobs,
rom es miTologiuri moTxrobebi gonebis samsjavrosaTvis mxolod
varaudebia:
ìmis daJinebiT mtkiceba, rom yvelaferi es marTlac asea rogorc
me dagixateT, ra Tqma unda, ar Sehferis gonier kacs. magram Tu suli
marTlac ukvdavia, mas diaRac Sehferis da marTebs kidec amtkicos,
rom yvelaferi rac Cven sulebs Seexeba da maT savaneT, mxolod ase, an
daaxloebiT mainc asea.~ (platoni, `fedoni~)
WeSmaritebis berZnuli gageba gamoxatuli sityva Aletea-Si,
(rac dafarulis gamoCenas niSnavs) gulisxmobs sicocxlisa da
sikvdilis urTierTgaxsnilobas, amgvar WeSmaritebas SevyavarT
sikvdil-sicocxlis erTian pozitiumSi. aqve aRsaniSnavia
`sibrZnis~ Taviseburi gagebac.
mwerali grigol robaqiZe fiqrobda, rom sibrZnis (Sofia)
qarTuli Sesatyvisia `kardu~. esaa aramaterialuri Taurmdgeni
(germ. ùrheber~), pirvelmdgeni cocxali RvTaeba, krebuli
pirovneba, romelic ufro Rrmad azrovnebs, vidre nebismieri,
Tundac genialuri adamiani. filosofosoba ki aris `saubrebi
kardusTan~.
marTlmadidebeli Teologebi bevrs fiqrobdnen `wminda
sibrZneze~ (àgio sofia~). bizantiaSi da ruseTSi agebdnen wminda
sibrZnis saxelobis taZrebs. wminda sibrZne aris qmnilebasTan
RmerTis damakavSirebeli samyaros suli. zogierTi ganmartebiT
misi saxea yovladwminda RvTismSobeli, samyaros dedobrivi
mfarveli.
platonuri filosofosobis gza, gamartivebuli sqemaSi ase
gamoiyureba:
 suli Tavdapirvelad imyofeba mSobliur saxlSi,
samoTxeSi, sadac is pirispir Wvrets arsebulTa wminda
formebs, saxeebs, modelebs, ideebs.
 amnezia. (daviwyeba) suli sxeuliT imoseba da
19
pirvelwyarosTan mowyvetis gamo aviwydeba samSoblo,
Tumca awuxebs nostalgia, anu sevda dakarguli
samSoblosadmi.
 anamnezisi. gaxseneba, mogoneba pirveladi samSoblosi
anu gaRviZeba, xelaxla Soba ucnob, farul samSobloSi.
Cemi yoveldRiuri `me~ unda gadailaxos, raTa iSvas Cemi
`kosmiuri me~.
Cven, damwyebma filosofosebma ukve viciT, rom platonis
azriT, mxolod is imsaxurebs namdvili filosofosis saxels,
vinc am gzas gaivlis.
§3. filosofiis sami asaki
Cven ukve gavecaniT, ase vTqvaT, filosofiis dabadebis mowmo-

bas. axla gavecnoT misi cxovrebis gzas, movixiloT filosofiis
ganviTarebis istoriuli epoqebi. xSirad am èpoqebs~ adareben ada-
mianis cxovrebas sxvadasxva asakSi. saxeze gvaqvs sami epoqa _ asaki:
 antika _ `berZnebi-genialuri bavSvebi~ _ filosofiis es àsaki~
1000 wels gagrZelda (Zv. w. V _ ax.w. V. s. s.).
 sqolastika _ saskolo asaki (ax. w. VII-XIV).
 ganmanaTlebloba _ srulwlovanebis, zrdasrulobis, simwifis
asaki (XVII-XVIII s. s.). mas win uZRoda renesansi, mas `kacobriobis
siWabukes~ uwodeben.
arc erTi epoqa ar aris mxolod kargi an mxolod cudi. yvelas

moeZebneba Tavisi `naTeli da bneli mxareebi.~
arCevani gzagasayarze
dasrulda antikuroba, romelSic aTeni iyo filosofiis
msoflio dedaqalaqi. aRzevda axal religiis dabadebis adgili,
ierusalimi, romelic gamoxatavs bibliur winaswarmetyvelTa si-
brZnis aRzevebas da zeims. winaswarmetyvelebsa da mociqulebs uSu-
alod gamoecxada da daelaparaka cocxali RmerTi. esaa maTi àxali
sibrZnis~ wyaro. arc sokrates, arc platons, arc aristoteles
RmerTi ar dalaparakebia. isini gakvirvebisgan aRZruli Ziebis gzas
adgnen.
Cven, rogorc damwyebi filosofosebi, axla gzagasayarze aR-
movCndiT. arCevani unda gavakeToT aTensa da ierusalims Soris.
magram Cven Ria varT orive qalaqis mimarT, gvsurs orives Tvali
gavusworoT, orives movusminoT. me-5 saukunidan daiwyo procesi,
romelsac ewodeba filosofiis qristianizacia da qristianobis
20
elinizacia. platoni da aristotele rCebian mravali qristianis
STagonebis wyarod. aseve grZeldeba filosofiuri problemebis kv-
leva da swavleba.
`Tavdapirveli berZnuli arsi filosofiisa Tavisi moRvaweobis ax-
aldroindel _ evropul epoqaSi xdeba qristianobis warmodgenaTagan
dauflebuli da maT mier warmarTuli. am warmodgenaTa gabatonebas Sua
saukuneebma Seuwyves xeli. magram, miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba imis
Tqma, rom filosofia amis Sedegad qristianuli xdeba, rom is gadaiqce-
va rwmenad gamocxadebisa da eklesiis avtoritetisadmi.~
(haidigeri, ra aris filosofia)
filosofia rogorc preTeologia

qristian TeologTa azri orad gaiyo, nawili amtkicebda, rom
rwmenas ar sWirdeba filosofiuri argumentebi, xolo meore
nawilis azriT `gvwams raTa gavigoT~, maT àTenisa da ierusalimis~
Tanxmoba surdaT. gavrcelda azri, rom aristotele da platoni
iseTive winamorbedni arian qristesi bunebis sakiTxebSi, rogorc
ioane naTlismcemeli sarwmunoebis sakiTxebSi. arabma swavluleb-
mac daiwyes mtkiceba, rom aristoteles wignebSic igive sweria, rac
yuranSi. bevri ebraeli swavlulic fiqrobda, rom mose winaswarm-
etyveli da platoni erTi da igives ambobdnen sxvadasxva saxiT.
platonizmi da aristotelizmi gavrcelda qristianuli, islamuri
da iudaisturi religiebis safarqveS.
gaimarjva azrma, rom antikuri filosofia aris gamocxadebis
mosamzadebeli preTeologia. wminda klimenti aleqsandrieli (150-
215 w.w) qmnis Teorias qristianuli kacobriobisaTvis antikuri fi-
losofiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. am Teoriis mixedviT, filosofiaSi
mocemulia RvTiuri WeSmaritebis marcvlebi. elinTa sibrZne iyo
RvTis sibrZnis gadmoRvra adamianis gonebaSi (dianoia). platoni da
sxva elini mogzaurebi palestinaSi da egvipteSi ebrael rabinebs
Sexvdnen da maTi wyalobiT gaicnes Zveli aRTqmis wignebi. platonma
bevri ram iqidan aiRo ise, rom wyaro damala, elinebs rom ucxo
religiis qadageba ar daebralebinaT. wm. klimenti amis garda sxva wy-
arozec miuTiTebs. sibrZnis marcvlebi elinebs dacemulma angeloze-
bmac gaumxiles, rac saRvTo nebas ar daubrkolebia. sokrate marTlac
axsenebs raRac Sinagan demonebs, romelTa karnaxiTac filosofos-
obda. magram elinTa sibrZne mainc arabibliuri sibrZnea, romelSic
WeSmaritebis marcvlebi Sereulia cdomilebebTan, cru sibrZnesTan.
`filosofia pedagogobda elinebs qristesken, ise rogorc ebrae-
lebs moses rjuli da Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi.~ (kli-
menti aleqsandrieli, strom atebi).
21
ganmanaTlebloba
filosofiis simwifis atestati
renesansi _ `kacobriobis siWabukis asakia~. am epoqis filoso-
fias SemorCenia Wabukuri enTuziazmi da mowiweba idumalebis, Rv-
Taebrivis winaSe. moazrovneni fiqroben, rom RmerTma ori wigni
dawera: buneba da biblia. orive kargia, maSasadame WeSmaritebac
orgvaria: RvTaebrivi, romelsac eklesia flobs, da bunebrivi,
romelsac mecniereba flobs. orive avtonomiuria, erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebelia. Semdeg dadga zrdasrulobis Jami _ ganmanaTle-
bloba (XVII-XVIII s. s.).
1784 wels imanuel kants dausves kiTxva: ra aris ganmanaTle-
bloba? kantma upasuxa:
`ganmanaTlebloba _ esaa adamianis gamosvla umwifobidan, ro-
melic misive bralia. umwifaroba aris uunaroba, sakuTari gansja sx-
visi xelmZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro. umwirfaroba sakuTari Tavis
bralia maSin, roca mizezi sakuTari gansjis naklulovanebaSi ki ara,
gadawyvetilebisa da simamacis arqonaSi devs. Saprere ude! gabede saku-
Tari gansjis gamoyeneba _ esaa ganmanaTleblobis lozungi.~
(i. kanti, ra aris ganmanaTlebloba? )
gonebam gadaagdo umwifarobis uReli, gadalaxa sizarmace da
silaCre, rac danaSaulia adamianis bunebis winaaRmdeg, `kacobrio-
bis wminda uflebebis fexiT gaTelvaa~ da gabeda Tavisufleba.
Cven ukve vicnobT antikuri filosofiis did sameuls _ sokrates,
platons da aristoteles. exla droa gavicnoT ganmanaTleblobis
didi sameuli: rene dekarte, frensis fekoni da imanuel kanti,
romelbic axali evropis Semqmneli sami eris _ inglisis, safrange-
Tisa da germaniis warmomadgenlebi arian.
rene dekarti (1591-1649) Semecnebis nulovan sawyiss, azrovnebis
TviTdafuZnebis ueWvel wertils eZiebda da ipova: `vazrovneb, maSa-
sadame varsebob~. (Cogito ergo sum). es epoqis devizi gaxda.
frensis bekoni (1561-1626) gamocdilebis filosofiis (empiriz-
mis) fuZemdebelia. adamianis goneba aris sufTa dafa (tabula rasa),
romelzec gamocdileba (eqsperimenti da dakvirveba) wers codnas.
aseTi `codna Zalaa~. es ganmanaTleblobis meore epoqaluri deviz-
ia. bunebis mecnieruli codna saSualebas gvaZlevs CaverioT bune-
baSi, bunebis Zalebi iaraRad, manqanad, teqnikad vaqcioT. aseT te-
qnikad iqca orTqlis, eleqtronis, atomis, genomis Zalebi. àtomis
saukune~ adgils uTmobs genetikisa da teqnologiebis, sicocxlis
nebismieri modelirebis saukunes.
imanuel kantma (1720-1804) moaxdina `kopernikiseburi gadatri-
aleba~, aRmoaCina, rom samyaro ki ar uwesebs azrovnebas kanonebs,
22
aramed piriqiT, kanonmdebeli TviTon gonebaa. am aRmoCeniT gan-
manaTlebloba xdeba humanizmi. es ori sityva amieridan ganuyrelia.
humanizmi aris adamianis Zalauflebis gavrceleba mTel bunebaze,
gonebis yovlisSemZleobis rwmena.
ganmanaTlebloba `diadi gardaqmnaa~, Seicvala filosofiis
sawyisi, _ gaoceba. gaoceba bavSvs axasiaTebs, Zveli berZnebi `ge-
nialuri bavSvebi~ iyvnen. bavSvi armcodnea da gulubyvrilo. zr-
dasruls ki aRaraferi aocebs, radgan is ukve mcodnea _ axalma
mecnierebam xom bunebis kanonebi aRmoaCina, romlebic berZnebma ar
icodnen, maT arc teleskopi hqondaT, arc qvemexi, arc orTqlis
manqana, arc stamba, arc enciklopediebi, romlis 28 tomi gamoica
safrangeTSi 1751-1772 wlebSi. _ ase fiqrobdnen ganmanaTleblobis
filososfosebi. mTavari, rac am epoqaze gavigeT isaa, rom azrovne-
ba aRar aris gaocebiT STagonebuli. me-18 saukuneSi gavrcelda
termini èvropuli kacobrioba~, rogorc kacobriobis ganviTarebis
nimuSi, ideali, umaRlesi da ukanaskneli safexuri. 1790 wels kant-
ma dawera traqtati `maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb~, saRac gonebis
wesrigi gaavrcela politikaze. istoria mTavrdeba saerTaSoriso
SeerTebuli Statebis SeqmniT.
`Zvelma aRmosavleTelebma jeri kidev ar ician, rom goni, anu ada-
miani TavisTavad, Tavisufalia... amiT maT mxolod is ician, rom erTi
adamiani Tavisufalia. is erTi kaci, romelic Tavisufalia, amiT mar-
tooden despotia da ara Tavisufali kaci... berZnebSiRa amoanaTa Ta-
visuflebis cnobierebam da amitomac isini Tavisufalni iyvnen. magram
maTac, romelTa msgavsad, mxolod is icodnen, rom zogierTni Tavisu-
falni arian, da ara is, rom Tavisufalia adamiani, rogorc aseTi. ami-
tomac iyo, rom monebi hyavdaT... mxolod germanelma erebma miaRwies
qristianobis wiaRSi Sesulebma imis cnobierebas, rom adamiani Tavi-
sufalia, rogorc adamiani. msoflio mdgomareobis gamsWvalva am prin-
cipiT da misi Camoyalibeba am ukanasknelis safuZvelze is grZeli pro-
cesi gaxlavT, romelsac TviT istoria Seadgens.~ (g. hegeli, istoriis
filosofia)
hegelis mixedviT, amgvarad damTavrda msoflio istoria. aseve
damTavrda filosofiis istoriac. is sibrZnis siyvarulidan iqca
mecnierebis sistemad anu sibrZned. hegelma msoflio istoriisa da
filosofiis dasaruli gamoacxada 1830 wels. amis Semdeg wamoiWra
mtanjveli kiTxvebi: Cven ra vqnaT vinc dasasrulis Semdeg daviba-
deT? Cven, 21-e saukunis adamianebi vkiTxulobT: sad vimyofebiT,
ganmanaTleblobis romel monakveTSi? xom ar Cavarda ganmanaTle-
blobis proeqti?
1784 wlis 24 seqtembers kants dausves kiTxva: vcxovrobT Tu
ara Cven ganaTlebul saukuneSi? kantma upasuxa: àra! magram Cven
23
vcxovrobT ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. jer kidev bevri ram aklia
iqamde, ... magram Tumc umwifarobidan gamosvlis veli gaixsna~.
SegviZlia Cvenc, igive vTqvaT dRsac? ganmanaTlebloba dausrule-
beli proeqtia?
filosofiis dasasruli
mTeli filosofiuri tradicia me-19 saukuneSi fridrix nic-
Sem Seajama sagangaSo sityvaSi `RmerTi mokvda~. man gamoamJRavna
ganmanaTleblobis orazrovneba da Crdilovani mxareebi, gamoxata
imedgacrueba, romelic mohyva gonebis batonobas. nicSem ganmana-
Tleblobis did filosofosebs `didi matyuarebi~ uwoda. maT iseTi
jini amouSves boTlidan, romlis marTva mas ukve aRar SeuZlia.
kacobrioba ukve uZluria sakuTari teqnikuri ganviTarebis winaSe.
nicSem iwinaswarmetyvela teqnologiebis epoqa, roca adamians gada-
laxavs jer kidev ucnobi arseba, _ zekaci, iseve rogorc Tavis
droze maimuni gadalaxa adamianma. manve iwinaswarmertyvela me-20
saukuneSi teqnikis boboqroba, msoflio omebi, masebis aRzeveba,
didi revoluciebi, totalitaruli sistemebi da nihilizmi, _ yvela
RirebulebaTa gadafaseba.
nicSe SeiSala, sicocxle sulierad daavadebulebTa saavadmyo-
foSi daasrula, rogorc TviTon ambobda, ver gauZlo Tavisive aR-
moCenebis simZimes.
dasasrulis Semdeg
gamocxadebuli dasasrulis Semdeg gamoiTqva azri, rom dam-
Tavrda ara saerTod filosofia, aramed klasikuri filosofia
anu sistemebis periodi. me-19 saukuneSi gavrcelebuli cnoba fi-
losofiis dasasrulis Sesaxeb hgavs bernard Sous ambavs, romelmac
erTxel gazeTSi waikiTxa raRac gaugebrobis wyalobiT presaSi mox-
vedrili sakuTari nekrologi. mweralma gazeTis redaqcias miswera:
`cnoba Cemi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, cotaTi gadaWarbebulia.~
mxolod universaluri sistemebis agebis Semdeg gamoCnda, gamov-
linda azrovnebis iseTi mxareebi, romlebic manamde ar Candnen.
me-20 saukuneSi warmoiSva mravali filosofiuri mimdinareoba,
`filosofiuri skola~. axla SevecadoT gavigoT ra aris `filoso-
fiuri skola~
24
Tavi II.
sad viswavloT filosofia
Homo academicus
§1. filosofiuri skolebi
tradicia da interteqsti
didi filosofosebi sakuTar nawarmoebebs aTeuli wlebis swav-
lebisa da fiqris (meditaciis) Sedegad qmnian. magaliTad isic ik-
marebda, rom platoni mTeli cxovreba sokrates mowafed Tvlida
Tavs, aristotele 20 weli swavlobda platonis akademiaSi. filo-
sofosi mxolod filosofiur skolaSi yalibdeba.
ra aris filosofiuri skola?
es aris tradicia, TaobaTa estafeta, romelic xelidan xelSi
gadadioda. yoveli filosofosi winamorbedis mxrebze idga. yovel
Taobas SeeZlo eTqva: Cven varT gigantebis mxrebze Semdgari ju-
jebi, romlebic swored amitomac ufro Sors vxedavT, vidre gigan-
tebi.
`filosofiis istoria gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva saxiT movlenili
filosofiuri moZRvrebani, nawilobriv mxolod erTi filosofiaa
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze, nawilobriv ki is gansakuTrebu-
li principebi, romelTagan TiToeuli romelime sistemas safuZvlad
udevs, mxolod erTi da imaves mTelis ganStoebebi arian. drois mixed-
viT ukanaskneli filosofia yvela winamorbedi filosofiebis Sedegia
da amitom yvelas principebs unda Seicavdes, amitom, Tuki igi yvelaze
ufro ganviTarebulia, yvelaze ufro mdidaria da yvelaze konkretu-
li.~
(g. hegeli, logikis mecniereba )
sxvanairad, tradicia aris ìnterteqsti~. winamorbedTa da
TanamoRvaweTa mier SeTxzuli teqstebi// Txzulebebi marto cod-
nis pirvelwyaroebsa da misabaZ nimuSebs ki ar warmoadgenen da
mxolod urTierTgavlenebTan da urTierTzemoqmedebasTan ki ar
gvaqvs saqme, ara! aq raRac ufro metia. aq teqstTa urTierTSeqmna,
urTierTSeTxzva xdeba, amas ewodeba interteqsti. rolan bartis az-
riT:
`yoveli teqsti interteqstia: masSi sxva teqstebi arsebobs sx-
vadasxva doneze metad Tu nakelbad Sesacnobi formiT teqstebad win-
are kulturisa da teqstebad garemomcveli kulturisa: TiToeuli te-
qsti axleburi qsovilia moqsovili Zveli citatebisagan~.
25
erTi filosofosis mier SeTxzuli Txzuleba saWiroebs gagebas,
ganmartebas, ganaxlebas, gacocxlebas. teqstebi ganmmartebelTa
xelSi ganicdian mutaciebs, metamorfozebs. erTi cnobili SeniS-
vniT: mTeli dasavluri filosofia aris platonis xelnawerebis ar-
Siebze miwerili sqolioebi.
cnobilia piTagoras skola, platonis akademia, aristoteles
liceumi. elinizmis epoqaSi iqmneba `kasris~, `baRis~, `TaRis~ fi-
losofirui skolebi. zogierTi maTgani 500, 600 an 1000 welsac ki
agrZelebda arsebobas. 451 wels keisris brZanebiT daxures aTenis
filosofiuri skola. skolebi ukve monastrebTan ganagrZoben ar-
sebobas. ax. w. VI saukunidan filosofia gaxda akademiuri Seswavlis
sagani da saswavlo disciplina.
XII saukunidan Seiqmna universitetebi da akademiebi bizantiaSi,
italiaSi da Semdeg gavrceldnen CrdiloeT evropaSi. XI saukuneSi
gelaTSi Seiqmna filosofiuri akademia.
boeciusma V saukuneSi dawera wigni mravalmniSvnelovani saTau-
riT `nugeSi filosofiisagan~. Tu ginda miiRo nugeSi filosofi-
isagan wadi skolaSi. eZebe TavSesafari savaneSi. sad veZebo? eZebe
kasrSi, TaRqveS, baRSi, akademiaSi, liceumSi, universitetSi. skole-
bi bevria! sul ufro mkafiod gaismis xma: skolebi bevria, magram
xsna mxolod eklesiaSia.
filosofias 600 wlis tradicia hqonda, rodesac samyaroSi
Semovida Semoqmedi da gankacda. uflis gamocxadeba, qristesSo-
ba, jvarcma da aRdgoma msoflioSi gaavrceles TviTmxilvelebma,
qristes mowafeebma, mociqulebma da Seqmnes eklesia.
pavle mociquli iyo ebraeli, saxelad savle, moses rjulis
aRmsarebeli da elinuri filosofiis mcodne romaeli moqalaqe,
romelic Tavidan qristianebs devnida, vidre damaskos gzaze ar mi-
iRo zebunebrivi gamocxadeba, vidre sakuTari sindisis xmiT ar dae-
leaparaka qriste: saul, saul, ratom mdevni?~ qristes gamocxadebam
Secvala savles cxovreba. savle moinaTla, qristianobis mgzenabre
aRmsarebeli, qadagi da mociquli gaxda. es cvlileba gamoxata sax-
elis SecvlaSi: iyo savle da gaxda pavle.
`savles SeeZlo palved qceuliyo Tavis ganmartoebuli religiur
eqstazSi, magram misi pavled darCena mxolod qristianuli Temis kon-
teqstSi iyo SesaZlebeli, romelic pavled scnobda da adasturebda mis
àxal yofierebas.~
(piter lukmani, Tomas bergeri, `sinamdvilis socialuri konstru-
ireba~).
pavle mociqulma axali religia iqadaga aTenSi _ filososfiis
aTaswlovan msoflio dedaqalaqSi. iq Seqmna pirveli qristianuli
26
Temi _ eklesia. male eklesiebi Seiqmna mTel elinur samyaroSi: rom
Si, TesalonikSi, efesoSi…... amieridan paralelurad arsebobdnen
eklesiebi da filosofiuri skolebi.
eklesia aris qristes mistiuri sxeuli, qristes sisxlisa da
xorcis TanamoziareTa saZmo, Tanamegobroba (evqaristuli komuna),
romlis wiaRSic adamianisa da RmerTis TanamSromlobiT, ori nebis,
ori energiis SeerTebiT anu sinergiiT xdeba adamianis ganRmrToba
(Teozisi).
dasavluri da aRmosavluri sibrZnis skolebi

filosofiuri skolebi iyo èlinuri sibrZnis~ maswavlebelTa
da moswavleTa kolegiumi, Temi, komuna. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom fi-
losofosebi iyvnen Zvel indoel brahmanTa da guruTa (sibrZnis
moZRvarTa) Tanagvari kasta evropaSi.
aziaSi daxuruli kasturi wyobileba arsebobda aTaswleulTa
ganmavlobaSi, romelic saberZneTSi filosofiis warmoSobamde
didi xniT adre Camoyalibda da TiTqmis Cvens dromde moaRwia. erT-
erT umaRles kastas Seadgendnen brahmanebbi, qurumebi, romelnic
wminda sinrZnis wignebs kiTxulobdnen da RvTiuri sibrZnis mflo-
belebad iTvlebodnen. mxolod maTi rCeviTa da kurTxeviT ganagebda
qveyanas mmarTvelTa (Satria) kasta. budam da budisturma skolebma
daarRvies kasturi karCaketiloba aziaSi. budam datova sibrZnis
miRwevis teqninka. am skolebSi neofitebi ganWvretas (meditacias)
eZleodnen, SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis sulieri ganwmedna, gardaqmna,
zneobrivi mowifulobias safexurebis (iniciaciebis xarisxTa) gav-
la; morCilebis, asketobis, sulieri varjiSebisa da locvis gziT
cxovrebiseuli satanjvelisagan ganTavisufleba, Sinagani gasxivo-
sneba da srul uSfeTvelobaSi _ nirvanaSi davaneba. amieridan yve-
las SeeZlo miaxloeboda uzenaes sibrZnes, romelsac budam, RvTi-
urma moZRvarma miaRwia da daesrulebina an gonivrulad waremarTa
sulier gardasaxvaTa (inkarnaciaTa) cikli.
miuxedavad msgavsebisa mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes didi
gansxvaveba sibrZnis aRmosavlur da dasavlur anu elinur skolebs
Soris. aRmosavluri sibrZne mainc ezoTerul, farul da gonebamiu-
wvdomel idumalebaSia davanebuli. brahmani, guru am idumalebis
mociquli, naxevrad RmerTi, kritikisaTvis Seuvali ezoTeriki,
(idumalebaT gandobili), `gasxivosnebuli maswavlebeli~, raRac
ucxoplanetelis msgavsi arsebaa.
dasavluri tipis filosofiur skolaSi ki maswavleblis pativ-
iscema ar gadadis TayvaniscemaSi (kultSi). sapatimroSi sokrates
jalaTma SxamiT savse Tasi miawoda. mowafeebi ki ar eSvebian:
27
`sokrate, Sen gvtoveb, Cven ra gveSveleba uSenod, sadRa vipoviT
Sennair sirbZnis jadoqars?
`saberZneTi didia, kebes, _ miugo sokratem, _ da, albaT, aseTi jado-
qrebic moeZebnebian mas. egec ar iyos, ici ramdeni ucxo Tesli arsebobs
qveynad? da Tqven gmarTebT yvelas ewvioT, yvelgan gamoikiTxoT, yvel-
gan eZioT eg jadoqari, eZioT Zal-Ronisa da saxsrebis dauzogavad,
radgan ukeTess ras moaxmarT simdidres Tqvensas? da mere, TviT Tqven-
Sic unda eZioT igi.~
(platoni, fedoni)
damfuZnebelTa anu àzris gigantebis~ avtoriteti filosofiur
skolebSi Zalian didia, maT qandakebas udgamen, magram mowafeebi
maT ar uyureben rogorc mesias. yvelam icoda, rom àzrovnebis
maswavlebels imiT mivagebT pativs, rom Cven TviTon viazrovnebT.~
sibrZnis kari Riaa yvela maZieblisaTvis, es imas niSnavs rom Riaa
Tavisuflebis kari.
`ZvelberZnul filosofiaSi unikaluri fenomenia mocemuli, ro-
melic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli mis gansacvifrebel Tavisuflebasa
da SemoqmedebiT energiasTan. rogor SeiZleba am fenomenis axsna? is,
rac unda avxsnaT, aris tradiciis warmoSoba. swored tradicia iwvevs
da aqezebs kritikul diskusiebs sxvadasxva skolebs Soris. da rac
kidev ufro metad gansacvifrebelia, erTi skolis SigniTac ki arsad,
piTagoras skolis garda, ar gvxvdeba skola, romelic Tavganwirulad
cdilobdes raime doqtrinis ucvlelad SenarCunebas. amis nacvlad vxe-
davT cvlilebebs, axal ideebs, modifkaciebs da maswavleblis aSkara
kritikas.~ (k. poperi, racionalizmis sawyisebi)
maswavleblisa da mowafis urTierTobis formula mogvca aris-
totelem: `miyvars platoni, magram ufro metad miyvars WeSmarite-
ba~. yvela Taobis filosofosebmac, maT Soris damwyebma filoso-
fosebmac ician, rom `Secdoma adamianuri Tvisebaa~. “gigantebs~
moswondaT damwyebTa kritikuli paTosi da TviTonac aRvivebdnen
maTSi am suliskveTebas. am skolebSi ar arsebobda mxolod moZ-
Rvari da mxolod dasamoZRvri. es iyo Tanaswor TanamosaubreTa
Tanamegobroba, moZRvarTa da dasamoZRvarTa kolegiumi. azrTa
amgvari wyoba da sibrZnis maZiebelTa aseTi kolegiebi, swored fi-
losofiur skolebSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda. is TviT filosofiis
bunebidan gamomdinareobda.
SevajamoT rac gavigeT sibrZnis skolebze. ukve viciT rom arse-
bobs sami gansxvavebuli saxis sibrZnis skola: aRmosavluri skole-
bi, elinuri skolebi da eklesia.
28
aRmosavluri elinuri eklesia
skolebi (filosofiuri) madlismieri
TviTsrulyofis skolebi ganRmrToba//
safexurebrivi ideaTa (Eidos) Teozisi, cdiseuli
teqnika, mWvreteloba, SeerTeba pirovnul
gasxivosneba, gnozisi//ganbrZnoba RmerTTan
nirvanaSi gauCinareba
platonis akademia
platoni sirakuzis tiranis miwveviT masTan mrCevlad muSaob-
da, magram tiranisa da filosofosis megobrboba ar Sedga. tiranma
platoni dilegSi Caagdo da monad gayida. monaTa bazarze is Sem-
TxveviT icno erTma aTenelma moqalaqem da didi Tanxa gaiRo misi
gamosyidvisaTvis. mogvianebiT platonis mowafeebma da megobrebma
Seagroves fuli raTa daebrunebinaT im kacisaTvis, magram man uari
Tqva, fuli platons gadasca.
386 wels, am TanxiT platonma aTenis gareubanSi, akademosis sax-
elobis baRSi iyida saxli da iq gaxsna skola, romelsac akademia
ewoda. TviTon platoni 30 welze met xans iyo akademiis xelmZR-
vaneli anu sqolarqi. moxucebulobis Jams memkvidred SearCia Ta-
visi diswuli spevsipe (daax. Zv. w. 409-339), romelic rva weliwadi
iyo sqolarqi. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg akademiis mesame sqolarqi
gaxda qsenofane qalkedoneli (395-314 Zv. w.). es gamoCenili pla-
tonikosi 25 weli edga skolas saTaveSi.
akademiaSi swavleba ufaso iyo, rogorc es sokratem uanderZa
platons. sokrate Tvlida, rom filosofosoba mowodebaa da masSi
fulis aReba ar SeiZleba, amitom is amxelda sofistebis, moxeti-
ale sibrZnis maswavleblebs, romlebic TavianT saqmeSi did gas-
amrjelos iRebdnen. platoni Tavis moZRvrebas mowafeebTan dia-
logSi ayalibebda. platoni moxucebulobaSi 70 wlisa gardaicvala
`kalmiT xelSi~. misi sikvdilis Semdeg mowafeebma gaagrZeles pla-
tonizmis, `platonuri filosofiis~ principebis kvleva. platonis
akademiam 900 weli iarseba da ax. w. 529 wels daixura keisar ius-
tinianes dekretiT.
aristoteles liceumi
akademikosebis skolas gamoeyo platonis didi mowafe, aris-
totele. is 20 weli swavlobda platonis akademiaSi. platonma mas
metsaxelad `mkiTxveli~ Searqva, radgan umetes dros TavauRebel
kiTxvaSi atarebda. 17 wlis ristotele Cavida aTenSi, Sevida pla-
29
tonis akademiaSi da platonis sikvdilamde iq darCa, swavlobda da
monawileobda maswavleblis dialogebSi.
aristotele mcire xniT makedoniaSi gadasaxlda mefe filipes
mowveviT. iq mis Svils, aleqsandre makedonels aswavlida, roca
aleqsandre Tavis did aRmosavlur laSqrobaSi gaemgzavra, 50 wlis
aristotele dabrunda aTenSi, mis gareubanSi, apolon likielis
taZris siaxloves gaxsna skola, romelsac win hqonda xeivani. am xe-
ivanSi neli siaruliT ukiTxavda aristotele studentebs leqciebs.
aTenelebma skolas liceumi, xolo mis binadrebs peripatetikosebi
anu moseirneni Searqves. skolas hqonda mdidari biblioTeka da gim-
naziumi, fizkulturis savarjiSo darbazi. mowafeebs kargi piro-
bebi hqondaT kvlevisa da swavlisaTvis.
aleqsandre makedonelis moulodnelma sikvdilma aTenSi amboxi
da misi momxreebis devna gamoiwvia. aristotele ucxoeTSi gadaixve-
wa. rogorc TviTon ambobda àmiT xeli SeuSala aTenelebs filoso-
fiis winaSe meore codvis CadenaSi~. pirveli codva, maT sokrates
mokvliT Caidines. erTi wlis Semdeg is 62 wlisa gardaicvala.
aTenis ori filosofiuri skola ganlagebuli iyo erTmaneTis
sapirispirod. peripatetikosTa skola mdebareobda aTenis aRmosav-
leT gareubanSi, xolo akademikosTa skola Crdilo-dasavleT ga-
reubanSi. isini gansxvavebul TvalsazrisTa dialogSi avsebdnen da
srulyofdnen erTmaneTs da elinTa azrovnebas icavdnen Clungi
calmxrivobidan.
orive skolaSi mimdinareobda erTmaneTis kritikuli ganxilva.
isic xdeboda, rom akademikosTa nawili peripatetikosi xdeboda an
piriqiT. aristoteles naSromebis didi nawili saleqcio kursebis
saxiT unda momzadebuliyo, rac studentebs saseminarod mosamza-
deblad eZleodaT. maT evalebodaT ara marto gaezepirebinaT da
gadmoecaT miRebuli masalis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, aramed kritikuli
SeniSvnebi miewodebinaT skolis moZRvrisaTvis. moZRvari ibarebda
studentebis SeniSnebiT avsebul Tavis saleqcio masalas, da maTi
SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT gadaamuSavebda da ase aZlevda das-
rulebuli naSromis saxes. peripatetikosTa skola Ria sazogadoe-
brivi saswavlebeli iyo. aristotele skolis mowafeebsa da msmene-
lebs, TanamSromlebsa da megobrebs uwodebda. es iyo swavlulTa
kolegiumi, Tanamegobroba. skolis mTeli qoneba saerTo sakuTreba
iyo.
aristotelem Tavis memkvidred datova Teokrite, mas Caabara
skolac da sakuTari Txzulebebic. TviTon Teokrite Tavis ander-
ZSi peripatetikosebs avalebs mouaron skolas da xeivans, rogorc
wmida alags, araferi gaasxvison, icxovron megobrulad. `yvela
30
nagebobas vutoveb megobrebs, romlebic moisurveben kvlavac aq
imecadinon filosofiasa da mecnierebaSi~. taZarSi, muzebis qan-
dakebebis gverdiT dadges aristoteles qandakeba. aristoteles
nawerebi sardafSi inaxeboda, vidre is peripatetikosebis me-11 sqo-
larqma, andronike rodselma gadawera da gaavrcela Zv. w. 43 wels.
peripatetikosTa skolam ax. w. II saukunemde iarseba.
baRis filosofosebi
am skolis fuZemdebeli epikure (Zv. w. 342-270) aTenSi platonur
akademiaSi swavlobda, Semdeg daSorda platonis principebs da aT-
enSive daarsa sakuTari skola, romelic baRSi mdebareobda. maT
èpikurelTa baRi~ Searqves. xolo iq moRvaweebs `baRis filoso-
fosebi~. skolas Zmuri kavSiris, Temis saxe hqonda. es ar iyo piTag-
orelTa msgavsi daxuruli seqta. is iyo Ria saswavlo-kvleviTi
dawesebuleba. skolis frontonze ewera: `mgzavro SeCerdi, Sen aq
Tavs kargad igrZnob, aq aris umaRlesi sikeTe da siamovneba.~
epikures zneobrivi moZRvrebis mixedviT, filosofia aris
bednierebis miRwevis gza. amisTvis upirveles yovlisa saWiroa
sikvdilisa da RmerTebis SiSisgan ganTavisufleba. buneba umci-
resi nawilebisagan, atomebisagan Sedgeba. sulis ukvdavebis rwmena
mxolod varaudia. ukvdavi RmerTebi arseboben TavianT uzrunvel
netarebaSi, ganrindebuli bunebis saqmeSi Carevisagan. sikvdili
CvenTvis araraa, sanam Cven varT, is ar aris, xolo roca is mova,
Cven aRar viqnebiT. amitom ugunurebaa misi gveSinodes.àdamiano
nu geSinia sikvdilis!~ esaa epikures da epikurelTa mTavari azri,
romelsac Cven gavswavlida, misi studentebi rom gavmxdariyaviT.
sikvdilis SiSi yvela sxva SiSis saTavea, Cven unda vcxovrobdeT
uSiSrad, uSfoTvelad; stiqiebis, RmerTebis, bedisweris, gangebis,
ucnobi momavlis winaSe SfoTvis gareSe. aseTia gonivruli pasuxebi
kiTxvebze sul rom gvaSfoTeben, am pasuxebs Tu movipvebT sikvdili
vardisfer gzad gadaiqceva.
TaRis filosofosebi
es skola aTenSi TaRovan darbazSi gaxsna Zenonma Zv. w. IV s. bo-
los. amitom maT `TaRis filosofosebs~ anu stoelebs uwodebdnen.
(`stoa~ TaRs niSnavs). mogvianebiT stoeli gaxda romis imperatori
markus avreliusi. maTi upirvelesi principia: icxovre bunebriv
(kosmiuri) wesrigTan TanxmobaSi, aumRvreveli simSvidis (ataraxia)
kondiciaSi. unda ganTavisuflde afeqtebisagan da miaRwio uSfoT-
velobas (apaTia). apaTia aris cxovrebis mizani _ sulis amaRleba
netarebamde, RvTaebis mdgomareobamde.
31
kasris filosofosebi
saberZneTSi gamoCndnen sokrates mimdevari ucnauri garegno-
bisa da qcevis sibrZnis maZiebelni, romelTac kinikosebs, an kas-
ris filosofosebs uwodeben imis gamo, rom erT-erTi maTi warmo-
madgeneli, diogene kasrSi cxovrobda. maTi mizani iyo cxovrebis
amaoebaTagan ganrideba, arafilosofiuri samyarodan gamijvna, ra-
sac Cacmulobasa da cxovrebis wesSi gamoxatavdnen, icvamdnen amoW-
ril tomaras, Tma-wvers ar ikreWdnen. maTi ideali uSfoTveloba
da samyaroseuli wesrigis wminda Wvreta iyo. aseT brZenze Tqva
rusTvelma:
`Tu sadmea brZeni vinme maRali da maRalia mxedi
arc Tu Wiri Wirad uCndes, arc Tu lxini zeda zedi~
gadmocemis mixedviT, roca aleqsandre makedonelma saberZne-
Ti daipyro, diogenes naxva moisurva. man gandegils hkiTxa: `nuTu
araferi gaqvs saTxovari, rac ginda mTxoveTo~. iogenes upasuxia:
`xelmwifeo, gTxov mzes nu miCrdilav, kasrs moSorde~. es pasuxi
msoflios dampyrobs ise mowonebia, rom uTqvams: `me rom aleqsan-
dre ar viyo, diogenobas visurvebdio~.
gelaTis akademia
daviT aRmaSenebelma da misma gundma Caifiqra gelaTSi gaexsna
akademia, romelic iqneboda `yovlisa aRmosavlisa meore ierusali-
mad, sxuad aTinad~, anu iseTi skola, romelic RvTis gamocxadebis
TvalsazrisiT iqneboda `meore ierusalimi~, xolo elinuri sibrZ-
nis TvalsazrisiT `sxva aTeni~ _ msofio filosofiuri azrovnebis
centri. skolis xelmZRvanelad miiwvies saxelganTqmuli qarTveli
filosofosi ioane petriwi, romelic bizantiaSi moRvaweobda.
gelaTi iyo is centri, sadac ganxorcielda mTeli epoqis ide-
ali. es ideali isaxeboda da xorcieldeboda bizantiaSic, ital-
iaSic, safrangeTSic neoplatonur akademiebSi da TandaTan gadaiz-
arda universitetebis saerTo evropul qselSi. bibliuri sibrZne
daukavSirda, SeuerTda antikur, warmarTul sibrZnes.
ioane petriwma aaRorZina ara marto antikuri filosofia,
platonis akademiis, peripatetikosTa, stoelTa, epikurelTa ga-
mocdileba, aramed misteriaTa sibrZnec, qaladeluri orakulebi,
orfizmi, iudevelTa winaswarmetyvelebani da sxva. petriwisaTvis
rom gvekiTxa: ras niSnavs es? gvetyoda, rom arsebobda raRac dasa-
bamieri sibrZne, romelic ki ar unda ukuvagdoT, aramed saxarebis
Suqze ganmartoT da SevqmnaT sofiologia (sibrZnis moZRvreba). es
maSin moxdeba Tu yvela sxva sibrZne daemyareba qristianul gad-
32
mocemas, saxarebis sibrZnis dedaboZs, rogorc yvela winamorbedi
codnis gamerTianebels. gelaTi àxali aTina~, qristianuli neo-
platonizmis kerad iqca.
am àxali aTenis~ reqtors, `moZRvarT moZRvarsa~ da sqolarqs,
ioane petriws sjeroda, rom vinaidan qriste iyo RmerTkaci (`sruli
kaci da sruli RmerTi~), sruli qristianoba gulisxmobs RvTiur da
adamianur azrovnebaTa wesebis SeerTebas, cxadia maTi Serevis, maT
Soris siRrmiseuli gansxvavebis waSlis gareSe. am mizans emsaxure-
boda akademiis saswavlo programac.
rogorc imJamindeli bizantiisa da evropis akademiebSi, gelaTSic
iswavleboda aucilebel saganTa Svideuli, romelic Sedgeboda
`triviumisa~ (sameulis) da `kvadriumis~ (oTxeulisagan). sameuli
aris: geometria, maTematika da musika. xolo oTxeuli: gramatika,
filosofia, ritorika da astronomia.
ioane petriwma berZnulidan qarTlad Targmna platonuri fi-
losofiis yvelaze srulyofili encikolopedia, pirokle diad-
oxosis `kavSirni RvTismetyvelebiTni~. am wignis winasityvaobaSi
mTargmneli gveubneba: sibrZnis godolni mravalia: qaldeuri, or-
fikuli, iudevelTa, elinTa platonuri sibrZne. maT kravs qristes
mociquli pavle _ `Cemi orfeosi~, romelic wargvmarTavs Rmer-
Tisken, yovlispirveli da erTi dasabamisaken, `satrfod zesTa¡
zesTaTa¡ erTi da pirveli erTi~.
petriwi aswavlida, rom qveyniereba Sedgeba mwyobri Sreebisagan,
romlebic erTdroulad arian gamgonec da gasagonoic, Semmecne-
belnic da Sesamecnebelnic, arsni erTmaneTs cnoben, erTmaneTs ga-
dascemen da iReben, erTmaneTs eZaxian da gamoepasuxebian, ugoneben,
erTmaneTisa esmiT, ugeben erTmaneTs, uyvarT erTmaneTi, sufevs
sikeTisa da siyvarulis monizmi, rac petriwis didma mowafem SoTa
rusTavelma gamoTqva aforizmSi:
`borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~.
universitetebi
ukve rva saukunea filosofiis skola universitetSia. univer-
siteti aris profesorTa da studentTa avtonomiuri (TviTmmarTve-
li) kolegiumi, universumis codnis taZari, mediumi samyarosa da
sazogadoebas Soris. universitetis avtonomia (TviTmmarTveloba)
anu damoukideblobas saxelmwifosgan da eklesiisagan emyareba gon-
ebis avtonomiurobas.
saxelmwifo aris saxalxo nebis (suverenitetis) gamomxatveli da
ganmmartebeli; xolo eklesia RmerTis nebis gamomxatveli da ganm-
marTebeli, mediumi RmerTsa da mis qmnilebas Soris. saxelmwifo,
33
eklesia da universiteti, romlebic ideaSi xalxis nebas, RmerTis
nebas da gonebas gamoxataven, sazogadoebis sam mTavar burjs war-
moadgens. maT harmoniul Tanaarsebobazea damokidebuli mTeli
sazogadoebis keTildReoba.
saqarTvelo istoriuli Znelbedobebis gamo mTeli epoqiT
CamorCa am process. gelaTis akademiis daxurvis Semdeg, TiTqmis
Svidsaukunovani wyvetilis Semdeg, 1918 wels TiTqmis erTdroulad
aRdga saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, eklesis avtokefalia da
sauniversiteto ganaTleba. 1918 wlis 29 ianvars, daviT aRmaSeneb-
lis xsenebs dRes, gaixsna pirveli qarTuli universiteti, pirve-
li fakulteti, sibrZnis-metyvelebis fakulteti. universiteti
akurTxa kaTolikos-patriarqma kirion II.
§2. saswavlo sagnebi
filosofiis Semadgeneli nawilebi

filosofia ganixilavs erTi rigis da xasiaTis, magram ramde-
nadme gansxvavebul problemebs. esenia: yofierebis, Semecnebis da
zneobis problemebi. amitom filosofia iyofa ramdenime dargad,
disciplinad. tradiciulad Semdegi saxis dayofaa miRebuli: meta-
fizika, eTika, politikuri filosofia, esTetika, logika. isini qm-
nian filosofiis sabazo elementebs. arseboben agreTve dargobrivi
filosofiuri disciplinebi: religiis, medicinis, samarTlis, enis,
omis, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, ekonomikis da sxva. amaT garda,
viTardebian filosofiuri kvlevis mimarTulebebi, romlebic da-
moukidebel სamecniero da saswavlo dargebad yalibdebian, magali-
Tad, kulturis filosofia, mecnierebis filosofia, bioeTika da
sxva, magram isini unda ganvasxvavoT filosofiis sabazo elementebi-
sagan.
metafizika
`metafizika~ filosofiis mTavari dargis saxelia. iyo dro
roca metafizika mecnierebaTa dedoflad iTvleboda.
Cven gvainteresebs ra aris namdvili da aranamdvili. mTa aris,
adamiani aris, magram ra aris TviTon es àris!~? saganTa da mov-
lenaTa usasrulobaSi erTianoba ras Seaqvs? aqvs Tu ara arsebobas
raime azri, mizani? aristotele fiqrobda, rom rac arsebobs, ar-
sebobs rame mizeziTa da mizniT. imitom wvims, rom mcenareebma ix-
aron. xolo mcenareebi imitom xaroben, rom adamianebi gamokvebon.
bibliac ambobs: àRmoaceneb balaxs pirutyvTaTvis da mcenareuls
34
adamianTa dasapureblad ... mzem icis Tavisi Tavisi asaval-dasavali
(fs. 104).
bunebis mizezebis codnas ewodeba fizika, xolo saerTod yofnis
mizez/miznisa da pirvelmamoZraveblis codnas _ metafizika. `meta~
arsebulze mets, aRmatebuls aRniSnavs. `metafizikas~ SeiZleba ewo-
dos pirvelcodna, Taurcodna, dasabamieri codna.
platonma `meta~-s Sesaxeb moZRvreba TvalsaCinod warmoad-
gina `saxelmwifos~ VII wignSi moTxrobili gamoqvabulis miTis Tu
Tqmulebis saxiT. Tqmuleba mogviTxrobs ubedur tusaRebze, rom-
lebic binadroben bnel mRvimeSi, qvabulSi, sadac arasodes aRwevs
mzis Suqi. kiserze xundebdadebuli tusaRebi gasasvlelisgan zurg-
SeqceviT sxedan da mxolod kedelze gamosaxul aCrdilTa rokvas
xedaven. Gamoqvabulis gumbaTi cis TaRs ganasaxierebs. xolo xolo
mRvime dedamiwas, romelic tusaRebs samyaro, myari, namdvili hgo-
niaT. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani, uSualod garemos tyveobaSia.
borkilayrili patimari ukan moixedavs, mobrundeba da gasasv-
lelisaken gzas gaignebs. sagangebo garjiT xdeba gamosvla mRvimi-
dan mzis sinaTleze. //sibrZne aCrdilTa Soris gzis gagnebaa,
esaa filosofia, rasac mogvianebiT uwodes `metafizika~.
magram Tqmuleba amiT ar Tavdeba. mzis mxilveli isev jurRmul-
Si brundeba, raTa TanamoZmeebs auwyos, rom maTi codna sinamdvile-
Si ar codnaa da aCrdilTa mRvimidan gasasvlelis Ziebisken mouwo-
dos. es saSiSia! SeiZleba tusaRebma moklan igi, rogorc sokrate
mokles. magram mas mainc jurRmulSi miuwevs guli, raTa adamianur-
Si da adamianTa Soris gaisarjos. filosofosi kacad yofnas arCevs.
eTika da aTi mcneba

eTika aris fiqri ori sityvis Sesaxeb. es sityvebia: `cudi~ da
`kargi~, sxvanairad _ `keTili~ da `boroti~. ra unda vakeTo? ro-
gor moviqce, rom viyo kargi, keTili da ara cudi, boroti? moral-
uri kanonebi, arseboben Tu isini gamoigones, Tundac imisTvis, rom
erTmaneTi ar davWamoT? erTma cinikosma ixumra: moraluri kanone-
bi imitom gamoigones, rom mSoblebi, maswavleblebi da mRvdlebi
usaqmod ar darCeniliyvneno. Tumca bavSvebi da filosofosebi maT
mudmivad awuxeben kiTxvebiT: saidan? ratom?
Tu morali saRmrTo rjulia, romelic 10 mcnebis saxiT Rmer-
Tma misca winaswarmetyvel moses sinas mTaze, maSin kanoni daur-
Rvevelia, ganaCeni sazogadoa da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareba. ma-
gram ramdeni boroteba CaudeniaT kanonis saxeliT. gana 10 mcnebis
saxeliT cocxlad ar swvavdnen adamianebs inkvizitorebi? TviTon
kanonebs, mcnebebs Sorisac xom ar aris konfliqti? qristes mi-
35
uyvanes mruSi dedakaci, romelmac me-7 mcneba _ ara imruSo!- daar-
Rvia da Caqolvas imsaxurebda, magram ase xom me-6 mcnebas _ ara kac
hklas, _ davarRvevdiT? iqneb zneobis ganmsazRvreli kanoni ki ara,
situaciaa? iqneb oriveze upiratesia siyvaruli? sakiTxTa am wres
swavlobs eTika
logika da mola nasredini

aTenis moqalaqeni xSirad kamaTobdnen. amitom ainteresebdaT
rogor gavigoT romelia marTali? swori msjeloba yvelasaTvis
sworia, iqneba is aTeneli, barbarosi, ucxoplaneteli Tu urCxu-
li. ratom xarT ase darwmunebulni? _ ekiTxebodnen eWvianebi. imi-
tom, rom aseTia logikis kanonebi! logikuria arawinaaRmdegobrivi,
gamarTuli, wanamZRvrebidan gamomdinare daskvnebi. aristotelem
Camoayaliba swori daskvnis gamotanis formaluri pirobebi da
kanonebi. amitom mas `logikis mama~ uwodes.
logikis arss gvagebinebs aRmosavleTSi popularuli Tqmuleba
mola nasredinze.
Tanasoflelma mezobels uCivla mola nasredinTan. Cems miwaze
gaatara cxvrebi, maT mier miyenebuli zarali aminazRauroso? Sen
marTali xaro _ uTxra molam. mezobelma Tavi imarTla: wyarosken
gza magis miwaze gadis da ra unda meqnao? Senc marTali xaro _
imasac uTxra molam. es rom molas moaxlem gaigona, ver moiTmina
da wamoiZaxa: `rogor SeiZleba orive marTali iyos?~ molam imasac
uTxra: `Senc marTali xaro~. moaxlem, ise rom TviTonac ar icoda,
gaaprotesta aristoteles logikis, _ swori azrovnebis Teoriis
ZiriTadi kanonis darRveva da logikuri Secdoma aRmoaCina. `meta-
fizikaSi~ aristotele ase ayalibebs am kanons:
`SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive, erTsa da imave dros miewere-
bodes da arc miewerebodes erTsa da imaves, erTi da igive mimarTe-
biT ... ori urTierTgamomricxavi msjeloba ar SeiZleba erTsa da
imave dros WeSmariti iyos~.
politikuri filosofia
yofiereba raRac wesrigia. aris Tu ara politikuri wesrigi yo-
fierebis wesrigis gamoxatuleba? TviTon wesrigi batonobasa da
morCilebas xom ar niSnavs? ratom unda daemorCilos adamiani ada-
mians an dawsebulebas? vin mianiWa saxelmwifos moqalaqeebze ba-
tonobis ufleba? misi kanonierebis wyaro bunebrivia Tu zebune-
brivi? RvTiuri nebaa kanonmdebeli Tu mamis avtoriteti da Temis
saerTo neba, rogorc es aris warmodgenili al.yazbegis moTxrobaSi
`xevisberi goCa~. saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis urTierTobis garkve-
36
va yofierebis arsis garkvevas iTxovs. didi britaneTis, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis an evrokavSiris marTva-gamgeobis Seqmnas win
uswrebda politikuri filosofiis fuZemdebluri ideebi, romle-
bic Camoayalibes jon lokma, Jan-Jak rusom, imanuel kantma da sx-
vebma. sakiTxTa am wres swavlobs politikuri filosofia.
esTetika
Cven xSirad vambobT: `ra mSvenieria~. mSvenieri SeiZleba
yvelaferi iyos: sicocxlec, sikvdilic, RmerTic ... dostoevskim
Tqva: `mSveniereba ixsnis kacobriobas~. mSvenierebis sakuTrivi as-
parezi xelovnebaa: poezia, musika, Teatri, mxatvroba, ariqteqtu-
ra. poetebi, mxatvrebi, musikosebi, artistebi xelovnebis qurume-
bi, RvTismsaxurni arian. rogor gavigoT ras emsaxurebian isini?
rogor gavigoT ra aris es `xelovneba~? gavecnoT xelovnebis qm-
nilebebs, SevadaroT erTmaneTs da SevkriboT maTi saerTo niSnebi?
magram manamde xom unda vicodeT ras veZebT, WeSmariti da yalbi
nawarmoebebi erTmaneTisgan riT gavarCioT? ratomaa, rom firosma-
nis naxati `fasdadudebelia~, xolo mis aslebs araviTari fasi ara
aqvT? `vardi lamazia~ _ am winadadebis wyoba aseTia `vardi~ subi-
eqti, xolo lamazi masze miwerili niSani (predikati). winadadebis
wyoba asaxavs namdvili vardis wyobas, Tu `lamazi vardi~ mxolod
winadadebis wyobaSi arsebobs? aq raRac mojadoebuli wresaviTaa,
raRac gamocanaa, romlis gamocnobis interesi gvibiZgebs daviwyoT
filosofiuri azrovneba xelovnebaze, mSvenierebis arsze. sakiTxTa
am wres swavlobs filosofiis dargi, romelsac èsTetika~ ewodeba.
filosofiis Semadgeneli sxva nawilebi

`filosofiis SesavalSi~ zogjer calke Tavebi eTmoba yvela im
sagans, romelic filosofiis specialobis kurikulumebSia Setani-
li. maTi problematika filosofiis tradiciuli dargebis fargleb-
Si movaqcieT. rac Seexeba, maTematikis, samarTlis, biznesis, omis,
medicinis da gamoyenebiTi filosofiis sxva dargebs, vfiqrobTi
isini TiToeuli am dargis specialistis saswavlo sagani unda iyos
`filosofiis Sesavlis~ Seswavlis Semdeg.
37
§3. filosofiis cnebis gansazRvris
siZneleebi
roca `filosofiis Sesavlis~ Seswavlas viwyebT saWiro xdeba

miviRoT filosofiis garkveuli gansazRvreba, romelic met-nak-
lebad gamodgeba yvela epoqisa da mimarTulebis filosofiuri az-
rovnebis ZiriTadi Strixebis aRsaniSnavad. es ar aris advili Sem-
deg garemoebaTa gamo:
filosofia icvleboda isotriuli epoqebis mixedviT. mniS-
vnelovnad gansxvavdebian antikuri, Sua saukuneebis, aRorZinebis,
axali da uaxlesi epoqis filosofiebi. icvleboda filosofiuri
problematikac. antikurobaSi filosofiis mTavari sagani iyo sa-
myaro, Sua saukuneebSi _ RmerTi, xolo axali droidan _ adamiani.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi, Cvens droSi pirovneba da misi Tavisufleba.
filosofia iqmneboda gansxvavebul enobriv-kulturul sivr-
ceebSi. igi warmoiSva Zveli berZnuli enisa da kulturis wiaRSi.
gvian antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi misi ena gaxda laTinuri.
mogvianebiT, roca berZnuli da laTinuri mkvdar enebad gadaiqc-
nen, filosofia xelaxla iSva germanuli, franguli da inglisuri
enebisa da axali epoqis kulturis wiaRSi. es garkveul sirTuleebs
qmnis filosofiuri cnebiTi aparatis erTmniSvnelovani gagebisaT-
vis.
filosofiis erTiani cnebis SemuSavebas aZnelebs mudmivi brZo-
la sxvadasxva filosofiur mimdinareobasa da Tvalsazrisebs Soris.
oTxi gansazRvreba
 mas Semdeg, rac mecniereba (gansakuTrebiT maTematika) codnis
ideali gaxda, ar wydeba kamaTebi imis Taobaze, filosofia
aris Tu ara `menciereba bunebis, azrovnebisa da sazogadoebis
uzogadesi kanonebis Sesaxeb.~
 XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi am saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs
aiZulebdnen kiTxvaze: ra aris filosofia? epasuxebinaT:
ideologia, gabatonebuli klasis cnobiereba; sazogadoebis
ekonomikuri bazisis zedaSeni, romelic Tavisi bazisis
ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. amitomac filosofia antikurobaSi
iyo monaTmflobeluri, Sua saukuneebSi feodaluri, axal
droSi burJuaziuli.
 80-ian wlebSi, roca sabWoTa sistema CamoiSala, sityva
ìdeologia~ Caanacvla sityvam `msoflmxedveloba~.
 XX saukunis muwurulsa da XXI saukunis damdegs cdiloben
filosofia dayvanili iqnes kritikuli azrovnebis unar-
Cvevebis teqinkamde.
38
am oTxi gansazRvrebidan pirveli sameuli (mecniereba, ideolo-
gia da msoflmxedveloba) marTalia zogierTi profesoris TavSi
da wignebSi isev ganagrZoben arsebobas, ase vTqvaT, Zveli inerciis
ZaliT, magram CamorCenilobisa da Zvelmodurobis SarmiT. amJamad
zeobs meoTxe gageba: kritikuli azrovnebis teqnika! romelic ofi-
cialuri ganaTlebis politikis, ase vTqvaT, `fexis xmas aris ayo-
lili.~
filosofia SeiZleba ideologiad gamoiyeno (gamouyenebiaT
kidec), magram imdenad gacalmxriveba dasWirdeba, rom is dakargavs
Tavis arss. სaxelmwifo, saxalxo uzenaesoba (suvereniteti) Tu aRi-
arebs visime azrebs, maSin mas iuridiuli kanonis saxes aniWebs. es
ki SeuTavsebelia filosofiis bunebasTan. SeuZlebelia azri, ro-
melic masebs daeufleba, filosofiad darCes.
`msoflmxedveloba~ araerTmniSvnelovani da bundovani sityvaa.
is me-18 saukuneSi germanelebma SeTxzes (Weltanschauung) da Semdeg
gavrcelda. saqarTveloSi ruseTidan Camosulma `Tergdaleuleb-
ma~ Seqmnes misi qarTuli oreuli. am sityviT iseTi ramis gamoTqma
surT, rac TiTqos erTdroulad aris samyaros suraTica da Se-
fasebac. aseTi ram ki cxovrebis safuZvelSi da enaSivea mocemuli
stiqiurad, manamde, vidre cnobiereba Seva filosofiis tradiciaSi
da interteqstSi. filosofia rom msoflmxedvelobas daemTxves,
maSin is unda gadaiqces mistiur eqstazad. amas cdilobdnen axali
da Zveli gnostikosebi, Teosofebi, anTroposofebi.
Tu filosofia unar-Cvevebis teqnikamde daviyvaneT, igive
safrTxe daemuqreba, rac ideologiis SemTxvevaSi. tradiciis raRac
`narCeni~ imdenad iqneba dacilebuli filosofiis ganmanaTavisu-
flebel (emansipaciur) da ganmwmendel (kaTarzisul) motivebs, rom
SeiZleba sul sxva ram iyos, magram ara filosofia.
mecnierebis gagebaSi bevri ram Seicvala. mecniereba dRes aRar
aris mxolod maTematikis Targze gamoWrili Teoriis saxeli. me-19
saukuneSi ganasxvaves axsniTi da gagebiTi mecnierebebi; me-20 sau-
kuneSi ki faqtismecnierebani da arsismecnierebani. filosofia ver
iqneba faqtismecniereba, misi debulebani ver iqneba sayovelTao da
aucilebeli yvela gonieri arsebisaTvis, rogorc 2X2=4. misi sagani
ver iqneba gamoTvlil-gazomili; magram is SeiZleba iyos arsisWvre-
tis mecniereba.
filosofiis saqmed rCeba gaigos rogor azrovnebs azrovneba, is az-
rovnebaze azrovnebaa. `vidre kvlevas daviwyebdeT, jer TviTon Semec-
nebis unari unda iqnes gamokvleuli, SeuZlia Tu ara mas amgvari ramis
gamokvleva. jer instruments unda gavecnoT vidre samuSaos Seudgebo-
deT~ (g. hegeli).
39
filosofiis saerTo niSnebi
miuxedavad am siZneleebisa, mainc SeiZleba gamoiyos filosofiis
saerTo niSnebi. kantis mixedviT, filosofiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebia:
ra SemiZlia vicode? ra unda vakeTo? risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?
ra var me, rogorc adamiani? aqedan gamomdinare, filosofia erT-
droulad aris Teoria, komunikacia da refleqsia.
 ra SemiZlia vicode? rogor ganvWvrito, aRvwero da avxsna
garesamyaro, romelSiac vcxovrob? rogor miviRo suraTi,
romelSic gamomJRavndeba, gamomzeurdeba universumis
saidumloeba? esaa Teoriul-SemecnebiTi mxare, rac Tavis
mxriv gulisxmobs: deskrifcias _ aRweras, suraTs, spekulacias
_ SesaZlo samyaroebis daSvebas.
 ra unda vakeTo? esaa filosofiis praqtikuli, komunikaciuri
mxare eTikurisa da politikuris CaTvliT. filosofia am
mxriv aris samyaroSi adamianis yofnis strategia, moZRvreba
samyaroSi adamianis adgilisa da sxva adamianebTan mimarTebis,
principebisa da gzebis Sesaxeb.
 filosofiis ganviTarebis gzaze gamoikveTa misi mesame mxare,
romelsac refleqsias uwodeben. esaa TviTcnobierebamde da
kritikul TviTSemecnebamde misulia azrovneba, romelic sagnad
aqcevs sakuTar azrovnebis wess. filosofia aris kulturis
TviTcnobiereba, epoqis kritika, gangaSi im safrTxeebis gamo,
romelic samyaroSi adamianis yofnas emuqreba.
ar SeiZleba filosofiad CaiTvalos dakanonebuli doqtrina.
erTxel da samudamod yvelasaTvis erTmniSvnelovnad gadawyveti-
lad Tu miviCnevT filosofiur problemebs, maSin filosofiis Ta-
viseburebebze uaris Tqma mogviwevs. roca filososfosi ar eZebs
WeSmaritebas, is Tavis Tavs kargavs.
unda uarvyoT romelime filosofosis an filosofiuri skolis
SesaZlebloba gamoTqvas absoluturi WeSmariteba da daikavos say-
ovelTao mniSvnelobis pozicia. arc erTi filosofiuri koncepti
ar SeiZleba iyos gamonaklisi anu `kanonikuri~. arafilosofiuri
viqnebiT, filosfiis erTaderTi da saboloo ganmartebis preten-
zias Tu ganvacxadebT.
filosofiis TviTgansazRvreba xorcieldeba yvela adamianis
mier, romlebic istoriaSi filosofosobdnen. filosofosis TviT-
definirebis cdebi grZeldeba da momavalSic gagrZeldeba. Cven
SegviZlia da gvevaleba kidec ganvsazRvroT azrovnebis filosofi-
urobis gansmazRvreli koordinatebi.
40
yovelTvis Tavidan dawyeba
filosofia fesvgadgmulia adamianuri yofis wesSi da amdenad
yvela adamiani potenciurad filosofosia. es `potencia~ TanSobi-
li, Tandayolili da moucilebelia adamianisaTvis. is raRac saxiT
vlindeba cxovrebis yvela mxareSi: religiaSi, zneobaSi, xelovneba-
Si. misi Canasaxebi mocemulia bavSvebSi, Zvel berZnebs xom `genial-
ur bavSvebs~ uwodebdnen. filosofiuri ganwyoba da bavSvis ganwyo-
ba imiT enaTesavebian erTmaneTs, rom ganwmendili arian yovelgvari
winaswardadgenili codnis tvirTisagan. esaa udogmobis ganwyoba.
gansazRvrebaTa mudmivad xelaxla dawyeba romelime moazrovnis
piradi axireba ki ar aris, aramed nimuSia yvela damwyebi filoso-
fosisa saerTod. Cven, rogorc damwyebi filosofosebi, garkveuli
azriT, mudmiv damwyebebad unda davrCeT. ase fiqrobdnen Zveli,
axali da uaxlesi filosofiis fuZemdeblebi: sokrate, dekarte da
edmund huserli. yvelafris Tavidan dawyebis amocana Tu ar Ses-
rulda, SeuZlebeli iqneba adamianisa da samyaros Sinagani sicxocx-
lis axali, manamde ucnobi mxareebis gamomJRavneba, aRwera da gage-
ba.
axla ukve cxadia, rom kiTxva _ ra aris filosofia? _ jer kidev
kiTxvad rCeba. jer kidev ar arsebobs filosofiaze saboloo gana-
Ceni.
41
Tavi III
vis sWirdeba filosofia?
§1. filosofia da misi mtrebi
filosofias, rogorc azrovnebis gansakuTrebul wess, hyavs Ta-

visi megobrebic da mtrebic. tiranebi yovelTvis krZalavdnen Ta-
visufal filosofiur azrovnebas. ratom? aristoteles an hegelis
wignebSi uzogadesi kategoriebis analizi warmoebs abstraqciuli
azrovnebis umaRles doneze, ratom unda daawesos kontroli maT
kiTxvaze romelime mTavrobam? Cven viciT, rom azrovnebis filoso-
fiuri wesi uSualod aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebis wessTan. pasuxi
kiTxvaze: `ra aris universumi?~, gulisxmobs garkveul pasuxs kiTx-
vaze: `rogor unda moviqce?~ da es pasuxi SeiZleba iyos tirani-
saTvis arasasurveli da saSiSic ki. amitom gasagebia, rom tiranebs
da mis moxele `karis filosofosebs~ arasodes hyvarebiaT WeSma-
riti filosofia. xelisuflebis (an misTvis mebrZolTa) oficial-
ur filosofias ideologia ewodeba. ideologia ideebis sistemaa,
romelic mxardaWerilia cenzuriT, represiuli aparatiT da sxva
saxelisuflebo dawesebulebebis mier. ideologia da filosofia
verasodes Seewyobian erTmaneTs.
marto tirani da misi sasaxlis ideologia ar aris filosofiis
mteri. mas kidev sxva tipis mtrebic hyavs.
antifilosofiuri pozicia filosofiis warmoSobisTanave Cam-
oyalibda, im Sexedulebis saxiT, rom is fuWi, uvargisi, usaqmurTa
saqmianobaa; ar aris dakavSirebuli adamianis cxovrebis sasicocx-
lo amocanebTan. am poziciidan dascines ukve pirvel filosofoss.
rogorc viciT, istoriuli gadmocemiT, es iyo Tales mileTeli
(Cv.w.aR-mde VI s.)
Talesi imdenad iyo garTuli ciur mnaTobTa gamokvleviT, rom
WaSi Cavarda. amis Semswre mrecxavma qalebma mas zemodan sicili
daayares da uTxres: `rogor gaigeb ra xdeba zecaSi, roca imasac
ki ver xedav, rom Sens cxvirwin Waa~. Talesma maT upasuxa: `Tqven
arasodes CavardebiT WaSi, radgan mudmivad iq binadrobT~. Sem-
deg platonmac bneli gamoqvabulis tusaRebs Seadara isini, vinc
ar aris filosofias naziarebi. erTi istorikosis figuraluri
TqmiT: filosofiis uarmyofeli mrecxavi qalebis xarxari aRara-
sodes Sewyvetila, igi dResac gaismis samyaroSi. Talesis Tavga-
dasavali ar iyo kerZo SemTxveva. iq filosofosma da filosofiis
uarmyofelebma erTmaneTs `maradiuli argumentebi~ warudgines.
42
arian kidev filosofiis `nawilobriv~ uarmyofelni. maT pozi-
tivistebi ewodebaT. isini Tvlian, rom filosofia `mefe liris md-
gomareobaSi aRmoCnda~. Seqspiris personaJma _ mefe lirma Tavisi
samefo qaliSvilebs gaunawila, TviTon ki samkvidros gareSe dar-
Ca. aseve daemarTa filosofiasac, radgan mTeli sinamdvile kerZo
(`pozitiurma~) mecnierebebma gaiyves. filosofias isRa darCenia
maT emsaxuros, maTi monapovrebi ganazogados. ase fiqroben pozi-
tivistebi.
adamiani cxeniT ufro swrafad moZraobs vidre fexiT, cxenze
ufro swrafad avtomobiliT, avatomobilze swrafad TviTmfrina-
viT, _ es progresia. xdeba Tu ara winsvla, progresi filosofia-
Si? _ Tu iq mudmivad erT mankier wreSi trialeben? filosofiur
problemebs `maradiuli problemebic~ ewodebaT, radgan maTze Tavs
imtvrevdnen yvela epoqis didi filosofosebi, magram ver mivid-
nen rame met-naklebad yvelasaTvis misaReb da dasabuTebul Sedege-
bamde. maS ra azri aqvs usargeblo da usasrulo kamaTs imis Sesaxeb,
suli ukvdavia, Tu mokvdavia? RmerTi arsebobs Tu ar arsebobs?,
samyaros pirvelsawyisi materialuria Tu idealuri?
filosofiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili adamianebi xSirad yve-
bian erT ambavs. alyaSemortymul konstantinepolSi filosofos-
ebi dausruleblad kamaTobdnen: ramdeni angelozi daeteva nemsis
wverze? ise gaerTnen am saqmiT, rom verc ki SeniSnes rogor Semoi-
Wrnen Turqebi da rogor daaWres yvelas Tavebi. amaze ase pasuxo-
ben xolme: filosofia azrovnebis ganviTarebadi da dausrulebeli
Tavgadasavlebisagan Sedgeba, magram TiToeuli es Tavgadasavali
Seicavs `WeSmaritebis marcvals~. am `marcvlebis~ gareSe SeuZlebe-
lia azrovnebis axali Senobebis ageba.
§2. mefe liri moxucTa TavSesafarSi
filosofosis profesia, avad Tu kargad, jer kidev arsebobs.

saswavlo sagnis saxiT, is Setanilia saswavlo kurikulumebSi. yvela
universitets hyavs filosofiis profesorebi. kantis Semdeg yvela
filosofosi profesoria. ra rols asruleben isini Tanamedrove
cxovrebis samyaroSi?
rogorc ukve SevityveT dRevandel filosofias Seqspiris per-
sonaJs, _ mefe lirs adareben. rodesac mefe lirma igrZno, rom `me
gardavsulvar, sibere mWirs WirTa ufro Znelia~, Tavisi samefo
or nawilad gauyo Tavis or qaliSvils. TviTon ki fiqrobda, xan
erTTan icxovrebda, xan meoresTan. magram qaliSvilebma mama aRar
43
miiRes. mefe samkvidros gareSe darCa. filosofia mTel codnas
moicavda. Semdeg TandaTan daiwyo kerZo mecnierebebis gamoyofis
procesi, bolos mTeli sinamdvile maT gainawiles, filosofias sa-
kuTari kvlevis sagani aRar dautoves. ase darCa yvelasgan mitove-
buli, dardisagan naxevrad SeSlili berikaci martodmarto.
XIX saukunidan vrceldeba Sexeduleba, rom filosofiis Semoq-
medebiTi epoqebi ukve dasrulebulia, rom hegelis sistemis Seqmnis
Semdeg axali araferi momxdara da arc SeiZleba moxdes. is Tavis
Tavs veRar inaxavs da gaxda Senaxvis, movlisa da dotaciis sagani.
rogorc Tanamedrove evropaSia miRebuli, xandazmul mSoblebs
moxucebulTa TavSesafarSi `miabareben~ xolme, da es iseTive Cveu-
lebriv movlenad aRiqmeba, rogorc Svilebis `mibareba~ skolebSi.
maSasadame 21-e saukunis damdegs filosofia SeiZleba Sevada-
roT mefe lirs, romelic moxucebulTa TavSesafarSi, pansionSi
cxovrobs. is iqca agdebuli mowiwebis sagnad, romelic qvelmoq-
medebis wyalobiT arsebobs. iq misi arseboba uRimRamo banaluroba
da Semgueblobaa. filosofias mudmivad awuxebs SiSi gabatonebu-
li mecnierebisa da mzardi teqnologiebis winaSe. imis SiSiT, rom
aramecnierulad gamoiyureba, cdilobs rogorme miemsgavsos an
garegnulad mainc mibaZos mecnierebas, Tumca icis, rom verafers
SesTavazebs Tanamedrove msoflio wesrigs, iseTs, rac, magaliTad
gautoldeboda 1990 wels genomis aRmoCenas. am aRmoCenis prezenta-
ciaze aSS-s prezidentma bil klintonma ganacxada, rom axali epoqa
iwyeba kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi.
yofili cxovrebis maswavlebeli CamorCa cxovrebas. cxovreba
Sors wavida, „berikaci“ ki daSorda, gauucxovda cxovrebas, gadai-
qca raRac xelovnuri konstruqciebis amgebad, romelic gaugebari
da zedmetia cxovrebisaTvis.
ra unda akeTos moxucTa TavSesafarSi samsaxuridan gadamdgar-
ma, usaqmod darCenilma filosofiam XXI saukuneSi?
 memuarebi weros, moigonos Tavisi Tavgadasavali, axal Taobas
mouTxros Zveli, gardasuli ambebi, rogorc buxarTan mjdomi
moxuci papebi uamboben xolme, Jivil-xiviliT garSemoxveul
SviliSvilebs. es imas niSnavs, rom filosofia daiyvaneba
filosofiis istoriamde.
 filosofias anugeSeben: Seni qaliSvilebi (mecnierebebi) iseTi
umadurni ar aRmoCndnen, rogorc mefe liris qaliSvilebi.
maT sWirdebaT filosofia, romelmac unda ganazogados
swrafganviTarebadi mecnierebis axal-axali miRwevebi da
monacemebi.
 kasandras roli Seasrulos. kasandra iyo momavali ubedurebis
naTelmxilveli, magram misi Tavidan acilebis unarsmoklebuli
44
troas winaswarimetyveli, misani. man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom
`troas cxeni~ ubedurebas moutanda mis qalaqs. troelebma
ar Seismines misi. cxeni qalaqSi Seitanes da troa daemxo.
filosofias mogangaSe da mowuwune berikacis roli dauTmes,
romelsac aRaravin usmens.
ratom ar aZleven nobelis premias filosofiaSi? es naTlad
aCvenebs mis mdgomareobas. filosofosebi: bergsoni, sartri da ka-
miu, nobeliantebi gaxdnen arafilosofiur nominaciebSi. maT premia
mieniWaT literaturis dargSi. filosofias uars eubnebian Taname-
drove kacobriobis inteleqtualur elitaSi adgilze. elita ewo-
deba im jgufs, vis xelSic Tavmoyrilia kacobriobis finansuri in-
teleqtualuri da politikuri resursebis maqsimumi.
TviTon filosofosTa Soris gamoCndnen e. w. àntifilosofos-
ebi~, romlebic tradiciul qedmaRlur profesiul TviTkmayofile-
bas akritikeben. isini dascinian `sistemur msoflmxedvelobas~.
Tanamedrove filosofiuri diskursis warmomadgeneli aris
`kritikuli komentatori~. riTi izomeba dRevandeli filosofosis
qmediTi masStabi? mediacnobadobis reitingiT Tu citirebis inde-
qsiT. am indeqsiT da kidev sxva monacemebis mixedviT, filosofosTa
pirvel aTeulSi (erT-erTi gamokvlevis mixedviT) moxvdnen miSel
fuko, pier burdie, iurgen habermasi, Jak derida da sxvebi.
iurgen habermass mianiWes premia `kaci, romelmac Secvala sa-
myaro~. es premia agreTve mianiWes mixeil gorbaCovs, internetis
gamomgoneblebs da sxva. iuneskos dawesebuli aqvs filosოfოსis
saerTaSoriso dRe, romelic yovelwliurad noembris mesame oTxSa-
baTs aRiniSneba.
§3. sokrates gamoZaxeba
XX saukune iwureboda, rodesac sapatriarqo sasaxleSi miiwvies

qarTveli filosofosebi Zalიან sasiamovno da keTilganwyobil
seminar/vaxSamze.
patriarqi: amboben rom, dRes filosofosebi aRar arian, arian
mxolod kritikosebi. Tqveni azriT, ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom
xeli Seewyos filosofiis aRorZinebas?
filososfiis institutis direqtori: amisaTvis sokratea
saWiro, sokrates gamoZaxeba mogviwevs.
sasaxlis filosofosi: sokrates gamoZaxeba Zviri dagvijdeba.
filosofiis institutis direqtori: patar-patara soკrateebis
mainc, es maTi saqmea.
45
komikuri efeqti
harvardis universitetis filosofiis fakultetis profesore-
bi tom katkarti da den kleini, filosofiis xumrobiT swavlebas
gvirCeven. isini kiTxvaze `rogor gavfilosofosdeT?~ pasuxoben:
`CayvinTeT saganTa arsebaSi, oRond ise, rom iq ar daixrCoT.~
genialur rus mwerals, feror dostoevskis awuxebda erTi Tema:
ra moxdeba qriste, rom movides dRes Tanamedrove sinamdvileSi,
iseve, rogorc 2000 wlis win movida palestinaSi? ეvrovizia, si-en-
eni, bi-bi-si da sxva mediasaSualebebi rogor gaaSuqebdnen am ambavs?
TviT dostoevskis fantaziiT, qriste XVI saukuneSi rom mosuliyo,
inkvizicia daapatimrebda da eretikosobaSi braldebiT gaasamar-
Tlebda.
ra moxdeba sokrate, platoni da aristotele rom `gamoviZaxoT~
Tundac dRevandel aTenSi? ar miscemen nobelis premias? savarau-
dod sokrates àdamianis uflebaTa dacvis~ dargSi mianiWeben, pla-
tons literaturis dargSi, aristoteles fizikaSi. sokrate al-
baT uars ityoda, quCaSi filosofosobas arCevda, magram sadRaa
`quCa~?! ქuCa dRes socialuri qselebia. sokrate kompiuters unda
miujdes da internetSi iRvawos. sxva sarbieli mas ar eqneba. pla-
toni da aristotele Seudgebian saleqcio turnes msoflios 100
wamyvan universitetSi, filosofosTa msoflio kongreszec gamov-
len, romelic 2018 wels SanxaiSi unda gaimarTos...
magram moveSvaT moclili fantaziiT TamaSs. isev moxucTa
TavSesafarSi vewvioT filosofias. Cven, damwyebi filosofosebi,
iq SevxdeTXX saukunis filosofiis mefeebs, centralur figurebs:
bertran rasels da edmund huserls. vkiTxoT maT, raa aris filoso-
fia?
raseli: filosofia aris enobrivi TamaSi!
huserli: ara, filosofia Wvretaa!
kiTxva: ras akeTebs filosofia moxucTa TavSesafarSi?
raსeli: marTavs enobriv TamaSebs. esaa misi saqme. visac enobriv
TamaSTa mrvalferovneba ar udgas Tvalwin, is ver gaigebs filoso-
fosobis azrs.
kiTxva: arsebobs Tu ara santa-klausi?
pasuxi: gaaCnia ras gulisxmob imaSi, rasac Cven `yofnas~ an àr-
yofnas~ vuwodebT. amas ewodeba ènobrivi TamaSis paradigm.~
filosofia ukve warmoSobisTanave iyo wilnayari TamaSTan. ber-
Znuli filosofia elinTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TamaSebrivi su-
lisagan warmoiSva. aTenis moqalaqisaTvis enobrivi TamaSebi aranak-
leb saintereso iyo, vidre olimpiuri sportuli TamaSobani. amas
mowmobs ritorikis maswavleblebis _ sofistebis didi honorare-
46
bi. sofist gorgias kamaTisa da dasabuTebis xelobaSi ufro meti
gadauxades, vidre moqandake fidiass. man msoflios Svidi saocre-
bidan erT-erTi, olimpieli zevsis qandakeba Seqmna, romelic aTenis
parTenonSi dაabrZaneს.
blez pasklamac filosofia azartul TamaSad warmoidgina: àr-
sebobs Tu ara RmerTi? Cvensa da RmerTs Soris usasrulo qaosia.
am usasrulo sivrcis kideze gaCaRebulia TamaSi. Cven kenWs vuyriT;
ra amogviva: TeTri Tu Savi.
dRevandeli analitikuri filosofiis warmomadgenlebi amboben:
Cven gvsurs enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Cvens codnaSi wesrigi davamyar-
oT; wesrigi gansazRvruli miznisaTvis; erTi bevr sxva SesaZlebel
wesrigTagani, da ara erTaderTi wesrigi. ara iseTi wesrigi, rogorc
osvencimis soloveckis an guanta-namas sakoncentracio banakebSi
damyarda. es filosofiis TviTmkvleloba iqneboda, radgan sru-
liad gaqrebodnen filosofiuri problemebi. arsebobs foloso-
fosobis ara erTi, aramed mravali meTodi, sxvadasxva Terapiebis
msgavsad.
`magaliTi: rodesac amboben: `mose ar arsebobda~, es SeiZleba
sxvadasxva rames niSnavdes. es SeiZleba niSnavdes: ebraelebs ar hyo-
liaT erTi beladi, romelmac isini egviptidan gamoiyvana. _ an: maT
belads ar erqva mose _ an: ar arsebobda adamiani, romelmac Caidina
yovelive is, rasac biblia gveubneva moses Sesaxeb _ da a.S. rase-
lis mixedviT, SegviZlia vTqvaT: saxeli `mose~ SeiZleba sxvadasxva
aRwerebis saSualebiT gaisazRvros. magaliTad, rogorc ,,kaci, ro-
melic ebraelebs udabnoSi miuZRveboda,~ `kaci, romelic am drosa
da am adgilas cxovrobda da romelsac maSin `mose~ erqva~, kaci,
romelic bavSvobisas faraonis qaliSvilma amoiyvana nilosidan~ da
a.S. da imis mixedviT, miviRebT erT Tu meore gansazRvrebas, wina-
dadeba `mose arsebobda~ sxvadasxva sazriss iRebs. da aseve _ yvela
sxva winadadeba, romelic moses exeba. _ da roca gveubnebian: àr
arsebobda~, Cvenc vekiTxebiT `ras gulisxmob? imis Tqma ginda, rom.
.., Tu imis, rom. . ., da a.S.?~
l. vitgenStaini, filosofiuri gamokvlevebi
kiTxva: filosofias enobrivi TamaSebis wesebis mxolod aRwera
evaleba, Tu Secvlac, reformac?
I pasuxi: mxolod aRwera! filosofiam aranairad ar unda xelyos
enis faqtobrivi gamoyeneba. an mxolod is wesebi unda
gaxados moxilvadi. /raseli/
II pasuxi: enobrivi TamaSebis moTamaSe Zalian kreatiuli unda
iyos. `molaparake subiets unari aqvs axal gamocdile-
baze Setyobineba gadasces axali, manamde ar arsebuli
47
wesebiT. metic, azrovneba wesebis Semcvleli krea-
tiulobaa, SeuZlia kiTxvis qveS daayenos TviTon me-
tyvelebis velis kodirebis zogadi wesebic~. (umberto
eko, `mkiTxvelis roli~).
kiTxva: SeiZleba ki ènobrivi TamaSebi~ mniSvnelobiT gautolo
sports, medias, kulturis industrias, Zalauflebis mi-
kro da makro qselebs?
pasuxi: filosofia gvanTavisuflebs enis gamoyenebis erTi wesis
tiraniisagan! igi enidan metaenaSi gadasvlaa.
maradiuli siWabukis eleqsiri

SekiTxva edmund huserls, romelsac XX saukunis sokrates uwo-
deben.
kiTxva: amboben da ukve yvela skolaSi aswavlian, rom Taname-
drove samyaroSi moxda: didi narativebis sikvdili, av-
toris sikvdili, radgan filosofosebs aRaraferi aqvT
saTqmeli.
pasuxi: diax, Cven yvelam raRac viciT amis Sesaxeb. mec vigrZeni
rom, araferi maqvs saTqmeli, amitomac davupirispirdi
tradicias. me davinaxe, rom erT dRes mTeli Cveni cod-
nis Senoba Tavze dagvengreva da Cveni gonebis yofili
didebiს taZris nangrevebSi aRmovCndebiT.
kiTxva: ra gavlena aqvs filosofias cxovrebaze?
pasuxi: filosofia Wvretis skolaa. is arsTa mWvretelobaa,
platonis terminiT, wminda eidosTa (eidos) mWvretelobaა.
ìseve rogorc individualuri, empiriuli mWretelo-
bisaTvis mocemulia individualuri sagani, aseve arsTa
WvretisaTvis mocemulia Sinaarsi. aq adgili aqvs ara
marto garegnul analogias, aramed radikalur damTxve-
vas. arsisWvretac, ra Tqma unda mWretelobaa, iseve ro-
gorc eideturi saganic sagania... namdvili mWvreteloba,
anu mWvreteloba Tavisi arsebis mixedviT, aris swored
arsis mWvreteloba. es msgavseba Cveulebriv mzera-Wvre-
tasa da arsTaWvretas Soris, imaze miuTiTebs, rom ar
SeiZleba maTi erTmaneTisagan mowyveta.
SekiTxva: ar SeiZleba cxovrebis samyarodan filosofiis mowyve-
ta?
pasuxi: diax! es ar aris iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa aseTi Tu is-
eTi gadawyveta, an saerTod ar gadawyveta cxovrebaSi
arafers cvlides... maSasadame, gafilosofoseba sicocx-
lis samyaroSi dabrunebaa, misi gancdis axal-axali hor-
48
izontebis gaxsnis teqnikaa. gafilosofoseba maradiuli
siWabukis eleqsiris mopovebas niSnavs.
kiTxva: SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT filosofiis raoba, arseba?
pasuxi: esaa mzaoba, ufro zustad dauZleveli moTxovnileba
mixvide yovelives saTaveebTan, sawyisebTan, fesvebTan.
filosofiuri diskursis matrica

Cveni kursis amocanaa azrovnebis filosofiuri wesis Sejame-
ba, mokled da advilad gasagebad Cawera, `SekumSva~, Semokleba, ga-
martiveba. xelidan rom ar gagviqreba is uSualo zemoqmedebis mad-
li, rac qmnis azrovnebis filosofiurobas. mTel diskurss (azrTa
wyobas) Tavisufali TamaSis qaragma (enigma) warmarTavs.
filosofiuri `TamaSi~ Tavisebur SeTanxmebas, wesebis dacvas
gulisxmobs (Tumca maTi darRvevis SemTxvevebic xSiria). TviTon
diskursis SigniT xdeba im wesebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic Semdgom
mTel sferos gansazRvravs.
filosofiuri metyvelebisaTvis aucilebelia veli, filosofi-
uri nawarmoebis agebis veli, romelic filosofosTa Taobebis es-
tafetis saxiT arsebobs. TaobaTa Tanmimdevrobis estafetis miReba
savaldebuloa yvelasaTvis, visac surs miekuTvnebodes am `vels~.
risgan Sedgeba es memkvidreoba? klasikoebis mier dawerili
wignebis, statiebisa da disertaciebisagan. esaa kapitali, saunje,
saganZuri, Rirebuleba. maTi komentireba/ganmartebisaTvis uwyveti
diskusia mimdinareobs memkvidreobis uflebisaTvis. am kapitalis
mopovebisa da gadanawilebisaTvis brZola gვeZleva kulturis sa-
myaros saxiT, romelsac filosofia ewodeba.
visac am akademiur sferoSi Sesvla gadauwyvetia, man unda daak-
mayofilos sferosadmi kuTvnilebis pirobebi. pirobebi arastabi-
luria, magram maTi sruli ugulebelyofa arasodes moxdeba.
visac aqvs filosofosis Sinagani mowodeba da survili, rom is
gamoxatos problemebis kvlevaSi da pedagogiur saqmianobaSi, fi-
losofiis Sesavali mxolod pirveli nabiji iqneba. jer-jerobiT
SegviZlia SevqmnaT, kargi:
 moxseneba studenturi konferenciisaTvis
 referati seminaruli aqtivobisaTvis
 esse (statia) studenturi samecniero krebulisaTvis
 movifiqroT argumentebi diskusiaSi monawileobisaTvis.
rac filosofiis Sesaxeb SevityveT, SeiZleba ase SevajamoT:

«filosofia im sawyisTa wvdomisa da Semecnebis procesia, romlis
49
Sedegadac imedi gvaqvs gavxdebiT ufro Wkvianni vidre, manamde viyaviT,
ufro keTilni vidre viyaviT; Cven vimsaxurebT filosofosis saxels
Tu codnis Ziebis Sedegebi ukeTess gagvxdida». (bolcano, ra aris fi-
losofia?)
kiTxva: vis sWirdeba filosofia?
pasuxi: yvelas, vinc azrovnebs!
moirgeT filosofosis roli, imsjeleT:

 CamoTvaleT filosofiis uarmyofelTa argumentebi.
 CamoTvaleT filosofiis arsebobis gamamarTlebeli
argumentebi:
 SeadareT erTmaneTs metoqe argumentebi da gamoitaneT
daskvnebi.
50
nawili meore
metafizika: yofierebisa da
Semecnebis filosofia
Tavi I
mecniereba miuwvdomelze
§1 metafizika rogorc amocana da rogorc mecniereba
sityva metafizika
sityva `metafizika~ sityva `filosofiis~ sinonimia. es sityva
moifiqra aristoteles Sromebis redaqtorma andronike rodoselma
(Cv. w. I s.). man aristoteles erT usaTauro wigns, romelic `fizikis~
Semdeg ido, waawera: Μετὰ τὰ φυσικά, rac qarTulad niSnavs ìs rac
fizikis Semdegaa~. fiqroben rom es vrceli wigni yofierebisa da
Semecnebis gamokvlevaTa krebulia, romelsac avtori pirvel fi-
losofias (primafilosofia) uwodebda. droTa ganmavlobaSi es Sem-
TxveviT SemoRebuli sityva, arsisa da azris Sesaxeb moZRvrebis
aRmniSvnel terminad iqca, filosofiis fuZemdeblur dargebs dae-
rqva. Tu Cven vikiTxavT: ra aris metafizika? amiT Cven vkiTxulobT
filosofiis arsebis, saZirkvelis Sesaxeb.
sityva `metafizika~ CvenTvis, damwyebi, filosofosebisaTvis,
Seicavs gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis Setyobinebas. es sityva gvas-
wavlis, rom arsisa da azris, yofierebisa da Semecnebis sawyisTa
Zieba Cveni xelobisaTvis mudam iqneba pirveli, `prima~, fuZemde-
bluri saqme; da kidev gvagebiinebs, rom yofierebis Ziebani da Sem-
ecnebis bunebis Ziebani erTi mecnierebaa, erTi medlis ori mxarea.
yofierebis Ziebas mogvianebiT ontologia ewoda, xolo Semecnbis
bunebis Ziebas _ gnoseologia.
diadi sityvebi yovelTvis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs iZenen xolme.
aseT sityvebs berZnebi uwodebdnen `polionimos~, mravalsaxeliani
sityvebi. sityva `metafizika~ kidev erTi azriTac ixmareba: Tu eZeb
imas, rac fizikis miRmaa, xar metafizikosi, xolo Tu migaCnia, rom
fizika da is, rac mis miRmaa, sinamdvileSi ganuyrel erTianobaSia,
xar dialeqtikosi (berZ. `dia~ _ ori), anu is, vinc yvelaferSi xedavs
uZravisa da moZravis, pliusisa da minusis, sikvdils da sicocxlis
anu dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da brZolis gamovlenas. `di-
51
aleqtikis mama~ herakilte efeseli (535-475 Zv. w.), romelsac Tavi-
si moZRvrebis sirTulis gamo `heraklite bneli~ Searqves, ambobda
rom yovelives ganagebs dasabamieri dava, omi dapirispirebul mx-
areTa Soris, maTi urTierTgadasvla, erTianoba, erTiani mdinareba.
“brZola yvelafris mamaa, yvelafris mefe, erTni man RvTaebebad
ganawesa, meoreni adamianebad, erTni monebad, meoreni batonebad~.
yovelive mimdinareobs (`panta rei~), erTsadaimave mdinareSi orjer
ver Sexval. kosmosi aris cecxli, romelic maradiulad inTeba da
qreba. cecxli aaldeba da erTmaneTTan kravs da aSorebs kidec
naTelsa da bnels, warmoSobasa da mospobas.
sityva `dialeqtikas~ sxva mniSvnelobac aqvs. dialeqtikoss
berZnebi oratoruli xelovnebis im ostatebs uwodebdnen, visac
SeeZlo logikis kanonebis manipulirebiT nebismieri mosazreba
gaemarTlebina. magaliTad, Zenoni (Zv.w. 490-430) asabuTebda, rom
gafrenili isari dgas da kus ver daeweva aqilevsi. aristotelem
Zenons `dialeqtikis gamomgonebeli~ uwoda. kanti dialeqtikas
uwodebda crumecnierebas, crulogikas. hegelis moZRvrebaSi
dialeqtika aris RvTaebrivi, (absoluturi) gonebis TviTmoZrao-
bisa da sicocxlis wesi. wm ioane damaskelma VII saukuneSi Seqmna
eklesiis dogmatikis saxelmZRvanelo `wyaro codnisa~, sadac
`dialeqtika~ ewodeba aristoteles metafizikisa da logikis
principebis gamoyenebiT, eklesiis mrwamsis dasabuTebas.
CvenTvis axali am sityvebis gagebasa da damaxsovrebaSi mogvex-
mareba ilia WavWavaZis `mgzavri werilebi~ da galaktion tabiZis
genialuri leqsi.
peterburgidan dabrunebuli ilia gviambobs darialis xeobaze,
sadac maradisobaSi garindebuli myinvaris sidiade dapirispirebu-
lia Tergis sicocxliT savse, `giJmaJ~ dinebasTan. myinvari meta-
fizikas hgavs, xolo Tergi _ dialeqtikas.
galaqtions ar exerxeboda azrebis mecnierulad an prozad
gamoTqma. is yvelafers leqsad gamoTqvamda. leqsad gamoTqva hege-
lis dialeqtikuri moZRvrebac.
`wminda naTelSi, ambobs hegeli,
wminda sinaTlis diad badeSi,
ise cotaa gasagebeli,
rogorc rom, wminda siwyvdiadeSi.... .
meore sityva arsiT arseobs, da
Sgnebamde mihyavs mTelive,
rom yovelive mimdinareobs
da amave dros, dgas yovelive~.
52
aucilebeli mecniereba
adamianis gonebas awuxebs fiqri miuwvdomelze, imaze, rac cdis
miRmaa, ZiriTadad aseTi sami kiTxvaa:
 arsebobs Tu ara RmerTi?
 mokvdavia Tu ukvdavi suli?
 ra aris samyaros sawyisi?
am mTavari sakiTxebis Semswavleli mecniereba unda gaxdes yvela
codnisa da mecnierebis safuZveli. metafizika aucilebeli da upi-
ratesi mecnierebaa miuwvdomlis Sesaxeb. aristotle `metafizikaSi~
miuTiTebs, rom codnaSi ori mxare unda gavarCioT: namdvili da
SesaZlebeli. goneba, ramdenadac is mimarTulia ganusazRvrelis da
usasrulosadmi, TviTonac ganusazRvrelia; am mriv metafizika aris
adamianis mier RvTaebaTa (wminda formaTa) Semecnebis survili da
SesaZlebloba, rogorc amocana, mizani, ideali.
pirvelfilosofia anu metafizika moicavs ontologias (berZn.
ὄντος arsebuli da λόγος _ moZRvreba); agreTve Semecnebis _ (gnoseo-
logia berZn. γνῶσις _ Semecneba) da codnis (epistemologia berZn.
εvπιστήμη _ codna) Teoriebs. risi Semecneba SeuZlia adamianis gon-
ebas? ra aris codnis wyaro da kriteriumi? tradiciulad yofi-
erebis zogad Teorias uwodeben `metafizika generalis~. igi iSleba
sam qvedisciplinad _ `metafizika specialis~ _ bunebis, RmerTis
da adamianis Semswavlel dargebad. TiToeuli dargi mowodebulia
upasuxos erT-erTs sami fundamenturi metafizikuri kiTxvidan da
es pasuxebi unda iyos gacemuli ara religiuri rwmenis safuZvelze,
aramed gonebiT, racionalurad (laT. `ratio~ _ goneba) dasabuTe-
buli.
mTavari metafizikuri kiTxvebia:

 arsebobs Tu ar arsebobs RmerTi? am sakiTxis Semswavlel
disciplinas ewodeba `racionaluri Teologia~ (`θεός _ RmerTi,
`λόγος~ _ moZRvreba).
 suli ukvdavia Tu mokvdavi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema
evaleboda `racionalur fsiqologias~ (berZ. `ψυχὴς~ _ suli).
 ra aris samyaros pirvelsawyisi, dasabami, (berZn. ὰρχή). am
sakiTxs `racionaluri kosmologia~ (berZ. `κόσμος~ _ samyaro)
Seiswavlida.
bunebrivi midrekileba
metafizika marTalia adamianis gonebisaTvis àucilebeli mec-
nierebaa~, magram is xom miuwvdomelis Sesaxeb mecnierebaa, anu cod-
naa imis miRma, rac adamianis gamocdilebisaTvis SeiZleba misawv-
domi gaxdes. maS sakiTxi ase unda daisvas: SesaZlebelia Tu ara
53
metafizika rogorc mecniereba?
unda vaRiaroT, rom metafizikis arseboba faqtia, iseve, ro-
gorc faqtia bunebismetyvelebis arseboba. rogor SevuwyoT xeli
adamianuri gonebisaTvis am aucilebeli mecnierebis zrdasa da gan-
viTarebas? metafizikis mecnierebis yalibSi movaqceva vcadoT?
Tu uarvyoT misi mecnieruli pretenziebi, magram vaRiaroT misi,
rogorc amocanisa da idealis mniSvneloba. metafizikis cnebebi _
RmerTi, samyaro da suli, _ sinamdvileSi cnebebi ki ar arian, ar-
amed idealebi, gonebis idealebi, romlebsac SemecnebiTi funqcia
ara aqvT. metafizikis ZiriTadi cnebebi SeiZleba SevadaroT mana-
Tobel varskvlavebs, romelnic orientirs gvaZleven, magram imde-
nad Soreulni arian, rom manamde manZils verasods davfaravT.
àdamianis gonebas gansakuTrebuli bedi dahyolia misi codnis erT
gvareobaSi: mas awuxebs sakiTxebi, romelTa mocileba ar ZaluZs, radgan
isini TviT gonebis bunebas mouxvevia Tavs, magram arc pasuxis gacema
SeuZlia, vinaidan isini aRematebian adamianis gonebis yvela unars~. (i.
kanti). amitom metafizika dausrulebeli kamaTisa da davis asparezs
warmoadgens. katma metafizika Seadara mZlavr bermuxas, romlis
`yoveli axladamoyrili ylorti da Rero SeiZleba moikveTos, ma-
gram fesvis mokveTa SeuZlebelia~.
adamianis goneba miiswrafvis iseTi Soreuli da miuwvdomeli
Tvalsawierisaken, sadamdec gza da manZili yvelTvis dauZleveli
darCeba. amitom sakuTari SesaZleblobebis zRurblze, goneba Tavs
afarebs raRac eWvSeuval debulebebs, romelTa brmad miReba uxde-
ba. amis gamo siZnleebsa da winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba. axal droSi mo-
dad iqca am yofili `mecnierebaTa dedoflis~ abuCad agdeba. meta-
fizika siZulvilis sagnad iqca, radgan undodaT misgan gaerCiaT
fizika da bunebismecnierebani. mxolod bunebis meqanizmis codna
gamocxadda mecnierebad.
Tumca SeuZlebelia gulgrili darCe metafizikisadmi, sakuTari
gonebis buneba ar mogcems amis saSualebas. `rogorc ki azrovne-
bas iwyeben, maSinve metafizikur problemebs ubrundebian~ (kanti).
metafizikis uarismyofelni yvelaze crumetafizikis crumetyvele-
bas uvardebian xelSi.
yvela mcdeloba metafizika eqciaT mecnierebad, warumateblad
mTavrdeba, amitom kiTxva `rogor aris SesaZlebeli metafizika ro-
gorc mecniereba?~ unda Seicvalos kiTxviT, _ rogor aris SesaZle-
beli metafizika rogorc adamianis gonebis bunebrivi midrekileba?
54
§ 2 yofiereba: mizezi, mizani, sazrisi
idea da `nivTi TavisTavad~

Cven mxolod maSin viwyebT filosofosobas, roca mkafiod da
naTlad SevignebT gansxvavebas `yofierebasa~ da myofebs, arsebu-
lebs Soris. amis Sesaxeb platonis `sofisti~ migviTiTebs: àSkaraa
Tqven didi xania iciT, Tu ras gulisxmobT, roca xmarobT gamoTqma
`myofi~. adre Cvenc gvwamda, rom raRac gvesmoda. axla ki gasaWirSi Cav-
vardiT. mogvepoveba ki pasuxi kiTxvebze Tu ras vgulisxmobT sakuTriv
sityvaSi `myofi~? arasgziT!~ amrigad, `yofiereba~ yuradRebis fokus-
Sia da Cven vxdebiT ontologebi.
platoni da kanti, ori yvelaze didi filosofosi, ori burji,
romelzec dgas Zveli da axali filosofia, Rrma naTesaobas am-
JRavneben yofierebis gagebis sakiTxSi. platoni fiqrobda, rom nam-
dvili yofiereba aris idea (Eidos), xolo misi aranamdvili, aCrdili
da anareklebia erTeuli sagnebi. kantis mixedviT sagnebs ori mx-
are aqvT: movlenaTa saxe, anu sagnebis CvenTvis misawvdomi mxare
da CvenTvis miuwvdomeli `nivTi TavisTavad~ (Ding an sich). plato-
nis idea aris grZnobadi sagnebis miRmieri, idealuri pirvelnimuSi.
`nivTi TavisTavad~ aris yoveli warmodgenisgan miuwvdomeli `nou-
menTa~ samyaro, sadac arc bunebis kanonebi momedeben da arc dro
da sivrce arsebobs.
platonis idea da kantis `nivTi TavisTavad~ saukuneebis ganmav-
lobaSi warmoadgendnen kamaTis, da aRfrTovanebis sagans.
platonis moZRvreba ideebze gvaswavlis, rom cdis velSi Se-
mosul sagnebs ara aqvT namdviloba, ar arian `namdvilmyofni~,
warmoSoba _ mospobis mdinarebaSi gaqrebian, CainTqmebian, xolo
ideebi waruvalni, uxrwneli da marad myofni arian. marad Tavis
TavTan igiveobaa maTi ZiriTadi niSani. amitom warmavali nivTebis
pirvelxati, pirvelnimuSi aris idea. SesaZloa sityva idea ίδέα am
azriT, pirvelad TviTon platonma ixmara.
platonuri ideebi, rom SevadaroT kantis `nivTs Tavis Tavad~,
bevr saerTos aRmovaCenT. mTavari isaa, rom mkafiod aris gansxvave-
buli `TviTon yofiereba~ da yofierni, arsebulni anu `nivTebi Cem-
Tvis~. nivTebi misawvdomi saxiT arian fenomenebi, movlinebi. Ceven
mxolod is viciT Tu rogoria `samyaro CemTvis~, magram ar viciT
Tu rogoria `samyaro TavisTavad~.
`nivTi TvisTavad~ da ìdea~ _ esaa droisa da sivrcis miRmuri,
nivTierisgan Seuvali da xelTuqmneli yofiereba. xolo is sfero,
romelsac mizezobrivoba gansazRvravs, arian movlenis saxiT gamo-
Cenili sagnebi. ai es aris kantisa da platonis moZRvrebebis mTa-
55
vari azri da Sinaarsi.
sanam Cven aRqmaSi varT CaZirulni, Cven vemsgavsebiT bneli mRvi-
mis tusaRebs, romlebic kedelze saganTa aCrdilebis, siluetebis
mets verafers xedaven.
kanti da platoni Tvlian, rom adamiani ori samyaros _ fizi-
kuris da metafizikuris _ moqalaqea. misi amocanaa gadasvla fizi-
kuri aucileblobis samefodan metafizikuri Tavisuflebis same-
foSi.
kantisa da platonis moZRvrebaTa msgavsebaze rom vsaubrobT,
mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvave-
bac. platonizmi ideis realizms qadagebs. adamiani saerTodac rom
gaqres, ideaTa maradiul simyudroveSi araferi Seicvleba. kantis
TeoriaSi ìdeebi~ sxva araferia Tu ara azris wminda formebi, ada-
mianuri gonebis sayovelTao da aucilebeli formebi. axali drois
filosofiaSi adamianuri goneba aqtiuri mSenebelia imisa, rasac
imecnebs.
kargad rom gavigoT gansxvaveba fenomensa da noumens Soris,
unda davimaxsovroT kidev ori temini. kanti fiqrobda, rom az-
rovnebis da Wvretis formebi Camarxulia gonebis wiaRSi yovelgvar
cdamde da yovelgvari cdisgan damoukideblad. amas ewoeba a priori,
xolo cdis Semdegs _ a posteriori. davimaxsovroT es axali terminebi.
dro da sivrce da kategoriaTa cxrili mocemuliaa priori. war-
movidginoT, rom Cven gvikeTia saTvale, romelsac verasodes mov-
ixsniT, xolo nivTebi uCinmaCinis qudiT, romelsac verasodes moix-
dian arian noumneni.
mizezi da mizani
arsebulia winaswargansazRvruloba (determinacia) ori saxisa:
miznobrivi anu telelogiuri (berZ. Telos_mizani) da mizezobrivi
anu kauzaluri (laT. causa-mizezi).
aristotelem mogvca teleologiuri azrovnebis klasikuri ni-
muSi. arsebobas gansazRvravs Canafiqrebis mizanSewoniloba, sab-
oloo mizan/mizezi, romliskenac miiswrafvis yvela sagani.
aristotelem oTxi saxis mizezi daasaxela. marmarilos lodisa-
gan Semnili qandakebis moqmedi mizezi _ marmarilo; fomaluri mizezi
_ gamokveTili forma; miznobrivi mizezi _ moqandakis Canafiris
mizanSwoniloba.
TiToeulisa da yvelas arsebobas gansazRvravs monatreba da
moZraoba saboloo yovlisganmsazRvreli erTi mizan/mizezisaken.
maSasadame Zveli ontologia SekiTxvaze: ra aris yofireba? pa-
56
suxobda: arsebulTa saboloo (finaluri) mizan/mizezi anu RmerTi.
RmerTi ar gadadis samyaroSi, magram samyaros ar SeuZlia ar elt-
vodes da ar etrfobodes mas, radgan finaluri mizezi, amavdrou-
lad aris misabaZi nimuSi.
aristoteles moZRvreba yofierebaze gabatonebuli iyo axal
dromde. mas qristiani Teologebi iyenebdnen RmeTis arsebobis
dasabuTebisaTvis. axal droSi mecnierebaSi TandaTan gabatonda
mizezobrivobis principi da gamodevna miznobrivobis principi. te-
leologia mecnierebasTan SeuTavseblad gamocxadda. damkvidrda
kiTxva _ ratom? ra mizeziT? gauCinarda kiTxva _ risTvis? ra
mizniT?
sazrisi: ontologiis axali gzebi

ganmanaTleblobis Crdilovani mxareebis gamomJRavnebis Sem-
deg, XX saukuneSi, folosofiam uari Tqva `yofiereba~ gaego, ro-
gorc erTi, yovlismomcveli da yovlisganmsazRvreli miznobrivi
an mizezobrivi totaloba, romelic saeWvod hgavda fiurers, xolo
Tavis TavTan daurRveveli igiveobis mqone arsTa (ssencia) msofl-
werigi, sakoncentracio banakebis wesrigTan asocirdeboda.
sakiTxi ase daisva: ra aris is, rac ar eqvemdebareba àris!~ _
is totalobas. sakoncentracio banakis yofilma patimarma emanuel
levinasma Ziebis saganad aqcia: `sxva vidre yofiereba!~
ontologia eZiebda axal gzebs da am Ziebam miiyvana axal ori-
entaciamde, yofierebis sakiTxis ganaxlebamde, axleburad dayene-
bamde. raSia yofierebis sazrisi? yofierebis gamocana ixsneba saz-
risSi.
alber kamium sayovelTao suliskveTeba gamoxata: àrsebobs
erTaderTi namdvilad seriozuli filosofiuri problema: TviT-
mkvleloba. gadawyvito Rirs Tu ara cxovreba, igivea filosofiis
ZiriTad kiTxvas gasce pasuxi~. sxva yvelaferma filosofiuri se-
riozuloba dakarga. mTavaria yofierebis sazrisis povna.

 upasuxeT kiTxvas: metafizika aucilebeli mecnierebaa?
moiyvaneT am debulebis gamamarTlebeli da gamamtyunebeli
argumentebi.
 metafizika SeuZlebelia rogorc mecniereba, is mxolod
gonebis bunebrivi midrekilebaa. moZebneT am debulebis
gamamarTlebeli da gamamtyunebeli argumentebi.
 SeadareT sami Tezisi:
57
o yofiereba aris mizezi
o yofiereba aris mizani
o yofiereba aris sazrisi
gamoarCieT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi
 SeadareT platonis ìdea~ da kantis `nivTi TavisTavad~.

gamokveTeT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
58
Tavi II
ontologia _ moZRvreba yofierebaze
aristotele `metafizikaSi~ werda: àris aseTi mecniereba, ro-
melic ganixilavs arsebuls, rogorc aseTs d imas, rac mas TavisTavad
aqvs. igi ar aris arc erTi kerZo mecnierebis igiveobrivi, arcerTi sxva
mecniereba ar ikvlevs arsebulis, rogorc aseTis zogad bunebas.~
pirvelad 1712 wels qristian volfma filosofiur enciklope-
diaSi Seitana formula: `pirveli filosofia anu ontologia~.
Cven, rogorc damwyebma òntologebma~, ukve viciT, rom unda
gavarkvioT `sakiTxTa sakiTxi~ _ yofiereba. magram am sityvas iS-
viaTad xmaroben. gavrcelebulia sityva `samyaro~ (`qveyniereba~).
es sityva ganuyrelia sityvisagan `RmerTi~. `RmerTo Cemo!~ _ es
SeZaxili yvela adamians aRmoxdenia, roca samyaroze ufiqria. am or
metafizikur sityvas unda davumatoT mesamec _ àdamiani~. adamiani
arc RmerTia, arc samyaro, ufro maT `SuaSia~, uro xidia maT Soris.
bibliaSic xom RmerTma adamiani samyaros Semnis Semdeg Seqmna Tavis
`xatad da msgavsad~.
§1. RmerTi
filosofosebi mudam kamaTobdnen imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu

ara RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTeba? Tu sakmarisia misi aRiareba
mxolod rwmeniT? RmerTisa da samyaros mimarTebis sakiTxze mra-
valsaukunovani kamaTis Sedegad Camoyalibda sakiTxis gadawyvetis
ramdenime varianti: Teizmi (me mwams rom RmerTi arsebobs), aTeizmi
(me mwams rom RmerTi ararasebobs), agnosticizmi (me ar var darwm-
nebuli, rom RmerTi arsebobs da arc imaSi, rom RmerTi ar arse-
boba), deizmi (RmerTma Seqmna samyaro, magram Semdeg aRar ereva mis
arsebobaSi), panTeizmi (RmerTi yvelaferSia).
mesame saukunis religiurma moazrovnem tertulianem gamoTqva
debuleba: `mwams radgan absurdia~. mas bevri filosofosi iziarebs.
maTi azriT, rwmena da codna SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan. rwmenis
safuZvelia RmerTis zebunebrivi gamocxadeba da saswaulebi, rac
codnis logikiT aris paradoqsi _ (laT. para _ gareT, doxa _ cod-
na). codnas da rwmenas aqvT Tav-TavianTi sferoebi da maTi aRreva
dauSvebelia.
me-13 saukunis moazrovne Toma aqvineli, romelic romis kaTo-
likurma eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa, fiqrobda, rom mxolod rw-
mena ara Tu sakmarisi ar aris, aramed dauSvebelia, mxolod rwmenis
anabarad yofna. radgan es iqneboda saiqios pasiuri molodini, sa-
59
dac cdiseulad damtkicdeboda RmerTis arseboba an ararseboba.
am qveynad ara marto rwmeniT, aramed gonebis meSveobiTac unda
SevicnoT RmerTi, rac imas niSnavs, rom unda davasabuToT deb-
uleba: `RmerTi arsebobs~ _ deus est. es debuleba manam ver iqneba
TavisTavad cxadi WeSmariteba, vidre fizikur samyaroSi, wuTi-
sofelSi vcxovrobT, adamians esaWiroeba pasuxi kiTxvaze: `RmerTi
arsebobs, Tu ar arsebobs?~ maSasadame, adamianis gonebis mTavari
amocana moiZios mtkicebulebani, argumentebi.
filosofiis istoriaSi mravali aseTi argumenti da kontrar-
gumenti iqna SemuSavebuli. filosofiis SesavalSi maT vrclad ver
ganvixilavT. isini SeiZleba daviyvanoT ramdenime umTavres mtkice-
bulebamde. esenia: pirvelmizezis, ontologiuri, mizanSewonilebis
da moraluri argumentebi.
ontologiuri argumenti
ontologiuri argumenti Camoayaliba XI saukuneSi kenterberiis
arqiepiskoposma anselmma (1033 _ 1109). igi e.w. sqolastikuri (Sho-
lasticos _ laT. saskolo) filosofiis warmomadgenelia.
anselm kenterberielis mier Camoyalibebuli argumentis arsi
mokled SeiZleba ase gadmovceT: RmerTi aris uzenaesi yovladsru-
lyofili arseba. misi absoluturi srulyofileba ukve gulisxmobs
mis arsebobas. am debulebis uaryofa SeuZlebelia, radgan aseTi
mcdeloba Seicavs Sinagan winaaRmdegobas. Tu RmerTi ar arsebobs,
maSin igi ar aris srulyofili. amrigad, RmerTis rogorc sru-
lyofili arsebis cnebidan aucileblobiT gamomdinareobs misi ar-
seboba. anselmi Tvlis, rom es aris logikurad WeSmariti debule-
ba, romlis uaryofa Sinagani winaaRmdegobis Semcvelia. RmerTis
ontologiuri dasabuTebis Tavisebureba imaSia, rom igi RmerTis
cnebis analizis safuZvelze asabuTebs mis ueWvel arsebobas
anselmi Tavisi argumentis agebas iwyebs me-13 fsalmunis cno-
bili strofis analiziT: `Tqva ugunurma Tavis gulSi: àr aris
RmerTi~: ratom aris ugunureba debuleba: `RmerTi ar aris~? ra-
tom ewinaaRmdegeba igi gonebis logika? swored esmis Tu ara
ùgunurs~ RmerTis cneba, misi idea? RmerTis idea, _ ambobs an-
selmi _ aris yovladZlieri, yovlismcodne, dausabamo, uzenaesi da
yovladsrulyofili arsebis idea, misi cneba. axla Cven ukve viciT
ra aris RmerTis cneba. magram jer kidev ar gvaqvs am cnebis Sesa-
tyvisi realobis dasabuTeba, jer ar viciT arsebobs Tu ara igi?
raime SeiZleba arsebobdes azrSi, idealurad da SeiZleba ar-
sebobdes realurad. mxolod azrSi arsebuli, aris nakleb sru-
lyofili, vidre realurad arsebuli. RmerTi, rom mxolod azrSi
arsebuliyo, maSin is iqneboda naklovani arseba da arsebuli masze
maRali rangis arsebad unda warmogvedgina. RmerTis idea gulisx-
60
mobs, rom is erTdroulad unda iyos azrSic da ralurad arsebu-
lic.
anselmi aucileblobis ideas akavSirebs RmerTs ideasTan.
aucilebloba upiratesia, vidre SemTxveviToba. RmerTi ar SeiZle-
ba iyos SemTxveviTi, radgan maSin masze srulyofili, aucilebeli
arseboba unda mogveazrebina. es ki SeuZlebelia. RmerTi arsebobs
aucileblad. RmerTi arsebobda, arsebobs da yovelTvis iarsebebs,
radgan SeuZlebelia, rom ar arsebobdes, _ daskvnis anselmi.
ontologiuri argumenti bevrjer gaakritikes. anselmis Taname-
drove berma gaunilom anselmis argumenti gaakritika Tavis naS-
romSi `wigni ugunurebis dasacavad~, igulisxmeba ugunuri, romel-
mac fsalmunis mixedviT `Tqva Tavis gulSi ar aris RmerTi~.
gaunilos kontrargumentis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: cnebaSi
ar Sedis arseboba. Cven SeiZleba moviazroT kunZuli, sadac ise
cxovroben adamianebi, rogorc samoTxeSi, magram es ar niSnavs, rom
igi namdvilad arsebobs. igive argumenti gaimeores Toma aqvinel-
ma da imanuel kantma. kanti ase msjelobda: me SeiZleba gonebaSi
mqondes asi taleri da arc erTi taleri ar mqondes jibeSi.
anselmma wamoayena morigi argumenti, misi debulebis mimarT
wamoyenebuli kontrargumentebis gasabaTileblad. misi azriT, opo-
nentebi ver iTvaliswineben principuli mniSvnelobis gansxvavebas,
romelic arsebobs erTeuli sagnis cnebasa da absolutis cnebas
Soris. absolutis cnebis moazreba àrsebobis~ predikatis gareSe
SeuZlebelia. xolo sxva yvelafrisa ki SesaZlebelia. magaliTad,
kunZuli an asi moneta realuradac rom arsebuliyvnen, mainc Sem-
TxveviTi arsebulni iqnebodnen da ara maradiuli da aucilebelni.
isini SeiZleba arc arsebuliyvnen, an droebiTi arsebobis Semdeg
aRar iarsebeben.
hirvelmizezis argumenti
am argumentis avtorebad miCneven aristoteles da Toma aqvi-
nels.
argumentis Sinaarsi aseTia: yvelafers rac arsebobs, aqvs Ta-
visi mizezi, Semdeg imasac aqvs mizezi da ase mizeTa jaWvi an unda
iyos usasrulo, an masSi unda iyos ukanaskneli rgoli, romelsac
aRar daWirdeba mizezi, radgan TviTon iqneba Tavisi Tavis mizezi _
aseTi pirvelmizezi aris RmerTi.
RmerTis arsebobis dasasabuTeblad. TviT Toma aqvinelma Ca-
moayaliba 5 aseTi argumenti:
pirveli: moZraobis mixedviT unda davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs misi
pirvelmizezi; meore: saganTa TviTmyofoba, maTi mizezis Tvimyo-
fobas mowmobs; mesame: saganTa SemTxveviToba aucilebel arsebas
gulisxmobs; meoTxe: saganTa met-naklebi sayovelTaoba imis mauw-
61
yebelia, rom arsebobs yovladsrulyofili arsi; mexuTe: bunebisa
da bunebrivi sagnebis mizanSewonileba uzenaesi mizanSewonilebis _
uzenaesi gonivruli da nebelobiTi arsebis mtkicebulebaa.
Toma aqvineli fiqrobda, rom SeuZlebelia materia arsebuliyo
maradiulad. mas hyavs Tavisi Semoqmedi, romelic arsebobs mara-
diulad. aqvinelis argumentis kontrargumenti Semdegi saxiT iqna
Camoyalibebuli. Tu SesaZlebelia maradiulad arsebuli dausabamo
RmerTis cneba, maSin aseve SeiZleba dauSvaT maradiuli, dausabamo
samyaros arsebobac.
Canafiqris argumenti
am argumentis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: samyaroSi yvelaferi
iseTi wesrigiTa da harmoniiT aris mowyobili da organizebuli, rom
igi hgavs xelovnebis genialur nawarmoebs, an didostatis mier Se-
qmnil meqanizms. samyaroSi araferi ar aris SemTxveviTi, yvelaferi
eqvemdebareba raRac gegmas, proeqts, Canafiqrs. aseTi samyaro ver
warmoiSoboda SemTxveviT, winaswar gaazrebuli Canafiqris (presta-
biluri harmoniis) gareSe.
uiliam pelis aseTi argumenti mohyavs: Cven, rom udabnos qviSaSi
vipovoT meqanikuri saaTi, gavakeTebT ueWvel daskvnas _ saaTi Seiqm-
na viRac gonieri arsebis, ostatis mier. samyaro aris meqanizmi, man-
qana, romelsac ar SeiZleba ar hyavdes Semqneli, ostati anu RmerTi.
es argumenti gaakritika devid hiumma. man ramdenime kontrargu-
menti wamoayena. Tu erTi ostatis mier aris Seqmnili samyaro, maSin
ratom arseboben sxvadasxva religiebi? samyaro meqanikur saaTze
ufro mcenares hgavs, xolo mcenares ar hyavs Tavisi ostati.
hiumi svams kiTxvas: SeiZleboda Tu ara samyaros arseboba Semo-
qmedis gareSe? SeiZleba samyaro daiwyo rogorc mowesrigebuli
qaosi da mdgradobas miaRwia garkveuli droiT, romlis Semdeg igi
SeiZleba isev qaoss daubrundes.
§2. samyaro
`buneba mbrZanebelia, igiv monaa Tavisa~
vaJa-fSavela
auditoria universitetSia, universiteti TbilisSia, Tbilisi
dedamiwazea, dedamiwa galaqtikaSia, galaqtika megagalaqtikaSia...
yvelaeri samyaroSia, magram TviTon samyaro sadRaa? Cven gvaintere-
sebs samyaros, rogorc mTelis, raoba. dausabamoa es mTeli Tu da-
sabami aqvs? iqneb aseTi `mTeli~ arc arsebobs da mxolod arsebul-
62
Ta landSaftia? _ daaxloebiT iseTi, forToxali rom avafeTqoT.
am afeTqebis moments da forToxlis nafleTebad mimofantvas fo-
tosuraTi gadavuRoT. sxvaTa Soris, mxatvruli fotografiis os-
tatebi xSirad iReben aseT suraTebs. fizikosebic fiqroben, rom
7,5 miliardi wlis win raRac zeZlier SekumSuli nivTis `didi af-
eTqebis~ wyalobiT Seiqmna kosmosi, dro, sivrce da materia. daax-
loebiT 5-7 miliardi wlis Semdeg misi yvela `nafleTi~ dakargavs
moZraobis Zalas, yvela varskvlavi CaiZireba da iq sadac samyaro
iyo, wyvdiadi daisadgurebs.
dasabami Tu dausabamo?
Zveli berZnuli azri myarad idga principze: ex nihilo nihil hit _
àrarasagan araferi warmoiSveba~. romaeli poeti virgiliusi wer-
da: àrarasagan Tavad RmerTic verafers Seqmnis~. platoni da aris-
totele varaudobdnen rom RmerTma Seqmna samyaro raRac qaosuri
masalisgan.
antikur xanaSive daiwyo da qristianuli eraSi ufro farTo
masStabiT gaiSala filosofosTa kamaTi RmerTis arsebobis dasab-
uTebis Sesaxeb. RmerTis arsebobis erT-erT mTavar filosofiur
arguments ewodeba ontologiuri argumenti.
filosofiis warmoSobidan dRemde filosofosebi kamaToben imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris samyaros dasabami? _ Zveli berZnuli filoso-
fiis terminiT arxe (berZn. ὰρχή) _ is, risganac yovelive warmoiSoba,
sityvasityviT, pirvelmyofi da pirvelmmarTveli, pirvelmomwes-
rigebeli. Zveli welTaRricxvis VI saukuneSi antikuri saberZneTis
pirvelma filosofosebma es problema aqcies azrovnebis umTavres
sakiTxad. Tales mileTelis moZRvrebis mixedviT, arxe anu is Ziri,
risganac yovelive arsebuli rogorc arsebuli warmosdgeba, aris
wyali; anaqsimandres mixedviT apeironi (berZ. ἂ) rac ganusaz-
Rvrels niSnavs; piTagoras mixedviT ricxvTa ganzomileba, herak-
lites mixedviT _ samyarouli azri, logosi (ς); demokrites
mixedviT _ atomebi (berZ. ἂς) ganuyofeli nawilakebi, empe-
dokles mixedviT oTxi elementi _ wyali, haeri, cecxli da miwa.
platonis mixedviT yofierebis pirveladi formebia ideebi (ìς),
xolo grZnobadi samyaro maTi aCrdili da anareklia; aristoteles
mixedviT, arsebuli Sedgeba formisa da masalis anu materiisagan _
saberZneTis pirveli filosofosebis azrebis gageba ar aris advili
Tanamderove adamianisaTvis, Cven SeiZleba maTgan gansxvavebul Si-
naars vgulisxmobdeT iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa `RmerTi~, `kosmo-
si~, `logosi~ da a.S. SeiZleba sityva `yofiereba~ gvesmodes bibliuri
RmerTis analogiurad, rom is aris dausabamo, uqmneli, Seucno-
beli arseba, romelmac Seqmna samyaro da adamiani da warmarTavs
63
maT arsebobas. Sua saukuneebSi `yofierebis~ Sesaxeb kamaTma Rmer-
Tis arsebobis dasabuTebis saxe miiRo. RmerTis arsebobis erT-erT
mTavar filosofiur arguments ewodeba ontologiuri argumenti.
gvian Sua saukuneebSi da renesansis epoqaSi metafizikur kv-
levebSi wamyvan adgils ikavebs substanciis cneba, rac laTinu-
rad niSnavs qvemdebares, anu imas rac safuZvlad udevs arsebulTa
mravalgvarobas. esaa arsebulTa zRvruli Ziri, forma, romelzec
damokidebulia arsebobis sxva formebi.
garda substanciisa, yofierebis cnebis sinonimebad ixmareboda
iseTi kategoriebi, rogoricaa _ universumi, absoluti, materia.
aqve unda ganimartos Tu ra aris filosofiuri kategoria. fi-
losofiuri kategoria ewodeba uzogades cnebebs, romlebic filo-
sofosebma SeimuSaves yofierebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis aRsan-
iSnad.
aristotelem Camoayaliba 10 kategoriisagan Sedgenili sistema.
esenia: arseba, substancia, Tvisebrioba, raodenoba, mimarTeba, adg-
ili, dro, mdgomareoba, qoneba, moqmedeba. me-18 saukuneSi i. kantma
Camoayaliba 12 kategoriisagan Sedgenili cxrili. kantis mixedviT,
isini arian adamianuri gansjis cdamdeli, aprioruli formebi da
principebi. am kategoriaTa sqemiT xdeba grZnobadi masalis gafor-
meba. hegelma kategoriebi absolutis universalur Sinagan kanon-
zomierebad gamoacxada.
substancia aris orgvari: samyaros substancia da individual-
uri substancia anu is, rac calkeuli arsebulis arsebaa.
tradiciuli ontologiis fuZemdebluri cneba substancia
aRniSnavs, yoveli arsebulis (yofieris) qvemdebare (safuZvlad mde-
bare) yofierebas (arss). substancia aris arsebaTa arseba, romelsac
Tavis TavSi aqvs sakuTari arsebobis mizezi _ laT. causa sui, anu is
rac aris yovelives pirvelmizezi da pirvelmamoZravebeli.
renesansis periodSi (XV-XVII ss.) da axal droSi (XVII-XIX ss.)
xdeba `yofierebis~ cnebis gawmenda religiuri, mxatvruli, mi-
Tosuri danaSrevebisagan da misi ganmarteba maTematikisa da meqa-
nikis kanonebis mixedviT. buneba, samyaro ganimarteba rogorc Ta-
visTavad arsebuli universaluri meqanizmi, manqana. aseT gagebas
xeli Seuwyo galileo galileis da isaak niutonis mecnierulma
gamoklevebma fizikisa da astronomiis dargSi. isini yovelgvari
codnis erTaderT nimuSad iqna miCneuli.
substancia gagebulia rogorc yofierebis ucvleli, mudmivi
substrati da zRvruli safuZveli, romelsac axasiaTebs aqciden-
ciebi, atributebi, Tvisebebi. es Tvalsazrisi Seajama benediqte
spinozam Tavis cnobil TezisSi: substancia aris `RmerTi anu bune-
ba~ _ Deus sive Natura.
yofierebis cnebisadmi substanciuri midgoma germanul klasi-
64
kur idealizmSi (kanti, fixte, Selingi, hegeli), XVIII-XIX saukunis
mijnaze, Seicval subieqtis principiT. substancia iyo pasiuri prin-
cipi, romliTac SeuZlebelia aixsnas samyaros warmoSoba. subieqtis
principis mixedviT samyaro imiT aris gansazRvruli, rom misi dasa-
bamia subieqti _ aqtiuri, Semoqmedi, TviTcnobierebis mqone goneba.
yvelaze ukeTesi samyaro

XVII saukuneSi germanelma racionalistma, maTematikosma da
logikosma gotfrid vilhelm laibnicma warmoTqva cnobili fraza:
`Cveni samyaro yvelaze ukeTesi samyaroa yvela SesaZlo samyaroTa
Soris~. laibnici amis gamo volteris mware dacinvis sagani gaxda.
volterma dawera satira `kandidi~, romlis mTavari personaJi pro-
fesori panglosi laibnicis azrs gamoTqvams, Tumca cxovreba ufro
sapirispiros karnaxobs _ Cveni samyaro yvelaze ukeTesi ki ara,
SesaZloa yvelaze uaresi iyos, yvela SesaZlo samyaroebs Soris.
magram laibnici Tavis Tezisamde mivida logikuri dasabuTebis
gziT: yovlisSemZle da yovlaZlieri RmerTis mier yvela SesaZ-
lo variantebs Soris Seucdomelad aris gamovlili da SerCeuli
yvelaze ukeTesi varianti. sxva variantebSi boroteba meti iqneboda.
SeuzRudavi da SezRuduli determinizmi

mecnierebi Cvens dromde fiqrobdnen, rom umizezod araferi xde-
ba. yvelaferi mizezobrivad aris ganpirobebuli da winaswargansaz-
Rvruli. amas ewodeba kauzaluri determinizmi. mizezobrioba uni-
versaluri kanonzomierebaa. amis gamoxatulebad miaCndaT msoflio
mizidulobis (gravitaciis) kanoni, romelic niutonma aRmoaCi-
na. pier laplasi (1749-1827) amtkicebda, rom samyaros erTianoba
bunebis kanonTa erTgvarobaSia. erTgvaroba aucileblobaa. aris-
toteles ganmartebiT, aucilebelia, rac mxolod amgvarad xdeba
da ar SeiZleba sxvagvarad moxdes.
Tanamedrove filosofosebma aRmoCines kvanturi meqanika, mi-
kronawilakebis samyaro, romlebmac daangria Zveli warmodgene-
bi. samyaros wesrigi fardobiTi da ganusazRvrelia. aqedan zogi
uaryofs determinizms da SemTxveviTobis asparezs xedavs buneba-
Si. zogi mecnieri ufro Sors midis, kvantebis samyaroSi RmerTis
gamovlenas, Tavisufali nebis niSnebs xedavs.
albert ainStains hkiTxes: SeiZleba nebis Tavisufleba davin-
axoT mikosamyaros ganusazRvrelobaSi? man upasuxa: absoluturi
sisulela! me arc imis mjera, rom RmerTi kamaTlebs agorebdes.
SeuzRuavi determinizmi Secdomaa, magram unda vaRiaroT SezRudu-
li determinizmis arseboba bunebaSi.
65
samyaro da garemo
samyaros mecnieruli modelis nakli gamomJRavnda XIX saukune-
Sive. xoloXX saukuneSi aman gangaSis saxe miiRo. fizikalizmisa da
naturalizmis calmxrivoba SeiZleba ubedurebad gveqces. sakiTxi
ase daisva: `sad da vin daamtkica, rom ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba
arsebobdes sxva WeSmariteba, garda mecnierulisa, razea dafuZ-
vnebuli darwmunebuloba, rom mecnierulad aRwerili smyaro re-
aluria?~ (e. huserli).
mecnierul sfeoSi aRwerilia sagnis zoma, wona, gamoTvladi
parametrebi. magram `sazrisi~ am suraTze saerTod ar Cans. maSasa-
dame, unda ganvasxvaoT buneba (Natura) da samyaro. `qva usamyaroa,
arc mcenares, arc cxovels samyaro ar aqvs. isini im garemos kuT-
vnilni arian, romlebSic ise arian morgebulni, rogorc WanWiki
aris Caxraxnili merqanSi. adamianis samyaroSi yofniT samyaro sa-
myaroobs. igi ufro myofia, vidre fizikurad xelSesaxebi sagnebi~
(m. haidegeri).
samyaro, rogorc mTeli, ar aRiwereba fizikisa da maTematikis
cnebebiT. mecniereba `samyaros~ suraTs ver gadauRebs.
cxovels aqvs garemo, xolo adamians samyaro e. i. unda ganvasx-
vavoT samyaro da garemo. samyaros samyarooba mxolod iq da maSin
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, raRac da rodesac yofierebis faruli
sazrisi gamomJRavndeba. esaa enis gazomileba. am viTarebas gamoTq-
vams martin haidegeri: èna aris yofierebis saxli~. magram rogoria
es yofierebas ena? vis SeuZlia laparaki am enaze?
§3. adamiani
garkveuli azriT, filosofiis yvela centraluri problema

SeiZleba daviyvanoT kiTxvaze: `ra aris adamiani da ra metafizi-
kuri adgili ukavia mas yofierTa mTelSi, samyaros da RmerTis
mTlianobaSi~? am sityvebis avtori, maqs Seleri (1874-1929), agrZe-
lebs antikuri filosofiidan momdinare tradicias, romelmac
adamiani gansazRvra rogorc mikrokosmosi. jer kidev protagoram
(Zv.w. V s.) wamoayena principi: `yvelafris sazomi _ arsebulTa ro-
gorc arsebulTa, da ararsebulTa rogorc ararsebulTa, aris ada-
miani~. es imas niSnavs, rom adamianSi koncentrirebulia yofierebis
yvela Sre, yvela fena, yvela ganzomileba. amdenad, is aris centri,
romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs RmerTs da samyaros.
m. Seleri xazs usvams adamianis arsebis, adamianis raobis, bunebis
gansazRvris siZneles _ ganaTlebul evropels rom hkiTxoT: `ra
aris adamiani?~ mas erTdroulad sami erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebu-
66
li idea gaaxsendeba.
pirveli aris bibliuri idea _ RmerTma Seqmna adamiani Tavis
xatad da msgavsad. am ideis mixedviT, adamiani ar aris Tavis Tavis
dedani, igi mxolod aslia masze maRla mdgomi RvTaebrivi arsebisa.
misi daniSnulebaa im uzenaesi arsebis mibaZva. am Tvalsazriss Sei-
Zleba ewodos ànTropologia zemodan~ (berZn. Ă _ adamiani).
meore, adamianis filosofiuri ideaa. am ideis mixedviT, adami-
ani aris `gonebiT dajildoebuli cocxali arseba~ _ animal rationale.
adamiani gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan gonebiT. TviT samyaroc mowyo-
bilia kosmiuri gonebis, logosis principebiT. es ganapirobebs ada-
mianis gansakuTrebul adgils samyaroSi.
mesame idea aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa tradiciaSi
SemuSavebuli idea, romlis mixedviT, adamiani warmoiSva bunebis
evoluciis garkveul safexurze da aris ganviTarebuli cxoveli.
adamianSi da cxovelSi erTi da igive bunebrivi elementebi, Zalebi
da kanonebi moqmdebs, oRond adamiani aris cxovelis gansakuTreb-
uli saxeoba. igi aris ìaraRis mkeTebeli cxoveli~ da `mwarmoe-
beli adamiani~, omo aber. cxovelsa da adamians Soris aris mxolod
xarisxobrivi da ara principuli, arsebiTi gansxvaveba. am gzas ewo-
deba ànTropologia qvevidan~. mas adamiani dahyavs masze dabla
mdgom arsebebze da mere cdilobs misi bunebis Secnobas.
adamianis arsebis Tanamedrove gageba krizisSia. daikarga ada-
mianis gamaerTianebeli idea. rac ufro swrafad viTardebian hu-
manitaruli da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani, miT ufro meti
bundovaneba SeaqvT sakiTxSi, vidre sinaTle. adamiani arasodes ar
yofila iseTi problemuri, rogorc dRes aris. es azrebi gamoTqva
maqs Selerma 1928 wels gamocemul naSromSi àdamianis adgili kos-
mosSi~.
adamianis ori yvelaze gavleniani mkvlevari XX saukuneSi _
martin haidegeri da maqs Seleri, radikalurad akritikeben deb-
ulebebs: àdamiani aris bunebis evoluciis produqti~, `ganviTa-
rebuli cxoveli~ _ ìaraRis mkeTebeli cxoveli~. maTi azriT, Tu
adamianze vTqviT, rom is `cxovelia~, Semdeg rac ar unda predi-
kati davumatoT, ìaraRis mkeTebloba~, goniereba (sapiens, ratio) da
sxva, arss veRar SevcvliT. adamiani darCeba cxovelad. maTi az-
riT naklis mqonea adamianis klasikuri definicia ànimal racionale~.
adamiansa da cxovels Soris principuli gansxvavebis aRmniSv-
nel cnebad Seleri Tvlis pirovnebas (persona), pirovneba marad-
isobis elementia adamianSi, xolo haidegerisaTvis eqsistenci aris
adamianuri arsebobis specifikuri wesi.
laTinuri sityva `persona~ momdinareobs berZnuli 
-sagan, rac aRniSnavs Teatris msaxiobis niRabs, rols da sax-
es. berZnul tragediasa da komediaSi niRabafarebuli msaxio-
67
bi axmianebda Tavis niRabs. `personis~ Teatraluri mniSvneloba
Sua saukuneebSi Seicvala Teologiuri mniSvnelobiT. aq is ukve
aRniSnavda RmerTis, rogorc samebis sam pirs _ mamas, Zes da su-
liwmidas. romaul-kaTolikuri eklesiis mrwamsis mixedviT Rmer-
Ti aris erTi arsi (anu substancia) da sami persona. berZnuli
eklesia amjobinebda termins: hipostas. berZen da laTin Teo-
logebs Soris imarTeboda mwvave diskusiebi am terminTa Sesaxeb.
cnobilia boeciusis ganmarteba _ persona est natura racionalis in-
dividua Substancia (pirovneba aris goniTi bunebis daunawevrebeli
substancia). `persona~ iuridiuli da eTikuri mniSvnelobiT aris
uflebebisa da movaleobebis subieqti, sakuTar qcevaze pasuxismge-
blobis mqone Tavisufali arseba, romelic Tavis Tavs uqvemde-
barebs moralur kanons. aseTi arseba yovelTvis aris bunebisa da
samyaros saboloo mizani da arasdros mxolod saSualeba (i. kanti).
Tanamedrove mecnierebs ar gaaCnia sxva ufro adeqvaturi cneba
adamianis arsis gamosaTqmelad vidre `persona~, da èqsistenci~.
zogi mkvlevari am or cnebas aerTianebs da erTidaigive fenomenis,
_ èqsistencialuri pirovnebis~ or arsebiT aspeqtad warmoadgens.
amgvarad, adamiani ganimarteba, rogorc `droulobisa da maradi-
ulobis erTianobis paradoqsi~. (k. iaspersi)
ras gulisxmoben, rodesac amboben, rom adamiani, imdenad aris
adamiani, ramdenadac is aris eqsistencialuri pirovneba?
am sakiTxis garSemo mimdinareobs diskusia anglosaqsuri (em-
piristuli) da kontinenturi (metafizikuri) tradiciebis mimdevar
filosofosebs Soris. kontinenturi tradiciis mixedviT, persona
metafizikuri kategoriaa. igi aris ordo amoris (siyvarulis wesrigis)
sawyisi.
am pozicias ewodeba personalizmi. pirovneba aris RvTiuri el-
ementi adamianSi. igi ar aris nivTi, sagani, cxoveli. cxovels aqvs
garemo, pirovnebas aqvs samyaro. TviT samyaros Semoqmedi _ RmerTi
aris absoluturi pirovneba. pirovneba aris RvTis xati adamianSi.
adamianis arsis problema iRebs pirvelsaxis da misi Seqmnili xa-
tis urTierTobis saxes. persona aris `fanjara absolutSi~. is ar
SeiZleba iyos samyaros nawili, sicocxlis nawili _ is aris `si-
cocxlis asketi~, anu masze amaRlebuli. adamianSi yovelTvis aris
raRac, rac metia, vidre TviT adamiani. es viTareba gamoiTqmis
formuliT `nos extra nos~ _ maradis sakuTar Tavze maRla.
persona (romlis qarTuli Sesatyvisia `pirovneba~) aris goniTi
aqtebis centri _ `gancdaTa uSualod Tanagancdili erTianoba~,
romlis safuZvelia umaRlesi goniTi yofiereba _ RmerTi. persona
goniTi (eTikuri, religiuri, esTetikuri) aqtebis gziT gadaabijebs
bunebis miRma, bunebrivi sicocxlis miRma maradisobaSi. yoveli
personuli aqti aris `locva sakuTari Tvisa da sicocxlis miRma~.
68
amas ewodeba trancendireba (laT. transcendere _ gadabijeba). swored
es aCens ufskruls adamiansa da cxovels Soris, ramelic verasodes
gadaabijebs am ùfskruls~. sxva mxriv adamiansa da cxovels So-
ris principuli gansxvaveba ar arsebobs. `Simpanzesa da cnobil
amerikel eleqtromeqanikossa da gamomgonebel Tomas edisons So-
ris _ ironiulad SeniSnavs Seleri _ Tu am ukanasknels ganvixilavT
rogorc teqnikoss, arsebobs mxolod xarisxobrivi gansxvaveba, ma-
gram ara arsebiTi~. edisorma mravali teqnikuri xelsawyo gamoi-
gona, magram es arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba Simpanzes qmedebisagan.,
romelmac joxis daxmarebiT banani moipova.
pirovnebis arsis gagebaSi empiriuli mimarTulebis fuZemde-
blad iTvleba ingliseli filosofosi jon loki. igi Tavis cno-
bil traqtatSi àdamianis bunebis Sesaxeb~ anviTarebs Teziss, rom-
lis mixedviTac adamiani aris cxovelis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba,
romelsac aqvs goneba, cnobiereba. swored es qmnis adamianis, ro-
gorc pirovnebis arss. personis birTvia mexsiereba, romelSic fiq-
sirdeba sakuTar TavTan identobis cnobiereba. es aris ucvleli
kvanZi cvalebad gancdaTa da organul procesTa nakadSi.
magaliTad, sokrate iyo cocxali arseba, romelsac hqonda mex-
magaliTad
siereba _ identobis cnobiereba (aTenis moqalaqe, qsantipas qmari
da a.S.). ramdenadac ukve gamqralia misi organiuli arseboba, ismeba
kiTxva: masTan erTad gamqralia Tu ara sokrates pirovnebac?
meore magaliTi: petrem Caidina mkvleloba. man 20 weli gaatara
sapatimroSi da moinania danaSauli. ismeba kiTxva: is petre, romel-
mac Caidina mkvleloba da is petre, romelmac moinania, aris Tu ara
erTidaigive pirovneba?
magaliTi mesame: fsiqikurad avadmyof petres aqvs identoba na-
poleon bonapartesTan; mkafio mexsiereba, rom aris safrangeTis
imperatori, Jozefinas qmari da a.S. amas hqvia mcdari mexsierebis
magaliTi.
magaliTi meoTxe: amneziiT daavadebulis magaliTi. amnezia niS-
navs mexsierebis nawilobriv an srul dakargvas. amneziiT iyo daa-
vadebuli aSS-s yofili prezidenti ronald reigani. ismeba kiTxva:
iyo Tu ara mexsiereba dakarguli cocxali arseba identuri aSS-s
prezident ronald reiganis personisa?
am problemis gadaWraze bevri ram aris damokidebuli. SeiZleba
Tu ara yvela àdamianuri arseba~ CaiTvalos pirovnebad? magali-
Tad, SeiZleba CaiTvalon Cvili bavSvebi, fsiqikurad daavadebulni,
da a.S. pirovnebad?
bibliuri eklesiaste ambobda: `naTesavi movals da naTesavi
wavals da qveyana hgiebs ukunisamde~ (ekl.4.) adamianis cxovreba-
69
Si yovelive warmavalia, amitom cxovreba aris àmaoeba amaoebaTa,
yovelive amaoa~ (ekl.2.) Zveli romauli sentencia ambobs: `droni
icvlebian da icvleba adamianic~. maS ra aris adamianSi ucvleli, ra
qmnis mis `me~-s, mis identobas Tavis TavTan, mis pirovnebas?
filosofosebma SeniSnes, rom adamianuri cxoveli (laT. Homo
anima) da pirovneba (persona) ar aris erTi da igive. pirovnebas Seu-
Zlia distancirdes, gamovides Tavisi Tavidan da garedan Sexedos
mas da samyaros. es arc erT sxva arsebas ar SeuZlia. pirovnebis
fenomeni jerac idumalebiTaa moculi.
`me~ (ego) _ pirovneba ar aris nivTi, daxuruli atomi _ adami-
ani, rogorc biologiuri saxeobis individumi (egzempliari) mxolod
potenciaSia pirovneba. igi SeiZleba Sedges, SeiZleba ara. igi unda
gaixsnas meore pirovnebasTan pirispir yofnis mimarTebaSi. XX sau-
kunis gamoCenili anTropologi teiar de Sardeni ambobda: `RmerTo
gamixseni me sxvis cxovrebaSi Seni saxis brwyinvavleba~. pirovneba
aris eTikuri kategoria. eTikis sakiTxebs saxelmZRvanelos me-2
nawilSi ganvixilavT.
SevajamoT yovelive zemoTqmuli. SevecadoT vupasuxoT mTavar
kiTxvebs: ra aris adamianis buneba (Human Nature)? aqvs Tu ara adami-
ans `buneba~ im azriT, ra azriTac bunebis (Natura) movlenebs? Sesa-
Zlebelia Tu ara adamianis definicia (cneba), romelic gamoTqvams
adamianis arsis normatiul implikaciebs? SesaZloa Tu ara, rom
gadailaxos adamianis buneba? SesaZloa Tu ara zekaci? SesaZloa Tu
ara adamianis bunebis gaumjobeseba _ misi xelaxali modelireba?
adamianebi varT biologiuri arsebani, vcxovrobT gansazRvrul
fizikur da socialur garemoSi, gansazRvrul droSi da sivrceSi
gvikavia adgili, da amave dros varT Tavisufali arsebani _ pirovne-
bebi, Cveni qcevebi damokidebulia avtonomiur arCevanze _ aqedan
SeiZleba gakeTdes gansxvavebuli daskvnebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb.
modiT CavTvaloT, rom bio-socialuri agresia aris adamianis
buneba (Homo Homini Lupus est _ adamiani adamianisTvis mgelia). maSin
sazogadoebrivi wesrigis principi unda iyos maqsimaluri kontro-
li TiToeuli individis cxovelur instiqtebze _ adamianebis dacva
erTmaneTisagan, e.i. adamianis bunebis SezRudva.
amis alternatuli daSveba gveubneba, rom (Homo homini deus est _
adamiani adamianisTvis RmerTia) adamianis buneba aris gonieri da
solidaruli. misi qceva damokidebulia Zalze mkafiod Camoyali-
bebul samoqalaqo da metafizikur valdebulebebze. am SemTxvevaSi
sazogadoebis principi iqneba _ TiToeuli individumisagan mova-
leobebis maqsimaluri Sesruleba, sakuTari potencialis maqsimal-
uri gamovlena. adamianis bunebas unda minebdes, rom Tavisi Tavi
70
Tavisuflad gamoavlinos.
mesame daSveba gveubneva, rom adamianis `buneba~ ar arsebobs im
saxiT, ra saxiTac arseboben bunebis (Natura) sagnebi da movlenebi.
adamians ar axasiaTebs martivi identoba Tavis arsebasTan. adamiani
aris sapirispiro sawyisTa rTuli konkretuli erTianoba _ mikro-
kosmosi. amdenad SeuZlebelia misi `gadalaxva~ an `gaumjobeseba~.
dostoevski adamianis arss (bunebas) warmoidgenda brZolis velis
saxiT, sadac yovelwamierad ibrZvian qriste da satana, Tumca es
brZola ar aris maradiuli, igi damTavrdeba ise, rogorc saxareba
gvauwyebs.

 SeadareT erTmaneTs ontologiis didi sameuli:
o RmerTi
o samyaro
o adamiani
 samive SeadareT ontologiis mTavar cnebas _ `yofiereba~.
gamoavlineT maT Soris saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
71
Tavi II
Semecnebis Teoria
§ 1 Semecneba
Cven ukve viciT, rom adamianebi Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare

eswrafvian codnisaken. (aristotele, metafizika) arcerT cocxal
arsebas ar axasiaTebs survili moipvos codna. maTTvis sakmari-
sia is, riTac isini bunebam Seamko-instinqtebi. codna ar sWird-
eba yovlismcodne arsebas (RmerTi) da imas, romelmac araferi ar
icis (cxoveli). adamians sxva arsebulTagan ganasxvavebs Semecnebis,
codnis mopovebis unari, SesaZlebloba da survili. codna damaxa-
siaTebelia adamianisaTvis, romelic imyofeba arcodnasa da yov-
lismcodneobas Soris. rogoria pirveli nabiji codnisaken? codna
iwyeba arcodnis gacnobierebiT, mixvedriT, rom raRac ar ici. man
SeiZleba miiRos gakvirvebis Tu Secdomis xasiaTi.
azrovneba, Semecneba da gageba.
qarTul enas aqvs mravali sityva goniTi aqtivobebis gamosaxat-
avad: me Sevimecneb, me vazrovneb, me gavige, me ganvsji, SevigrZnob,
aRviqvam, warmovidgen, davaskvni, me vici (episteme), Cemi Sexedule-
biT (doqsa), me vfiqrob. yvela es sityva codnis mopovebis wesis
da codnis gansxvavebul saxeze miuTiTebs. berZnebma gonebis arsi
swored azrovnebaSi dainaxes, romelic adamianuri gonebis gansa-
kuTrebuli aqtivobaa. mxolod azrovneba aris sibrZnis siyvaru-
li. filosofiuri azrovneba aris Rrmaazrovneba, maTi azriT,
azrovnebis arss yvelaze ukeT gamoxatavda filosofia. aseTi az-
rovnebis mizania pirvel mizezebis da saboloo miznebis gansazRvra.
aseTi azrovnebis umTavresi niSania kiTxvis dasmis wesi, rodesac
kiTxvas svamen iseT rameze, razec Cveulebriv adamians miaCnia, rom
kiTxvis dasma ukve zedmetia, usafuZvloa. azrovneba iseTive niWia,
rogorc musikosoba, fermweroba. goneba yvelas aqvs, magram az-
rovnebis niWi ara, radgan `Wkva uxmar ars briyvTaTvis, Wkva codniT
moixmarebis~. unda icode sakuTari gonebis gamoyeneba, azrovnebis
wesi.
azrovneba aris _ adamianis gonebis arsi unari Seqmnas axali az-
rebi, ideebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba mravalferovnebiT da ara si-
zustiT da simkacriT. moaxdinos mis mier Seqmnili ideebiT cne-
bebiT, wanamZRvrebiT operireba, romelic logikur aucileblobas
eqvemdebareba.
aristoteles ainteresebs codnis romeli saxeoba ufro srulad
72
gamoxatavs adamianis arss. codnis pirveli saxea doqsa, rogorc
SexedulebaTa sistema, romelsac adamiani iZens cxovrebis ganmav-
lobaSi empiriuli dakvirvebiT. igi SeiZleba warmosdges rogorc
cxovrebiseuli, praqtikuli sibrZne, anda jansaRi azris saxiT. es
codna Taobidan Taobaze gadaecema tradiciis saxiT. misgan gansx-
vavdeba episteme, rasac dRes mecnierul codnas uwodeben. codna,
romelsac uwodebs teqnes da aucilebelia adamianis bunebrivi ar-
sebobis SenarCunebisaTvis. igi praqtikulad sasargeblo codnaa.
sofia aris codna, romelic praqtikulad ùsasrgebloa~. es aris
ukanaskneli miznebis da pirvelsawyisebis codna. mas metafizikur
codnas uwodeben. adamianis unari da survili mopovos da qondes
filosofiuri codna aris adamianurobis yvelaze Rrma gamoxat-
uleba. es codna specifikur adamianuri codnaa.
Semecneba aris adamianis gonebis (cnobiereba) mier ganxor-
cielebuli moqmedebebis da procedurebis erToblioba, rom-
lis mizani da Sedegia sinamdvilis, misi movlenebis da kanon-
zomierebis Sesaxeb codnis mopoveba. i. kantma adamianis gonebis
unarebSi ganasxvava Semecneba da azrovneba. Semecneba uwoda
bunebis mecnierebas, xolo azrovneba ki aris metafizikuris, ar-
sebulis, samyaros pirvelsawyisebze da ukanasknel miznebze az-
rovneba. Semecneba gulisxmobs gonebis, cnobierebis aqtivobas,
romlis sagania empiriuli realoba, bunebis kanonebis dadgena.
Semecneba aris bunebismecnierebis arsi.
gageba aris adamianis sulierebis, adamianuri samyaros gamoxat-
ulebebis wvdomis wesi. mas Semdeg, rac adamianuri realoba miC-
neuli iqna gansakuTrebuli saxis sinamdviled, romelic Semecnebis
sakuTar wess moiTxovs, gamoyofili iqna adamianuri gonebis mesame
unari _ gageba. haidegerTan gageba ontologiuri Semecnebis Ziri-
Tad xerxad gadaiqca.
Semecnebis filosofiuri problema Semecnebis process mravali
mecniereba ikvlevs. fiziologia ikvlevs adamianis tvinSi mimdin-
are fiziologiur procesebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia adamianis
SemecnebiT aqtivobasTan. fsiqologias ainteresebs Tu rogor ax-
dens adamianis fsiqika garedan Semosuli informaciis aRqmisa da
gadamuSavebas. fsiqika aris swored garedan Semosuli informaciis
gonebrivi aRqmisa da gadamuSavebis unari.
adamianis Semecnebis process ikvlevs filosofiuri disciplina
gnoseologia. misi mizania upirvelesad daadginos gonebis arsi, ra
aris goneba, rogorc adamianuri Semecnebis iaraRi, da gonebis ra
elementebisagan Sedgeba monawileoben Semecnebis procesSi.
adamianis cnobiereba codnas ori gziT miiRebs: erTia mza, is-
73
toriulad dagrovili codnis aTviseba aRzrdiTa da ganaTlebiT.
codnis miRebis aseTi gziT _ ganaTlebis da pedagogikis problemaa.
sruliad gansxvavebulia axali codnis mopovebis, aRmoCenis sakiTxi.
rogor aRmocendeba adamianis cnobierebaSi axali codna? codna,
romelsac aqvs pretenzia WeSmaritebaze. swored es aris filoso-
fiuri problema. termini `gnoseologia~ Semotanili iqna me-18 sau-
kuneSi, germaniaSi. gnoseologia cdilobs daadginos codnis mop-
ovebis procesis Tavisebureba da svams sakiTxs codnis mopovebis
wesebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.
codnis fenomeniT dakavebulia kidev erTi filosofiuri disci-
plina èpistemologia~. termini èpistemologia~ gavrcelda me-20
saukuneSi. igi umetesad gamoiyeneba anglo-amerikul filosofiaSi.
misi kvlevis sagans ar warmoadgens Semecnebis procesis analizi, igi
ar svams sakiTxs codnis mopovebis wesebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.
misi analizis sagania Semecnebis Sedegi_codna. man unda daadginos
codnis WeSmaritebis pirobebi. epistemologia ikvlevs: ra pirobebs
unda akmayoflebdes codna, rom igi miviCnioT WeSmarit codnad.
epistemologia Tvlis, rom aramarto Semecnebis procesia problema
da axsnas moiTxovs, aramed codnis fenomenic problematuria da
unda axsnili iqnes WeSmariti codnis SesaZleblobis pirobebi da
niSnebi. adamianis cnobierebaSi uamravi azri, warmodgena, STabeW-
dileba da ideaa mocemuli. rogor unda ganvasxvavoT, Tu romelia
WeSmariti codna da romeli mxolod Sexeduleba an cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba.
adamianis SemecnebiTi mimarTeba aris specifikur-adamianuri
damokidebuleba samyarosTan, romelic yvela sxva (praqtikuli,
SromiTi, esTeturi, SefasebiTi mimarTeba) mimarTebis ganmsazRvre-
lia. Semecnebis mizania aRweros, daadginos ra aris samyaro, riTi
aris saxifaTo da raSi SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba sakuTari arsebobis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis, adamians aseve ainteresebs ra aris samyaro
TavisTavad ise, rogorc is aris adamianis interesis, survilis da
midrekilebebisagan damoukideblad. adamianis sinamdvilesTan Sem-
ecnebiTi damokidebulebis Sedegia codna.
Semecnebis da codnis fenomenebis naTelyofa gulisxmobs ram-
denime urTierTdakavSirebuli filosofiuri problemis ganxilvas:
 SesaZlebelia Tu ara sinamdvilis Semecneba (ra SemiZlia
vicode, rogorc adamianma?)
 rogor xorcieldeba Semecnebis procesi,
 Semecneba rogorc metafizikuri problema
 cnobiereba rogorc unari.
 cnobiereba rogorc Sinaarsi
 cnobiereba rogorc Sinaarsis zrda
74
 ra aris codna (ra aris WeSmariteba)?
 ena da cnobiereba
Semecneba rogorc metafizikuri problema
filosofiam upirvelesad unda axsnas, daasabuTos adamianis
mier sinamdvilis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba. filosofiaSi arsebobs
Semecnebis SesaZleblobis sakiTxis gadaWris ramdenime varianti:
1. dogmaturi optimizmi _ miiCnevs, rom adamianisaTvis sinamd-
vilis Semecneba principulad SesaZlebelia. adamianis mier samyaros
Semecneba mudmiv ganviTarebas ganicdis da igi usasrulo procesia.
2. agnosticizmi _ (berZn. _ aγνωστος Seumecnebadi) miiCnevs, rom
adamianis mier sinamdvilis Semecneba principSi SeuZlebelia. ada-
mianis mier mopovebuli monacemebi ar asaxaven realobas. agnosti-
cizmi codnad aRiarebs mxolod absolutur WeSmaritebas da Tu
absoluturi WeSmaritebis mopoveba SeuZlebelia, radgan adamia-
nis codna cvalebadi, SefardebiTia, rac miuTiTebs, rom WeSmari-
ti maradiuli codnis mopoveba SeuZlebelia. gamocdilebas (cdas)
da obieqtur realobas Soris SeuZlebelia adeqvaturobis dadgna,
empiriul Semecnebas ar SeuZlia gavides gamocdilebis sazRvrebs
gareT, amitom ar SeiZleba dadgindes rogoria kavSiri cdasa da
realobas Soris (hiumi). XX saukuneSi aRiarebuli iqna e. w. fardo-
biTi agnosticizmi (k. poperi), romlis Tanaxmad adamianis Semecneba
mudam eswrafvis absolutur WeSmaritebas da mecniereba aris Tan-
daTanobiTi miaxloveba absolutur WeSmaritebasTan, magram vera-
sodes miaRwevs mas. absoluturi WeSmariteba miuRwevelia. igi aris
adamianis Semecnebis regulaturi idea.
3. skepticizmi _ (berZ. skeptikos skefsisi_kvleva ganxilva)
skepticizmisaTvis daeWveba azrovnebis principia. skepticizmi ar
uaryofs obieqturi realobis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, magram
Tavs ikavebs gamoTqvas saboloo Sexeduleba, Tvalsazrisi realo-
bis bunebis Sesaxeb. radgan SeuZlebelia daiZlios yvela eWvi, rac
codnis mimarT SeiZleba wamoiWras. adamiani ver axerxebs yvela eW-
vis daZlevas. adamianis gonebis unarebis naklovani xasiaTi kidev
ufro amZafrebs eWvs adamianis mier mopovebuli codnis Sesaxeb.
r. dekartem skepticizmi, meTodologiuri skepticizmis saxiT, aq-
cia utyuari codnis mopovebis saSualebad. am SemTxvevaSi eWvi aris
meToduri gza ueWveli codnis mosapoveblad.
isini, vinc aRiareben adamianis mier realobis Sesaxeb codnis
mopovebis SesaZleblobas iyofian gansxvavebul mimdinareobad,
imis mixedviT Tu rogoria am codnis warmoSobisa da mocemulobis
xasaTi. kacobriobam misi arsebobis manZilze aRiara codna
75
warmoSobis ramdenime gza:
 TanSobili codna,
 SeZenili codna,
 gamocxadebiT gadmocemuli codna.
platonidan momdinareobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad WeSma-
riti codna obieqturi realobis Sesaxeb aris TanSobili codna da
mza saxiT aris mocemuli adamianis ukvdav sulSi, am codnas adamia-
nis suli ziarebulia maradiul samyaroSi yofnisas da adamianuri
Semecneba aris mxolod mogoneba.
yoveli codna, moZraoba codnisaken moiTxovs codnis sagnis wi-
naswar codnas. `menonSi~ sokrate ambobs: `mcodne ar daiwyebs Ze-
bnas, radgan vin eZebs imas, rac ukve icis? magram arc armcode
Seiwuxebs Tavs ZiebiT, radgan man isic ki ar icis, rac unda eZios.~
problema aris swored am winaswari codnis arsebobis da warmoSobis
sakiTxi. platoni problemis gadawyvetas xedavs sulis ukvdavebis
da TanSobili codnis aRiarebaSi.
sokrate: àdamianis suli ukvdavia, da Tumca is xan wyvets ar-
sebobas (swored amas vuwodebT sikvdils), xan ki xelaxla ibadeba
arsebobisaTvis, magram arasodes ar iRupeba da masTan xeli ar aqvs
sikvdils. raki adamianis suli ukvdavia, amitom mravalgzis ibadeba;
mas yvelaferi unaxavs rogorc aq, ise saiqioSic da yvelaferi icis.
hoda ra gasakviria, Tu mas SeuZlia gaixsenos, ra aris siqvele, an Tu
gnebavs, yovelive is, rac odiTganve cnobilia misTvis. raki suli
yovlis mcodnea, amitom mas, vinc raimes ixsenebs (Cven amas Semecne-
bas veZaxiT) Tavisuflad SeuZlia miakvlios sxva danarCensac, Tuki
mxneoba da simamace ar uRalatebs Ziebis gzaze da marTlac Zieba da
Semecneba sxva araferia Tu ara mogoneba.~
amis dasamtkiceblad platoni monis cnobil magaliTs aRwers.
sokrate: `dauZaxe vinmes Sens mravalricxovan monaTagan, raTa mis
magaliTze giCveno, rom marTals vambob. axla ki yuradRebiT gvis-
mine da naxav-TviTon moigonebs Tu Cemgan iswavlis rasme.~ magram
mogoneba ar aris martivi da ubralo procesi, aramed didi Zalisx-
meva sWirdeba. mogonebis procesi ramdenime safexurisagan Sedgeba.
mogonebis pirvel doneze adamiani advilad igonebs da hgonia, rom
yvelafris swrafad mogonebas SeZlebs. magram rogorc ki waawydeba
siZneles misi mogonebis procesi meore stadiaze gadadis, raSic
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs gaogneba, rom ver SeZlo swrafad mo-
goneba.
sokrate: `xom xedav menon, sanamde eyo mogonebis unari uwin, is-
eve rogorc axla, egona rom icis da ise dabejiTebiT gvpasuxobda,
TiTqos marTla icoda es, rom erTxelac ar mosvlia azrad, rom
76
SeiZleboda raime siZneles waswydomoda. axla ki darwmunda, rom
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mis ZalRones aRemateba da Tu ar icis,
arc hgonia, rom icis. rogor ggonia, sanam egona vicio, daiwyebda
pasuxis Zebnas? Tu piriqiT, siZnelem gaaogna da gadawyvita eZios
swori pasuxi? maSasadame, gaognebam kargi samsaxuri gauwia mas.~ aq
siZnele iCens Tavs: ès wuTia Cven xom vambobdiT, rom man araferi
ar icis.~ am dros `kacs, romelmac raime ar icis, swori azri mainc
aqvs imis Sesaxeb, rac ar icis?~ imis codna rac ar ici aris mo-
gonebis meore etapze gadasvlis safuZveli. es mogonebis pirveli
etapis Sedegia. sokrate: àmasTan is yvelafers iswavlis, Tumca mas
ki ar aswavlian, aramed mxolod kiTxvas miscemen; codnas ki TviTon
daeufleba: Tavis TavSi ipovis.~
mas Semdeg rac adamianSi aRmoCenili iqna codna unda gairkves
misi warmoSobis sakiTxi: ukvdavi sulic erTxel odesRac moipovebs
codnas, romelic mas Semdeg maradiulad aqvs, an sulis arsebobis
wesia mcodned yofna, codna marad qonda Tavidanve. adamiani cod-
nas Tavis TavSi naxulobs. `magram ras niSnavs codnis Tavis TavSive
povna, Tu ara mogonebas.~ `Tavisi axlandeli codna man an odesRac
SeiZina, an yovelTvis Tan axlda mas? Tu yovelTvis Tan axlda mas,
ese igi igi yovelTvis mcodne iyo, xolo Tu odesRac SeiZina yovel
SemTxvevaSi ara am cxovrebaSi.~ es moxda àra axlandel cxovreba-
Si, aramed uwindel dros, rodesac yvelaferi Seicno da Seimecna.~
am Semecnebas axorcielebs ara adamiani, rogorc sulisa da sxe-
ulis mTlianoba, rogorc kaci, aramed `maSin roca jer kidev ar
iyo kaci.~ codna sulis Tvisebaa da ara adamianis, rogorc amqveyn-
iuris, suli ki ukvdavia. `gankacebamde da gankacebis Semdegac masSi
yovelTvis cocxlobda da cocxlobs swori azri, romelsac Tuki
SekiTxviT gamoaRviZeb, SeuZlia codnad iqces. raki simarTle arsTa
Sesaxeb yovelTvis cocxlobs Cvens sulSi, da raki suli ukvdavia,
rogor ggonia; gvmarTebs Tu ara gabedulad SevudgeT Ziebas da
movigonoT is, rac amJamad ar viciT an ukeT rom vTqvaT, rac amJa-
mad ar gvaxsovs.~
platoni gamoqvabulis miTSi amtkicebs, rom arsebobs TanSo-
bili codnis saxe, romelic mxolod mogonebis gansakuTrebuli un-
arisaTvis aris miRwevadi da misi sxvisTvis gaziarebac ki problema-
turia.
axali droSi, bunebis mecnierebis ganviTarebis Semdeg cxadi gax-
da, rom adamiani codnas iRebs garedan da adamianis gonebis gareT
imyofeba Semecnebis saganic. adamianis Semecnebis sagania buneba,
rac adamianis gonebis gareT arsebobs. adamiani TviTon moipovebs
codnas, rogorc adamianis SemecnebiTi moqmedebis Sedegs. platonis
77
TanSobili codnis Teoria ukugdebuli iqna da aucilebeli gaxda
dasabuTebuliyo adamianis mier gonebis gareT arsebuli sinamdvi-
lis Sesaxeb codnis mopovebis SesaZlebloba. Semecnebis sagani imy-
ofeba Semecnebis, gonebis gareT, misadmi metafizikuria. problema
aris imis axsna Tu rogor gadis goneba sakuTari Tavis gareT da
imecnebs sagans.
empirizmis Tanaxmad, adamianis goneba dabadebisas aris sufTa
dafa (tabula rasa) da codna aris adamianis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo-
bis Sedegad SeZenili. mTeli codna rac adamians gaaCnia TviTon
moipovebs mTeli sicocoxlis ganmavlobaSi. adamians SeiZleba
hqondes ara TanSobili codna, aramed TanSobili unarebi niWisa da
talantis saxiT.
dakvirvebadobis problema
aseTi Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba problemuria,
radgan Semecneba da misi sagani erTmaneTisagan principulad gan-
sxvavebuli realobebia. isini gansxvavdebian Tavisi arsebobis wesi-
Tac. Semecnebis metafizikam unda daadginos:
 Semecnebis sagani, sinamdvile imyofeba Cveni gonebis gareT,
(sxvagvarad ver avicilebT platonis codnis TanSobilobis
ideas), anu Cveni gonebisaTvis metafizikuria.
 adamianis gonebas SeuZlia Seimecnos misgan gansxvavebuli,
cnobierebasagan damoukidebeli da mis gareT arsebuli sagani.
gamocxadebiT miRebuli codna aris umaRlesi arsebis, RmerTis
mier adamianisaTvis gadacemuli codna. gamocxadeba aris RmerTis
uSualo, pirdapiri kavSiri adamianTan, romlis drosac adamiani mi-
iRebs absolutur WeSmaritebas pirdapir RmerTisagan. aseTi gziT
adamians gadaecema maradiuli WeSmaritebebi da zneobrivi mcnebebi.
mecnierebis ganviTarebam (kvanturi fizika) axleburad dasva dak-
virvebadobis sakiTxi, rogorc teqnikuri sakiTxi. aqvs ki adamians
iseTi teqnikuri saSualebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mikrosa-
myaros dakvirvebis da aRweris obieqturobas. magaliTisaTvis Sei-
Zleba moviyvanoT v. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobis principi da n.
boris damatebiTobis principi.
empirizmi da racionalizmi
adamians Semecnebis procesis gansaxorcieleblad aqvs gonebis
ori unari: goneba da gamocdileba (cda). Semecnebis procesSi monaw-
ileobs da TanamSromlobs rogorc grZnoba, ise goneba. imis mixed-
viT, Tu romel maTgans aniWeben upiratesobas Semecnebis procesSi,
ganasxvaveben empirizmsa (cda) da racionalizms (goneba). empirizmis
ZiriTadi debuleba ase JRers: `gonebaSi araferia iseTi, rac manamde
ar yofiliyo Cvens SegrZnebebSi~ (j. loki) aqedan gamomdinareobs,
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rom Semecneba iwyeba SegrZnebebiT da Cveni gonebis mTeli Sinaarsi
miRebulia cdidan. amitom cda, SegrZnebebi, aRqma mTavaria codnis
mopovebis procesSi da metic, swored cdaSi SeiZleba mopovebuli
codnis WeSmaritebis Semowmeba.
empirizmis sapirispirod, racionalizmis ZiriTadi debuleba ase
JRers: `gonebaSi araferia iseTi, rac manamde ar yofiliyos Cvens
SegrZnebebSi, garda TviTon gonebisa~ (laibnici). racionalizmi
miuTiTebs gonebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze adamianuri Sem-
ecnebis procesSi. marTalia Semecnebis Sinaarsi miRebulia SegrZne-
bebis, cdis meSveobiT, magram mxolod gonebas SeuZlia daZlios
cdis SezRuduloba da dainaxos movlenis, sagnis arsebiTi, faruli,
Sinagani kanonzomiereba, romelic ar mogvecema grZnobebSi.
empirizmi da racionalizmi gansxvavdebian ara marto Semecnebis
unarebis, aramed Semecnebis sagnebis SerCeviTac. empirizmi miiC-
nevs, rom Semecnebis sagani erTeuli empiruli sagania, romelic
Cven mogvecema SegrZnebebSi, cdaSi. sagnis calkeuli Tvisebebs Se-
vimecnebT cdis, aRqmis meSveobiT.
racionalizmi miiCnevs, rom gonebas SeuZlia Seimecnos uSualod
realoba. amitom Semecnebis ZiriTadi sagania ara calkeuli, erTeu-
li, empiruli niSan-Tvisebebi, aramed saganTa simravlis saerTo,
zogadi arseba. zogadi ar mogvecema SegrZnebebSi. igi miiwvdomeba
mxolod gonebiT. empirizmis mixedviT, Cven viciT maSin, Tu viciT ai
es konkretuli empiruli sagani. racionalizmis mixedviT Cven vic-
iT sagani Tu viciT misi Sinagani, arsebiTi, zogadi arsi, romelic
saganTa am klasis yvela wevrs axasiaTebs.
empirizmisa da racionalizmis dausrulebelma kamaTma filoso-
fia CixSi Seiyvana. kantma scada am Cixidan misi gamoyvana da ufro
detalurad daedgina gonebis roli Semecnebis procesSi, gamoekv-
lia gonebis Sinagani struqtura. kantis mixedviT, cnobiereba apri-
oruli (laT. apriori _ winmswrebi, cdamdeli) sinTezis unaria. misi
sinTezuroba ori donisaa. cnobiereba, romelic qmnis Semecnebis sa-
gans, rogorc sinTezi Tavisi xasiaTiT aracnobieria. meore etapze
Cveni goneba axorcielebs mis mierve Seqmnili Semecnebis sagnis Sem-
ecnebas. goneba ara marto gnoseologiurad, aramed ontologiurad
aqtiuria. kantisaTvis sagnis Semecneba udris sagnis Seqmnas. kants
aprioruli codnis cnebaSi esmoda sayovelTao da aucilebel cod-
na, romelic damoukidebelia cdisagan. xolo aposterioruli (laT.
aposteriori _ Semdgomi) codnis cnebaSi gulisxmobda cdis meSveo-
biT miRebul codnas, romelic SemTxveviTi da erTeuli xasiaTisaa.
Semecnebis safexurebi
ganasxvaveben empiruli Semecnebis formebs: SegrZneba, aRqma (da-
79
kvirveba, cda, eqsperimenti) da warmodgena. Teoriul Semecnebis
safexurebs: cneba, msjeloba, daskvna.
SegrZneba aris Cveni codnis pirvelwyaro, SegrZnebebis meS-
veobiT mogvecema ara sagnebi, aramed sagnis Tvisebebi. SegrZneba
aris adamianis pirdapiri da uSualo kavSiri sinamdvilesTan, ami-
tom SegrZnebisaTvis aucilebelia sivrcobrivi, uSualo kontaqti
saganTan. adamiani yvelaze mets informacias iRebs mxedvelobisa
da Sexebis SegrZnebebidan. SegrZnebebiT mogvecema sagani, rogorc
Tvisebebis qaosi, sagans aklia garkveuloba da mTlianoba. SegrZne-
bebis sicxade da informaciuloba damokidebulia gamRizianebelis
intesiurobaze da SegrZnebis organos mdgomareobaze, rac ganapi-
robebs SegrZnebaTa monacemebis subieqturobasa da damaxinjebas.
amitom adamianis goneba gadadis grZnobadi Semecnebis meore
safexurze. es aris aRqma. aRqmis meSveobiT adamians miecema mTliani
sagani da ara calkeuli Tvisebebi. aRqmis doneze xdeba SegrZnebaTa
monacemebis sinTezireba erT mTlianobad. adamiani aRiqvams mTel
sagans, magaram aRqmis nakli imaSia, rom igi SezRudulia droisa
da sivrcis CarCoebiT. adamians mxolod imis aRqma SeuZlia rac mis
Tvalwin imyofeba aq da exla. Cven ar SegviZlia aRviqvaT sagani, ro-
melic Cvens Tvalwin ar aris.
adamianis goneba gadadis Semecnebis Semdeg safexurze _ es aris
warmodgena. warmodgenis doneze adamians eZleva saSualeba daSor-
des dro-sivrciT CarCoebiT SezRudul realobas, aRqmis droiT
_ sivrcobriv SezRudulobas. adamians SeuZlia warmoidginos is,
rac mis Tvalwin ar imyofeba. mTeli adamianuri kultura (litera-
tura, xelovneba, metafizika), saerTod adamianuroba warmodgenis
unars eyrdnoba. adamians SeuZlia warmoidginos sxvisi monaTxrobi,
ise rom TviTon ar hqondes nanaxi. adamianma SeiZina sxvisi codnis
aTvisebis unari. warmodgenam usasrulod gaafarTova adamianis sa-
myaro.
adamianis gareSemo ki uamravi gansxvavebuli arsebobis wesis da
formis sagani arsebobs. am mravalferovan samyaroSi orientaci-
isaTvis Semecnebis empiruli formebi sakmarisi ar aris. Semecnebis
empirul doneze, Semecnebis sagania erTeuli sagani. adamianis gon-
ebis moqmedebis erT-erTi umTavresi principia ekonomiuroba da
efeqturoba. gonebam saganTa usasrulo simravlis gaazreba unda
moaxerxos SeZlebisdagvarad ekonomikurad da efeqturad. adamia-
nis goneba amas axerxebs Semecnebis abstraqtuli, Teoriuli un-
arebis meSveobiT.
azrovneba aris Semecnebis meore safexuri. grZnobad-empiriuli
Semecneba gvaZlevs codnas erTeuli sagnisa da misi Tvisebebis Ses-
80
axeb. aseTi codna aradamakmayofilebelia. adamians surs ganazoga-
dos mis mier mopovebuli codna erTeuli sagnis Sesaxeb, Cawvdes sa-
ganTa arss, kanonzomierebas. amisaTvis adamiani iyenebs abstraqcias,
abstraqtul azrovnebas. abstraqcia aris `ganyeneba~. ganyenebis
proceduris meSveobiT Cven vaxdenT saganTa garkveuli Tvisebebis
ganyenebas da gamovyofT sxva CvenTvis saintereso Tvisebebs. es ab-
straqtuli niSnebi axasiaTebs mraval erTnair sagans. abstraqciis
meSveobiT Cven SegviZlia gaviazroT mravali sagani erTdroulad.
es aris adamianuri Semecnebis abstraqtuli, Teoriuli done.
adamiani qmnis sagnis cnebas. cneba aris saganTa garkveuli sim-
ravlis sayovelTao, aucilebeli da arsebiT niSanTa erToblioba.
cnebis Seqmna iwyeba sagnis TvisebaTa analiziT. sagnis uamravi Tvise-
bebidan gamoiyofa aucilebeli da arsebiTi Tvisebebi, romelTa ga-
reSec am sagnis warmodgena SeuZlebelia. Semdeg xdeba am Tvisebebis
urTierTSeTanxmeba da gaerTianeba, sinTezi da iqmneba sagnis ni-
San-TvisebaTa axali mTlianoba. rasac mohyveba sinTeziT miRebuli
mTlianobis ganzogadeba yvela msgavsi sagnis mimarT, cnebaSi Se-
suli Tvisebebi sayovelTao xasiaTs iRebs. magaliTad skamis cnebiT
me SemiZlia movicva yvela is skami, romelic arsebobda, arsebobs da
iarsebebs momavalSi. cnebis meSveobiT gadaWril iqna samyaros mra-
valferovnebis gazrebis problema. adamianis goneba ganuzomelad
efeqturi da ekonomiuri gaxda. magram cnebebiT aRwerili samyaro
ar aris sruli. igi warmogvidgeba saganTa simravled, romelTa So-
ris araviTari mimarTeba, wesrigi ar arsebobs. es aris samyaros aR-
weris martivi done. adamiani gadadis msjelobis etapze.
msjeloba aris martivi TxrobiTi winadadeba, romelSic mt-
kicdeba an uariyofa raime sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. amitom msjeloba
SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti an mcdari. samyaro ukve warmodgenilia,
rogorc garkveuli wesrigis mqone mTlianoba, sadac sagnebisa da
movlenebis Soris garkveuli, kanonzomieri kavSiria dafiqsirebuli.
samyaro aRwerilia msjelobebis meSveobiT. msjelobis kavSiri qmnis
daskvnas. daskvna aris garkveuli wesiT agebuli msjelobaTa kav-
Siri. daskvnas aqvs ori wanamZRvari, saidanac gamomdinareobs logi-
kuri aucileblobiT mesame msjeloba _ es aris daskvna. daskvniT
sruldeba Semecnebs xangrZlivi procesi. daskvna aris axali codnis
miRebis wesi.
Semecnebis saxeebi: miTosuri, aramecnieruli, filosofiuri,
mecnieruli Semecneba. dRes mecnieruli Semecneba miCneulia adami-
anuri Semecnebis unaris yvelaze srul gamoxatulebad.
81
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveT samyaros wvdomis saxeebi da maTi kv-
levis sferoebi:
 Semecneba _ gnoseologia
 codna _ epistemologia
 cnobiereba _ fenomenologia
ganasxvaveT:
 azrovneba
 Semecneba
 gageba
daawyvileT isini ontologiis cnebebTan: mizezi, mizani, sazrisi.
§2. codna
ra aris codna ras niSnavs, rodesac adamiani ambobs `me vici~ an `me
ar vici~. cnobilia, rom sokrate ambobda: `me vici, rom araferi ar
vici~ da miuxedvavad amisa igi aRiarebuli iyo yvelaze did brZenad
adamianTa Soris. ra aris codna, rogor iZens adamiani codnas da ra
formebiT arsebobs igi.
ganasxvaveben imas, risi codnac droebiT SeuZlebelia da is,
risi codnac adamianisaTvis yovelTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba.
codnis adgilad tradiciulad iTvleboda adamianis goneba.
adamiani specialuri moqmedebebis Sedegad, romelsac SemecnebiT
moqmedebas uwodebs iRebs garkveul informacias, romelic grovde-
ba cnobierebaSi. adamianis cnobierebaSi uamravi azri, warmodgena,
Sexeduleba, mosazreba, Tvalsazrisi, crurwmena, aris warmodgeni-
li. rogor unda gamovarCioT maTgan WeSmariti codna. informacia,
obieqturi sinamdvilis subieqturi xati, rom vaRiaroT codnad, es
informacia unda iyos WeSmariti. WeSmaritia codna, rodesac igi
swored gadmogvcems, gviCvenebs realobis mdgomareobas, arss. cod-
nis aucilebeli elementia TviTcnobiereba. me ara ubralod vflob
informacias sagnis Sesaxeb, aramed me vici, rom vflob aseTi saxis
codnas. adamiani codnis safuZvelze damokidebuleba realobasTan
amyarebs Tavisufal, aqtiur da SemoqmedebiT mimarTebas. ra niSans
unda flobdes Cems mier mopovebuli informacia, rom mas codna
vuwodoT da rogoria misi WeSmaritebis pirobebi. amiT dakavebulia
swored epistemologia. adamianis cnobierebaSi codna iRebs cne-
bebis, msjelobebis, daskvnebis, Teoriis saxe. Cemi cnobierebis Si-
naarsi, rom miviCnioT codnad aucilebelia:
82
 Cems cnobierebaSi arsebuli Teoria unda iyos dasabuTebuli;
 SeiZlebodes argumentebis moyvana misi WeSmaritebis
dasamtkiceblad;
 unda asaxavdes im realobas, romlis Sesaxebac igi aris;
 unda iyos utyuari.
tradiciuli filosofiis Tanaxmad codna aris SemecnebiTi
aqtis dasrulebis Semdeg miRebuli dasrulebuli Sedegi. Taname-
drove epistemologia miiCnevs, rom codna aris procesi. es niSnavs,
rom igi mudmiv cvalebadobasa da dazustebis procesSia. yoveli
konkretuli xasiaTis codna aris WeSmaritebis da mcdarobis ele-
mentebisagan Semdgari. magaliTad, i. niutonis `fizika~ Tavis droze
miCneuli iyo srul 100% WeSmaritebad. magram a. ainStainis far-
dobiTobis Teoriam cxadyo, rom niutonis fizika iyo codnisa da
mcdarobis mTlianoba, am mTlianobaSi codnisa da mcdarobis Tana-
fardoba SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: a. ainStainma uCvena, rom i.
niutonis fizika 40% WeSmariti yofila da 60% mcdari, anu codnis
zrdis procesi niSnavs TeoriaSi mcdarobis odenobis Semcirebas. a.
ainStainis mizania Seamciros mcdarobis odenoba da gazardos WeS-
maritebis zoma mecnierul TeoriaSi. codnad miiCneva ara yoveli
informacia, aramed mxolod iseTi, romelsac pretenzia aqvs WeS-
maritebaze, rom marTebulad gadmosca realobis kanonzomiereba,
wesrigi. amrigad sanam vityiT `me vici~ sakmaod unda davfiqrdeT.
codna SeiZleba ganisazRvros ramdenime niSniT:
 codna adamianis SemecnebiTi aqtivobis Sedegi da am Sedegis
arsebobis da mowesrigebis forma,
 codniT adamiani axdens Tavisi moqmedebis da arsebobis
gonivrulad warmarTvas,
 codna aris realobis anabeWdi, asli, asaxva adamianis gonebaSi,
 codna aris WeSmariteba, radgan aris swori monacemi,
informacia sagnis Sesaxeb,
 codna aris adamianis gonebaSi arsebuli WeSmariti informacia,
anabeWdi, asli arsebulis Sesaxeb,
 dRes codna ganisazRvreba TviTon Teoriis farglebSi, anu
Teoria gansazRvravs Tu rogor esmis mas codna da WeSmariteba.
codnis roli adamianis yofierebaSi. codna udides rols Ta-
maSobs adamianis yofierebaSi. yoveli adamianuri moqmedeba, qceva
codnis niSniT warimarTeba. adamianma ara marto icis raime, aramed
mas aqvs codna am codnis Sesaxeb. codna aris adamianuri zneobis,
Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis safuZveli. adamiani imitom
aris pasuxismgebeli, rom man icis ra aris samarTlianoba, sikeTe,
boroteba. adamianis klasikuri ganmarteba ambobs àdamiani aris
gonieri cxoveli~. codna adamianis adamianurobis safuZvelia. cod-
83
na adamians ar axasiaTebs, rogorc TavisTavad mocemuli bunebrivi
niSani, rogorc instinqti. adamiani udides energias da dros xarja-
vs codnis SeZenaze da jiutad eswrafvis da aqvs pretenzia icodes
absoluturi WeSmariteba. magram adamians ar aqvs unari icodes
yvelaferi, flobdes absolutur, maradiul WeSmaritebas. amitom
ukve piTagora, sokrate, Zveli berZnebi mixvdnen, rom isini arian
ara sofosebi (brZenni), aramed filosofosebi (sibrZnis moyvar-
ulni). absoluturi codnis mopovebis pretenzias Tanamedroveobac
kritikulad ekideba da mas gonebis avadmyofobas uwodebs.
codna adamianis yofierebis paradoqsuli fenomenia. adamiani
yovelTvis eswrafvis moipovos rac SeiZleba meti codna. magram
adamianis miswrafeba absoluturi, srulyofili codnisaken yov-
elTvis isjeboda. RmerTebi inarCunebdnen gansxvavebas adamianur
da RvTaebriv codnas Soris. miTologiaSi arsebobs sakraluri,
akrZaluli codnis Tema. promeTem RmerTebisgan moparuli cecxli
adamianebs gadasca, aswavla misi movla da xelosnoba. samagierod
adamians waerTva momavlis xedvis, sakuTari yofierebis mTliano-
baSi xedvis unari. oidiposi iyo brZeni, romelmac amoxsna sfinqsis
gamocana _ adamianuri yofierebis saidumloeba, rac misi siamayis
safuZveli iyo. RmerTebma mouvlines gansacdeli, daanaxes, rom man
ara marto is ar icis Tu vin aris adamiani, aramed isic ki ar icis
Tu vin aris TviTon igi. bibliis Tanaxmad, RmerTma adami gaafrTx-
ila, rom ar mikareboda cnobadis xes. adamma daarRvia es moTxovna
da SeiZina sikeTisa da borotebis garCevis codna. amis gamo, igi
gaZevebuli iqna samoTxidan da mokvdavi gaxda.
codnis fenomenis meore paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ada-
miani did drosa da energias xarjavs codnis SesaZenad, magram
codna garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg daviwyebulia. adamianis
sikvdilTan erTad misi cxovrebis manZilze SeZenili codna qreba
da axli Taoba xelaxla, Tavidan iwyebs yvelafris Seswavlas.
codnis fenomenis mesame paradoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yove-
li axali codna aris adamianis zneobrivi bunebis gamocda. SeuZlia
Tu ara adamians sikeTis samsaxurSi Caayenos codna? erTis mxriv
adamiani codnas gamoiyenebs idealuri sazogadoebis, perpetum mo-
biles da sxva proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad, meores mxriv, ada-
mianis codnis Sedegia atomuri iaraRi, ekologiuri problemebi,
klonireba. codna adamianuri progresis safuZvelia da amave dros
swored codna qmnis problemebs.
magram dRes amboben, rom adamiani aRar azrovnebs. adamiani
aRar azrovnebs RmerTis, yofierebis Sesaxeb. misi azrovneba te-
qnikuria, rac niSnavs, rom misi azrovneba dakavebulia mxolod
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cxovrebis materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebiT.
codnis saxeebis da funqciis evolucia
Zenoni iyo pirveli, vinc gaacnobiera realobis Teoriulad aR-
weris, sinamdvilis codnis formiT gadmocemis siZneleebi. sokra-
tem axali codnis mopovebisa da axsnis sirTule refleqsiis sa-
gnad aqcia. igi Seecada pasuxi gaeca kiTxvebze ras niSnavs codna?
ra SemiZlia vicode? sokrates pasuxi ase JRerda: `me vici, rom
araferi ar vici~. miuxedavad amisa sokrate erTerT udides brZenad
iqna aRiarebuli. sokrates pasuxi gamoxatavda raRac zogad adami-
anurs. rasakvirvelia adamianma raRaca icis. man icis es kerZo sa-
gani, romelic aq-exla, mis Tvalwin dgas. ra Tqma unda Cems winaSe
mdgomi qaliSvili mSvenieria. is meore qaliSvilic mSvenieria. ma-
gram isini ar gvanan erTmaneTs. maSin ris safuZvelze vambobT, rom
oriveni mSvenierni arian? ras niSnavs mSveniereba, romelic orive
qaliSvilSia ganxorcielebuli? me SemiZlia vTqva, rom es qaliS-
vili mSvenieria Tuki me vici ras niSnavs mSveniereba TavisTavad?
es aris zogadad mSveniereba, es aris iseTi mSveniereba, romelic
yovelnair mSvenierebas moicavs Tavis TavSi da is aris yovel mSve-
nier nivTSi. aseTi mSveniereba ar eqvemdebareba droisa da sivrcis
gavlenas. igi yovelTvis, yvelgan da yvelasaTvis mSvenieria. aseTi
mSveniereba, rogorc zogadi, aris maradiuli. adamianma Tu ar icis
maradiuli sikeTe, mSveniereba, WeSmariteba maSin man ar icis WeS-
maritad. sokrates azriT, Tu me ar vici maradiuli, absoluturi,
me ar SemiZlia vTqva: `me vici es konkretuli sagani~. sokratem
gamijna maradiulis, zogadis codna da ai am, Cems winaSe myofi, er-
Teuli sagnis codna.
codnis namdvili sagania maradisoba da mis Sesaxeb WeSmariti
codnac maradiulia. sokrates azriT, codnis sagnis xasiaTi gansaz-
Rvravs codnis xasiaTs. maradiulis codna ar mogvecema pirdapir
da uSualod, an rogorc tradicia an rogorc rwmena. amitom cod-
na aris dasabuTebuli codna. platoni daeTanxma sokrates. manac
gaacnobiera axali codnis mopovebis, axsnis sirTule. adamians ar
SeuZlia Seimecnos maradiuli, magram faqtia, rom adamianma icis ra
aris mSveniereba, sikeTe, WeSmariteba. sxvagvarad igi amqveynad ver
ganasxvavebda mSvenierebasa da simaxinjes, keTilsa da borots. pla-
tonis azriT, adamians maradiulis Sesaxeb codna TanSobili aqvs,
sxvagvarad maradisobis Sesaxeb WeSmariti codnis, misi Semecnebis
axsna SeuZlebelia. adamianuri Semecneba aris mogoneba _ ànamne-
zisi~. mogoneba ar iyo sakmarisi am codnis adamianuri, amqveyniuri
niSani iyo dasabuTebadoba. maradiuli codna dasabuTebadi codna
iyo. codna ganisazRvra rogorc metafizikuris, zogadis, maradiulis
85
dasabuTebuli codnas. Sua saukuneebis adamianis codnis sagani iyo
RmerTi, maradiuli, metafizikuri realoba da codna swored maT
codnas gulisxmobda.
i. kantma (1724-1804) axleburad gansazRvra codnis buneba. kants
surs daadginos: ra SemiZlia vicode misi azriT, metafizika, ro-
gorc transcendenturi (miRmuri) sinamdvilis mecnieruli codna,
SeuZlebelia? kantma ukuagdo maradiulis, metafizikuris cod-
nis SesaZlebloba da codna gansazRvra rogorc Teoriuli codna.
codnis sagania sinamdvile, buneba da adamianis Teoriuli interesi
gulisxmobs daadginos realoba rogorc is aris TavisTavad, Cemi
cnobierebisagan da interesebisagan damoukideblad. es aris Teori-
uli codna.
kanti Seecada ukuegdo TanSobili codnis platoniseuli Teo-
ria. Cven gvaqvs ara TanSobili codna, rogorc TanSobili Sinaarsi,
aramed gvaqvs sinamdvilis gaazrebis aprioruli formebi. es ada-
mianis gonebis arsobrivi maxasiaTebelia da ar aris gamocdilebis
Sedegi.
mecnieruli codna mecnieruli codna aris eqsperimentuli
codna. eqsperimenti aris Zaladoba bunebaze, rom man gamoavlinos
Tavisi faruli arsi. mecniereba Rrmad iWreba bunebis siRrmeSi.
am codnis mizani ara imis daadgena Tu ra aris buneba TavisTavad,
aramed Tu ra aris buneba adamianis interesebTan da moTxovnile-
bebTan mimarTebaSi. es aris eqsperimentaluri codna, romelic mi-
iReba eqperimentis meSveobiT da misi mizania bunebaze gabatoneba
da marTva. mecnieruli codnis da misi WeSmaritebis dafuZnebis
kriteriumebia: verifikacia da falsifikacia. pozitivizmma wamoay-
ena e. w. verifikaciis (empiriuli Semowmeba) principi. mxolod is
codna aris mecnieruli, romlis verifikacia, empiruli Semowmeba
SesaZlebelia. k. poperma Semotana axali kriteriumi-falsifikacia
(darRvevadoba), igi gulisxmobs rom mecnieruli debuleba prin-
cipulad darRvevadia. amaSi mdgomareobs mecnieruli debulebis,
codnis gansxvaveba filosofiuri debulebisagan da metafizikisa-
gan. winadadeba (debuleba) aris mecnieruli codna Tuki SeiZleba
igi konfliqtSi movides moazrebad dakvirvebasTan da gamtyunebul
iqnes. misi azriT, mecniereba viTardeba hipoTetur-deduqciuri
gziT.
poperis azriT, codna aris dinamiuri, cvalebadi mdgomareoba
da ara myarad dafiqsirebuli, dadgenili Sedegi. codnis zrda ar
aris arc kumulaciuri procesi da arc dakvirvebaTa koleqcioni-
reba, aramed codnis ganviTareba (da ara zrda) niSnavs codnis da-
zustebas, gaRrmavebas da ara axali codnis mopovebas, rac xdeba
86
TeoriaTa darRvevis gziT da maTi ukeTesi TeoriebiT SecvliT. isi-
ni ukeTesia radgan gauZles Semowmebis process. k. poperi axorcie-
lebs TeoriaTa `bunebriv epistemologiur SerCevas~. amitom cod-
nis zrdis procesi xdeba cdisa da Secdomebis monacvleobis wesiT,
romelsac abrkoleben avtoritarizmi, dogmatizmi, ara TviTkriti-
kuli azrovneba. k. poperma gansazRvra codnis zrdis sami piroba:
 axali Teoria unda amodiodes axali gamaerTianebeli da
Sedegiani ideidan,
 axali Teoria unda iyos damoukideblad Semowmebadi da ufro
efeqturi, rogorc Semowmebis instrumenti,
 axalma Teoriam unda gauZlos ufro mkacr Semowmebas. Cven
gvWirdeba ara marto warmatebuli darRveva, aramed aseve
pozitiuri Sedegebi, rac adasturebs codnis zrdas.
dRes codna miCneulia ara Semecnebis dasrulebul Sedegad, ar-
amed codna ganixileba rogorc procesi, codnis zrdis procesi
verasodes ver midis saboloo WeSmaritebasTan, aramed aris abso-
lutur WeSmaritebasTan usasrulo miaxloebis procesi, romelic
arasodes ar iqneba miRweuli. amaSi mdgomareobs poperisaTvis dam-
axasiaTebeli agnosticizmi. adamianis mier absoluturi WeSmariteba
miuwvdomelia, magram adamianuri Semecneba aris mudmivi miaxloveba
am WeSmaritebasTan. radgan Tu maradiuli WeSmariteba miRwevadia
maSin adamianis SemecnebiTi saqmianoba dasruldeba da samyaro bo-
lomde Semecnebadi yofila adamianis gonebisaTvis. k. poperis az-
riT, aseTi daSveba usafuZvloa
gansakuTrebiT didia codnis roli da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
informaciul sazogadoebaSi. codna miCneulia am sazogadoebis
safuZvlad. am sazogadoebis funqcionireba damokidebulia Semdeg
pirobebze: 1. codnis warmoeba (industria) 2. codnis gavrcelebis
done, 3. codnis, informaciis gadacemis siswrafe, 4. codnis, in-
formaciis moxmarebis siswrafe 5. codnis, informaciis misawvdo-
moba. dRes codna aRar aris mxolod Cemi pirovnulobis safuZve-
li, aramed codna aris yoveldRiurobis fenomeni, produqti da
instrumenti, codna rogorc, produqti yidva-gayidvis sagania.
codnis arsebobis am wesebzea damokidebuli adamianis, kompaniis Tu
saxelmwifos waramateba ekonomikasa da politikaSi.
vin awarmoebs codnas _ brZenebi, winaswarmetyvelebi aRar arian,
arc filosofsebi da ideologebi arian, avtori mokvda. sazogadoe-
bas ar uyvars Wkuas rom aswavlian. (sokrate, qriste, ilia) xalx-
ma yvelaferi icis, maSasadame codnas awarmoebs yvela da aravin
Tu masmedia? igi qmnis axal codnas da sazogadoebriv azrs. iqneb
yvelaferi nebadarTulia. codnasTan mimarTebaSi Tanamedroveobis
erTerTi fundamenturi sakiTxia codnis arsebobis sakiTxi: Sesa-
87
Zlebeli, rom iyos adamianis mier mopovebuli codnis Senaxva da
gadacema, mza saxiT Canergva sxva adamianis cnobierebaSi.
ra aris WeSmariteba?
zogadad Semecnebis mizania absoluturi, ucvleli da maradi-
uli WeSmaritebis floba. magram SeuZlia Tu ara adamians moipovos
maradiuli, absoluturi WeSmariteba?
WeSmariteba aris codnis niSani. Semecnebis mizania ara ubralod
informaciis miReba, aramed WeSmariti codnis mopoveba, radgan
swored WeSmariti codna imsaxurebs codnis saxels. arsebobs cod-
nis WeSmaritebis dadgenis ori gza: codna unda dadasturdes re-
alobiT, anda unda Semowmdes msjelobis logikuri siswore da
Sinagani dapirispirebis ar arseboba debulebebs Soris. realurad,
adamianur codnas yovelTvis SefardebiTi da istoriuli xasiaTi
aqvs.
WeSmaritebis klasikuri koncefcia WeSmariteba azris, msjelo-
bis Tvisobrivi maxasiaTebelia. WeSmariteba gulisxmobs, rom azri
(gamoTqma) da sinamdvile (sagani) SesabamisobaSia. WeSmaritia codna,
romelic adeqvaturad asaxvas sinamdviles. sinamdvile ki ganixile-
ba rogorc obieqturi realoba, romelic Cemi cnobierebisagan da-
moukideblad arsebobs. obieqturi realobis qveS gaigebdnen imas,
rac mogvecema Wvretasa da SegrZnebebSi.
gamoTqmuli debuleba, azri, msjeloba mxolod misi WeSmari-
tad aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi iTvleba codnad. codna WeSmaritia imas
niSnavs, rom codna, azri, debuleba swored asaxavs realobas, mis
kanonzomierebas, magram Tu codna, azri, debuleba araswored asax-
avs realobas, maSin igi iTvleba mcdarad. codnisagan unda gan-
vasxvavoT varaudi, romelis WeSmariteba an mcdaroba jer ar aris
damtkicebuli.
WeSmariteba aris Cemi cnobierebisaTvis utyuarad mocemuli
azri. WeSmariteba aris cxadi da utyuari warmodgena. WeSmaritebis
verifikaciuli koncefcia miiCnevs, rom WeSmaritia is rac das-
turdeba cdiT (m. Sliki). maTTvis WeSmariteba aris debulebis Se-
sabamisoba Teoriuli da praqtikuli Semowmebadobis (verifikacia)
kriteriumTan. es gulisxmobs Teoriuli debulebis dasabuTebas,
cdiseul (empiriul) monacemebTan misi Sedarebis gziT. WeSmaritebis
am zogadi pirobebis garda humanitarulma, socialurma, sabunebism-
etyvelo da teqnikurma mecnierebebma WeSmaritebis dadgenis gansx-
vavebuli pirobebi SeimuSaves.
WeSmaritebis saxeebi codna SeiZleba daxasiaTdes ara marto ro-
gorc WeSmariti an mcdari, aramed WeSmaritebis xarisxis mixedvi-
Tac. codna SeiZleba iyos ara ubralod WeSmariti, aramed absolu-
88
turad, an fardobiTad, konkretuli an zogadad WeSmariti.
absolutur WeSmariteba _ es aris sruli, amomwuravi codna
sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, romelic ueWveli, ucvleli da maradiulia.
SefardebiTi WeSmariteba -adamianisaTvis absoluturi WeS-
mariteba miuwvdomelia. mas aqvs arasruli, WeSmariti codna sagnis
Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi flobs SefardebiT WeSmaritebas, ro-
melic eqvemdebareba Semdgom cvlilebas da srulyofas.
konkretuli WeSmariteba _ Semecnebis Sedegad miRweuli codna
sagnis Sesaxeb damokidebulia codnis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis
adgilze, droze da sxva pirobebze. WeSmaritebis konkretuloba
ganpirobebulia Semecnebis saganis _ realobis swrafad cvalebadi,
ganviTarebadi xasiaTiT. igi SefardebiTi WeSmaritebis erTerTi
saxea.
obieqturi WeSmariteba _ miuTiTebs, rom Cveni codnis Sinaarsi
damoukidebelia subieqtis nebisagan, interesisagan. obieqturi WeS-
maritebis aRiareba gulisxmobs sinamdvilis principulad gonivru-
li xasiaTis aRiarebas.
WeSmaritebis araklasikuri koncefciebi
saukunis dasasrulidan klasikuri ontologiis fundamenturi
debuleba sinamdvilis principulad gonivruli xasiaTis Sesaxeb
ukugdebulia, romlis bolomde racionalurad gageba SeuZlebelia.
aman gamoiwvia WeSmaritebis klasikuri koncefciis cvlileba.
yoveli mecnieruli Teoria iZleva WeSmaritebis sakuTar re-
alur gansazRvrebas da adgens sityvis „WeSmariteba~ gamoyenebis
pirobebs. konvencionalisturi Teoria miiCnevs, rom WeSmariteba
aris SeTanxmebis Sedegi (T. kuni), WeSmaritebis koherentuli Teor-
ia miiCnevs, rom WeSmariteba aris arawinaaRmdegobrivi Setyobinebis
maxasiaTebeli (r. avenariusi, e. maxi), xolo WeSmaritebis pragmatis-
tuli Teoria miiCnevs, rom WeSmariteba aris codnis efeqturobis,
sargeblianobis done. WeSmaritia is Setyobineba, romelic saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs mivaRwioT warmatebas (C. pirsi).
codna da Zalaufleba.
adamianis Semecnebis mizani ar aRmoCnda mxolod WeSmariteba. ra
aris codna da ras emsaxureba igi Tuki ar eswrafvis absolutur
WeSmaritebas? miT ufro, rom adamiani aRar azrovnebs (haidegeri).
adamianis azrovnebis arss warmoadgens azrovneba sikeTeze, samar-
Tlianobaze, mSvenierebaze, RmerTze, yofierebaze. roca Semecnebis
sagani ar aris RmerTi, yofiereba, metafizikuri, rodesac Semec-
nebis mizani ar aris WeSmariteba, ra aris codna, Tuki maradiuli
WeSmariteba miuRwevelia, ra rols TamaSobs codna sazogadoebis
yofierebaSi? ra aris codna _Tu mas ganvixilavT WeSmariteba-mcd-
89
arobis miRma? rodesac Semecnebis mizani ar aris WeSmariteba, ma-
Sin misi mizania Zalaufleba. codna iqca Zalauflebis iaraRad da
formad. ase ganxiluli neba codnisaken aris neba Zalauflebisaken.
codna warmosdgeba rogorc batonobis iaraRi. codnas Tu ar aqvs
metafizikuri mizani, maSin igi xdeba `neba Zalauflebisaken. rac me-
tia codna miT metia Zalaufleba. miswrafeba codnisaken Zalaufle-
bas xdis totalurs (panoptikumi). vicode yvelaferi=yvelafers
vakontrolobde=yvelafers vxedavde.
codna qmnis simdidres, iaraRs -batonobis materialur saSuale-
bebs da batonobis ideologiur saSualebebs- warmarTavs ra dis-
kursTa brZolas gabatonebisaTvis. codna Zalaa, bunebaze batono-
bis iaraRia _ werda axali drois warmomadgenlebi. axla batonoba
upirvelesad mimarTulia meore adamianisaken. amitom dRes mniS-
vnelovania Tu codnis ra saxe warmarTavs sazogadoebas: miTosuri,
filosofiuri, mecnieruli Tu naratiuli codna?
codna da rwmena rwmenis aucilebloba adamianis sasrulobiT,
misi dasjiT aris ganpirobebuli. adamians swams is, risi codnac mas
ar SeuZlia. platonis mixedviT, adamianis ukvdavma sulma icis mara-
disoba, magram dabadebisas iviwyebs mas da Semdeg mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze cdilobs mis mogonebas da mainc ver ibrunebs im codnas,
radgan ar cxovrobs ise, rom daimsaxuros maradisobis codnis xe-
laxali floba amqveynad. es aris misi sasrulobis gamoxatuleba.
qristianobis mixedviT, adamma icoda RmerTi radgan masTan uSu-
alo urTierToba hqonda. magram codviT dacemis Semdeg adamma sa-
moTxeSi dakarga RmerTis utyuari codna da darCa mxolod rwmenis
unari da niWi. rwmena codnis Taviseburi saxea. maradisoba adamianis
codnisaTvis miuwvdomeli gaxda. adamians SeuZlia gazardos Tavisi
codnis maragi, magram maradisoba mainc miuwvdomelia. codnisagan
gansxvavebiT rwmenis buneba ucvlelia. rwmena raodenobriv zrdas
ar ganicdis. rwmena an aris, an ar aris. es niSnavs, rom rwmena ro-
gorc codnis specifikuri saxe gansxvavdeba Cveulebrivi codnisa-
gan. igi ar aris yvelasaTvis misawvdomi, maSin rodesac codnis mop-
oveba da codnis zrda yvela adamianisaTvis misawvdomia. codna da
rwmena gansxvavdeba Tavisi sagniTa, SinaarsiTa da arsebobis for-
miT. religiuri rwmenis sagania maradiuli, metafizikuri, codnis
sagania amqveyniuri, empiriuli.
qristianobam codnisa da rwmenis mimarTebaSi upiratesoba mi-
aniWa rwmenas. rwmenis sagania RmerTi. adamiani rwmeniT cxovrobs
rogorc amqveynad, aseve rwmena aris miRmur, maradiul samyarosTan
mimarTebis wesic. Tanamedrove adamiani codnas da rwmenas kvlav
urTierT dapirispirebul unarebad aRiqvams, Tumca cdilobs cod-
90
nisa da rwmenis sinergetikuli TanamSromlobis uzrunvelyofas.
codnisa da rwmenis axali mimarTebis garkvevisaTvis aucilebelia
racionalurobisa da codnis axleburi gageba.
meTodis problema. Semecnebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli yur-
adReba eqceva Semecnebis swori meTodis SerCevas. meTodma unda uz-
runvelyos Semecnebis procesis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba, utyu-
ari codnis mopoveba da meorec uzrunvelyos meti codnis mopoveba
droisa da energiis minimaluri danaxarjebiT. Semecnebis filoso-
fiuri meTodis Tavisebureba imaSia, rom is aris zogadi meTodi
sinamdvilis nebismieri sferos analizisaTvis.
filosofias rogorc mecnierebas aqvs Tavisi meTodi da filo-
sofosoba rogorc azrovnebis specifikuri wesi TviTon moiTxovs
meTods Tu rogor unda filosofosobde. igi gulisxmobs filoso-
fiuri kiTxvebis da problemebis dasmisa da filosofiuri argu-
mentebis moyvanisa da dasabuTebis wesebis dacvas. filosofiuri
kiTxvebi unda iyos naTlad formulirebuli, raTa advili iyos misi
identnficireba rogorc filosofiuri problemisa. amasTan fi-
losofiur azrovnebas, rogorc process, Tavisi meTodologia aqvs,
romlis elementebia:
1. meTodologiuri skepticizmi-igi gulisxmobs sistematuri
eWvis mdgomareobaSi yofnas raime debulebis WeSmaritebis mimarT.
2. Semdgomi nabijia argumentireba _ filosofiuri argumenti
da dasabuTeba aris filosofiuri meTodis mniSvnelovani momen-
ti. filosofosi aris is, visac SeuZlia problemis gadasawyvetad
mravali Sesabamisi argumentis moyvana. filosofosoba aris ar-
gumentebis Ziebisa da gadmocemis procesi. kargi filosofiuri
argumenti aris naTeli, logikurad gamarTuli mtkicebuleba an
safuZveli, romelsac SeuZlia gagvkurnos im Tavdapirveli eWvisa-
gan, ris gamoc Cven viwyebT filosofosobas.
3. dialeqtikuroba- gulisxmobs filosofiur kriticizms.
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis sapirispiro argumentebis moZiebas da
sakuTari gadawyvetilebis kritikul Semowmebas. filosofosebi
gvTavazoben definiciebsa da ganmartebebs problemis gadasawyve-
tad. sxvani sapirispiro argumentebs ukeTesi gadawyvetilebisaT-
vis. gansxvavebul poziciebze mdgomi adamianebis filosofiur sau-
bars SeiZleba ewodos dialogi rogorc dialeqtika. filosofosi
da masTan mokamaTe adamianic eswrafvian problemis gadawyvetas.
maT mohyavT, pro da kontr argumentebi, filosofosi cdilobs
problemis ufro Rrmad gagebas. filosofosoba aris daskvnisaken
anu problemis filosofiuri gadawyvetisaken mogzaurobis proce-
si. adamians surs meti gonivruloba da gasagebadoba. problemis
91
filosofiuri gadawyveta niSnavs, rom adamianma SeZlo racionalu-
rad, misaRebad aexsna igi. amiT adamiani Tavisufldeba im eWvisagan,
ris daZlevisaTvis daiwyo man azrovneba.
dialeqtikuri meTodi aris samyaros filosofiuri Semecnebis
meTodi, romlis Tanaxmad samyaro unda ganvixiloT rogorc da-
pirispirebulTa erTianoba. misi mizania saganis yovelmxriv anal-
izze dayrdnobiT racionalurad gadaWras filosofiuri prob-
lemebi. materializmi Tvlis, rom dialeqtika aris, ara marto
Semecnebis, aramed materialuri sinamdvilis arsebobisa da ganvi-
Tarebis kanoni. dialeqtika aris gnoseologiuri meTodi, romelic
xorcieldeba „Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezis ` sqemiT. Semecnebis sa-
ganze gamoTqmuli debuleba iRebs Tezisis saxes, Semdeg Semecnebis
procesis gagrZelebis kvalobaze yalibdeba antiTezisi, romlis Si-
naarsi upirispirdeba TezisSi gamoTqmul azrs. am dapirispirebis
moxsnisa da Senaxvis safuZvelze miviRebT sinTezs. masSi moixsneba
Tezisis da antiTezisis dapirispireba da vwvdebiT WeSmaritebas.
es moiTxovs Semecnebis sagani ganxiluli iqnes ganviTarebasa da
dapirispirebaSi.
dialeqtikis kanonebia: 1. raodenobrivi cvlilebebis Tvisobriv
cvlilebebSi da piruku gadasvlis kanoni. 2. dapirispirebulTa er-
Tianobisa da brZolis kanoni. 3. uaryofis uaryofis kanoni. diale-
qtikuri meTodis mixedviT samyaro ganixileba rogorc dinamikuri
sistema, amitom igi upiratesobas aZlevs „procesis~ da `mimarTebis~
cnebas „sagnis~ cnebasTan SedarebiT.
fenomenologiuri meTodi. fenomenologiis fuZemdeblis, hu-
serlis azriT, fenomenologiuri meTodis mizania movipovoT
sinamdvilesTan uSualo misasvleli. sinamdvile ki Cven mogvecema
cnobierebiT. magram sagni cnobierebaSi mocemulia damaxinjebuli
saxiT, amitom Cveni mizania sagnis wminda saxiT mocemulobis aRd-
gena. es aris fenomeni.
es meTodi aris cnobierebis pirveladi gamocdilebis mona-
cemebis _ fenomenis _ arsobrivi kvlevis principebisa da proce-
durebis erTianoba. am meTodis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs Tavise-
buri Teoriuli poziciis „fenomenologiuri ganwyobis~ miRebas.
amis Semdeg meTodi iwyebs muSaobas. misi elementebia: epoqe, reduq-
cia, ideacia da arsis Wvreta.
bunebriv ganwyobaSi Cven amovdivarT samyaros arsebobis cxa-
di debulebidan da Cveni masTan mimarTeba warimarTeba interesiT.
Cven vamCnevT, rom samyaros Cveneuli aRqma ar aris WeSmariti, rac
problemebs gviqmnis. samyaros aRqmaze gavlenas axdens ena Tavi-
si tradiciiT da uSualod gancdil sinamdviles amaxinjebs. Cven,
92
fenomenologiuri ganwyobiT da TavSekavebiT, vTavisufldebiT
yovelgvari interesisagan, crurwmenisagan, TviT sagnis arsebobis
mimarT interesisganac, rom davinaxoT cnobierebaSi mocemuli sa-
gani wminda saxiT. am procedurebis TanmimdevrobiT ganxorciele-
biT pirvel etapze Cven mivaRwevT realobis gansakuTrebul ganzo-
milebas _ wminda cnobierebis Sinagani gamocdilebis sferos. amiT
Cven davinaxavT Tu rogoria sagnis cnobierebaSi mocemulobis wmin-
da saxe, romelic yovelgvari damaxinjebisagan Tavisufalia.
fenomenologiuri meTodis meore etapze, reduqciis proce-
duris ganxorcielebiT xdeba am sferos Semdgomi gawmenda, romlis
Semdeg mivaRwevT yovelive namdvilis absolutur fundaments, ar-
sis WvretiT miviRebT gamocdilebis sagnis „wminda arss~. es „wmin-
da arsi~ mocemulia deskrifciulad. wminda deskrifcia SeuZle-
belia, radgan ena damZimebulia tradiciuli mniSvnelobebiT da
axdens uSualod gancdili sinamdvilis gaSualebas da damaxinjebas.
am meTodiT miiRweva kvlevis sawyisi pozicia. xdeba ukudabruneba
arsebulidan yofierebisaken. amis Semdeg xorcieldeba yofierebis
struqturis fenomenologiuri konstruireba.
hermenevtikuli meTodi. hermenevtikuli meTodi aris sagnis,
movlenis mTlianobaSi danaxvis meTodi. aRmoCnda, rom arsebobs re-
alobis iseTi sferoebi: xelovneba, kultura, istoria, sazogadoeba,
adamianis sulieri samyaro, romelTa axsna logikuri danawilebis
da analiziT SeuZlebelia. igi gagebuli unda iqnes mTlianobaSi
da rogorc mTeli. es SesaZlebelia Tu yovel nawilSi davinaxavT
mTels da yovel mTelSi nawils. swored aseTia Semecnebis hermenev-
tikuli meTodi.
kultura warmosdgeba safuZvelmdebare teqstebis mTlianobad.
hermenevtikuli meTodis ZiriTadi amocanaa imisi Cveneba Tu rogor
aris SesaZlebeli am teqstebis gageba. es meTodi moicavs Semdeg
elementebs: hermenevtikuli wre, winare gagebis aucilebloba, in-
terpretaciis usasruloba da cnobierebis intencionaloba. her-
menevtikuli wre aris teqstis gagebis principi, romelic emyare-
ba mTelisa da nawilis dialeqtikas. mTelis gageba SeiZleba misi
nawilebis gagebiT, magram nawilebis gagebisaTvis aucilebelia mTe-
lis winaswari codna. Cven erT SemecnebiT aqtSi, hermenevtikuli
meTodiT, vwvdebiT movlenis arss. amas hermenevtikuli gageba ewo-
deba. hermenevtikuli gageba gansxvavdeba logikuri axsnis princip-
isagan.
struqturalizmi. struqturalizmi miiCnevs, rom sagnis, movle-
nis gageba niSnavs misi struqturis gagebas. sagnis, movlenis ukan
unda davinaxoT struqtura.
93
sagnis struqtura ar aris sagnis arsis igiveobrivi, romelic
sagnis ucvlel, myar birTvis qmnis. igi ar aris arc sagnis Semed-
geneli elementebis erToblioba struqturalistur meTods yur-
adReba elementebidan da maTi „bunebidan~, Tvisebebidan gadaaqvs
am elementebis mimarTebaze da maT sistemis Semqmnel Tvisebebze.
es niSnavs struqturaSi elementebs Soris mimarTeba upiratesia da
ufro mniSvnelovania vidre TviTon elementi.
struqtura aris obieqtis ara marto mdgradi „ConCxi `, aramed
im wesebis erToblioba, romelTa mixedviT am obieqtidan misi el-
ementebis xelaxali gadaadgilebiT SeiZleba miviRoT meore, mesame
da a. S. obieqti. es avlens obieqtTa garkveuli simravlis erTgvar
struqturul kanonzomierebas.
struqturalisturi meTodis Seswavlis ZiriTadi sferoa kul-
tura rogorc niSnebis erToblioba. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia
ena, romelic moicavs mecnierebas, xelovnebas, religias, miTolo-
gias, tradicias, modas, reklamas da a. S. maTSi am meTodiT aR-
movaCenT farul kanonzomierebas, romelsac adamiani aracnobierad
emorCileba. es kanonzomiereba Seadgens kulturis siRrmiseul fe-
nas. (am fenas struqturalistebi gamoxataven sxvadasxva cnebebiT:
fukos _ „episteme~, deridasa da bartis --- „werili~, levi-strosis
-- `mentaluri struqtura~ lakani -- àracnobieric struqturire-
bulia rogorc ena~).
struqturalisturi meTodis ZiriTadi procedurebia:
 obieqtTa pirveladi simravlis gamoyofa, romlebSic SeiZleba
vivaraudoT erTgvari struqturis arseboba. (magaliTad,
erTi istoriuli epoqis xelovneba, literatura, mecniereba,
kultura). jer ganvixilavT sinqroniul aspeqtSi rogorc erT
epoqaSi TanaarsebulT da Semdeg diaqroniulSi anu istoriul
ganviTarebaSi.
 obieqtebis (teqsti) danawileba elementarul segmentebad,
romlebSic tipiuri, ganmeorebadi mimarTebebi akavSireben
gansxvavebuli elementebis wyvils. Semdeg maTSi gamovavlenT
am mimarTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel relaciur (mimarTebiT)
Tvisebebs.
 unda gamovlindes segmentebs Soris gardaqmnis mimarTeba,
moxdes maTi sistematizacia da agebuli iqnes abstraqtuli
struqtura uSualo sinTezirebiT, formalur-logikuri da
maTematikuri modelirebiT. Semdeg xdeba am abstraqtuli
struqturidan yvela Teoriulad SesaZlebeli Sedegebis
gamoyvana da maTi Semowmeba praqtikaSi.
dekonstruqciis meTodi SemuSavebuli iqna J. deridas mier. igi
emyareboda haidegeriseul destruqciis meTods, rac gulisxmobs
94
raimes tradiciuli interpretaciis ukugdebas faruli sazrisis
gamovlenis mizniT. dekonstruqciis sagnia teqsti, kultura, meta-
fizika, goneba dasavluri kulturis da metafizikis fundamenturi
cnebebi. maTi gageba yovelTvis eqvemdebareba garkveuli tradici-
uli instanciebis zemoqmedebas. es aris Cemi azrovnebis Tavisu-
flebis SezRudva, radgan tradiciuli instanciebi axdenen repre-
sias Cems gonebaze, azrovnebis procesze. es SeuZlebels xdis maT
axlebur, sxvagvar wakiTxvas da gagebas.
dekonstruqciis meTodi gulisxmobs movlenis gagebas stereo-
tipis darRvevisa da misi axal konteqstSi CarTvis saSualebiT. te-
qstis logikuri analizisagan gansxvavebiT dekonstruqciuli anal-
izi aRmoaCens winaaRmdegobebs, romelic logikuri analizisaTvis
miuwvdomelia. es dapirispirebani ufro Rrma da farulia.
J. derida Tvlis, rom teqstis sazrisi konstruirdeba teqstis
kiTxvis procesSi. magram teqstis sazrisis Cveuli warmodgenebi
moklebulia siRrmes an Tavs moxveulia avtoris represiuli in-
stanciis mier. amisagan rom ganvTavisufldeT aucilebelia pro-
vokacia da teqstis faruli sazrisis gaTavisufleba, romelic ver
kontrolirdeba avtoris mier.
dekonstruqciis mizania tradiciuli filosofiis logocen-
trizmis sistemuri ukugdeba. rac gulisxmobs yovelives ukan
gonebis, yofierebis da metafizikis mocemulobas. daswrebulo-
bis logocentristuli ideali qmnis dasavluri metafizikis para-
digmas. daswrebulobis metafizika adamianis gverdiT gulisxmobs
transcendentalur realobas. am represiul intencias dasavlur
kulturaSi derida uwodebs logocentrizms. dekonstruqciis
mizani ar aris yofierebis fundamenturi gamocdilebis naTelyofa,
aramed yofierebis cnebis negacia, radgan principulad SeuZlebe-
lia yofierebis Sinaarsoblivi eqsplikacia.
dekonstruqcia axorcielebs filosofiuri enis struqturul
fsiqoanalizs da aCvenebs, rom ena ewinaaRmdegeba nebismier fi-
losofiur (metafizikur) proeqts. ena Tavisufalia metafizikisa-
gan. dekonstruqciis mizania teqstSi mocemuli metafizikuri saz-
risebis daZleva.
dekonstruqcia anadgurebs istoriuli da kulturuli tradi-
ciiT legitimirebul, SemorCenil sazrisebs. rogorc vxedavT
meTodis ZiriTadi mizania „daswrebulobis metafizikis ` ukugde-
ba. amisaTvis teqsti unda gavigoT rogorc TviTidentifikaciuri
fenomeni. teqsis avtoris daswrebuloba ar unda miviCnioT sazri-
sis wyarod. teqsti hyveba sakuTar istorias, romelic araa dakav-
Sirebuli avtorTan da adresatTan. teqstis qveS SeiZleba gavigoT
95
nebismieri ram. Tumca J. derida aRiarebs, rom SeuZlebelia abso-
luturad dekonstruirebuli, nebismieri metafizikisagan gawmendi-
li teqstis Seqmna.
codnis paradoqsebi SeadareT rwmenis paradoqsebs;

codnis saxeebi da WeSmaritebis saxeebi;
codnis mopovebis filosofiuri meTodebi.
§ 2 cnobiereba
cnobiereba specifikur-adamianuri niSania. unda gansxvavebu-

li iqnes: cnobiereba rogorc Sinaarsi da cnobiereba rogorc
unari. cnobiereba aris adamianis unari idealuri formebis meSveo-
biT aiTvisos gare samyaro, iqonios masze warmodgena. cnobiereba
aris sagnis adamianisaTvis mocemulobis forma. cnobiereba ar aris
ubralod warmodgena realobaze, cnobierebam ara marto icis raime
am saganze, aramed man icis, rom icis am sagnis Sesaxeb. maSasadame
cnobiereba ar aris ubralod intencionaloba, idealuri mimarTe-
ba, saganTan, aramed igi aris TviTcnobieri intencionaloba. cno-
biereba unda gansxvavoT azrovnebisagan. cnobiereba aris sinamd-
vilesTan, mimarTebis unari, unari icode sakuTari mdgomareobis,
moqmedebebisa da samyaroSi adgilis Sesaxeb, gamohyo sakuTari Tavi
sinamdvilidan da daupirispirde mas.
cnobierebas mravali mecniereba ikvlevs. empiriuli cnobierebis
funqcionirebis fiziologiur safuZvels ikvlevs umaRlesi ner-
vuli moqmedebis fiziologia. cnobierebaSi mimdinare SemecnebiT
fsiqikur procesebs ikvlevs kognituri fsiqologia. aq cnobiereba
ganixileba rogorc adamianis fsiqikis unari gaakontrolos, gaac-
nobieros sakuTari mdgomareoba gansxvavebiT aracnobierisagan.
meores mxriv, cnobiereba ganixileba rogorc normaluri mdgo-
mareoba, rodesac adamians SeuZlia adeqvaturad aRiqvas da gaakon-
trolos Tavisi Tavi. cnobier mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani gan-
sxvavdeba aracnobieri mdgomareobisa, cnobierebis dakargvisa da
Wkuasustobisagan. sociologia ikvlevs cnobierebis Sinaarsisa da
cnobieri moqmedebis socialur gansazRvrulobas. filosofia ki
ikvlevs e. w. wminda cnobierebas, im invariantuls, intersubieq-
turs, rac qmnis cnobierebis arss, adamianis Semecnebisa da moq-
medebis ganxorcielebis unars.
96
cnobiereba avtonomiuri unaria, romelic ar aris damokidebuli
fiziologiur, fsiqologiur, socialur movlenebze. sxvagvarad,
rom vTqvaT cnobierebis funqcionirebaze gavlenas axdens fiziolo-
giuri, fsiqologiuri da socialuri procesebi, magram cnobierebis
Sinaarsi maTi meSveobiT ar aixsneba, cnobiereba ar daiyvaneba tvinSi
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebze. ori adamianis TavSi SeiZleba
erTnairi fiziologiuri procesebi mimdinareobdes, magram am dros
maT cnobierebaSi absoluturad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi iyos. amaSia
cnobierebis damoukidebloba da misi arsebobis paradoqsi.
cnobierebis avtonomiurobis meore niSani ukavSirdeba cno-
bierebis warmoSobis sakiTxs. visgan aqvs adamians miniWebuli es un-
ari? is RmerTis mier aris naboZebi Tu bunebis saCuqaria, Tu biolo-
giuri mutaciebis SemTxveviTi Sedegia? cnobiereba da sinamdvile
universumis mTlianobis ori Semadgeneli elementia.
dualizmi _ miiCnevs, rom cnobiereba da realoba samyaros Tana-
barmniSvnelovani sawyisia.
idealizmi _ miiCnevs, rom upirvelesi arsebuli aris cnobiereba
da empiriuli sagnis arseboba cnobierebazea damokidebuli. ada-
mianis cnobiereba aris maradiuli absoluturi gonis naperwkali.
goneba aris is, risganac yvelaferi gamomdinareobs. idealizmis
problemas warmoadgens imisi axsna Tu rogor gamomdinareobs cno-
bierebidan fizikuri realoba? rogor xdeba cnobierebis Sinaarsis
ganxorcieleba, realobad qceva? skamis idea rogor iqceva realur
skamad? mxolod RmerTisaTvis aris SesaZlebeli azrisa da realo-
bis erTianoba.
materializmi _ miiCnevs, rom cnobiereba samyaros evoluciuri
ganviTarebis Sedegia. pirveladi arsebuli aris fizikuri realoba.
cnobiereba ki aris adamianis tvinis funqcia. materializmis prob-
lemaa imisi axsna Tu rogor da evoluciis romel safexurze war-
moiSveba bunebrivSi, materialur realobaSi misgan principulad
gansxvavebuli idealuri.
adamians dResac ar SeuZlia Tqvas, Tu rogor da ratom warmoiS-
va cnobiereba. ra aris adamianisaTvis cnobierebis unari: wyevla Tu
dalocva?
cnobierebis gamovlineba adamianis cxovrebaSi cnobiereba ada-
mianis gansakuTrebulobis safuZvelia. adamiani aris Segnebuli,
miznisdamsaxveli arseba, romelic pasuxismgebelia Tavis moqmede-
baze. cnobiereba aris adamianis specifikuri aqtivobis safuZveli.
aseve cnobiereba aris sinamdvilisadmi adamianis damokidebulobis
specifikis gamomxatveli. rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianma
icis sinamdvile da ara ubralod mimarTebaSia masTan. es mimarTeba
97
idealuri xasiaTisaa.
specifikuria adamianis yoveldRiurobaSi cnobierebis gamovle-
nis formac. is ar aris mocemuli fizikuri niSnis saxiT, cnobierebis
fenomens ar axasiaTebs sagnobrivi yofiereba, romelic lokali-
zebulia drosa da sivrceSi. cnobiereba Tavisi bunebiT farulia
da mis gamosavlenad saWiroa provocireba, problema. cnobierebis
arseboba cxadi xdeba misi aqtivobisas. cnobierebis gamovlenis
safuZvelia problema, arcodna. cnobierebis gamovlenis pirovnuli
da pirveladi forma aris yuradReba.
magaliTad, quCaSi seirnobisas Cveni Tvali uamrav movlenas
afiqsirebs, magram ras imaxsovrebs Cveni cnobiereba? misi arCeviTi
xasiaTi im dros wamoWrili problemiTaa ganpirobebuli. adamiani
aRmoCndeba ra problemur situaciaSi, pirvelad cnobiereba ax-
dens situaciis Sefasebas, Semdeg adamiani afiqsirebs realobasTan
damokidebulebas. es imas niSnavs, rom adamiani afiqsirebs Tavis
gansxvavebas situaciisagan da Tavis Tavs rogorc aqtiur sawyiss-
subieqts. es adamians saSualebas aZlevs TviTon iyos situaciaSi
da sakuTar Tavs uyuros garedan rogorc am situaciaSi myofs.
es aZlevs adamians cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT principul upi-
ratesobas _ miiRos situaciaSi axleburad, sxvagvarad moqmedebis
gadawyvetileba. amitom adamiani aris ara instiqturi, aramed cno-
bieri arseba. zogjer cxoveli avlens unikalur unars, romelic
adamianisaTvis miuwvdomelia. is cxovels aqvs instinqtis saxiT,
romelsac igi iyenebs garemoSi orientirebisaTvis. instiqtis Camo-
yalibebas aTaswleulebi sWirdeba da igi gadaecema genetikurad mza
codnis saxiT. adamians aqvs unari swrafad Seiswavlos Secvlili
situacia da miiRos axleburad moqmedebis gadawyvetileba. es aris
cnobiereba. igi SesaZlebels xdis codnis, gamocdilebis gadacemis
sxva formas, vidre gamocdilebis genetikuri gziT gadacemaa. aq
vlindeba aseve cnobierebis Semdegi Tviseba-cnobierebas axasiaTebs
sinamdvilis gaorebis unari. cnobierebas SeuZlia aRweros rogoria
situacia da SeuZlia warmoidginos rogori unda iyos situacia. es
niSnavs, rom cnobierebis xedva yovelTvis garkveuli poziciidan
xedvaa. Seni sakuTari miznebiT, interesebiTa da msoflmxedvelo-
biT ganisazRvreba is, Tu ras dainaxav situaciaSi.
cnobierebis Sedgomi arsebiTi niSania is, rom igi aris brZanebis
gamcemi instancia. igi iRebs gadawyvetilebas da iZleva gankargule-
bas. cnobiereba axdens yvela arsebuli resursis da informaciis
mobilizacias da marTvas.
cnobiereba aris adamianis Tavisufal da moralur arsebad yof-
nis safuZveli, radgan igi xdis SesaZlebels sikeTisa da borotebis
98
gansxvavebasa da arCevanis ganxorcielebas.
cnobiereba aris adamianis sazogadoebrivi yofierebis SesaZle-
blobis safuZveli. igi qmnis gagebis saerTo vels, rac urTierT-
gagebis da Tanaarsebobis safuZvelia. cnobiereba iZleva saSuale-
bas icode sakuTari Tavi, sakuTari Tavi ganasxvavo sxvisagan, gaugo
sxvas da gagebuli iqne sxvis mier.
cnobiereba rogorc unari filosofias cnobierebis fenomeni
ainteresebs upirvelesad rogorc Semecnebis unari da rogorc ada-
mianis mier mopovebuli, SeZenili Sinaarsis mTlianoba. axali is-
toriuli da filosofiuri epoqa iwyeba cogito-s (me vazrovneb)
principis aRmoCeniT. azrovnebam, gonebam RmerTis adgili daikava.
gaizarda codnis mniSvneloba adamianis yofierebaSi.
cnobiereba arsebobs rogorc unari da rogorc Sinaarsi. erTi
filosofiuri pozicia miiCnevs, rom cnobierebas aqvs sakuTari Si-
naarsi. es Sinaarsi TanSobilia. meore filosofiuri pozicia mi-
iCnevs, rom cnobiereba aris mxolod unari da `sufTa dafa~, cno-
bierebis mTeli Sinaarsi garedan aris miRebuli. is yovelgvar
TanSobil ideebs da Sinaarsis arsebobas uaryofs.
am sakiTxis dadgenisaTvis bunebrivi, yoveldRiuri cnobiere-
bidan miiReben e. w. `wminda cnobierebas~. igi gawmendilia yovel-
gvari empiriuli Sinaarsisagan. filosofiaSi SemuSavebulia wminda
cnobierebis miRebis specialuri teqnika. `wminda cnobiereba~ aris
abstraqcia. rac nebismieri cnobierebis invariantul, intersubi-
eqtur da Sinagan arsebas qmnis. magram ra aris `wminda cnobiereba~
_ cnobierebis wminda Sinaarsi, Tu wminda unari Sinaarsis Seqmnisa.
wminda cnobiereba axali droSi filosofiuri analizis mTa-
vari Tema iyo wminda cnobierebis, rogorc Semecnebis wminda
unaris analizi. gonebis TviTSemecneba niSnavda cnobierebis,
rogorc Semecnebis unaris, Semecnebas. Cveulebrivi adamianis
cnobiereba savsea gansxvavebuli azrebiT, SexedulebebiT, crur-
wmenebiT da ase Semdeg, romelic gavlenas axdens adamianis Sem-
ecnebis procesze da Semecnebis Sedegebze.
filosofias ainteresebda rogor aRmocendeba adamianis
gonebaSi axali azri da ra rols TamaSobs am procesSi gonebis
unarebi. es niSnavs: cnobierebis, rogorc Semecnebis mTavari
instrumentis, Semecnebis procesisa da Semecnebis meTodebis kv-
levas. aucilebeli iyo cnobiereba wminda yofiliyo yovelgvari
minarevisagan, rasac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina Semecnebis pro-
cesze. cnobierebis gawmenda iyo umniSvnelovanesi procedura.
cnobierebis gawmendis mizani iyo wminda cnobierebis miReba, ro-
melic Tavisufalia yovelgvari Sinaarsisagan, yoveli naklisagan,
99
rac xels uSlida Semecnebis ganxorcielebas. wminda cnobiereba
warmosdgeba rogorc unari. es SesaZlebels xdida cnobierebis,
rogorc Semecnebis unaris, Seswavlas.
cnobierebis gawmendis da wminda cnobierebis miRebis proce-
durebi SeimuSaves f. bekonma da r. dekartem. dekartem cnobierebis,
rogorc wminda aqtivobis, buneba dainaxa azrovnebaSi _ cogito ergo
sum-Si. Cogito-s (me vazrovneb) principma revolucia moaxdina az-
rovnebaSi. Sua saukuneebSi adamianisa da azrovnebisaTvis yvelaze
ueWveli iyo RmerTis arseboba, RmerTi iyo adamianis arsebobis ga-
rantic.
dekartes epoqa eWviT iyo daavadebuli. es iyo eWvi RmerTis arse-
bobaSi, gangebisa da madlis ganawilebis samarTlianobaSi. yvelaferi
saeWvo gaxda: saeWvoa xsna, bedi, cxovrebiseuli warmateba. adamians
ueWveloba da garkveuloba sWirdeboda. dekartem es eWvi gamoiyena
RmerTis ueWvelobisa da saerTod utyuari safuZvlebisa da cod-
nis mosapoveblad, rom daedgina adamianisaTvis yvelaze ueWvelis
arsebobis faqti. man eWvi miiyvana logikur dasasrulamde. igi ab-
soluturad aqcia da meTodad gamoiyena. eWvi aRmoCnda samyaros
axali ueWveli sawyisis aRmoCenis safuZveli. adamianma eWvi Sei-
tana TviT RmerTis arsebobaSi, aris ki raime, raSic eWvis Setana ar
SeiZleba? aseTi aRmoCnda cogito (me vazrovneb), wminda cnobiereba.
RmerTis, rogorc ueWveli sawyisis, adgils ikavebs cogito _ adamia-
nis azrovneba aRmoCnda ueWveli, romlis arsebobaSi eWvis Setana
SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan TviTon eWvis arseboba, rogorc azrovnebis
erTerTi forma, adasturebda adamianis azrovnebis arsebobas. ada-
mianis arseboba mis cnobierebaze gaxda damokidebuli. igi arse-
bobs, ramdenadac igi azrovnebs. axal droSi adamianma yvelaze
ueWvelad aRiara adamianis azrovnebis faqti. cnobiereba aris up-
irvelesi arsebuli, romlis utyuarobaSi me darwmunebuli var. amis
Semdeg yoveli arsebulis arsebobis safuZvelia Cemi azrovnebis
dasturi, rom es arsebuli arsebobs. swored es azrovneba gaxda
adamianis yofierebis safuZveli. adamiani yvelaze ufro endoba sa-
kuTar azrovnebas da is aris misi imedi da iaraRi cxovrebaSi. yvela
arsebulma adamianis azrovnebis winaSe unda gaimarTlos Tavi da
daasabuTos sakuTari arsebobis faqti, ufleba da kanoniereba. es
axali dasawyisi iyo. amitom aris dekarte axali epoqis dasawyisi.
magram dekartes meTodologiuri skepticizmiT miRebuli wminda
cnobiereba ar aRmoCda sruliad sufTa. dekartem cogito-s gverdiT
aRiara Tandayolili ideebis arseboba _ RmerTis ideisa da maTema-
tikuri aqsiomebis saxiT.
f. bekonis azriT, unda moxdes cnobierebis xelisSemSleli
100
idolebis ukugdeba da Semecnebis meTodebis srulyofa . es
idolebi iyo:
 gamoqvabulis idola
 Teatris idola
 moednis idola
 gvaris idola
gamoqvabulis idola dakavSirebulia adamianis individualur
da fsiqologiur TaviseburebebTan. Teatris idola ki gulisx-
mobs rwmenas avtoritetisadmi, rac adamians xels uSlis samyaros
swored danaxvaSi. rac Seexeba moednis idolas, igi ganpirobebulia
enis TaviseburebebiT, saerTo eniTa da adamianuri urTierTobebiT.
es aris wina Taobebis crurwmenebi, romlebic enis meSveobiT gad-
mogvecema. yvelaze saxifaToa gvaris idola, radgan misgan gaTa-
visufleba yvelaze Znelia. es idola TviTon adamianis bunebis da
gonebis Taviseburebas efuZneba. f. bekoni erTis mxriv eZebs Semec-
nebis axal meTods da meores mxriv cdilobs cnobierebis gawmendas
idolebisagan.
Semdeg filosofiam wminda cnobierebaSi ganasxvava cnobierebis
doneebi: gansja-goneba-goni. meores mxriv, ganasxvavebs empiriul,
wminda da absolutur cnobierebas. empiriuli cnobiereba aris
erTeuli adamianis cnobiereba. absolutur cnobierebaSi gaigeba
yovlad Zlieri goneba, romlisTvisac ar arsebobs Seumecnebeli
movlena. adamianis mier adamianis cnobierebis arsis Zieba ufro aq-
tualuri gaxda xelovnuri inteleqtis gaCenis Semdeg.
cnobierebis arsebobis wesi

dekartesTan wminda cnobiereba arsebobs wminda azrovnebis
saxiT. kantisaTvis cnobierebis, rogorc wminda aqtivobis, buneba
vlindeba sinTezSi. igi axdens garedan Semosul SegrZnebebis qao-
sis mowesrigebas. sinTezi aris azrovnebis simartivis da ekonomiis
principis gamoxatuleba. magram es aris meore rigis sinTezi. pirve-
ladia Cemi gonebis siRrmeSi arsebuli warmosaxvis TamaSi, romelic
sagnis saxes iRebs. sagnis Seqmna misi Semecnebis safuZvelia. erTi-
daigive goneba jer aracnobierad qmnis mowesrigebul sinamdviles
da Semdeg cnobierad Seimecnebs mas. sinTezi aris cnobierebis er-
Tianobis safuZveli. magram es myisieri erTianobaa. amitom daismis
cnobierebis mTlianobis problema. rogor xdeba gadasvla erTi
sinTezidan meore sinTezze da riT aris Sevsebuli maT Soris arse-
buli monakveTebi?
hegelma aRmoaCina cnobierebis arsebobis ontologiuri prin-
cipi: aqtivoba, absoluturoba, usasruloba da TviTSemecneba. gon-
101
eba aris TviTSemecnebisaken moZravi, aqtiuri, usasrulo da abso-
luturi sawyisi, romelic eswrafvis yvelaferSi aRmoaCinos Tavisi
Tavi da iqces absolutur TviTcnobierebad.
huserlTan cnobierebis arsebobis wesad iqca nakadi, usasrulo
mdinareba. cnobiereba arsebobs rogorc ideebis, azrebis, warmod-
genebis nakadi. man cnobierebis buneba dainaxa intencionalobaSi.
huserlis fenomenologiaSi cnobiereba kvlevis obieqtic aris da
aRweris saSualebac. hegelisagan gansxvavebiT goneba gza Tavis Ta-
visken ar aris dialeqtikuri. romelmac unda gavides sxvaSi da Sem-
deg daubrundes sakuTar Tavs. goneba aRar eZebs TavisTavs gareT,
aramed eZebs sakuTar TavSi. radgan cnobiereba aris fenomeni, is
rac Tavis Tavs Tavis TavSi aCvenebs.
fenomenologia aris TviTSemecneba. mas surs cnobierebis na-
kadis aRwera sufTa saxiT Tavis yoveldRiurobaSi. huserlisaT-
vis cnobiereba aris erTdroulad nakadica da yuradRebis aqtic.
yuradReba aris intenciis intencia. cnobierebis nakads axasiaTebs
uwyvetoba, anonimuroba uSualoba, magram refleqsuri yuradRebiT
igi xdeba gaSualebuli, wyvetili, gacnobierebuli da individu-
alizebuli. cnobierebis wminda subieqturoba vlindeba Tavisuf-
al intencionalobaSi _ es aris yuradReba. is nakads wyvetil da
garkveul xasiaTs aniWebs da qmnis mijnas àqamde~ da àmis Semdegs~
Soris.
huserlTan uaryofilia aseTi damkvirvebelis arseboba. yvela
damkvirvebeli Tanabari mniSvnelobisaa. amitom dro iZens gansa-
kuTrebul mniSvnelobas, rogorc cnobierebis ise sagnis mTliano-
bisa da garkveulobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. erTiani maradiuli
anonimuri damkvirvebelis adgili daikava drom. cnobierebis, ro-
gorc sinTezis, dro aris myisiereba rogorc warsuli-awmyo-moma-
vlis sinTezi. cnobierebisaTvis, rogorc nakadisaTvis, dro aris
àxlaTa~ usasruloba. yuradReba aris am usasrulobis wyveteloba.
cnobierebis yoveli arsebobis wesi drois garkveul gagebas
emyareba. cnobiereba rogorc sinTezi arsebobis droa myisiereba.
cnobiereba rogorc nakadi arsebobis droa warsulisa da awmyos
mTlianoba. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia intencionaloba, rogorc
mimarTeba. cnobiereba arsebobs mxolod mimarTebaSi. intenciona-
loba rogorc yuradRebis aqti cnobierebis nakads yofs da garkveu-
lobas aniWebs. cnobiereba rogorc horizonti arsebobis droa dro
rogorc warsuli-awmyo-momavlis horizonti. cnobiereba rogorc
komunikaciis arsebobis droa awmyo, romelSic xorcieldeba komu-
nikacia. komunikaciis ZiriTadi niSania sxvasTan yofna. cnobiereba
arsebobs mxolod aseTi wesiT. anu cnobiereba arsebobs meore cno-
102
bierebasTan komunikaciis drosa da am komunikaciis safuZvelze.
cnobiereba rogorc Sinaarsi. cnobiereba aris ara marto unari,
aramed aseve Sinaarsi. adamianis cnobiereba aris azrebis, Sexed-
ulebebis, warmodgenebis, crurwmenebis, codnis, ganwyobilebebis,
miswrafebebis, tradiciebis, normebis, zneobrivi da esTetiuri
idealebis erToblioba, magram es ar aris qaosi, aramed mTlianoba,
romelic ontologiuri da aqsiologiuri principebis safuZvelze
aris gaerTianebuli. Sinaarsis mixedviT, cnobiereba iyofa sagnis
cnobierebad da TviTcnobierebad.
cnobiereba rogorc TviTcnobiereba cnobierebas axasiaTebs sa-
kuTari Tavisaken Semobrunebis unari _ refleqsia. adamianis mier
sakuTari Tavis, sakuTari arsebobisa da Taviseburebebis codna
aris TviTcnobiereba. TviTcnobierebis umartivesi done vlindeba
TviTSegrZnebaSi, rodesac adamiani gancdis doneze afiqsirebs sa-
kuTar individualobas. Semdeg safexurze adamiani axdens sakuTari
Tavis gaigivebas vinmesTan. es aris identurobis cnobiereba. Cven
sakuTar Tavs mivakuTvnebT garkveul jgufs, sazogadoebas, ers an
kulturas. TviTcnobierebis Semdgom safexurze adamiani adgens sa-
kuTar ganumeorebalobas. es aris adamianis pirovnulobis birTvi.
es TviTcnobiereba adamianis Tavisuflebis safuZvelia. igi pasux-
ismgebelia sakuTar Tavze.
adamianis TviTcnobiereba aRmoCnda sakuTari Tavis codnis,
TviTkontrolis, TviTiluziis da TviTSefasebis procesebis erTo-
blioba. adamianis TviTcnobiereba stiqiurad yalibdeba, zogjer ki
Segnebuli refleqsiis Sedegia, rodesac adamiani iyureba sakuTari
sulis siRrmeSi da eZebs Tavisi pirovnebis birTvs. magram adami-
ans mTeli misi arseba ar moecema refleqsiaSi. adamiani Tavis Tavs
avlens moqmedebaSi, amitom adamiani sakuTar Tavze warmodgenebs
SeimuSavebs sakuTar moqmedebaze, qcevaze, Sinagan samyaroze dak-
virvebiT.
adamianis TviTcnobierebis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas axdens
sazogadoeba, meore adamiani. maT mier Cveni pirovnebis Sefaseba
CvenTvis mniSvnelovania da gavlenas axdens Cvens TviTSefasebaze.
adamiani xSirad uyurebs sakuTar Tavs `sxvisi TvaliT~.
adamianis cxovrebaSi yovelTvis didi mniSvnelobis mqonea TviT-
Sefaseba. amitom TviTSefasebis cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios su-
lieri krizisi, pirovnebis gaoreba. TviTSefaseba yovelTvis Zal-
zed mtkivneuli da saxifaTo procesia, radgan is iwvevs cxovrebis
warmarTvel RirebulebaTa sistemisa da msoflmxedvelobis rRve-
vas, anda maT xelaxal `dafuZnebas~.
cnobiereba iyo batoni sakuTar TavSi, magram aRmoCnda rom,
103
cnobirebas ar SeuZlia moicvas mTeli Sinagani samyaro. z. froi-
dis mier darRveul iqna axali epoqis erT-erTi ZiriTadi debule-
ba _ adamiani aris TviTcnobiereba. adamianis Sinagani samyaroSi
aris raRac, rac ar aris TviTcnobierebis Sinaarsi. cnobiereba ar
amoiwureba sagnis cnobierebiT da TviTcnobierebiT, aramed ada-
mianis Sinagani samyaro Seicavs aracnobieris sferosac. filoso-
fiaSi aracnobieris cneba z. froidamdec iyo dafiqsirebuli, ma-
gram aracnobieris xasiaTi ar iyo konkretuli gansazRvrulobis
mqone. froidma aracnobierSi dainaxa seqsualuri da destruqci-
uli ltolvebis erToblioba. meorec cnobierebasa da aracnobiers
Soris ar iyo iseTi arsebiTi da adamianisaTvis ase mniSvnelovani
kavSiri. aracnobieri aris kompleqsebis erToblioba, romlebSic
ganmsazRvrelia erotikuli da destruqciuli ltolvebi. isini Zl-
ieri energetikuli muxtis mqone arian da gavlenas axdenen, xSirad
gansazRvraven adamianis moqmedebas. aRmoCnda, rom cnobiereba ar
aris batoni sakuTar saxlSi. es niSnavs, rom adamians ar SeuZlia
bolomde da srulad icodes sakuTari Tavi, anu hqondes sruli
TviTcnobiereba. aracnobieri ar ixsneba refleqsiisas. SemoRebuli
iqna refleqsiis axali saxeoba _ fsiqoanalizi.
cnobierebis struqtura axleburad iqna gagebuli. igi Sedgeba
aracnobieris-cnobierebisa da zecnobierisagan.
aracnobieri aris uzarmazari sacavi kompleqsebis, SiSebis in-
stiqtebis, survilebis, fantaziebis, ltolvebis. maTSi ganmsaz-
Rvrelia seqsualuri da destruqciuli ltolvebi.
zecnobieri aris sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli da dadgenili
wesebi, normebi da Rirebulebebi.
cnobiereba aris mijna aracnobiersa da zecnobiers Soris. igi
ganicdis ormxriv zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciaa warmarTos
adamianis yofiereba.
aracnobieris problema SeiZleba ganvixiloT ori mimarTule-
biT: aracnobieris gavlena cnobierebaze. am aspeqtiT ZiriTadad
dakavebuli iyo z. froidi. aracnobieris cnobierebaze gavlenis
formebia: nevrozi, sizmari, survilebi, sizmrebi. xolo cnobierebis
aracnobierze gavlenis formebs ZiriTadad ikvlevda k. iungi. ada-
mians aqvs aracnobierTan damokidebulebis ramdenime meTodi:
 adamians SeuZlia ganaxorcielos aracnobieri survili.
 aracnobieri ltolva SeiZleba gamovlindes sizmarSi, uneblie
survilebsa da gamoTqmebSi. adamians unda erTi da ambobs
meores, magram adamians wamocdeba xolme namdvili zraxva.
 aracnobieri da misi energia SeiZleba gardaiqmnas mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis energiad. es aris sublimacia. aracnobieri aris
mexsierebis, gamocdilebis da sinamdvilis aRqmis iseTi forma,
104
rac cnobierebisaTvis miuwvdomelia. amitom igi mxatvrul
Semoqmedebas ufro mdidars xdis.
 cnobierebas SeuZlia moiSoros is survili, miswrafeba, rac
adamianisaTvis miuRebelia. es aris gaZevebis fenomeni.
z. froidma SeimuSava aracnobieris fsiqologia. igi aRiareb-
da mxolod individualur, pirovnul aracnobiers, rac iyo piradi
cxovrebis manZilze gaZevebuli gancdebisa da ltolvebis erTo-
blioba. z. froidis mowafem k. g. iungma Seqmna siRrmis fsiqolo-
gia. misi azriT, arsebobs ara marto individiualuri aracnobieri,
aramed koleqtiuri aracnobieric, romelic pirovnul cnobiere-
baze ufro Rrmad arsebobs. es aris arqetipi. igi samyaros axsnisa
da gagebis uZvelesi meTodia. arqetipi uSualod verasodes aRwevs
cnobierebis dones, aramed mxolod gaSualebulad, simboloebis
saxiT, moecema cnobierebas. amitom normalur pirobebSi koleqti-
uri aracnobieri ar eqvemdebareba gacnobierebas. araviTar anali-
tikur teqnikas ar SeuZlia misi mogoneba. pirovnuli aracnobieri-
sagan gansxvavebiT igi ar aris gaZevebuli an daviwyebuli individis
mier. arqetipi aris miTiuri simbolo, Sedegi winaparTa Taobebis
uzarmazari tipuri gamocdilebis Sejameba-ganzogadebisa. isini
adamians dabadebisTanave gadaecema. miCneulia, rom arqitipi ar
aris TanSobili warmodgena, aramed TanSobili SesaZleblobebi war-
modgenisa, romlebic sazRvars uweseben yvelaze gabedul fantazia-
sac. arqetips aqvs adamianze numinozuri (momnusxveli) zemoqmedeba.
arqetipis gamovlenis adeqvaturi formaa sizmari. magram adamianebi
dRes veRar grZnoben, ver gebuloben arqetipis enas. mowyvetili
arian TavianT siRrmiseul fesvebs, dakarges maTTan macocxlebeli
kavSiri.
sagnis cnobiereba adamianis cnobiereba mimarTulia ara marto sa-
kuTari Tavisaken, Sinagani samyarosaken, aramed upirvelesad mimar-
Tulia gareT saganTa samyarosaken. pirovnuladac da istoriula-
dac adamiani sakuTari TaviT Teoriulad dainteresda mogvianebiT.
sagani, gare samyaro adamianis cnobierebaSi warmosdgeba sxvadasxva
saxiT. RmerTi, samyaro, buneba sagnebi, sazogadoeba da sazogadoe-
brivi movlenebi, meore adamiani -- adamiani maT ganicdis rogorc
misi cnobierebis gareT arsebuls. isini gansxvavdebian Tavis arse-
bobis wesiT. erTni arseboben metafizikurad (RmerTi, yofiereba),
meoreni bunebrivi wesiT (buneba da bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi),
mesameni idealurad (azri, feri, musika, sityva). cnobierebam unda
SeZlos TiToeuli maTganis TavisTavadobis naTelyofa da masTan
Sesabamisi damokidebulebis damyareba.
cnobiereba da kompiuteri. gonebis arsebobis wesad miCneuli iyo
105
adamianis biologiuri saxe, amitom adamianis klasikuri ganmarteba
ambobda adamiani aris gonieri cxoveli. magram kompiuterma gonebis
arsebobis sxva SesaZlebebeli formis sakiTxi dasva--xelovnuri in-
teleqti. am procesma moiTxova adamianis gonebis Taviseburebis
axali niSnebis gamovlena. gonebis formaluri racionaluri gage-
ba naklovania. kompiuterma cnobierebis rigi funqciebi aiRo Ta-
visTavze: mexsiereba, kalkulacia, warmosaxva. adre adamianis cno-
bierebaSi iyo adgili, sadac mimdinareobda azrovneba, codnis
Seqmna, SemuSaveba, Senaxva, damaxsovreba da gadacema metyvelebisa
da damwerlobis saxiT. adamianis cnobierebis Sinaars, codnis obi-
eqtivacia xdeboda metyvelebisa da damwerlobis saxiT. mexsierebis
kompiuterisaTvis gadacemiT da masalis swrafi moZiebiT daZleuli
iqna daviwyeba. Semecnebis procesi gadaiqca mecnierebad, koleq-
tiur saqmianobad. mecnierebam moiTxova Semecnebis organizacia
dawesebulebis saxiT. mecnieruli warmoeba warimarTeba umkacre-
si ekonomikis principiT. mecnieruli codnis mopovebisaTvis unda
daixarjos rac SeiZleba naklebi energia, finansuri da da mogvces
SeZlebisdagvarad meti efeqturoba da finansuri mogeba. dRes
Semecneba gadaiqca kompiuteris intersubieqtur TavSi mimdinare
sawarmoo procesad. igi SeiZleba mimdinareobdes internet qselSi.
misi warmoebisaTvis adamianebis erT adgilze mobilizaciac aRar
aris saWiro. SesaZlebelia Tu ara xelovnuri inteleqtis mier ada-
mianis bunebrivi inteleqtis Canacvleba da ra Sedegis mqone iqneba
es faqti adamianis arsebobisaTvis? -es aris Tanamedrove azrovnebis
erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi problema.
ganixileT cnobierebis ganwmendis da `wminda cnobierebis~ mop-

ovebis procedurebi.
 warmosaxviTi operaciiT bekonis oTxi idola `mokveTeT~
cnobierebis fenomens. imsjeleT miRebul Sedegze.
 dekartes meTodologiuri eWviT aRmoaCineT ueWveli Cogito
(`me vazrovneb~);
 SeadareT erTmaneTs bekonisa da dekartes meTodebi da maTi
meSveobiT ganwmendili cnobiereba. gamoarCieT saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
 ganasxvaveT cnobiereba rogorc unari da rogorc Sinaarsi.

raSia wminda cnobierebis raoba? rogoria misi arsebobis wesi?
106
 cnobiereba rogorc unari ganixileT sxvadasxvara kuTxiT:
wminda azrovneba Cogito (dekarti)

warmosaxvis Zala da sinTezis unari (kanti)
aqtivoba, usasruloba, TviTSemecneba (hegeli)
nakadi, intecionaloba, gagebis horizonti (puserli)
SeadareT erTmaneTs, gamokveTeT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niS-

nebi.
 ganixileT cnobiereba da kompiuteri, rogorc xelovnuri

inteleqti. SeadareT maTi saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi:
 upasuxeT kiTxvebs:
o SeiZleba Tu araa damianisa da xelovnur inteleqts
Soris tolobis dasma?
o ra gansxvavebaa bunebriv inteleqtsa da xelovnur
inteleqts Soris? ra upiratesoba aqvs erTs meoresTan
SedarebiT?
o SeZlebs Tu ara kompiuteri TviTprogramebas?
o SesaZloa Tu ara adamianis inteleqti Caanacvlos
xelovnurma inteleqtma? SesaZloa Tu araadamiani
Secvalos robotma?
107
nawili mesame
ena da logika
Tavi I
enis fenomeni
§1. enis arseba
aristotele werda, rom adamiani aris `Zoon logon exon~ _

cocxali metyveli goneba. ena da goniereba adamianis fundamentu-
ri niSnebia, rac ganapirobebs maT Soris arsobriv mimarTebas. enis
kavSiri adamianad yofnasTan da azrovnebsTan adamianis da moaz-
rovneebis did interess iwvevda. ena cnobierebis problemis arse-
biTi elementia, radgan ena yvelaze axloa cnobierebasTan, mis Si-
naarsTan. ena aris cnobierebis gamovlenis, mocemulobis saSualeba
da adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamoxatvis yvelaze momcveli da
diferencirebuli saSualeba. ena aris gonebis gamovlenis umaRlesi
forma, gonebis, codnis, adamianis Sinagani samyaros obieqtivaciis
forma. ena arsebobs damwerlobisa (winadadeba) da metyvelebis (si-
tyva) formiT. ena adamians aZlevs SesaZleblobas gaTavisufldes aq
da axla-s CarCoSi kognituri Caketilobidan.
XX saukunis filosofiaSi da cnobierebis analizis adgils ika-
vebs enis analizi, ena damoukidebeli sawyisi gaxda. ena da metyvele-
ba TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols cnobierebis struqturis kvlevis,
azrovnebis da codnis dafiqsirebis procesSi, codnis bunebis gage-
baSi. es moiTxovs enis fenomenis axlebur gaazrebas da mis srulyo-
fas, rom ukeT Seesrulebina misi roli Semecnebis da codnis ganx-
orcielebis saqmeSi. am amocanis waramtebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis
adamianis bunebrivi ena naklovanad iyo miCneuli da aucilebeli
iyo bunebrivi enis srulyofa da Semecnebisa da mecnierebisaTvis
idealuri enis Seqmna. ase ufro warmatebuli iqneboda Semecneba da
misi Sedegebi.
bunebrivi ena da idealuri ena. enis filosofia ikvlevs enis
bunebas, mis funqciebs da mis rols codnis, cnobierebis, funq-
cionirebaSi. ena adamianis yofierebis umniSvnelovanesi elementia.
adamiani enas gamoiyenebs azrovnebis, urTierTobisa da gagebisaT-
vis. adamiani enis meSveobiT aRwers realobas, cnobierebis Sinaars
da azrovnebis process. enis meSveobiT gadis awmyos gareT da ix-
108
senebs warsulsa da warmoidgens momavals. enis meSveobiT gamox-
atavs adamiani Tavis grZnobebs, azrebs, warmodgenebs. ena sazoga-
doebis mTlianobis erTerTi saSualebaa, radgan SesaZlebels xdis
urTierTobas adamianebs Soris.
enis meSveobiT gamovxatavT azrovnebis Sedgebs, magram ena Sei-
Zleba iyos Cveni azrovnebis da codnis damaxinjebis mizezic. enis
nakli adreve iqna aRniSnuli da es warmoSobda idealuri enis Seqm-
nis ideas. idealuri ena unda yofiliyo logikurad da semantiku-
rad gamWvirvale da erTmniSvnelovani.
filosofosebis amocanas warmoadgenda enis srulyofa, rom mas
ukeT Seesrulebina sakuTari funqcia. bunebrivi ena yalibdeba is-
toriis manZilze. bunebrivi enis naklia: sityvebis bundovaneba da
orazrovani sazrisi. metaforis, simbolos, alegoriis gamoyeneba
sityvas bundovans xdis. mas axasiaTebs mravalmniSvnelianoba, ami-
tom ena ver uzrunvelyofs logikur sizustes da simkacres, rac
SeuZlebels xdis enis formalizebas (gramatikuli gamonaklisebi),
bunebrivi ena Seicavs ara marto obieqtebis gamTqmebs (saxelebs),
aramed saxelis saxelebs. enis mecnierebaSi gamoyeneba moiTxovda
enis met sizustes da simkacres. yovel sityvas unda qondes mxolod
erTi mniSvneloba da aRniSnavdes mxolod erT sagans. bunebrivi
enis meore naklad miCneulia misi metaforuli xasiaTi, rodesac si-
tyvaSi igulisxmeba sruliad sxva mniSvneloba vidre sityvis pirve-
ladi mniSvneloba gveubneba. enis es Tvisebac SeuZlebels xdida
enis mecnierul ganviTarebas, enis reperezentaciuli funqciis
ganxorcielebas. amitom cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT idealuri ena, ro-
melic iqneboda logikurad srulyofili ena. am enis yovel sityvas
aqvs sakuTari mniSvneloba da sazrisi.
§2. enis ganxilvis strategiebi
j. loki Tvlida, rom RmerTma adamians misca xmis artikula-

ciis unari, ideebi sityvebisagan damoukideblad arseboben, sityva
emsaxureba mxolod ideis gadaadgilebas. j. loki interesdeboda
individualuri sityvebiT da xazs usvamda fsiqologiis mniSvnelo-
bas. enis filosofia ganasxvavebs ideas da sityvas. Tu cnobierebas
warmovidgenT ideebis da cnebebis, konceptebis sacavad, romelic
enas win uswrebs da enisagan damoukidebelia, maSin enis funqcia yo-
fila am ideebis da konceptebis gamoTqma, gasajaroeba, meore ada-
mianisaTvis ganTqma. aristotele ambobda, rom `gamoTqmuli sityva
aris konceptis niSani~.
g. frege swored am poziciis winaaRmdeg gamodis. igi iTvleba
109
Tanamedrove enis filosofiis damwyebad. misi mizania logikuri pi-
robiTi niSnebis dadgena maTematikuri msjelobis formalizebisaT-
vis. am mcdelobis ganxorcielebisas man Seqmna ara marto Taname-
drove maTematikuri logika, aramed aseve sazrisis filosofiuri
Teoriac. g. freges umniSvnelovanes aRmoCenas warmoadgens is, rom
man winadadeba ganixila rogorc saxeli. saxelSi ki ganasxvava saz-
risi da mniSvneloba. saxelis sazrisi aris is informacia, rac am
saxeliT aris mocemuli, xolo saxelis mniSvneloba aris is sagani,
romelsac es saxeli asaxelebs. yoveli winadadeba unda asaxelebdes
arsebul sagans realobaSi. amis mixedviT SeiZleba gansxvavebuli
iyos WeSmariti, mcdari da usazriso winadadebebi.
g. freges mosazrebebi safuZvlad daedo enis srulyofis meTods
enis logikuri analizis meSveobiT (l. vitgenStaini, b. raseli,
g. frege) enis upirvelesi daniSnuleba iyo mecnieruli codnis
swored gadmocema. isini cdilobdnen iseTi enis Seqmnas, romelic
daumaxinjeblad SeZlebda codnis dafiqsirebas da gadacemas. aseTi
ena iqneba idealuri ena da es aris mecnieruli ena. idealuri ena
gamoricxavs usazriso winadadebebis arsebobis SesaZleblobas. ide-
aluri enis proeqti gamoyenebuli iqna metafizikis dasaZlevad, ro-
melic operirebda usazriso winadadebebiT. maTi azriT, filoso-
fiis problemebi enis logikis mcdar gaazrebas efuZneba.
vitgenStains surs gansazRvros azrovnebis sazRvrebi, rac
Cveni enis sazRvrebiT ganisazRvreba. Tu kanti svamda kiTxvas: ra
SemiZlia vicode? vitgenStaini svams kiTxvas: ra SemiZlia gamovTq-
va mecnierulad? es kantis kriticizmis gagrZelebaa. mas surs az-
rovnebis sazRvrebis dadgena azrovnebis enis sazRvrebis dadgenis
saxiT. misTvis azrovneba mecnierul azrovnebas niSnavs da meta-
fizikis problema aris enis problema. Zenoni iyo pirveli, romel-
mac gaacnobiera azris, codnis enis meSveobiT gadmocemis sirTule.
logikuri pozitivizmi Tvlis, rom enis problema aris enis
logikurobis problema. rac ufro Sors aris ena logikisagan , miT
ufro naklebad gamosadegia igi mecnierebaSi. mecnierebas saqme aqvs
realobasTan da enasTan, xolo filosofias mxolod enasTan, eno-
briv gamosaxulebebTan. filosofiis mTavari sakiTxi aris enis kvl-
eva, Tu ra aris enis arsi da misi problema. enis problemaa: naklebi
logikuroba, mravalnairi enis arseboba, (bunebrivi ena, mecnierebis
ena, filosofiis ena) maTgan unda Seiqmnas erTiani mecnierebis ena.
sulisa da sxeulis, samyaros erTianobis da sxva problemebi aris
ara realobis, aramed gansxvavebuli enebis erTianobis problema.
unda dadgindes mecnierebis erTiani ena, ris safuZvelze SeiZleba
Seiqmnas azrovnebis erTiani ena.
110
haidegeri enas yofierebis saxls uwodebs. misi azriT, ena ar
eqvemdebareba logikas, ena aris Txzva. es aris enis Sinagani buneba
da adamianisaTvis enis miniWebis safuZveli. ena rom ar iyos Txzva,
igi ar miecemoda adamians da arc adamians dasWirdeboda igi. ada-
miani rogorc metyveli aris Txzvis unaris mqone. amitom adamiani
rogorc enis mqone aris metafizikosi.
enas rogorc niSanTa sistemis Teoria damuSavebuli iqna f. de
sosiuris mier (1857-1913). misi ZiriTadi ideebi Camoyalibebulia
naSrom Si `Srom ebi enaTmecnierebaSi~. f. sosiuri enas ganixilavs
rogorc niSanTa universalur sistemas, romelsac aqvs mkveTrad
gamoxatuli struqtura. niSani aris aRmniSvnelis (sityvis akusti-
kuri xati) da aRniSnulis (cneba, sazrisi) mTlianoba, isini ganuy-
ofeli arian.
ena koleqtiuri da komunikaciuri xasiaTisaa. f. sosiurs surs
aRweros ena da amave dros gviCvenos rogor aris ena agebuli da Tu
rogor unda gamoviyenoT niSnebi. sosiurma Semoitana sistemis cne-
ba enis dasaxasiaTeblad. ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxda enis
Seswavla aq da axla. man enis Seswavlas safuZvlad daudo niSnis da
aRniSnulis mimarTebis kvleva. niSani aris aRniSnulis da aRmniS-
vnelis erTianoba. aRniSnulis saxiT warmosdgeba cneba, xolo aRm-
niSvnelis saxiT akustikuri xati. ainteresebda ena rogorc niSanTa
sistema. igi neitraluria mis mier gadmocemuli Sinaarsis mimarT.
sosiuri gayofs enas, rogorc abstraqtul fenomenss da metyvele-
bas, rogorc enis praqtikul, yoveldRiurobis arsebobis wesi da
ainteresebda ena rogorc niSanTa sistema.
struqturalizmis interesis sagania teqsts da ara ena. misi
azriT ena aris struqtura da enis struqturas eqvemdebareba
yvelaferi rac enis meSvebobiT aris dafiqsirebuli. ena aris pirve-
ladi da bazisuri struqtura da misi analizis meSveobiT cdiloben
gamoikvlion cnobierebis, fsiqikis, azrovnebis, enis, adamianuri
qcevis struqtura. struqturis erTerTi niSania àRmniSvnelis~ da
àRniSnulis~ arseboba da ainteresebs maT Soris arsebuli mimarTe-
ba, Tumca maT gansxvavebuli ontologiuri statusi aqvT.
struqturalizmi miiCnevs, rom laparakobs ara subieqti, ro-
gorc damoukidebeli sawyisi, aramed ena, aracnobieri, kultura,
rogorc struqtura. radgan `niSnebiT gacvla, romelic dafiqsire-
bulia da dazustebulia adaT wesebsa da miRebis qcevis wesebSi da
rodesac Tqven Tanamosaubres eubnebiT garkveul frazas, igi gpa-
suxobT aseve gansazRvruli fraziT.~
dekonstruqcia miCneulia teqstis gamokvlevis ZiriTad prin-
cipad. dekonstruqcia rogorc literaturuli (da ara mecnieru-
111
li, politikuri) teqstis analizis meTodis mizania teqstis Sina-
gani winaaRmdegobebis aRmoCena, maTSi faruli, SeumCneveli e. w.
`miZinebuli~, `narCeni sazrisis~ aRmoCena, romelic miuwvdomelia
ara marto gamoucdeli mkiTxvelisaTvis, aramed TviTon avtori-
saTvis, romelic miRebuli da SeTvisebulia warsulis diskursuli
da metyvelebiTi praqtikebidan da CabeWdilia enaSi gaucnobiere-
buli azrobrivi stereotipebis saxiT, romlebic aracnobierad da
avtoris ganzraxvisagan damoukideblad zemoqmedebas axdenen masze
enobrivi kliSeebis, ideebis, gamoxatvis saSulebebis meSveobiT, rom
lebis gabatonebulia epoqaSi.
dekonstruqciuli analizisagan gansxvavebiT hermenevtikis
mizania teqsti Sinaarsis, sazrisis gageba da misi gagebis meTodebis
dadgena, xolo dekonstruqciis mizania ara gageba, aramed teqstis
faruli winaaRmdegobebis aRmoCena. misTvis teqstis gageba meorex-
arisxovania.
§ 3 enis funqciebi
enis reprezantiuli funqcia logikuri pozitivizmi axor-

cielebda enis reprezantiuli funqciis absolutizacias. maT ain-
teresebdaT ena, rogorc saganTa warmomadgeneli da problemas
warmoadgenda imis garkveva Tu ramdenad swored warmoadgenda ena
referents, sagans, obieqts. ena aris aRweris saSualeba, magram ram-
denad swored aRwers ena realobas. sityvis ~ mniSvnelobisa da saz-
risis~ gansxvavebiT gairkva enis ontologiuri da informaciuli
aspeqtebi. ena rogorc saxeli asaxelebs Tu ara sagans realobaSi
da ena rogorc saxeli gvaZlevs Tu ara WeSmarit codnas am sagnis
Sesaxeb.
logikurma pozitivizmma gaagrZela enis Semdgomi damuSaveba,
rogorc WeSmaritebis gadmocemis saSualebisa da gadadga Semde-
gi nabijebi idealuri enis SemuSavebisaken. maTi amocana iyo enis
gaumjobeseba protokoluri winadadebebi da verifikacia miCneulia
enis mier WeSmaritebis gadmocemis Semowmebis saSualebad. maTTan
moxda enis logikuri analizis da empirizmis gaerTianeba. magram
protokoluri winadadebebiT aRwerili samyaro ar hgavs realur
samyaros, misi gamoyeneba SeiZleboda mxolod bunebis mecnierebaSi
da isic Sesabamisi winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.
enis komunikaciuri funqcia enis gaumjobesebis proeqti ukug-
debulia. exla mizania gansxvavebuli enebis aRwera da maTi yovel-
dRiuri funqcionirebis aRwera. (struqturalizmi, hermenevtika,
lingvisturi filosofia). isini yuradRebas amaxvileben gamoTqmis
112
konteqstze da wanamZRvarze, ainteresebT subieqtisagan damoukide-
beli enis obieqturi struqturebi. l. vitgenStainma gaiTvaliswi-
na logikuri pozitivizmis Sedegebi da Tavisi moRvaweobis meore
etapze yuradReba miaqcia enis komunikaciur funqcias. erTia aR-
wero realoba (mecniereba) da meorea gadasce realobis aRmweri
informacia meore adamians. enis logikuri analizis nacvlad, ro-
melic karnapTan iqca metafizikis ukugdebis saSualebad, man Semoi-
tana enis rogorc TamaSis Teoria.
enis pragmatuli (zemoqmedebis) funqcia ena gamoiyeneba ara mar-
to komunikaciis saSualebad, ara marto Semecnebis, codnis dafiq-
sirebis saSualebad, aramed sazogadoebaSi enis gamoyeneba xdeba
meore adamianze inteleqtualuri, emocionaluri da nebelobiTi
zemoqmedebisaTvis. enis pragmatulma funqciam yuradReba miiqcia
XX saukuneSi (b. malinovski, l. blumfildi). boris malinovski wign-
Si `mniSvnelobis problema primitiul enebSi~ (1926) enis pragmatul
funqcias miiCnevs enis mTavar funqciad Tanamedrove sazogadoeba-
Si, xolo primitiul sazogadoebebSi igi TamaSobs pirvelad rols.
amitom èna upirvelesad unda ganxiluli iyos rogorc moqmedebis
wesi da ara rogorc azris gadacemis saSualeba.~ ena adamians ex-
mareba msmenelSi gamoiwvios garkveuli saxis moqmedeba. enis prag-
matuli funqcia adamians exmareba sxvas Seasrulebinos misi samuSao,
romelsac igi aRwevs enis gamoyenebiT _ gascems brZanebas, romelsac
msmeneli asrulebs. enis pragmatuli funqcia axasiaTebs sityvidan
saqmeze gadasvlis process, amitom unda gairkves amgvari gadasvlis
pirobebi. radgan enis pragmatuli funqciis swori gamoyeneba mniS-
vnelovania im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic gascemen brZanebas da am
brZanebis Sesrulebazea damokidebuli mravali adamianis sicocxle.
am dros sityva mimarTulia realobis Secvlisaken, gardaqmnisaken.
moirgeT filosofosis roli, imsjeleT

 raSia enis arseba?
 SeadareT erTmaneTs bunebrivi, idealuri da metaenebi.
 aRniSneT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
 CamoayalibeT enis funqciebi
113
Tavi II
logikis elementebi
§ 1 ra aris logika?
logikis saxelwodeba momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan `lo-

gos~, `legei~ da sityvas, metyvelebas niSnavs. logikis mecnierebis
Semqmneli aristotele Seecada adamianis sulSi azris dabadeba war-
moedgina, rogorc procesi da nabij-nabij aRewera igi. ase Seiqmna
logika. maSasadame logika aRwers adamianis gonebaSi mimdinare pro-
cess, romlis Sedegia axali codnis miReba. man Tavis naSromSi òr-
ganoni~ Camoayaliba azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi, aRwera umTavre-
si logikuri operaciebi, gamoikvlia deduqciuri daskvnis buneba.
mis mier Seqmnil logikas formalur logikas uwodeben, radgan igi
dakavebulia azrovnebis formiT da ara SinaarsiT. man aRmoaCina,
rom Cveni azrovnebis sisworeze gavlenas axdens azrovnebis for-
mac. mniSvnelovania ara marto msjelobis, debulebis Sinaarsi, ar-
amed isic, rogor gadmovcemT am azrs.
adamiani codnas gare sinamdvilis sagnebis Sesaxeb upirvelesad
uSualod sagnebisagan xedvis, smenis da sxva SegrZnebebis meSveobiT
iRebs. magram Tanamedrove adamiani codnis umetes nawils dawer-
ili saxiT Rebulobs, rogorc sityvebis, cnebebis, msjelobebis,
daskvnebis erTobliobas. yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi maTi WeS-
maritebis uSualo Semowmeba da damtkiceba grZnobadi cdiT an eqs-
perimentiT rTulia. maSin rogor unda davadginoT maTi WeSmarite-
ba? aRmoCnda, rom azrs axasiaTebs rogorc Sinaarsi, aseve forma.
azrebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba garkveul wesebs emorCileba. Tu
adamians WeSmaritebis miRweva surs, mas ar SeuZlia TviTneburad
warmarTos azrovnebis procesi. azrovnebis WeSmariteba SeiZleba
dadgindes ara marto SinaarsiT, aramed azrovnebis formiTac. ar-
istotelem aRmoaCina, rom gonebas da codnas aqvs unari TviTon
warmoSvas axali codna. azrovneba gulisxmobs sakuTari azris swo-
rad Camoyalibebas da gamoTqmas da sxvisi azris sworad gagebas. es
miuTiTebs logikis did mniSvnelobas adamianisaTvis, mecnierebisaT-
vis. adamians bunebiT axasiaTebs azrovnebis logikuroba. adamiani
emorCileba logikis kanonebs, miuxedavad imisa, icis Tu ara logi-
kis kanonebi. adamians SeuZlia logikurad, marTebulad iazrovnos,
iseve rogorc gamarTulad laparakobs, miuxedavad imisa, icis Tu
ara gramatikis wesebi. magram Tu adamiani Segnebulad gamoiyenebs
logikas da Tavis azrovnebas ufro logikurs gaxdis, es SesaZle-
114
blobas miscems miiRos axali codna, Seamowmos Semecnebis procesis
siswore (logikuroba) da Semecnebis procesis Sedegebi. logikis
kanonebis codna amaRlebs azrovnebis kulturas, aviTarebs kriti-
kul da analitikur azrovnebas. logika adamians aCvevs iazrovnos
zustad da Tanmimdevrulad, aicilos Secdomebi da winaaRmdego-
bebi sakuTar msjelobaSi da moaxdinos Tavisi azrebis naTeli ar-
tikulacia da argumentireba.
garda sakuTari azris naTlad da garkveviT Camoyalibebi-
sa mniSvnelovania azrovnebis Tanmimdevroba. es niSnavs, rom Cven
mier gamoTqmul azrebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli, logikuri, anu
aucilebeli kavSiri. es niSnavs, rom rodesac Cven gamovTqvamT
garkveuli azrs, ideas, Semdegi azris gamoTqma ukve mxolod Cvens
nebaze araa damokidebuli, aramed emorCileba garkveul wesrigs,
aucileblobas. sworad am wesrigs ewodeba logikuroba. sworad es
logikuroba ganasxvavebs mecnierul, Teoriul teqsts sxva saxis
teqstisagan. Tu Cven gvaqvs pretenzia, rom Cveni msjeloba atarebs
logikur, mecnierul xasiaTs, maSin Cvens azrebs Soris unda iyos
mkacri, logikuri, aucilebeli kavSiri. Cven SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT
poeturi, literaturuli (TxrobiTi) da Teoriuli teqsti. maT So-
ris gansxvaveba isaa, rom Teoriul, mecnierul teqsts saqme aqvs
WeSmaritebis Ziebasa da dadgenasTan.
azrovnebis kanonis cneba _ adamianisaTvis codnis udidesi nawili
mocemulia wignebSi dafiqsirebuli msjelobebis saxiT, romlis Si-
naarsis uSualo cdiseuli Semowmeba SeuZlebelia. rogor SeiZleba
davadginoT am codnis WeSmariteba? aRmoCnda, rom es SesaZlebelia,
radgan msjelobebs Soris arsebobs Sinagani kavSiri. azrovneba, ro-
gorc msjelobaTa Tanmimdevroba, garkveul wesrigsa da kanonebs
eqvemdebareba. es aris azrovnebis kanonebi. adamianis azrovneba ar
aris TviTneburi, SemTxveviT procesi, aramed adamianis azrovnebas
sakuTari kanonebi aqvs da mimdinareobs logikuri kanonebis mixed-
viT. es niSnavs, rom unda ganvasxvaoT azris WeSmaritebis sakiTxi da
msjelobis procesis logikuri siswore. azri aris WeSmariti, Tuki
masSi gamoTqmuli Sinaarsi Seesabameba sinamdviles da aris mcdari,
Tuki ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. maSasadame debulebis, msjelobis
WeSmariteba dgindeba upirvelsad misi SinaarsiT, magram debulebis
WeSmariteba SeiZleba dadgindes msjelobis procesis logikuri sis-
woris Semowmebis meSveobiTac. Tuki msjelobis procesSi logikuri
kanonebi da logikuri Tanmimdevroba ar aris daculi, maSin WeSma-
riti wanamZRvrebidan SeiZleba miviRoT mcdari daskvna. es naTels
xdis azrovnebis logikuri wesebis dacvis mniSvnelobas. maSasadame
azrovnebis kanoni, anu logikuri kanoni aris msjelobis procesSi
115
azrebs Soris aucilebeli da arsebiTi kavSiri. msjelobis Sedegad
miviRebT WeSmarit msjelobas, Tu davicavT ramdenime pirobas: de-
bulebebi, romlisganac Sedgeba msjeloba WeSmaritia da msjelobis
procesi unda warimarTos logikurad sworad.
azrovneba, rogorc adamianuri Semecnebis Teoriuli da abstraq-
tuli forma, sinamdvilis Semecnebas ganaxorcielebs gaSualebuli
da ganzogadebuli wesiT, romelic gamoixateba enis meSveobiT. ada-
mianis gonebaSi warmoSobili nebismieri azri sityvebis meSveobiT
gamoiTqmeba. enis meSveobiT SeiZleba miRebuli codnis gavrceleba
da gaziareba.
unda ganvasxvaoT msjelobebis Sinaarsis WeSmariteba da msj-
elobis procesis logikuri siswore. msjeloba WeSmaritia, Tu masSi
gamoTqmuli azri Seesabameba sinamdviles, xolo Tu ar Seesabameba,
maSin igi mcdaria. amrigad, azrovnebis WeSmariteba ganisazRvre-
ba misi SinaarsiT. magram azrovnebis WeSmaritebis meore pirobas
warmoadgens msjelobis logikuri siswore. logika gamoxatavs az-
rovnebis procesSi aucilebel da arsebiT kavSirs azrebs Soris.
logika ara marto axali codnis miRebis, Semecnebis saSualebaa,
aramed codnis WeSmaritebis Semowmebis saSualebac.
logikis ena da simboloebi

azrovnebis aucilebeli pirobaa ena. ena aris niSanTa sistema,
romelic asrulebs adamianTa Soris urTierTobisa da Semecnebis
procesSi informaciis Seqmnis, Senaxvisa da gadacemis funqcias. war-
moSobis mixedviT arseboben bunebrivi da xelovnuri enebi. bunebri-
vi enebi Camoyalibda istoriulad arsebul sazogadoebebSi. isini
inaxaven eris istoriul da kulturul gamocdilebas da gamoirCe-
vian mravalferovnebiT, metaforulobiT. sityvis metaforuloba,
mravalmniSvnelianoba SeiZleba iyos adamianTa Soris gaugebrobis
safuZveli da mizezi. amitom azrovnebam da mecnierebis ganviTarebam
moiTxova sityvebis erTmniSvnelianobis dadgena. es gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania zust mecnierebebSi da samarTalSi. adamianma bune-
brivi enis safuZvelze Seqmna axali ena, romelsac uwodeben xe-
lovnur enas. mecnieruli da sxva informaciis zusti da ekonomiuri
gadacemisaTvis. igi farTod gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi.
mas axasiaTebs erTmniSvnelianoba. amiT acilebulia bunebrivi enis
metaforuloba da mravalmniSvnelianoba. es SesaZlebels xdis Tavi-
dan iqnes acilebuli azris Sinaarsis damaxinjeba, araswori gageba.
logikasac sakuTari ena aqvs. igi gamoiyenebs simboloebs azrebis,
msjelobebisa da daskvnis Casawerad.
mag. p, q, r simboloebi gamoiyeneba winadadebebis aRsaniSnavad,
116
maT propoziciul cvladebs uwodeben. sawinadadebo makavSireble-
bia:
koniunqcia _ ˄ _ niSnavs `da~
koniunqcia _ & _ niSnavs `da~
disunqcia _ ˅ _ niSnavs àn~
implikacia _ → _ niSnavs `Tu maSin~
ekvivalencia _ ≡ niSnavs `tolia, igiveobrivia~
uaryofa _ ┐ _ niSnavs àra, ar aris swori~
sawinadadebo makavSireblebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben msj-
elobis xasiaTis dadgenaSi da aseve msjelobis Sinaarsis gagebaSi.
am da sxva sawinadadebo makavSireblebiT iqmneba rTuli msjelo-
bebi. sawinadadebo makavSireblebs SeuZliaT Secvalon msjelobis
WeSmaritebis pirobebi. amitom aucilebelia vicodeT maTi swori
gamoyeneba.
sawinadadebo makavSireblebi da msjeloba. Cveulebriv codna
gamoixateba msjelobebis saxiT. dasabuTebis procesi Sedgeba msj-
elobaTa Tanmimdevrobisagan. sadac mocemulia ara marto martivi,
aramed rTuli winadadebebis saxiT mocemuli msjelobebi. martivi
winadadeba Tavis TavSi nawilis saxiT ar Seicavs sxva winadadebas.
rTuli winadadeba ki Tavis TavSi, nawilis saxiT, Seicavs sxva wi-
nadadebas, romelic yalibdeba martivi winadadebebisa da sawina-
dadebo makavSireblebis meSveobiT. martivi winadadebebis gardaqmna
rTul winadadebad xdeba sawinadadebo makavSireblebis meSveobiT.
sawinadadebo makavSireblebi aris specialuri sityvebi an frazebi,
romelTa meSveobiT martivi winadadebebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs.
aRmoCnda, rom sawinadadebo makavSireblebs SeuZliaT gavlena moax-
dinon msjelobis WeSmaritebasa da mcdarobaze.
arsebobs intensiuri da eqstensiuri sawinadadebo makavSireble-
bi. eqstensiuri makavSirebeli ewodeba iseT makavSirebels, romlis
gamoyenebiT agebuli rTuli winadadebis WeSmaritebis mniSvneloba
ganisazRvreba misi Semadgeneli winadadebis WeSmaritebis mniSvn-
elobebiT.
intensiuri makavSirebeli ewodeba iseT makavSirebels, romlis
gamoyenebiT agebuli rTuli winadadebis WeSmaritebis mniSvnelo-
bis gansazRvrisaTvis sakmarisi araa misi Semadgeneli martivi wina-
dadebis WeSmaritebis mniSvnelobebi. es makavSireblebia: `da~, `Tu
maSin~, àn-an~, àra~ da ase Semdeg. sawinadadebo makavSireblebi
logikuri sazrisis matarebelia da amitom winadadebis SinaarsTan
erTad qmnian axali, rTuli winadadebis Sinaarss da gansazRvraven
misi WeSmaritebis pirobebs. magaliTad, vnaxoT, rogor cvlis maka-
vSirebeli winadadebis Sinaarssa da WeSmaritebis pirobebs. `dRes
117
waval leqciaze an dRes waval TeatrSi~ (disunqcia). es winadadeba
WeSmaritia, Tuki me ganvaxorcieleb erT-erT variants mainc. ma-
gram Tu me vambob _ `dRes waval leqciaze da dResve saRamos waval
TeatrSi~ (koniunqcia). es winadadeba WeSmaritia, Tuki me ganvaxor-
cieleb orive variants. e. i. `da~ kavSiri WeSmaritebis ufro mkacr
pirobebs ayenebs, vidre àn-an~ kavSiri. Tu me vambob _ `Tu dRes
waval leqciaze, maSin dRes saRamos gestumrebi~ (implikacia). es
winadadeba WeSmaritia, Tuki me ganvaxorcieleb danapirebs, miuxe-
davad viTarebisa.
magaliTad, aviRoT ori martivi winadadeba: `me dRes diliT vi-
yavi leqciaze~ da `me dRes saRamos stumrad viyavi daviTTan~. imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli sawinadadebo makavSirebeli iqna gamoyenebuli
rTuli winadadebis Sesaqmnelad, gansxvavebulia am winadadebis WeS-
maritebis pirobebi. koniunqciuri winadadeba iqneba aseTi saxis: `me
dRes diliT viyavi leqciaze da dRes saRamos stumrad viyavi da-
viTTan~. disunqciuri winadadeba ase gamoiyureba: `me dRes diliT
viqnebi leqciaze, an dRes saRamos stumrad viqnebi daviTTan~. mkac-
ri disunqciuri (alternatiuli) winadadeba ase gamoiyureba: àn me
dRes diliT viqnebi leqciaze, an dRes saRamos stumrad viqnebi da-
viTTan~. pirobiTi winadadeba ase gamoiyureba: `Tu me diliT viqnebi
leqciaze, maSin dRes saRamos stumrad viqnebi daviTTan~. uaryofi-
Ti winadadeba ase gamoiTqmeba: àr aris swori, rom me dRes diliT
viyavi leqciaze~.
§ 2. logikis ZiriTadi kanonebi
azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi ara marto azrovnebis, aramed ar-

sebobis kanonebicaa, radgan mis mixedviT aris mowesrigebuli ada-
mianis garemo realoba.
igiveobis kanoni _ igi Camoayaliba aristotelem Tavis meta-
fizikaSi _ iazrovno (ilaparako) yvelaferze niSnavs ar iazrovno
(ar ilaparako) araferze. es kanoni moiTxovs azrovnebis konkretu-
lobas. yoveli azri, cneba, msjeloba unda iyos Tavis Tavis igiveo-
brivi da ar unda icvlebodes msjelobis ganmavlobaSi. azri unda
iyos naTeli, martivi, garkveuli da ara orazrovani. magaliTad,
rodesac erT sityvaSi deben gansxvavebul azrs, anda rodesac msj-
elobis procesSi cvlian msjelobis Temas. igiveobis kanonis dar-
Rveva iwvevs msjelobis Sinaarsis damaxinjebas. rodesac uneblied
irRveva igiveobis kanoni, maSin adgili aqvs logikur Secdomas, ma-
gram Tu xdeba misi Segnebuli darRveva mopaeqres dabnevisaTvis,
maSin adgili gvaqvs sofizmTan. sofizmis magaliTia Semdegi msj-
118
eloba:
pirveli SekiTxva: Tanaxma xar, rom is, rac dagikargavs, is ar
gaqvs? _ rasakvirvelia.
meore SekiTxva: Tanaxma xar, rom is, rac ar dagikargavs, is gaqvs?
_ rasakvirvelia.
mesame SekiTxva: dRes rqebi xom ar dagikargavs? ara, maSasadame
Sen gaqvs rqebi.
aq xdeba igiveobis kanonis darRveva, radgan adgili aqvs sityvis
orazrovnebis da msjelobis Temis Secvlas.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni _ azrovnebis es kanoni am-
bobs, rom SeuZlebelia erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave saganze
da erTsa da imave mimarTebaSi gamoTqmuli ori urTiergamomricx-
veli (kontradiqtoruli) msjeloba iyos erTdroulad WeSmariti.
magaliTad, ori debuleba `sokrate maRalia~ da `sokrate ar aris
maRali~ gamoTqmulia erTi da igive adamianze, sokrateze-platonis
maswavlebelze, SeuZlebelia iyos erTdroulad WeSmariti. mokled,
es kanoni krZalavs, erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave saganze,
erTsa da imave mimarTebaSi amtkico da uaryo erTi da igive. SeuZle-
belia sagans hqondes raime niSan-Tviseba da amave dros arc hqondes
igi. arcerTi winadadeba ar SeiZleba erTdroulad iyos mcdarica
da WeSmaritic. Tu raimes vamtkicebT, amavdroulad ar unda vamt-
kicoT misi gamomricxvelic. es advili SesamCnevia, rodesac dapiri-
spireba kontaqturia, anu erTi msjeloba amtkicebs raimes da meore
msjeloba maSinve uaryofs wina debulebas. misi aRmoCena Znelia
distanciuri winaaRmdegobisas, rodesac msjelobebs Soris didi
intervalia da teqstis didi monakveTia.
gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni msjelobebi ara marto urTierT-
gamoricxaven erTmaneTs, aramed upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. mag-
aliTad, msjelobebi: `sokrate maRalia~ da `sokrate ar aris maRa-
li~ urTierTgamomricxavi (kontradiqtoruli) debulebebia. maSin
rodesac msjelobebi: `sokrate maRalia~ da `sokrate dabalia~
erTmaneTs upirispirdebian (kontraruli). urTierTgamomricxavi
(kontradiqtoruli) da urTierTdapirispirebuli (kontraruli)
msjelobebi imiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom kontraruli
msjelobebi gulisxmoben gadawyvetis mesame variants. magaliTad,
sokrate SeiZleba iyos arc dabali da arc maRali, aramed saSualo
simaRlis. radgan arsebobs mesame varianti, amitom dapirispirebuli
msjelobebidan orive SeiZleba iyos mcdari, anu sokrate SeiZleba
iyos saSualo simaRlis. `sokrate maRalia~ da `sokrate dabalia~
_ orive mcdaria. xolo urTierTgamomricxavi (kontradiqtoruli)
debulebebi gamoricxaven mesame SesaZlebel variants. `sokrate ma-
119
Ralia~ da `sokrate ar aris maRali~ _ maT Soris mesame varianti ga-
moricxulia. `sokrate ar aris maRali~ Tavis TavSi ar gulisxmobs,
rom igi dabalia an saSualo simaRlis. es niSnavs, rom kontradi-
qtoruli msjelobis WeSmariteba_mcdarobis sakiTxis gasarkvevad
sakmarisi araa winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanonis gamoyeneba.
urTierTgamomricxavi msjelobebis mimarTebis garkvevisaTvis ar-
sebobs gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni, romelic ambobs: ori urTier-
Tgamomricxavi msjeloba erTsa da imave saganze, erTsa da imave
dros, erTsa da imave mimarTebaSi SeuZlebelia erTdroulad iyos an
WeSmariti, an mcdari. erTi debulebis WeSmariteba aucileblobiT
gulisxmobs meore debulebis mcdarobas da piriqiT. gamoricxulia,
rom orive erTdroulad iyos WeSmariti da piriqiT _ erTdroulad
iyos mcdari. Tu erTi msjeloba WeSmaritia, maSin meore mcdaria,
radgan mesame SemTxveva gamoricxulia. urTierTgamomricxveli ms-
jelobebis mimarTebis garkvevisaTvis arsebobs gamoricxuli mesa-
mis kanoni, romelic ambobs: ori urTierTgamomricxveli msjeloba
erTi da igive saganze, erTsa da imave dros, erTsa da imave mimarTe-
baSi SeuZlebelia erTdroulad iyos an WeSmariti, an mcdari. erTi
debulebis WeSmariteba aucileblad gulisxmobs meore debulebis
mcdarobas da piriqiT.
sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. es kanoni miiCnevs, rom nebismieri de-
buleba unda iyos dasabuTebuli argumentebiT (safuZvliT), raTa
hqondes logikuri Zala. es argumentebi unda iyos sakmarisi sawy-
isi debulebis dasabuTebisaTvis, anu Tezisi aucileblobiT unda
gamomdinareobdes safuZvlidan. magaliTad, ès sagani atarebs ele-
qtroobas (Tezisi), radgan igi aris liToni (safuZveli).~ am Sem-
TxvevaSi daculia kanonis moTxovna. radgan safuZlidan Tezisi
WeSmaritad gamomdinareobs. meore magaliTSi: `nu damiwerT dabal
niSans, kidev SemekiTxeT (Tezisi), me saxelmZRvanelo mTlianad wavi-
kiTxe da sxva sakiTxze gipasuxebT (safuZveli).~ aq darRveulia sak-
mao safuZvlis kanonis moTxovna. safuZvlidan _ `me saxelmZRvane-
lo mTlianad wavikiTxe~ _ ar gamomdinareobs aucileblobiT, rom
SegiZlia upasuxo, radgan SeiZleba ver iswavlo, dagaviwydes, an ver
gaigo. es kanoni moiTxovs, rom nebismier msjelobas unda hqondes
mtkicebulebis Zala da yoveli Tezisi unda iyos dasabuTebuli. ase
SeiZleba aviciloT dausabuTebeli da naCqarevi daskvnebi.
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§ 3. logikuri azrovnebis formebi:
cneba, msjeloba, daskvna
cneba da sityva _ cneba yovelTvis iRebs sityvis formas. cneba

gamoixateba da arsebobs sityvis saxiT. magram ar SeiZleba sityvi-
sa da cnebis gaigiveba. radgan sityvas SeiZleba hqondes ramdenime
mniSvneloba. magaliTad, sityva `da~ aris sawinadadebo makavSire-
beli da amave dros aRniSnavs adamianis sisxliT naTesavs. cneba aris
azrovnebis forma, romelSic asaxulia sagnis arsebiTi, aucilebeli
da sayovelTao niSnebis erToblioba. aucilebelia is Tviseba, rom-
lis gareSe sagnis warmodgena SeuZlebelia. sayovelTaoa Tviseba,
romelic axasiaTebs am cnebis simravleSi Semaval yvela sagans da
arsebiTia Tviseba, romelic sagnis Sinagan bunebas gamoxatavs.
cnebis Camoyalibeba. cnebis Seqmna xangrZlivi procesia. igi iw-
yeba sagnis TvisebaTa analiziT. sagnis uamravi Tvisebebidan gamoi-
yofa aucilebeli da arsebiTi, erTeuli da sazogado Tvisebebi,
romelTa gareSec am sagnis warmodgena SeuZlebelia. erTeulia
Tviseba, romelic mxolod erT sagans axasiaTebs. xolo zogadia
Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebs saganTa garkveul simravles. magali-
Tad, yovel adamians aqvs uamravi niSan-Tviseba. maTgan zogierTi,
mxolod erT adamians axasiaTebs. esenia subieqturi Tvisebebi. maT-
gan gansxvavdeba iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa: erovneba, ganaTle-
ba, socialuri mdgomareoba, romelic axasiaTebs adamianTa did
jgufebs. bolos arsebobs niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic
axasiaTebs yvela adamians. swored es niSnebi Seva adamianis cne-
baSi. Semdeg ki sinTezis meSveobiT xdeba am gamoyofili Tvisebebis
urTierTSeTanxmeba da gaerTianeba, iqmneba sagnis niSan-TvisebaTa
axali mTlianoba. es aris adamianis cneba. masSi Sedis cnobiereba,
metyvelebis unari da Sromis unari. rasac mohyveba sinTeziT miRe-
buli mTlianobis ganzogadeba yvela msgavsi sagnis mimarT. cneba-
Si Sesuli Tvisebebi sayovelTao xasiaTs iRebs. magaliTad, skamis
cnebiT me SemiZlia movicva yvela is skami, romelic arsebobda, ar-
sebobs da iarsebebs momavalSi. cnebis meSveobiT gadaiWra samyaros
mravalferovnebis gaazrebis problema. adamianis goneba ganuzome-
lad efeqturi da ekonomiuri gaxda.
cnebis Sinaarsi da moculoba _ cnebaSi moazrebul niSan-Tvise-
baTa erTobliobas cnebis Sinaarsi ewodeba. cnebis Sinaarsi gansaz-
Rvravs mis moculobas. cnebis moculoba ewodeba im saganTa erTo-
bliobas, romelic moiazreba am cnebis meSveobiT. cnebis Sinaarssa
da cnebis moculobas Soris arsebobs Sebrunebuli mimarTeba. es
niSnavs, rom cnebis Sinaarsis gazrda, gamdidreba kidev erTi niSniT
121
iwvevs cnebis moculobis Semcirebas da piriqiT _ cnebis Sinaarsis
Semcireba, erTi niSnis gamokleba iwvevs cnebis moculobis zrdas.
magaliTad, dedamiwaze mcxovrebi adamianis, rogorc aseTis, cnebis
moculobaSi Sedis yvela adamiani _ daaxloebiT eqvsi miliardze
meti. es aris universaluri klasi. magram Tu adamianis cnebas da-
vumatebT erT niSans _ TeTrkanianobas, maSin aseT adamianTa ricxvi
Semcirdeba da iqneba daaxloebiT sami miliardi. Semdeg adamianis
cnebas vumatebT kidev erT niSans _ qarTvelobas. Cveni cnebis moc-
uloba kidev ufro Semcirda da igi moicavs mxolod ramdenime mil-
ions. Semdeg mas vumatebT kidev erT niSans _ Tbilisis mcxovrebi.
cnebis moculoba xdeba erTi milioni. Semdeg daemata niSnebi: ma-
makaci da Tsu humanitaruli fakultetis studenti. cnebis mocu-
loba ramdenime aseuliT Semoifargleba. bolos kidev ramdenime
niSnis damatebiT cnebis moculoba SeiZleba gaxdes erTi adamiani
(erTeuli simravle) anda saerTod aravin. aseT simravles cariel,
nulovan simravles uwodeben.
cnebis saxeebi _ arsebobs cnebaTa mravali forma: erTeuli da
zogadi, abstraqtuli da konkretuli, dadebiTi da uaryofiTi da
sxva saxis cnebebi. erTeuli cnebaa `Tbilisi~. radgan igi moiaz-
rebs mxolod erT sagans. zogadia cneba, romlis meSveobiT moiaz-
reba mravali sagani. magaliTad, `dedaqalaqis~ cneba. konkretuli
cnebiT moiazreba sagani an saganTa klasi. cneba abstraqtulia, Tu
misiT moiazreba sagnis Tviseba. magaliTad, `siTeTre~, `mSveniereba~
da ase Semdeg. dadebiTi xasiaTis cnebaSi micemulia is Tvisebebi,
romlebic axasiaTebs sagans. xolo uaryofiTia cneba, romlis Si-
naarsSi miTiTebulia, rom raRac niSnebi ar aqvs sagans. `wesrigi~,
`silamaze~, `ganaTlebuli~ dadebiTia, xolo ùwesrigoba~, ùlam-
azo~, `gaunaTlebeli~ uaryofiTi cnebebia.
msjeloba _ cnebebiT aRwerili samyaro ar aris sruli. igi war-
mogvidgeba saganTa simravled, romelTa Soris araviTari mimarTe-
ba, wesrigi ar arsebobs. es aris samyaros aRweris martivi done.
adamiani sinamdvilis Semecnebis meSveobiT xedavs kavSirs sagnebs,
Tvisebebs Soris. igi aisaxeba msjelobaSi. adamiani gadadis msjelo-
bis etapze. msjeloba aris cnebaTa kavSiri. msjelobis gamoxatvis
enobrivi formaa winadadeba. magram es ar niSnavs, rom winadadeba da
msjeloba igiveobrivi movlenebia. yoveli msjeloba gamoixateba wi-
nadadebis meSveobiT, magram yoveli winadadeba ar gamoxatavs msj-
elobas. garegnulad winadadeba da msjeloba erTmaneTis msgavsia,
magram Tu Cven ganvixilavT subieqtsa da predikats Soris gamom-
dinareobis, logikur, aucilebel kavSirs, ramdenad sworad axasi-
aTebs predikati subieqts, maSin laparakia msjelobaze da mis logi-
122
kur analizze. magram Tu winadadebis wevrebs Soris gramatikuli
kavSiris sisworezea laparaki, ramdenad aris daculi gramatikuli
brunvis, Tandebulebis, windebulebis gamoyeneba, maSin laparakia
winadadebis gramatikul analizze. msjeloba aris martivi Txro-
biTi winadadeba, romelSic dasturdeba an uariyofa sagnobrivi vi-
Tareba. Tu msjelobaSi gamoTqmuli azri asaxavs, gamoxatavs re-
alobas _ msjeloba WeSmaritia, xolo Tu ar gamoxatavs realobas,
maSin msjeloba mcdaria. amitom msjeloba SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti
an mcdari. TxrobiTi winadadebis garda arsebobs kiTxviTi da br-
ZanebiTi winadadebebi. magaliTad, SekiTxva _ `vin aris petre?~ an
brZaneba _ `petre gamomyevi leqciaze!~ arc erTi ar aris msjeloba,
radgan maTi mizania ara informaciis gadacema, aramed mowodeba,
brZaneba. isini arc uaryofen da arc adastureben raimes. amitom
igi arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari. msjeloba ar aris winadadeba,
sadac mocemulia SefasebiTi damokidebuleba realobisadmi. mag-
aliTad, winadadeba: `fanjris win naZvis xe dgas~ _ aris msjeloba.
magram `momwons fanjris win mdgomi naZvis xe~ _ ar aris msjeloba,
radgan masSi mocemulia subieqturi damokidebuleba realobisad-
mi. msjelobebis meSveobiT aRwerili samyaro ukve warmodgenilia,
rogorc garkveuli wesrigis mqone mTlianoba, sadac sagnebsa da
movlenebs Soris garkveuli, kanonzomieri kavSiria dafiqsirebuli.
msjeloba Sedgeba subieqtisagan, romelzec raime gamoiTqmeba. es
aris msjelobis sagani. msjelobis meore elementia predikati. igi
gamoxatavs sagnis niSans. msjelobis mesame elementia kavSiri. igi
akavSirebs msjelobis orive elements. es aris kopula. sqematurad
msjeloba ase gamoixateba: S K P.
amrigad, msjeloba aris azrovnebis forma, romelSic dastur-
deba an uariyofa kavSiri sagansa da niSans Soris, mimarTeba saganTa
Soris, anda sagnis arsebobis faqti. msjeloba aris martivi Txrobi-
Ti winadadeba, romelSic dasturdeba an uariyofa sagnobrivi viTa-
reba. Tu msjelobaSi gamoTqmuli azri asaxavs, gamoxatavs realo-
bas _ msjeloba WeSmaritia, xolo Tu ar gamoxatavs realobas, maSin
msjeloba mcdaria. winadadebis gramatikuli analizi gansxvavdeba
msjelobis logikuri analizisagan.
martivi msjelobis saxeebi

arsebobs martivi da rTuli msjeloba. msjeloba SeiZleba iyos:
gansazRvrebiTi (atributuli), mimarTebiTi da eqsistencialuri.
gansazRvrebiT msjelobaSi gamoiTqmeba kavSiri sagansa da niSans
Soris, es kavSiri maT Soris an dasturdeba an uariyofa. magaliTad,
àrcerT mosamarTles (S) ar aqvs ufleba uari Tqvas gadawyvetilebis
123
miRebaze ~ (P). `saqarTvelo (S) aris suverenuli saxelmwifo (P).
mimarTebiTi msjelobebi gamoxataven mimarTebas sagnebs Soris.
magaliTad, `petre aris ivanes mama~. sqematurad igi ase gamoixateba
_ x R y.
arsebobis msjeloba gamoxatavs msjelobis sagnis arsebobis an
ararsebobis faqts. magaliTad, `bunebaSi aRar arsebobs cxovelTa
mravali saxeoba~.
msjelobebi SeiZleba gaiyos Tvisobriobis da raodenobis mixed-
viT. Tvisobriobis mixedviT ganarCeven dadebiT da uaryofiT msj-
elobebs. dadebiTia msjeloba, romelSic sagans miewereba raime ni-
Sani. uaryofiTia msjeloba, romelSic sagans ar miewereba raime
niSani. magaliTad, `petre ar aris maRali~ da èlene aris lamazi~.
raodenobis mixedviT arsebobs: erTeuli, kerZo da zogadi msj-
elobebi. winadadebebis raodenobriv maxasiaTeblebs kvantorebi
ewodeba. zogadobis kvantori gamoixateba Semdegi sityvebiT: yvela,
TiToeuli, nebismieri, yovelTvis. arsebobis kvantori gamoixateba
Semdegi sityvebiT: zogierTi, zogjer, arsebobs.
erTeul msjelobaSi raime dasturdeba an uariyofa erTi sagnis
Sesaxeb. magaliTad, `sokrate aris filosofosi~ da `sokrate ar
aris tirani~.
kerZo msjelobaSi raime dasturdeba an uariyofa romelime kla-
sis saganTa nawilis Sesaxeb. aseTi msjelobis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis
Semdegi sityvebi: ramdenime, zogierTi, nawili, umciresoba. magali-
Tad, `zogierTi studenti friadosania~, `bevrma adamianma ar icis
curva~.
zogad msjelobaSi raime dasturdeba an uariyofa romelime
klasis yvela sagnis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, `yvela studenti swavlobs
filosofias~. aseTi msjelobebi iwarmoeba Semdegi sityvebis dax-
marebiT: yvela, arcerTi, TiToeuli.
erTeuli msjelobis formiT gamoiTqmeba codna erTeuli sa-
gnis Sesaxeb, xolo zogadi msjelobis formiT gamoiTqmeba codna
garkveuli klasis yvela sagnis Sesaxeb. aseT codnas axasiaTebs sis-
rule da sayovelTaoba. es msjelobebi gamoxataven kanonebs, samar-
Tlebriv normebs. zogadi msjelobebis Seqmnas win uZRvis didi Sem-
ecnebiTi muSaoba.
araklasikuri logika
araklasikuri logikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa moda-
luri logika. mecnierebis, teqnikis ganviTarebam da adamianis
cxovrebis formebis garTulebam aucilebeli gaxada logikis axa-
li formebis aRmoceneba. XIX saukunis bolos logikaSi didi cv-
124
lilebebi moxda. Camoyalibda `klasikuri logika~. mas safuZveli
Cauyares g.fregem, C. pirsma, b.raselma da a. uaithedma. klasikuri
logika araklasikuri logikebisagan gansxvavebiT moiTxovs sagno-
brivi sferos (interpretaciis sivrce) simravle ar unda iyos cari-
eli. XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi klasikuri logika kritikis qveS
moeqca da warmoiSva àraklasikuri logika~. am logikis mTavari
gansxvaveba klasikuri logikisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamoirCeva
mimdinareobaTa mravalferovnebiT da erTi, gamaerTianebeli Teo-
riis ar arsebobiT. araklasikuri logikis mimdinareobebia: mraval-
niSna logika, intuiciuri logika, relevanturi logika, modaluri
logikis axali saxeebi. adamianisaTvis cxadi gaxda, rom formaluri
logikiT SeuZlebelia adamianis azrovnebis da saqmianobis mraval-
ferovnebis mocva. azrovnebis procesSi monawileoben intuicia,
emocia, xatovani warmodgena da sxva. am SemTxvevaSi isev daismis
logikuri SekiTxva: rogor gamomdinareobs erTi debulebidan meo-
re debuleba. formaluri logikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic daka-
vebuli iyo mxolod msjelobis formiT, axali logikuri Teoriebi
aRiareben azrovnebis procesSi sxva faqtorebis gavlenas. maTi az-
riT, azrovnebis procesi da samyaro imdenad rTulia, rom misi Sem-
ecneba da aRwera mxolod formaluri logikiT SeuZlebelia.
modaluri msjeloba. modaluroba aris semantikuri katego-
ria, romelic gamoxatavs mosaubris damokidebulebas mis mier
gamoTqmuli msjelobis Sinaarsis mimarT. modaluroba bunebrivi
enis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tvisebaa. modaluri msjeloba, rogorc az-
rovnebis forma, Seicavs orgvar informacias _ ZiriTads da dam-
atebiTs. ZiriTadi informacia mocemulia subieqtisa da predika-
tis kavSiriT. damatebiTi informacia iZleva msjelobis statusis
logikur an faqtobriv daxasiaTebas. modaluroba aris cxadad an
farulad gamoxatuli damatebiTi informacia msjelobis logikuri
an faqtobrivi statusi da sxva maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. aseT in-
formacias msjelobis modaloba ewodeba. gansxvavebulia modal-
uri msjelobebis WeSmaritebis pirobebi. modaluri aris iseTi msj-
eloba, sadac TxrobiTi winadadebis saxiT gamoTqmul msjelobas
Tan erTvis iseTi frazebi, romlebic gamoxataven damokidebulebas
msjelobis ZiriTadi nawilis Sinaarsis mimarT.
_ am sawinadadebo makavSireblebs modaloba ewodeba. modalobis

saxeobebi rogoricaa:
 aleTikuri modaloba;
 aucilebelia;
 SesaZlebelia;
125
 SemTxveviTia.
am modalobebis mixedviT xasiaTdeba da gamoiTqmeba gamomTqme-
lis damokidebuleba mis mier gamoTqmul debulebis WeSmaritebis
mimarT.
deontikuri(deontos-savaldebulo) modalobebia:
 savaldebuloa;
 nebadarTulia;
 akrZalulia.
msgavs msjelobaSi gamoiTqmeba gamomTqmelis damokidebuleba
saqcielis xasiaTis mimarT RirebulebaTa da normaTa garkveuli
sistemidan gamomdinare. dasabuTeba: daskvnis gamotanis xelovneba.
aqsiologiuri (berZ. aqsios _ Sefaseba) modalobebia:
 kargia;
 cudia;
 neitraluria.
epistemikuri (berZ. episteme _ codna) modalobebia:

 codna;
 varaudi;
 arcodna.
es modaloba gansazRvravs, Tu ris safuZvelze iyo miRebuli
debuleba: codnis Tu rwmenis safuZvelze. rwmena es aris sxvaTa
rogorc WeSmariti, aseve mcdari debulebebis miReba dasabuTebis
gareSe. codna es aris rogorc WeSmariti, aseve mcdari debulebebis
miReba dasabuTebis safuZvelze, romlisaganac es debuleba gamom-
dinareobs.
droiTi modalobebia:
 warsuli;
 awmyo;
 momavali.
sivrciTi modalobebia:
 iq;
 aq;
 arsad.
aleTikuri modaloba. (berZ. aleTea _ WeSmariteba) aleTikuri
modaluri msjeloba ewodeba Semdegi sawinadadebo makavSireblebiT
Seqmnil msjelobebs, rogoricaa:
àucilebelia, rom~,
`SesaZlebelia, rom~,
`SeuZlebelia, rom~
`SemTxveviTia, rom~.
126
amgvar msjelobebSi gadmocemulia ara ubralod faqtobrivi
viTareba, aramed maTSi mocemulia am winadadebaSi Semavali wina-
dadebis WeSmaritebisa Tu mcdarobis kvalifikacia. aseT msjeloba-
Si ara ubralod mtkicdeba raime realobis Sesaxeb, aramed masSi mt-
kicdeba sagnobrivi viTarebis ganxorcielebis an ar ganxorcielebis
aucilebloba, SemTxveviToba Tu SesaZlebloba, anu ramdenad
aucilebeli, SesaZlebeli Tu SemTxveviTia debulebaSi gamoTqmuli
WeSmariteba. es winadadeba aucileblobiT an SemTxveviT aris WeS-
mariti. imis mixedviT, logikurad Tu faqtobrivad aris determini-
rebuli msjeloba, ganasxvaveben logikur da faqtobriv modalobas.
logikurad aleTikuri msjeloba aris logikurad determinire-
buli msjeloba, rodesac msjelobis WeSmariteba an mcdaroba gan-
isazRvreba msjelobis formiT an struqturiT. logikurad WeSmari-
ti msjeloba aris is, romelic gamoxatavs logikis kanonebs. xolo
logikurad mcdaria msjeloba, romelic Sinagan winaaRmdegobas
Seicavs. faqtobrivi modaluroba dakavSirebulia msjelobis obieq-
tur an fizikur determinirebulobasTan. am dros msjelobis WeS-
mariteba an mcdaroba ganisazRvreba realuri sinamdvilis faqto-
brivi mdgomareobiT. magaliTad, `trafalgaris moedani mdebareobs
londonSi~ aris faqtobrivad WeSmariti. faqtobrivad mcdaria msj-
eloba, romelSic kavSiri terminebs Soris ar Seesabameba sinamd-
viles. ramdenad aucilebeli an SemTxveviTia aseTi faqtobrivad
WeSmariti msjelobebi? faqtobrivad aucilebelia iseTi msjelobis
WeSmariteba, romelic gamoxatavs bunebis kanons. magaliTad, `Jang-
badis arseboba aucilebelia sicocxlisaTvis~. magram faqtobrivad
mcdaria msjeloba _ `wyali ar duRs 100 graduss celsiusze, norm-
alur pirobebSi~. faqtobrivad mcdaria msjeloba, romelic ar Sei-
cavs informacias bunebis kanonebis Sesaxeb da maTi WeSmariteba an
mcdaroba ganisazRvreba konkretuli empiriuli viTarebiT. magali-
Tad, `goeTe daibada 1749 wlis 28 agvistos~. es WeSmariteba faq-
tobrivad SemTxveviTia, radgan igi SeiZleba dabadebuliyo erTi
an ori dRis adre an gvian. SemTxveviT WeSmaritia yvela msjeloba,
romelic aucileblobiT ar aris WeSmariti. msjelobis WeSmariteba
faqtobrivad SesaZlebelia, Tuki igi iZleva informacias or prin-
cipulad SeTavsebad movlenas Sesaxeb. magaliTad, `Tbilisis `dina-
mom~ SeiZleba mougos `barselonas~. es msjeloba ar gamoricxavs
sapirispiro Sedegs. igi simbolurad ase gamoixateba: SeiZleba iyos
(an SeiZleba ar iyos). faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia iseTi msjelobis
WeSmariteba, romelic Seicavs informacias or principulad Seu-
Tavsebad movlenas Sesaxeb.
deontikuri modaloba. deontikuri modaluri msjeloba aris
127
rCevis, survilis an brZanebis saxiT gamoTqmuli mowodeba adamian-
isadmi konkretuli moqmedebis Cadenisken. magaliTad, `yoveli ada-
miani valdebulia daicvas kanonebi~. àkrZalulia quCis gadakveTa
wiTel Suqze~. deontikur gamoTqmebs moekuTvneba samarTlebrivi
da zneobrivi normebi. es aris oficialurad xelisuflebis mier an
sazogadoebaSi istoriis ganmavlobaSi SemuSavebuli qcevis wesebi,
romlebic awesrigeben zneobriv da samarTlebriv urTierTobebs
sazogadoebaSi da maTi Seusrulebloba sanqcias an gakicxvas im-
saxurebs. aseT msjelobebs normatuli msjelobebi ewodeba. maTSi
cxaddeba sagnobrivi viTarebis an qmedebis ganxorcielebis saval-
debuloba, nebadarTuloba Tu akrZalva. es msjelobebi emyareba
jerarss, jerarsiseul moTxovnebs da misgan gamomdinare xdeba
faqtobrivi viTarebis Sefaseba da misi ganxorcielebis sasurvel-
oba Tu arasasurveloba. deontikuri modalobis msjeloba miiReba
mtkicebiT msjelobisaTvis Sesabamisi sawinadadebo makavSireblebis
damatebiT: `savaldebuloa, rom~, `nebadarTulia, rom~, àkrZalu-
lia, rom~. deontikuri msjeloba awesrigebs uflebisa da movaleo-
bebis mimarTebas. deontikuri operatorebia:
valdebulia-○
akrZalulia _ F
nebadarTulia _ P
regulirebuli moqmedeba _ d
deontikuri mimarTebis subieqtebi _ x, y, z simbolurad dama-
valdebuli deontikuri msjeloba ase gamoixateba _ ○ (d), romelic
ase SeiZleba iqnes wakiTxuli _ `moqmedeba d-s Sesruleba savalde-
buloa~. simbolurad amkrZalavi deontikuri msjeloba ase gamoix-
ateba _ F (d), romelic SeiZleba iqnes wakiTxuli, rogorc _ `moq-
medeba d-s Sesruleba akrZalulia~. simbolurad nebis damrTveli
deontikuri msjeloba ase gamoixateba _ (d), romelic ase SeiZleba
iqnes wakiTxuli _ `moqmedeba d-s Sesruleba nebadarTulia~. ase-
Ti msjeloba yalibdeba Semdegi frazebiT: `nebadarTulia~, àqvs
ufleba~, `SeuZlia ganaxorcielos~. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs deontikuri msjeloba samarTlebriv-normatiuli
sistemebis SeqmnaSi. aseTi sistemebi unda akmayofilebdes iseT de-
ontikur moTxovnebs, rogoricaa: arawinaaRmdegobrioba, dabalan-
seba, sisrule.
codnisa da rwmenis logika modaluri logikis erTerTi sax-
eobaa, romelsac saqme aqvs gamoTqmebTan codnis da misi mdgo-
mareobis Sesaxeb. am Temis pirveli sistematuri kvleva daiwyo k.
luisma 1912 wels, xolo Tanamedrove forma misces s. kripkem, g.
vrigtma da iakoo hintikam 1960-ian wlebSi. epistemikuri logika
128
dakavebulia iseTi winadadebebis logikuri analiziT da maTi WeS-
maritebis pirobebiT, romlebSic gamoyenebulia modaluri sityva:
vici, mjera, mwams, vvaraudob, veWvob. magaliTad, `brunos sjeroda,
rom dedamiwa brunavs mzis garSemo~, xolo `galileim icoda, rom
dedamiwa brunavs mzis gareSemo~. aseTi winadadebebi gamoxataven
mimarTebas gamomTqmelsa da gamoTqmul azrs Soris. maT ewodeba
epistemikuri ganwyoba. epistemikuri logikis sagania codnisadmi
ganwyobis gamoTqmis logikuri analizi. misgan gansxvavdeba doqsa-
siuri logika (berZ. doqsa _ Sexeduleba), romelic dakavebulia
Sexedulebis, rwmenis ganwyobis gamoTqmis logikuri analiziT. das-
abuTeba: daskvnis gamotanis xelovneba SemecnebiT ganwyobas (pozi-
cias) aqvs aseTi saxe: `me vici, rom А~ (simbolurad _ ) ), `xolo me
mjera, rom~ (simbolurad _ B).
g. vrigtma da i. hintikam SemecnebiTi ganwyoba (pozicia) ganix-
iles rogorc modaloba. epistemikuri modalurobisadmi ori mid-
goma arsebobs. erTi Tvlis, rom epistemikuri modalobebis anal-
izisaTvis aucileblad unda moxdes ganyeneba empiriuli agentis
realuri SezRudulobisagan _ srulad warmoidginos deduqciuri
kavSirebi debulebebs Soris da igi ganvixiloT rogorc idealuri
piri, romelic moklebulia yvela individualur Tvisebebs (e.w. Sem-
mecnebeli subieqti).
i.hintika, Tavis wignSi `codna da Sexeduleba~ (1962), codnas ga-
nixilavs rogorc gacnobierebul codnas. amitom moiTxovda cod-
nis modalobebis ganxilvas, raSic gamoixateba adamianis mier sa-
kuTari codnis gacnobierebis xasiaTi da done. i. hintika miiCnevs,
rom maTematikuri da logikuri WeSmaritebebi Seicaven informacias
realuri samyaros Sesaxeb. igi aris codnisadmi instrumentaluri
midgomis mkacri kritikosi. man SeimuSava modaluri simravleebis
meTodi da distribuciuli normaluri formebis meTodi,rac aris
efeqturi saSualeba logikuri sistemebis sisrulis dasabuTebisaT-
vis. man SeimuSava logikis Teoriuli-TamaSiseuli interpretacia
meTodi. igi gulisxmobda logikuri kvantorebis axal gagebas,rac
efuZneboda subieqtisa da realobis urTierTqmedebis cnebas. man
SeimuSava SesaZlo samyaroebis semantika araklasikuri logikisaT-
vis, epistemikuri da SekiTxvis logikisaTvis.
SesaZlo samyaroTa logika epistemikuri modalobis kvlevis
erTerTi warmatebuli meTodia SesaZlo samyaroebis semantika.
standartul SesaZlo samyaroSi yoveli atomaruli (msjeloba, ro-
melic ar Seicavs logikur operatorebs) mtkiceba an WeSmaritia an
mcdari da ar SeiZleba erTdroulad iyos WeSmariti da mcdari. es
Tavisebureba advilad vrceldeba yvela mtkicebulebaze, romelic
129
ar Seicavs epistemikur modalobebs. magram mtkicebuleba КаА (ВаА)
(me vici, rom ) da me mwams, rom ) WeSmaritia samyaroSi maSin da mx-
olod maSin, roca WeSmaritia yvela samyaroSi. epistemikuri msj-
elobis WeSmariteba damokidebulia SesaZlo samyaroebis ara car-
iel simravleze. es niSnavs, rom igi WeSmariti unda iyos SesaZlo
samyaroebSi. es gulisxmobs, rom modaluri operatori miuTiTebs,
rom es debuleba principulad dasabuTebadia anda potenciurad
Semecnebadia. am midgomis nakli imaSia, rom igi msjelobis gamom-
Tqmels (epistemikuri ganwyobis pirs) warmoidgens, rogorc yvela
SesaZlo codnis mflobels, rogorc universalur gonebas. magram
realuri piri SezRuduli codnis horizontis mflobelia, amitom
mis mier gamoyenebuli epistemikuri modalobebi fardobiTia. axali
semantika aigeba SesaZlo samyaroebis cnebaze, rac gulisxmobs aR-
werili mdgomareobebis simravles. `SesaZlo samyaro~ aris saqmis
viTareba, romelic aRwerilia enis meSveobiT. es niSnavs, rom `Sesa-
Zlo samyaro~ aris enis mier agebuli samyaro, enobrivi samyaro.
gamoTqma `А SesaZlebelia~ semantikurad niSnavs, rom А WeSmari-
tia Tundac erT-erT aRweril mdgomareobaSi (SesaZlo samyaroSi),
xolo gamoTqma `А aucilebelia~ semantikurad niSnavs, rom А WeS-
maritia yvela aRweril mdgomareobaSi (SesaZlo samyaroSi). Semdeg
s. kripkem uari Tqva valdebulebaze SesaZlo samyaro warmoidginos
aRwerili mdgomareobis saxiT, romelic damokidebulia enis logi-
kur struqturaze. misi azriT, `SesaZlo samyaro~ aris aracarieli
simravlis (SesaZlo samyaros) elementia. amasTan daSvebulia aseTi
simravlis izolirebuli elementebis arseboba.
s. kripkem Semoitana misawvdomobis mimarTeba. Tu BB ori sa-
myaroa, maSin es samyaroebi dakavSirebuli unda iyos da erTi sa-
myarodan meore samyaros wvdoma SeiZlebodes. sxva SemTxvevaSi maTi
arseboba SeuZlebelia. samyaroebis mimarTeba refleqsuri da das-
abuTeba: daskvnis gamotanis xelovneba 120 tranzitulia. aseve ar-
sebobs SesaZlo samyaroebis simetriuloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom
yoveli SesaZlo samayarodan misawvdomia nebismieri samyaro. es Ses-
aZlo samyaroTa Soris gansakuTrebuli mimarTebis aucileblobas
uaryofs. semantika Teoriulad mravalia. TiToeuli `SesaZlo sa-
myaro~ aris raime sxva simravlis Sinagan struqturas moklebuli
elementi. samyaros am elements aqvs kidev erTi simravle _ esaa am
samyaroSi arsebuli individebis simravle, romelic misawvdomia am
samyaroSi.
130
§ 4. daskvnis Teoriis elementebi
xSirad adamianebi argumentebis, sabuTebis nacvlad gvTavazoben

axsna-ganmartebas da mas warmoadgenen rogorc msjelobas. magali-
Tad, rodesac geubnebian, rom „daviTi brazobs giorgize, radgan
man daumtvria manqana~ _ es ufro saqmis viTarebis axsnaa, vidre ar-
gumenti. Tqven agixsnes, Tu ratom aris daviTi gabrazebuli. magram
Tqveni megobari arc ki cdilobs dagarwmunos, rom es aris argumen-
ti, romlis gamoc igi aseve gabrazebuli iqneboda. misi argumenti
ase unda JRerdes: `daviTi savsebiT marTalia, rom gabrazebulia
giorgize, radgan man daumtvria manqana.~ am SemTxvevaSi `radgan~
miuTiTebs, rom es aris daskvna.
aseve yuradReba unda mivaqcioT erT garemoebas. Tu avtori
varaudobs, rom danaskvi aris WeSmariti, magram avtori cdilobs
gaaumjobesos danaskvi, maSin mas mohyavs argumenti. amitom unda
davakvirdeT, rodesac vinme warmogvidgens raimes, rogorc ar-
guments, sinamdvileSi igi SeiZleba iyos mxolod axsna-ganmarte-
ba, sadac aRwerilia erTeuli SemTxveva. am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia
vilaparakoT ara danaskvze, aramed Sedegze. avtori gulisxmobs,
rom is, rasac igi ambobs, WeSmaritia da an ubralod afiqsirebs
amas, an zog SemTxvevaSi cdilobs axsnas, Tu ratom. Tumca axsna-
ganmartebas SeiZleba hqondes argumentis, sabuTis funqciac.
daskvna rogorc azrovnebis forma. logikis mizania msjelobaTa
Soris gamomdinareobis sisworis pirobebisa da Sedegebis garkveva.
msjelobaTa kavSiri qmnis daskvnas. daskvna, rogorc azrovnebis
forma, aris garkveuli wesiT agebuli msjelobaTa kavSiri. daskv-
nas aqvs ori wanamZRvari, amosavali msjeloba, saidanac logikuri
aucileblobiT gamomdinareobs mesame msjeloba _ es aris danaskvi.
daskvniT sruldeba Semecnebis xangrZlivi procesi. daskvna aris ax-
ali codnis miRebis wesi. wanamZRvrebsa da danaskvs Soris logikuri
gamomdinareobis mimarTeba gulisxmobs maT Soris Sinaarsobrivi
kavSiris arsebobas. Tu wanamZRvrebs Soris ar aris Sinaarsobrivi
kavSiri, maSin daskvnis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia. msjelobis Sedegad
SeiZleba miviRoT axali codna, Tuki:
 wanamZRvrebs Soris aris Sinaarsobrivi kavSiri,
 wanamZRvrebi aris WeSmariti debulebebi,
 msjelobis procesSi daculia logikuri gamomdinareobis
wesebi.
simkacris mixedviT ganasxvaveben demonstraciul (aucilebel)
da arademonstraciul (marTlzomier) daskvnebs. demonstraciuli
daskvnis saxes axasiaTebs is, rom danaskvi aucileblobiT gamom-
131
dinareobs wanamZRvrebidan, radgan aq logikuri gamomdinareoba
warmoadgens logikur kanons. arademonstraciul daskvnaSi gamom-
dinareoba wesi uzrunvelyofs mxolod wanamZRvrebidan danask-
vis albaTur gamomdinareobas. logikuri gamomdinareobis mimar-
Tulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben sami saxis gamomdinareobas:
deduqciur daskvna (zogadi codnidan _ kerZosaken), zogadi xa-
siaTis msjelobidan vakeTebT daskvnas erTeuli movlenis Sesaxeb.
aseT gamomdinareobas ewodeba deduqcia.
induqciur daskvna (kerZo codnidan _ zogadisaken), erTeuli xa-
siaTis msjelobidan vakeTebT daskvnas, zogadad movlenaTa mTeli
klasis, anu mravali sagnis Sesaxeb. aseT gamomdinareobas ewodeba
induqcia.
daskvna analogiiT (kerZo codnidan _ kerZosaken). erTeuli xa-
siaTis msjelobidan vakeTebT daskvnas meore movlenaze maTi ms-
gavsebis safuZvelze.
tradiciuli logikis mtkicebiT, yovelgvari sja an martivi da
uSualo, an silogisturia. is gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri daskvna,
romelic silogizmze rTulad gamoiyureba, SeiZleba daviyvanoT
silogizmze an silogzmebis jaWvze.
berZnuli sityva `silogizmi~ (Zv. berZ. συλλογισμός ) niSnavs ga-
marTul arguments. magram man ukve didi xania SeiZina gansxvavebuli
mniSvneloba. logikosebisaTvis am sityvis mniSvneloba, erTi mxriv,
berZnuli sityvis Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobaze ufro viwroa, xolo
meore mxriv, ufro farTo. is ufro viwroa, ramdenadac silogiz-
mebi umTavresad esmiT, rogorc mxolod daskvnebi an argumentebi,
romlebic garkveul zogad formas pasuxoben. es formaa: ori wa-
namZRvari da danaskvi. is ufro farToa, ramdenadac silogizmebad
Tvlian ara mxolod zemoaRniSnuli formis gamarTul argumentebs.
silogizmis forma martivi Cans, sinamdvileSi ki is uSvebs mravalg-
var variaciebs. silogizmi SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamoiyurebodes.
yoveli adamiani mokvdavia.
sokrate adamiania.
maSasadame, sokrate mokvdavia.
am SemTxvevaSi silogizmi gamarTulia, ramdenadac Tu misi wa-
namZRvarebi WeSmaritia, maSin danaskvi SeuZlebelia ar iyos WeSma-
riti. is SesaZloa asec gamoiyurebodes.
arc erTi yvavi ar aris TeTri.
zogierT yvavs aqvs albinizmis genebi.
maSasadame, zogierTi raime albinizmis genebiT ar aris TeTri
Tu es silogizmi gamarTulia, winamZRvrebis WeSmaritebis
SemTxvevaSi danaskvic xom WeSmariti unda iyos?
132
zogierTi cxoveli iremia.
zogierTi cxoveli xorcis mWamelia.
maSasadame, zogierTi iremi xorcis mWamelia.
cxadia, rom es silogizmi gamarTuli ar aris. misi wanamZRvarebi
xom WeSmaritia, danaskvi ki _ mcdari.
zogierT daskvnas mxolod erTi wanamZRvari aqvs. maT uwodeben
martivebs, anu uSualoebs. moviyvanoT magaliTi: yvela gedi TeTria
(wanamZRvari), maSasadame, zogierTi TeTri sagani gedia (danaskvi).
swori daskvnis gamotana aris dasabuTeba. raime debulebis ga-
marTlebas dasabuTeba ewodeba. debuleba, romelic sabuTdeba,
Teziss warmoadgens, xolo debulebebi, rom lebiTac Tezisi sabuT-
deba, safuZvlad _ argumentebad iwodeba.
debulebas (debulebebs), romlisganac gamomdinareobs axali
debuleba, wanamZRvari (winadadebebi) ewodeba, debuleba, romelic
gamomdinareobs, aris danaskvi. gamomdinareobis mTeli es procesi
aris daskvna.
SekiTxvis swori dasma. dasabuTeba gulisxmobs ara marto ar-
gumentebis moyvanas, aramed kiTxvebis dasmasac, romelTa mizania
saqmis viTrebis garkveva. analitikuri da kritikuli azrovnebis
aucilebeli elementia kiTxvis swori dasma. amitom unda vicodeT,
rogori kiTxvebi arsebobs da vicodeT Sesabamisi kiTxvis swori
dasma, aseve unda vicodeT, ras unda velodoT dasmuli kiTxvisgan.
swori da sworad dasmuli SekiTxva mniSvnelovania swori pasuxis
misaRebad, marTebuli danaskvis gasakeTeblad. arsebobs SekiTxvis
mravali forma:
martivi SekiTxva. martivia iseTi kiTxva, romelzec gvinda mivi-
RoT konkretuli, damatebiTi, magram ara gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis
informacia. martivi kiTxvis magaliTia: sad SemiZlia viyido ilia
WavWavaZis publicistika? martivi SekiTxva Riad aris dasmuli da
masze pasuxis gacema advilia.
rTulia SekiTxva, romelic mraval aspeqtiania da moiTxovs gad-
amwyveti mniSvnelobis informacias da masze pasuxis gacema ar aris
advili.
damazustebeli SekiTxva _ es kiTxva Cveulebriv iwyeba Semde-
gnairad: ànu Sen ambob, amtkiceb, gulisxmob, rom …? Tu me swo-
rad gavige?~ aseTi SekiTxvebis mizania informaciis dazusteba, ro-
melic miiReT Tanamosaubrisagan. zogjer damazustebeli SekiTxva
daismis imisaTvis, rom miviRoT damatebiTi informacia, romelic
gamotovebuli iyo msjelobisas, magram igulisxmeboda. `Tu me swo-
rad gavige, ilia WavWavaZis publicisrturi werilebi axlaxan Sei-
Zine am wignis maRaziaSi?~
133
interpretaciuli SekiTxva _ es aris e. w. amxsneli SekiTxvis sax-
eoba. aseTi SekiTxva, rogorc wesi, ase iwyeba: `ratom?~ es gvaZlevs
SesaZleblobas axleburad SevxedoT problemas, miviRoT damate-
biTi informacia CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxze da metic, gavigoT
adamianTa qcevis warmmarTveli CvenTvis ucnobi motivebi. `ratom
merideba viTxovo ilia WavWavaZis werilebi megobrisagan?~ `ratom
unda viyido an viTxovo ilia WavWavaZis werilebi, roca SemiZlia
internetSi moviZio?~
SemoqmedebiTi SekiTxva. am tipis SekiTxvaSi mocemulia varaudi,
prognozi, piroba. es kiTxva SeiZleba dausvaT rogorc sxvas, aseve
sakuTar Tavs, rodesac gWirdeba axali idea. magaliTad, ìqneb ase
sjobda?~ `ra moxdeba (ra vqna) ilia WavWavaZis werilebi rom ver
viyido?~ vfiqrob, ilias ortomeulis yidva xom ar ajobebda?~
Semfasebeli SekiTxva _ aseTi SekiTxva gvexmareba sworad Seva-
fasoT movlena, faqti da problema. aseTi kiTxva gvexmareba sauke-
Teso alternativebis SerCevaSi, radgan Sefasebulia TiToeuli
alternativis nakli da upiratesoba. magaliTad, `riT sjobia il-
ias ortomeuli ilias werilebis krebuls?~ `ra sjobia, viyido Tu
viTxovo wigni?~
praqtikuli SekiTxva _ aseTi SekiTxva adgens kavSirs Teoriasa
da praqtikas Soris. igi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs fxizlad Sevafa-
soT Cveni gegmebis realoba da davinaxoT misi ganxorcielebis gzaze
mdgomi winaaRmdegobebi. magaliTad, `ras izamda igi Cems adgilze?~
àmixseni, praqtikulad rogor unda funqcionirebdes igi?~
ritorikuli SekiTxva. ritorikulia SekiTxva, romelzec pasuxi
winaswar cnobilia misi TavisTavadi sicxadis gamo, anda es aris
SekiTxva, razec pasuxs scems TviTon SemkiTxveli. ritorikuli
SekiTxva aris raimes mtkiceba gamoTqmuli SekiTxvis formiT.
§ 5. darwmuneba dasabuTebis gziT
logika marTlac exmareba adamians, ukeT gaugos sxvas da ukeT

gaagebinos sxvas sakuTari azri. magram xSirad msjelobis logikuri
analizi ar aris sakmarisi meore adamianis Sexedulebebis gasagebad.
adamianis azrovneba bevrad ufro mdidaria da ver eteva mxolod
logikis CarCoebSi. cdiloben gaafarToon logikis gageba da xSir-
ad laparakoben `gulis logikaze~ da àzrovnebis logikaze~.
msjelobisas adamianis mier moyvanili argumentebi Seicaven fa-
rul, aralogikur elementebs da maTi gagebis da gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe Tanamosaubris azri CvenTvis gaugebari xdeba. msjelobis gas-
agebad aseve mniSvnelovania, Tu sad, ra viTarebaSi da rogor aris
134
naTqvami. amitom kidev erTxel unda gavarkvioT msjelobis safuZv-
lisa da danaskvis raoba. xSirad cdiloben dagvarwmunon garkveul
mosazrebaSi da warmogvidgenen garkveul safuZvels imisaTvis, rom
daveTanxmoT. amas ewodeba `dasabuTeba~, anu àrgumentis warmodge-
na~. zogjer advilia dainaxo, Tu ra dasabuTeba aris warmodgenili,
magram zogjer es sruliadac araa advili. aseve, roca Cven TviTon
warmovadgenT mosazrebis magaliTs, zogjer SeiZleba gasagebi iyos
sxvisTvis, ras vambobT, zogjer _ ara. amisaTvis ki unda gairkves
Semdegi sakiTxebi:
 rogor aris SesaZlebeli imis dadgena, Tu Cveni darwmunebisaTvis
ra saxis dasabuTebas gvTavazoben.
 rogor gavxadoT warmodgenili dasabuTeba CvenTvis naTeli?
dasabuTebis procesi komunikaciuri qmedebaa. iurgen habermasis
mixedviT, komunikaciuri qmedebis sayovelTao wanamZRvrebia:
msjelobis sicxade, raTa SesaZlo gaxdes misi gageba, xom ar
aris gaugebari. aris Tu ara sakmarisad intersubieqturi.
msjelobis WeSmariteba, gamoxatavs Tu ara saqmis viTarebas, xom
ar aris yalbi. aris Tu ara sakmarisi obieqturi.
msjelobis siswore, raTa SesaZlo gaxdes misi gaziareba, miReba,
daTanxmeba. aris Tu ara msjeloba miRebuli normebisa da Rireb-
ulebebis Sesabamisi.
msjelobis gulwrfeloba, raTa SesaZlo gaxdes misdami ndoba.
am wanamZRvarebidan Tu romelime darRveulia, maSin saqme gvaqvs
gamrudebul komunikaciasTan da SeuZlebeli iqneba urTierTgageba,
konsensusi, nayofieri dialogi.
am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, gvWirdeba analitikuri azrovnebis
ZiriTadi unarebis: dasabuTebis, argumentirebis Tu diskusiis gam-
oyeneba mocemuli realuri situaciis Sesafaseblad. ar unda gqon-
deT imedi, rom sworad SeafasebT SemTxvevas, romelic warmodge-
nilia raime mosazrebis an gadawyvetilebis mxardasaWerad, vidre
Tavad ar iqnebiT naTlad garkveuli, Tu ras warmoadgens es SemTx-
veva.
Cven vcdilobT vinme davarwmunoT Cveni Tvalsazrisis siswore-
Si, vyvebiT raime movlenis Sesaxeb, aRvwerT sagnebs, vyvebiT ambavs,
vxumrobT, vpirdebiT vinmes raimes da ase Semdeg. xSirad, Cven gvi-
Wirs gavigoT mosaubris laparakidan, Tu ra aris argumenti da ra
danaskvi. amitom yovelTvis ar aris advili Tqva, mocemulia Tu
ara dasabuTeba. magram zogadad, Cveni enasTan siaxlove, romelic
gamoyenebulia mraval gansxvavebul konteqstSi, gvaZlevs SesaZle-
blobas vTqvaT, Tu ra xdeba. modiT, daviwyoT Cveni intuiciis gam-
oyenebiT, raTa moyvanil magaliTebSi vTqvaT, Tu romeli maTgani
135
Seicavs dasabuTebas da romeli ara.
kamaTis wesebi
axla unda ganvixiloT praqtikulad rogor unda iyos organi-
zebuli Ria Teoriuli diskusia. misi codna mniSvnelovania dasab-
uTebis, diskusiis da argumentaciis unarebis CamoyalibebisaTvis.
msjelobis damtkiceba aris dasabuTebis logikuri operacia sxva
WeSmariti debulebebis meSveobiT, romlebic masTan logikur ka-
vSirSia. damtkiceba argumentaciis procesis erTi saxea, romelic
adgens dasasabuTebeli msjelobis WeSmaritebas sxva WeSmariti de-
bulebebis safuZvelze.
dasabuTebis struqtura. mecnierebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani
elementia mecnieruli diskusia. diskusiis logikuri safuZvelia
dasabuTebis procesis swori warmarTva. rac gulisxmobs Sesabamisi
argumentebis moyvanas da auditoriaze efeqtur zemoqmedebas.
diskusiis subieqtebia: proponenti, oponenti da auditoria.
proponenti aris diskusiis procesis wamyvani figura. igi wamoy-
enebs Teziss da axdens mis dasabuTebas. oponenti aris diskusiis
meore monawile. igi ar eTanxmeba proponentis mier wamoyenebul
Teziss. igi SeiZleba uSualod eswrebodes diskusias. arsebobs e.
w. faruli oponenti. aseve proponents SeuZlia gamoiyenos warmo-
saxviTi oponenti da Semoiyvanos diskusiaSi sityvebiT: `Cven viciT,
rom Cven pozicias ar eTanxmeba~.
oponentis dapirispireba SeiZleba gansxvavebuli xarisxis iyos.
esaa: skepticizmi _ rodesac oponenti ar eTanxmeba gamoTqmul Tez-
iss.
destruqciuli uTanxmoeba _ rodesac oponenti axorcielebs
proponentis poziciis kritikul analizs. dapirispirebis aseT
formas ewodeba destruqciuli kritika, anu negatiuri opozicia.
konstruqciuli uTanxmoeba _ rodesac oponenti wamoayenebs sa-
kuTari Teziss da axdens mis dasabuTebas. es aris konstruqciuli
kritika, anu konstruqciuli opozicia.
auditoria _ auditoria aris diskusiis procesis mesame, koleq-
tiuri subieqti. auditoria ar aris pasiuri masa, aramed mas aqvs sa-
kuTari pozicia, Tvalsazrisi da aris diskusiis aqtiuri elementi.
miT ufro, rom diskusiis monawileebis ZiriTadi mizania sworad
auditoriis mxardaWeris mopoveba. masSi monawile subieqtebis ra-
odenobis mixedviT arsebobs ormxrivi da mravalmxrivi diskusia.
dasabuTebis struqtura. dasabuTeba Sedgeba Tezisis, argu-
mentebisa da argumentebis demonstraciis procesisagan. proponen-
tis mier wamoyenebul msjelobas, romlis dasabuTebasac igi cdi-
lobs diskusiis procesSi Tezisi ewodeba. Tezisis saxiT SeiZleba
136
gamovides nebismieri mecnieruli debuleba.
argumenti ewodeba Teoriuli da faqtobrivi xasiaTis deb-
ulebas, romlis meSveobiT xdeba Tezisis dasabuTeba. argumenti
dasabuTebis fundamentia. argumentad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iq-
nas Teoriuli da empiriuli ganzogadebebi, faqtebi, aqsiomebi da
definiciebi. Tezissa da argumentebs Soris logikuri kavSiris
Cvenebas argumentebis demonstracia ewodeba. demonstraciis miza-
nia uCvenos, rom Tezisi logikurad gamomdinareobs argumentebi-
dan, dasabuTebis logikuri wesebis Tanaxmad. Tezisis dasabuTeba
xdeba, rogorc pirdapir _ damamtkicebeli argumentebis moyvaniT,
aseve arapirdapiri gziT, rodesac Tezisis pirdapiri dasabuTeba
SeuZlebelia. am dros Tezisis damtkiceba xdeba antiTezisis mcda-
robis damtkicebiT. amas dasabuTebis apagogikur meTods uwodeben.
kritika. kritika aris logikuri operacia, romlis mizania argu-
mentaciis procesis darRveva. Tezisis kritika SesaZlebelia aSkara
da faruli saxiT.
faruli kritika aris proponentis poziciis skeptikuri Sefase-
ba oponentis mier proponentis Tezisis konkretuli analizisa da
misi argumentaciis sisustis Cvenebis gareSe.
aSkara kritika aris proponentis poziciis detaluri analizi da
argumentaciis sisustis Cveneba. aSkara kritika Tavis mxriv iyofa
sam saxed: destruqciuli kritika, konstruqciul kritika da kri-
tikis Sereuli forma.
destruqciuli kritika _ destruqciuli kritikis mizania das-
abuTebis mTeli procesis darRveva, Tezisis, argumentaciisa da
demonstraciis procesis kritikiT.
Tezisis kritikis mizania uCvenos Tezisis mcdaroba an Secdoma.
mas Tezisis ukugdeba ewodeba. Tezisi Tavidanve miCneulia mcdarad.
Tezisis ukugdeba xdeba àbsurdamde dayvaniT~. argumentacia xor-
cieldeba Semdegi saxiT. dasawyisSi, apagogikuri meTodis Tanaxmad,
daSvebulia proponentis Tezisis WeSmariteba da Semdeg uCveneben,
rom misgan gamomdinareobs absurduli Sedegebi. amis safuZvelze
keTdeba daskvna Tezisis mcdarobis Sesaxeb. radgan mcdari danask-
vi yovelTvis miuTiTebs mcdar safuZvelze. dasabuTebis Tezisis
aseTi ukugdeba cxadyofs kritikis destruqciul xasiaTs, radgan
sanacvlod ar xdeba axali Tezisis wamoyeneba.
argumentebis kritikis mizania uCvenos dasabuTebis argumentebis
mcdaroba an saeWvoba. amis Sedegad sustdeba proponentis pozicia,
radgan aCvenebs Tezisis dausabuTebulobas. argumentebis kritika
gamoixateba imaSi, rom oponenti miuTiTebs faqtebis damaxinje-
baze, ganzogadoebis orazrovnebaze, eqspertis arakompetenturo-
137
baze. argumentebis mcdarobis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi Tezisi iTvleba
dausabuTeblad da saWiroa axali dasabuTeba.
demonstraciis procesis kritikis mizania uCvenos, rom pro-
ponentis msjelobaSi ar aris logikuri kavSiri Tezissa da argu-
mentebs Soris. isini uCveneben im Secdomebs, romlebic mocemulia
deduqciuri da induqciuri daskvnis procesebSi. es ki angrevs ar-
gumentaciis sistemas da uCvenebs Tezisis dausabuTebulobas.
konstruqciuli kritika. konstruqciuli ewodeba kritikas,
rodesac oponentis mier xdeba sakuTari Tezisis wamoyeneba pro-
ponentis Tezisis ukugdebis mizniT. am dros oponenti araa da-
kavebuli mxolod proponentis Tezisis, argumentaciis da demon-
straciis procesis kritikiT, aramed wamoayenebs sakuTar Teziss
da misi ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari Tezisis dasabuTeba. igi cdi-
lobs daasabuTos, rom misi Tezisi upirispirdeba proponentis Tez-
iss rogorc alternatiuli. konstruqciuli kritika auditorias
sTavazobs arCevans or Teziss Soris.
argumentaciis veli. dasabuTebis procesis subieqtebi: pro-
ponenti, oponenti da auditoria diskusiisas Tezisis, argumenta-
ciisa da demonstraciis Taobaze gansxvavebul poziciaze dganan.
diskusiis monawileTa TiToeul pozicias argumentaciis veli ewo-
deba. gansxvavebulia maTi Sexedulebebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
logikurad swori dasabuTeba Tezisis WeSmaritebisa, rogor unda
warimarTos argumentireba da romeli argumentebi unda iyos gamoy-
enebuli. yoveli mxare Tavis pozicias miiCnevs sworad. diskusiis
am sami subieqtis argumentaciis veli SeiZleba sruliad daemTx-
vas, an sruliad ar daemTxvas, an nawilobriv daemTxvas erTmaneTs.
roca proponentis, oponentis da auditoriis argumentaciis veli
sruliad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, anu maT sruliad gansxvavebuli
warmodgena aqvT Tezisis, argumentaciisa da demonstraciis Tao-
baze, am SemTxvevaSi diskusiis gamarTva SeuZlebelia. roca argu-
mentaciis veli sruliad emTxveva, anu proponents, oponents da
auditorias erTnairi warmodgena aqvT Tezisis, argumentaciisa da
demonstraciis Taobaze. am SemTxvevaSic diskusiis gamarTva Seu-
Zlebelia, radgan maT Soris arc dapirispirebaa da arc gansxvave-
ba. roca argumentaciis veli sruliad an nawilobriv emTxveva, anu
proponentis, oponentis da auditoriis warmodgena Tezisis, ar-
gumentaciisa da demonstraciis Taobaze nawilobriv emTxveva, am
SemTxvevaSic diskusiis gamarTva SesaZlebelia. amisaTvis saWiroa
diskusiis subieqtebma SeaTanxmon diskusiis argumentaciis veli.
es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa: fi-
losofia, ideologia, politika. aq argumentaciis velis SeTanxmeba
138
gulisxmobs kompromisuli doqtrinebis Seqmnas. isini xSirad Sinaga-
nad winaaRmdegobrivia da SeuZlebels xdis diskusias, molaparake-
bas, SeTanxmebas. amitom gamosavals eZeben zogadadamianur da saka-
cobrio principebSi, anda jansaRi azris poziciaSi. es SesaZlebels
xdis dapirispirebul poziciebze mdgomi mxareebis molaparakebas.
argumentaciis wesebi. dasabuTebaSi argumentebis gamoyene-
ba garkveul wesebs emorCileba. dasabuTebis logikuri xasiaTi
moiTxovs Tezisis mimarT ori wesis dacvas:
Tezisi unda iyos naTlad da konkretulad Camoyalibebuli.
Tezisi unda darCes ucvleli dasabuTebis mTeli procesis man-
Zilze.
TezisSi Semavali yoveli axali, ucnobi cneba unda iqnas
ganmartebuli. unda ganisazRvros:
msjelobis raodenobrivi maxasiaTebelia: erTeuli da zogadi
msjeloba.
Tezisi. unda gairkves msjelobis modaloba, proponenti Teziss
asabuTebs, rogorc utyuar, an rogorc problematur debulebas.
rac Seexeba Tezisis ucvlelobis wess, misi darRvevis ramdenime
forma arsebobs. Tezisis dakargva niSnavs, rom dasabuTebis pro-
cesSi proponenti iviwyebs Teziss da gadadis sxva, msgavsi Tezisis
dasabuTebaze. Tezisis Secvla niSnavs, rom dasabuTebis proces-
Si proponenti gadadis sxva Tezisis dasabuTebaze. es xdeba maSin,
rodesac Tezisi ar aris naTlad da konkretulad Camoyalibebu-
li da misi dadgena xdeba TviTon dasabuTebis procesSi. Tezisis
Secvlis erT-erTi saxea adamianurobis argumenti (argumentum ad per-
sonam). am dros pirovnebis Teoriuli mosazrebis ganxilvidan ga-
dadian TviTon pirovnebis xasiaTisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis ganx-
ilvaze. Tezisis Secvlis erT-erTi saxea e. w. `logikuri diversia~.
roca proponenti grZnobs, rom ver asabuTebs Teziss da gadadis
Segnebulad sxva Tezisis dasabuTebaze, rogorc aranakleb an ufro
mniSvnelovanze.
dasabuTebis procesis Semdegi elementia argumenti. argumenti
unda iyos WeSmariti da dasabuTebadi. rodesac mcdari argumenti
gamoyenebulia rogorc WeSmariti, adgili aqvs ZiriTad Secdomas
(error fundamentalis). am dros argumentad gamoiyeneba ararsebuli faq-
ti, ararsebuli TviTmxilveli da a. S. igi aris ZiriTadi Secdoma,
radgan arRvevs TviTon dasabuTebis mizans, Tezisis WeSmariteba
dafuZnebuli unda iyos WeSmarit da utyuar argumentebze.
Secdomis Semdegi saxea (petitio principii), rodesac dasabuTebi-
sas argumentis saxiT gamoiyeneba araadeqvaturi, daumtkicebeli,
TviTneburad aRebuli debuleba, romelic emyareba gavrcelebul
139
Sexedulebebs, Worebs da iyeneben Tezisis dasabuTebisaTvis. faq-
tobrivad ki am argumentebis sandooba winaswar ivaraudeba da araa
dadgenili rogorc ueWveli.
Secdomis erT-erTi saxea _ wre demonstraciaSi (circulus in demon-
strando). Tezisis dasabuTebisaTvis argumentebis gamoyenebamde unda
Semowmdes argumentebis sandooba, anu argumentebi avtonomiurad
unda iyos dasabuTebuli. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom Tez-
isis meSveobiT vasabuTebT argumentebs, maSin roca argumentebiT
unda davasabuToT Tezisi. dasabuTebisas unda gamoviyenoT arawi-
naaRmdegobrivi argumentebi, radgan dapirispirebulobidan form-
alurad gamomdinareobs yvelanairi Sedegi.
Semdegi moTxovnaa _ argumentebis sakmaobis principi _ `rac
ufro metia argumenti, miT ukeTesia~, ar aris swori. marTlac,
roca proponenti cdilobs nebismieri saSualebebiT da nebismier
fasad Tezisis dasabuTebas _ es eWvs iwvevs da uSvebs e. w. `Warbi
dasabuTebis~ Secdomas. proponenti Tavisda uneburad iyenebs da-
pirispirebul argumentebs da argumentaciis procesi alogikuri,
Warbi xdeba. aseTi dasabuTeba uSedegoa, radgan `vinc bevrs asab-
uTebs, igi arafers ar asabuTebs~. mTavaria, ara bevri argumenti,
aramed Zlieri argumentis gamoyeneba.
demonstraciis procesis wesebi da Secdomebi. dasabuTebis
demonstraciis mizania aCvenos logikuri kavSiri argumentebsa da
Teziss Soris. es demontracia mimdinareobs deduqciuri, induqci-
uri da analogiis mixedviT daskvnebis meSveobiT. argumentaciis
deduqciuri wesi gulisxmobs rigi moTxovnebis dacvas:
1. zustad unda iqnes aRwerili da gansazRvruli didi wanamZ-
Rvris amosavali debuleba. es SesaZlebels xdis sakuTari Teori-
uli poziciis damajerebel demonstracias.
2. zustad da naTlad unda iqnes aRwerili is konkretuli
xdomileba, romelic mocemulia mcire wanamZRvarSi. amis gareSe
deduqciuri msjeloba orazrovani da bundovani iqneba. argumen-
taciis induqciuri wesi im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac amo-
savalia faqtobrivi monacemebi. argumentaciis induqciuri wesi
moiTxovs faqtobrivi xdomilebis detalur logikur analizs, raTa
maTSi aRmoCenili iqnes arsebiTi da kanonzomieri niSnebi. am SemTx-
vevaSi icvleba faqtebis logikuri funqcia. faqtebi damajerebeli
argumentebis mniSvnelobas iZenen.
demonstraciis procesis ZiriTadi Secdomaa logikuri kavSiris
ararseboba argumentebsa da Teziss Soris. es iRebs e. w. `moCvenebi-
Ti gamomdinareobis~ Secdomis saxes. am dros logikurad susti ar-
gumentebidan gamomdinare cdiloben daasabuTon logikurad ufro
140
Zlieri Tezisi. magaliTad, rodesac argumentSi aRwerilia mov-
lenaTa erTi saxis Tvisebebi, xolo TezisSi laparakia movlenaTa
yvela saxeze, roca proponenti iyenebs arguments, romelic iTv-
leba WeSmaritad gansazRvrul pirobebSi da mis safuZvelze Tez-
isSi raime mtkicdeba, rogorc upirobod WeSmariti. `moCvenebiTi
gamomdinareobis~ Secdomas maSinac aqvs adgili, rodesac Tezisis
dasasabuTeblad gamoyenebulia TezisTan logikurad daukavSire-
beli argumentebi. aseTi argumentebis magaliTebia:
Zalisadmi mimarTvis argumenti (argumentum ad baculinum), rode-
sac Tezisis logikurad dasabuTebis nacvlad argumentad mohyavT
alogikuri, fizikuri, ekonomikuri, administraciuli, moralur-
politikuri saxis iZuleba.
arcodnisadmi mimarTvis argumenti (ad ignoratiam), rodesac opo-
nentis, auditoriis ucodinroba gamoiyeneba maTTvis sakuTari az-
ris Tavze mosaxvevad, romelic araa WeSmariti.
sargeblianobis argumenti (ad crumenam). Tezisis logikuri das-
abuTebis nacvlad, xdeba imis agitacia, rom am Tezisis miReba sa-
sargebloa moraluri an politikuri TvalsazrisiT.
jansaRi azrisadmi mimarTvis argumenti (ad judicium). am dros
Tezisis logikuri dasabuTebis nacvlad, xdeba apelireba jansaRi
azrisadmi.
TanagrZnobis argumenti (ad misericordiam). am dros Tezisis
logikuri dasabuTebis nacvlad, xdeba apelireba humanurobisadmi,
TanagrZnobisadmi. am arguments xSirad mimarTaven maSin, rodesac
laparakia adamianis dadanaSaulebaze.
erTgulebis argumenti (ad tuto). am dros Tezisis logikuri das-
abuTebis nacvlad, mouwodeben misi aRiarebisaken erTgulebis,
mowiwebis safuZvelze.
avtoritetisadmi mimarTvis argumenti (ipse dixit). am dros Tez-
isis logikuri dasabuTebis nacvlad, argumentad gamoiyeneba av-
toritetisadmi mimarTva, rogorc Tezisis WeSmaritebis aRiarebis
utyuari safuZvelisadmi.
rogorc vxedavT, dasabuTeba rTuli procesia da igi logiku-
rad gamarTuli unda iyos, raTa miviRoT WeSmariti Sedegi.
dasabuTebis sazRvrebi
Zvel saberZneTSi aRmoaCines, rom logikuri azrovneba ixlarTe-
ba gamouval Sinagan winaaRmdegobebSi, rom winaaRmdegobebisagan
Tavisufali azrovnebis (logikis) sfero SezRudulia. dasabuTe-
baSi Tavi iCina rTulma winaaRmdegobebma: paradoqsebma, aporieb-
ma, antinomiebma, dilemebma. Zenon eleels (490-430 Zv. w.) ekuTvnis
cnobili aporea, romlis mixedviTac fexmardi aqilevsi ver daeweva
141
winwasul kus, radgan manamde unda dafaros is manZili, romelic
kusgan aSorebs. amasobaSi ki, kus, manZilis axali monakveTi eqneba
gavlili da ase dausruleblad. manZili TandaTan mcirdeba, magram
arasodes qreba.
ratom vardeba azrovneba winaaRmdegobaSi? imitom, rom sinamd-
vile ar aris Tavisufali winaaRmdegobisagan. is sawinaaRmdego
mxareTa erTianobaa. amas rogorc adre avRniSneT „dialeqti-
ka~ uwodes. da am sityviT ganasxvaves „formaluri logikisagan~.
gavixsenoT `dialeqtikis mama~ herkilte efeseli (535-475 Zv. w.),
romelsac Tavisi moZRvrebis sirTulis gamo `heraklite bneli~
Searqves, ambobda rom yovelives ganagebs dasabamieri dava, omi da-
pirispirebul mxareTa Soris, maTi urTierTgadasvla, erTianoba,
erTiani mdinareba. `brZola yvelafris mamaa, yvelafris mefe, erTni
man RvTaebebad ganawesa, meoreni adamianebad, erTni monebad, meo-
reni batonebad~. yovelive mimdinareobs (`panta rei~), èrTsadaimave
mdinareSi orjer ver Sexval~.
sofisturi msjelobis nimuSebi

imis damadastureblad, rom logikuri azrovneba TviTon var-
deba Sinagan winaaRmdegobaSi, moviyvanT ramdenime magaliTs:
magaliTi 1. sofistma protagoram aiyvana mowafe. gasamrjelos
Taobaze winaswarve dades SeTanxmeba _ Tu mowafe gaimarjvebda
pirvel saqmeSi, pirvel sasamarTlo procesSi, maswavleblis gasam-
rjelo unda mieRo. rodesac mowafem swavla daasrula, gasamrjelos
gadaxdaze uari Tqva da aseTi argumenti wamoayena: Tu sasamarT-
loze me gavmtyundebi, maSasadame me wagebuli meqneba pirveli dava
da SeTanxmebis mixedviT araferi maqvs gadasaxdeli; Tu piriqiT,
me gamamarTlebs sasamarTlo, maSin sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
ZaliT ar mekuTvnis gadasaxadi.
protagoras mowafes pasuxze gaeRima da upasuxa, orive SemTx-
vevaSi gasamrjelos gadaxda Sen mogiwevso, uTxra man mowafes. `Tu
sasamarTlom daadgina, rom me mekuTvnis safasuri, dadgenilebis
ZaliT gadamixdi, Tu sasamarTlo me gamamtyunebs, maSin Sen moge-
buli geqneba pirveli saqme da Cveni pirobis Tanaxmad unda miviRo
gasamrjelo....~
magaliTi 2. aTeneli deda arwmunebs vaJs: `Tu ilaparakeb simar-
Tles, SegiZuleben adamianebi, xolo Tu ar ilaparakeb simarTles,
SegiZuleben RmerTebi~. maSasadame, viRaca aucileblad SegiZulebs.
Tavis mxriv vaJi cdilobs es dilema isev dilemiT ukuagdos, Tu si-
marTles vilaparakeb, Semiyvareben RmerTebi, xolo Tu simarTles
ar vilaparakeb, Semiyvareben adamianebi. maSasadame, vinmes aucile-
142
blad veyvarebi.
es iseTi saazrovno situaciebia, romlebidanac logikuri az-
rovneba gamosavals ver poulobs. gansakuTrebiT rTuldeba viTa-
reba, rodesac azrovneba eTikur dilemebSi ixlarTeba.

gaixseneT RmerTis arsebobis argumentebi
(nawili meore, Tavi I, §1)
 kosmologiuri
 pirvelmizezis
 Canafiqris
romeli argumenti warmoadgens induqciur daskvnas, deduqciur

daskvnas, daskvnas analogiiT?
gaixseneT sofisturi msjelobis nimuSebi. logikis 4 kanoni.
romeli kanonis darRvevis Sedegad xdeba SesaZlebeli sofisturi
msjelobebi.
143
nawili meoTxe
eTika
Tavi I
metaeTika
§1. ra aris eTika?
saganis definicia-siZneleebi-gamowvevebi-sakiTxis istoriisaTvis

eTika filosofiis dargia, igi miznad isaxavs im bazisuri prin-
cipebis dadgenas, romelTa mixedviTac unda vimsjeloT adamianis
qcevebis moralur sisworesa, Tu mcdarobaze. eTika normatuli
swavlebaa da misi amocana praqtikuli, moraluri problemebis
racionaluri argumentaciis saSualebiT gadawyvetaa.
eTika fokusirebulia: Sinagan da absolutur Rirebuleba-
Ta sakiTxebze, maT obieqtur interpretaciaze da dasabuTebuli
strategiebis dadgenaze.
filosofiis ganviTarebis 26 saukunis manZilze arsebobs eTikisa
da eTikuris mravali definicia. sokrate erT-erTi pirveli moaz-
rovnea, romelmac gaiazra eTikuris fenomeni. sokrates mixedviT,
eTikis amocanaa zneobis bunebis sistemuri gagebis dafuZneba. man
unda gaeces pasuxi adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTad kiTxvas: `rogor
unda vicxovroT?~
eTikuri da moraluri
zogadkulturul leqsikaSi sityvebi. eTika, morali, zneoba
urTierTCanacvlebadni arian. sinamdvileSi es terminebi gansx-
vavdebian eTikis filosofiuri codnis velze isini Semdegi mniSvn-
elobebiT ivsebian:
eTika _ ganimarteba, rogorc swavleba moralis Sesaxeb, ufro
farTed Tu vityviT, eTikis saqmea moralis dinji, awon-dawonili
moazreba, moralur RirebulebaTa kvleva, arsebuli moraluri Ri-
rebulebebis moxelTeba, kritikulad gaazreba da sistematizeba.
eTika filosofiuri codnis mopovebis erTi-erTi dargia.
morali _ eTikis Seswavlis sagania. misi interesi adamianTa
qcevis normaTa Seswavlaa. sityva `morali~ gamoiyeneba im Rireb-
ulebebis aRsawerad, romelnic ase vTqvaT `xelT gvaqvs~. rodesac
vlaparakobT `moralurze~, an `moralze~ vgulisxmobT, rom am vel-
ze arsebuli Rirebulebebi fiqsirebulia; maTi kiTxvis qveS day-
144
eneba gamoricxulia.
zneoba _ erTeuli individis mier qcevis subieqturi Sefasebaa
da gamomdinare aqedan, misi yoveldRiuri qcevis normebia.
etiketi/manerebi _ miuxedavad imisa, rom etiketi dakavSirebulia
adamianis marTebul qcevasTan, igi ar warmoadgens eTikis interesis
sagans. etikets saqme aqvs gemovnebasTan dakavSirebul socialuri
qcevis garkveul tipTan, eTikas-moralur qcevebTan.
eTikis segmentebi da interesis sferoebi.

eTikis interesTa sfero moicavs sam ZiriTad segments: metae-
Tikas, normatul eTikasa დa gamoyenebiT eTikas.
metaeTikis interesia eTikuri principebis raobisa da genezisis
kvleva. metaeTikuri pasuxebi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra orien-
tirs irCevs filosofosi, raze axdens fokusirebas: universalur
WeSmaritebaze, gonebis rolze eTikur msjelobebSi, uzenaesis gan-
gebulebaze, Tu uSualod eTikur terminTa mniSvnelobaze.
normatiul eTikas upiratesad praqtikuli mizani aqvs _ im mo-
raluri standartebis dadgena, romlebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba
qcevaTa regulireba. magaliTad, sanimuSo unar-Cvevebis artikuli-
rebis normebi, movaleobani, romelTac unda mivdioT, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi Cveni qcevis SesaZlo Sedegebi sazogadoebasa da gare-
mos mimarT uaryofiTi iqneba.
gamoyenebiTi eTika interesdeba sxvadasxva specifikuri proble-
bebiT. magaliTad, mdgradi ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis eTiku-
ri aspeqtebiT, kontribucionizmisa (sikvdiliT dasjis) da siuci-
dis (TviTmkvlelobis) sakiTxebiT, cxovelTa uflebebis dacviT.
gamoyenebiT eTikaSi arsebuli problemebisa da sakiTxebis gadaWra
metaeTikisa da normatuli eTikis konceptualuri iaraRis saSuale-
biT xorcieldeba. gamoyenebiTი eTika cdilobs gadaWras dilemuri
situaciebi.
eTikis am sam arsobriv segments _ metaeTikas, normatul eTikasa
da gamoyenebiT eTikas Soris sazRvrebi mkacrad ar aris dadgenili.
magaliTad, sikvdiliT dasja gamoyenebiTi eTikis erT-erTi
Temaa, magram masze msjelobisas zogadi normatuli principebiც
unda gamoviyenoT, radganac igi emyareba iseT normatul principebs,
rogoricaa TviTregulirebisა da sicocxlis ufleba. es principebi
lakmusis qaRaldis rols asruleben am qmedebis zneobriobis dasad-
genad. sakiTxi metaeTikur aspeqtsac Seicavs, kerZod _ ra, Tu vin
aris adamiani? saidan modian kanonebi? vis da ra saxis uflebebi
aqvs?
145
metaeTikis interesis sferoebi
Cvven ukve viciT ras niSnavs metafizika. gavixsenoT, rom termi-
ni `meta~ niSnavs ìqeT arsebuls~, `miRmurs~. metaeTika Seiswavlis
eTikur cnebaTa warmoSobasa da mniSvnelobas. metaeTikis sivrceSi
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ori sakiTxs:
a)saidan modis morali?

b)vin aris moralis subieqti?/ vis, Tu ras SeiZleba mivuyenoT mora-
li?
a)saidan modis morali?

filosofiis istoriaSi arsebobs uamravi spekulacia imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu saidan modis moraluri, an eTikuri. iyo Tu ara
igi yovelTvis samyaros ganuyofeli nawili, zebunebrivi arsebis
mier aris nakarnaxevi, Tavad bunebaSia CabeWdili, Tu adamianuri
gonebis mieraa Seqmnili? radganac eTikas da moralurs saqme aqvs
im RirebulebebTan, romelnic sikeTes, marTebuls, swors afaseben-
mTavari kiTxva amgvaradaa formulirebuli: arian es Rirebulebebi
totalurad obieqturi bunebisani, anu adamianuri bunebisagan `ga-
reT mdgarni“? Tu totalurad subieqturni, adamianis `SigniT“ ar-
sebulni? modi vcadoT am SesaZleblobebis analizi.
am sakiTxis gadaWrisas obieqtivizmisa da relativizmis saxeliT
cnobili ori midgoma ikveTeba.
Rirebulebebi totalurad obieqturni arian

eTikosTa erTi jgufi Tvlis, rom moraluri Rirebulebebi
obieqturni arian im azriT, rom isini arseboben subieqturi, ada-
mianuri gamonagonis miRma. Tavisi bunebiT eTikuri Rirebulebebi
arian absoluturni, maradiulni, ucvlelni, universalurni. isini
arseboben nebismier sazogadoebaSi mudmivad da ucvlelad, geo-
grafiuli da epoqaluri mikuTvnebis gareSe. magaliTad, zebune-
brivi Teoriis momxreni amtkiceben, rom es Rirebulebebi modis
uzenaesi arsebis/ arsebaTa, an umaRlesi principidan: sikeTe (pla-
tonTan), RvTaebebi (berZnul-romaul rwmenaSi); RmerTi (qristiano-
baSi), alahi(muslimanobaSi), brahma (induizmSi). maT swamT, rom isini
umaRles sikeTes Tavad ganasaxiereben, adamianebs umJRavneben imas,
Tu ra aris kargi da cudi, marTebuli da mcdari. Tu adamians surs
iyos moraluri, man unda misdios umaRles principebs, an zebune-
brivi arsebis swavlebas.
rodesac Cven vuyurebT ricxvebsa da maTematikur gantole-
bebs, ambobs platoni, isini drois miRma arsebul cnebebad war-
146
mogvidgebian. isini arasdros Seicvlebian da yvelgan, nebismieri
adamianisaTvis erTnairad gasagebi arian. adamianebs ar gamougo-
niaT ricxvebi da arc maTi Secvla SeuZliaT. moraluri Rirebule-
bebi, msgavsad maTematikuri cnebebisa, absolutur WeSmaritebebs
warmoadgenen. Suasaukuneebis filosofosebi yvela moralur prin-
cips Cveulebriv “maradiuli kanons~ uwodeben. moralur principTa
metafizikuri statusi, rogorc uflisgan momdinare RvTaebrivi
brZanebebisa, dgindeba qristianul eTikaSi. uflis nebisgan momdi-
nareobs yovelive arsebuli, maT Soris moraluri principebic. am
Tvalsazriss eyrdnoba Suasaukuneebis filosofosi uiliam okami.
es xedva voluntarizmis saxeliTaa cnobili.
bunebiTi kanonis Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom morali bune-
baSia, rom arseboben „bunebiTi kanonebi“, romelTac adamianma unda
misdios, Tu surs, rom iyos moraluri arseba. sqolastikosi Teo-
logi Toma aqvineli (1225-1274) Tvlida, rom moralis safuZveli
zebunebriv arsebasTan erTad bunebaSia.
Rirebulebebi totalurad subieqturni arian

meore da ufro metad gavrcelebuli midgoma moraluri rela-
tivizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am midgomis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom
morali uSualod adamianidan iRebs saTaves. Tu ar iarsebebs ada-
miani, arc moraluri Rirebulebebis arsebobaa saWiro. igi saTaves
skepticizmis tradiciaSi iRebs. berZeni filosofosi seqst em-
pirikosi uaryofs moralur principTa metafizikur statussa da
moralur RirebulebaTa obieqtur arsebobas. skeptikosebi erTi
SexedviT TiTqos ar uaryofen Tavad moralur Rirebulebebs,
uaryofen mxolod maT obieqtur bunebas. moraluri Rirebulebani
adamianTa gamogonilad miaCniaT. arsebobs moraluri relativizmis
ori forma: individualuri relativizmi da kulturuli relativ-
izmi. individualuri relativizmi, amtkicebs, rom individi qmnis
sakuTar moralur standarts. magaliTad, nicSe amtkicebda, rom
zekaci agebs sakuTar morals monuri RirebulebiTi sistemis sapir-
ispirod. kulturuli relativizmi (seqst empirikosi, miSel monte-
ni, uiliam samneri, ruT benediqti) Tvlis, rom moralur principebs
qmnis sazogadoeba. am xedvaSi moraluri principebis absoluturi da
universaluri buneba uariyofa. isini icvlebian droSi, socialur
da kulturul sivrceebSi. am poziciis gansamtkiceblad maT moaqvT
magaliTebi sxvadasxva kulturebis SigniT arsebul RirebulebaTa
gansaxvavebis Sesaxeb. vTqvaT, damokidebulebani poligamiis, homo-
seqsualizmis, adamianTa msxverplSewirvis mimarT.
nebismieri mcdeloba erTmniSvnelovnad gavceT pasuxi zemoT
147
dasmul problemas ver gaeqceva spekulaciebs.
b) vin aris moralis subieqti? /vis, an ras SeiZleba mivuyenoT mora-

li?
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas gamoiyofa oTxi aspeqti: religiuri
morali, morali da buneba, individualuri morali da social-
uri morali. religiur morals saqme aqvs adamianisa da zebune-
brivi arsebis urTierTobasTan. qristianul tradiciaSi dekalogis
pirveli sami mcneba am saxis morals gamoxatavs. es mcnebebi aregu-
lireben pirovnebis mimarTebas mxolod da mxolod RmerTTan da
sxvasTan aravisTan. eTikis am gansakuTrebuli kodeqsis darRveva
gamoiwvevs pirovnebis amoralur qcevas mxolod RmerTis mimarT
da ara romelime adamianis mimarT. morali da buneba mimarTulia
gaxsnas adamianisa da bunebis urTierToba. yvela primitul kul-
turaSi prevalirebs bunebiTi morali. vaJa-fSavelas „gvelismWame-
li“ araCveulebrivad asaxavs am saxis urTierTobas. individualuri
morali gulisxmobs adamianis relacias sakuTar TavTan da moralis
individualur kodeqsTan, romelic SesaZloa arc iyos sanqcioni-
rebuli sazogadoebis, anda religiis mier. „umaRlesi morali“ umal
individSi arsebobs, vidre zebunebriv, miRmur samyaroSi. pirovneba
ganaxorcielebs gansakuTrebul qmedebas ara sazogadoebis, kanon-
is, an religiis moTxovnebis pasuxad, aramed imitom, rom igi Ta-
vad, sakuTari sindisis Tanaxmad Tvlis, rom misi qceva aris swori.
dekalogis mecxre da meaTe mcnebebi individualur moralurobaze
amaxvileben yuradRebas.
socialuri morali gulisxmobs adamianebis relacias sxva ada-
mianebTan. igi erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtia. amitomac, eTi-
kur sistemaTa umravlesobaSi, upirvelesad mas vxvdebiT. ukacriel
kunZulze moxvedrili robinzon kruzo uZluria moralis subieqti
gaxdes. zneobrivi, an uzneo qceva mas SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis, an
bunebis mimarT Caidinos. rac TavisTavad absurduli qceva iqneba
eTikur sivrceSi. eTikosTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom yvelaze
mniSvnelovani moraluri koliziebi da dilemebi warmoiSoba so-
cialur jgufebebSi. dekalogis aTi mcnebidan Svidi mimarTulia
adamianebs Soris urTierTobebis daregulirebisaken. budizmSi da
konfucionalizmSi mTels morals socialuri aspeqti warmoadgens,
isini zebunebriv, religiur aspeqts TiTqmis ar exebian. ararelig-
iur eTikur sistemebSic fokusi umetesad socialur aspeqtzea
mimarTuli. magaliTad, utilitarizmis yvela forma xazs usvavs,
rom sikeTea is, rac „kargia umravlesobisaTvis“, anu sociumisaTvis.
rogor gamoviyenoT es aspeqtebi? romelia upiratesi? sin-
148
Tezirebis gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi sworedac rom upriani iqneba.
es meTodi saSualebas mogvcems yvela es aspeqti moviazroT er-
TobaSi. pirveli sami aspeqtiT SearaRebulebi socialur aspeqts
davexmarebiT gadaWras moraluri problemebi da konfliqtebi iq,
sadac yvelze metad iyrian isini Tavs _ sociumSi.
ratom unda iyos adamiani moraluri arseba?
eTikas ainteresebs SekiTxvis formulireba ara erTeul indi-
vidze mimarTviT _ ratom unda viyo moraluri? aramed zogadad
adamianur arsebaze mimarTviT _ ratom unda iyos adamiani moral-
uri arseba? es ori sxvadasxva kiTxvaa. meore kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
ma rTulia naTeli metaeTikuri codnis gareSe.
sxvagvarad es problema amgvarad JRers: arsebobs Tundac erTi
mizezi, ris gamoc adamiani unda iyos kargi da ara cudi, unda
moiqces marTebulad da ara umarTebulod, cudad?
arsebobs ramodenime mizezi, ris gamoc adamiani moralurad
iqceva. es SesaZlebelia iyos religiuri rwmenis Sedegi, Tumca am
SemTxvevaSi qcevis safuZvlebi Tavisi bunebiT ufro fsiqologi-
uri iqneba, vidre logikur-racionaluri. moralurobis mizezi Sei-
Zleba iyos siRrmiseulad gacnobierebuli sakuTari interesi. es
pozicia gamoTqmulia formuliT _ arasdros usurvo sxvas is, rac
SenTvis ar ginda. anda SesaZloa adamiani moraluri iyos tradici-
idan gamomdinare, radganac amas moiTxovs is kanonebi, romliTac
imarTeba misi Tanadrouli sazogadoeba. nebismieri CvenTagani gaix-
senebs, rom misTvis araerTgzis uTqvavT _ ar gaakeTo es _ es ar
Seesabameba Cvens adaT-wesebs, anda es Cvens ojaxs ar ekadreba, an
ese moiqeci _ es Sens interesSia! yvela moyvanil arguments Tavisi
pro da kontra aqvs.
adamianis bunebis, misi arsobrivi mdgomareobis Tanamedrove kv-
levebi gviCvenebs, rom adamianebs uamravi ram aqvT saerTo, yvelas
sWirdeba siyvaruli, bedniereba, megobroba, TanagrZnoba, mSvidoba
da Tavisufleba, stabiluroba. am moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofile-
blad adamianebs sWirdebaT moraluri principebi da Rirebulebis
miyola.
filosofiis ganviTarebis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZil-
ze, eTikis disciplinis popularoba icvleboda. miuxedavad amisa,
igi mudmivad iyo adamianuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqti.
marTlacda, ra aris imaze mniSvnelovani _ vicodeT ras niSnavs
moraluri cxovreba da viswavloT cxovrebis donis Tvisebrivad
da xarisxobrivad amaRleba. rogorc albert ainStaini ambobda:
„yvelaze mniSvnelovani adamianuri Zalisxmeva moraluri qcevebi-
skenaa mimarTuli. mxolod moraluri qceva aniWebs cxovrebas mSve-
149
nierebasa da Rirsebas.“
bazisuri metaeTikuri cnebebi-sikeTe, sindisi, movaleoba
sikeTe centraluri eTikuri konceptia. igi dadebiTi moraluri
Rirebulebebis maxasiaTebelia da adamianis mier keTilmosilebaTa
Seqmnis dauinteresebel, gulwrfel swrafvas gamoxatavs. es ter-
mini gamoiyeneba imis mimarT, rac asocirdeba bednierebasTan, sixa-
rulTan, siyvarulTan, siamovnebasa da warmatebasTan, rac dadebiT
Sefasebas iwvevs. igi harmoniuli arsebobisaken miuZRvis adamians.
sityva `sikeTe~ relevanturia sityvisa „kargi“ sikeTe, mxolod Ta-
visufali nebis mier SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. misi mTavari maxasi-
aTebeli dauinteresebulobaa.
sindisi es termini imdenad xSirad ixmareba yoveldRiur cxovre-
baSi, rom bevrisTvis mas mniSvnelobac ki daukargavs. aqvs ki yvelas
sindisi? dabadebiT dahyveba igi adamians, Tu misi formireba xdeba
tradiciebisa da kulturuli Rirebulebebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad?
yvela adamians erTnairi sindisi aqvs? es mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi
unda gairkevs, vidre sindiss eTikuris velze saimedo gzamkvlevis
rols davakisrebT. amjerad, mokle da eTikis sivrceSi zogadad
miRebul Tvalsazriss SemogTavazebT. sindisi zneobrivi movaleo-
bebis damoukideblad formulirebis, sakuTari qcevebis Sefasebisa
da zneobrivi TviTkontrolis realizebis unaria. sindisi moral-
uri TviTcnobierebis erTerTi gamoxatulebaa. sindisis gamovlena
xdeba rogorc racionalurad, ise emociuri gancdebis formiT. igi
erTad kravs gonebas da emocias.
sagulisxmoa, rom antikur filosofiaSi ar arsebobs sindisis
aRmniSvneli sityva. sokrates Sinagani daimoni afasebs qcevebs, ma-
gram es ar atarebs moraluri Sefasebis xasiaTs. igi ufro misanis
winaswarmetyvelebas gvagonebs, vidre sindisis xmas. mxolod qris-
tianobaSi fuZndeba swavleba sindisis Sesaxeb. mociquli pavles
epistoleebSi vxvdebiT Sexedulebas sindisis safexurebisa da zr-
dis Sesaxeb. am Temas aRrmaveben eklesiis mamebi _ ioane oqropiri,
netari avgustine, mogvianebiT evropul reformaciaSi Toma aqvine-
li, antoni florencieli, blez paskali, frangi da germaneli gan-
manaTleblebi. Tanamedrove filosofiaSi nicSe saerTod uaryofs
sindisis tradiciul gagebas da Semoyavs ormagi sindis cneba.
movaleoba garkveuli qmedebis aRsrulebis aucileblobaa.
adamianis qceviTi aqtivobaa, romelic ganpirobebulia moraluri
Rirebulebis gatarebis aucileblobiT. movaleobis aRsrulebis
dros adamianis Tavisufali neba SezRudulia eTikuri principis
Sesrulebis aucileblobiT. sxva sityviT, adamianis Sinagani Tavi-
sufleba izRudeba garedan sanqcionirebuli iZulebis wesiT.
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am konceptebs Cven ufro vrclad kidev SevxvdebiT momdevno
TavSi.
§2. eTikuri Rirebulebis raoba
vidre uSualod eTikuri Rirebulebebis analizs SevudgebodeT,

unda gavarkvioT ras vgulisxmobT zogadad Rirebulebis terminis
qveS?
adamianisaTvis Rirebulebis matarebelia mravali ram: simar-
Tlismoyvareoba, samarTlianoba, patiosneba, axloblebis, samSob-
losa da zogadad msoflios keTildReoba. aseve Rirebulia bavS-
vebi da moxucebi, Svilebi da mSoblebi, kargi samezoblo, Zveli
megobrebi, kargi musika, iumori da mravali sxva ram, rac araa
moraluri Rirebulebis mqone. aq ar vgulisxmobT amoralurs, ar-
amed ubralod imas, rasac ar aqvs kavSiri eTikurTan, moralurTan.
eTikur, moralur RirebulebebTan.
WeSmariteba, sikeTe, siwminde, sicocxle, Tavisufleba, bed-
niereba, mSveniereba _ yovelive es, farTo gagebiT aRebuli, `Ri-
rebulebaa~. isini CvenTvis mniSvneloben, CvenTvis arian Rirebule-
biTi faseulobebis matareblebi, Tumca arafers gveubnebian Tavad
Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. filosofosi ikiTxavda: ra aqvT maT saerTo,
ra aqcevs maT `RirebulebaTa~ magaliTebad? vidre, pasuxs gavcemT,
jer `Rirebulebis~ samuSao cneba unda vipovnoT. filosofiaSi
erTerTi gavrcelebuli ganmartebiT: Rirebuleba aris is, rac ar
arsebobs, magram mniSvnelobs.
Cveulebriv Rirebulebebis klasifikacia xdeba tipebad. esTe-
tikur Rirebulebebs saqme aqvs xelovnebasTan, mSvenierebasTan,
amaRlebulTan. mecnierul Rirebulebebs saqme aqvs codnasTan,
WeSmaritebasTan, eqsperimentTan da a.S. ekonomikur Rirebulebebs
saqme aqvs warmoebasTan, saqonelTan, sabazro fasebTan. instrumen-
talur Rirebulebebs saqme aqvs teqnologiebis efeqturobasTan,
samuSao xelsawyo-iaraRebis sargeblianobasTan. Rirebulebebis
sxva tipebic arsebobs.
eTikuri Rirebulebebis sistemaSi erTiandeba: samarTlianoba,
Tanasworoba, saTnoeba, Rirseba, patiosneba, zrdiloba, Tavmdablo-
ba, pasuxismgebloba, valdebuleba, gulmowyaleba, simarTlismoyva-
reoba, gulkeTiloba, keTilmosurneoba. eTikuri Rirebulebebi
gvakavSireben samyarosTan, aregulirebden adamianis urTierTobas
makro da mikro kosmosTan.
zemoT CamoTvlili Rirebulebebis tipebisagan gamovyoT eTi-
151
kuri Rirebulebebi; maTi gansakuTrebuloba vlindeba imaSi, rom
maT saqme aqvT adamianis arsobriv moTxovnilebebTan, pirovnul
adamianur da zogadad adamianis legitimur molodinebTan.
eTikuri Rirebulebebi nawilobrivad emociur xasiaTs atareben,
nawilobrivad ki faqtebs emyarebian. moraluri emociebi Cveni Tvi-
Tobis nawilia, aucilebelia maTi gaTvaliswineba, winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi Cven da Cveni Rirebulebebi fragmentulad warmoCndebian.
ramdeni aramoraluri rezultati moyolia moralur fiqrs, msj-
elobasa da arCevans emociebis ayolis gamo.
SesaZlebelia moxdes Rirebulebebis kolizia, Sejaxeba. qvemoT
vimsjelebT RirebulebaTa konfliqtebis gadaWris strategiebze.
vimsjeloT, movirgoT filosofosis roli

 ra aris filosofia, epistemologia, metafizika, logika,
esTetika? da ra aqvT maT saerTo eTikasTan da riTi gansxvavdeba
eTika maTgan?
 ra aris metaeTika? riT gansxvavdeba igi normatuli eTikisagan?
 rogor fiqrob, nebismier viTarebaSi zneobrivad unda moiqce?

daasabuTe Seni mosazreba. rogor ggonia adamiani moraluri
arsebaa?
 eTanxmebi Tu ara, rom eTikuri ueWvelad unda daefuZnos
samarTals?
 moiyvaneT magaliTebi Tu raSi emTxveva samarTali eTikurs?
ras niSnavs eTikuri msjeloba?

kiTxva: ras vuwodebT Rirebulebis gamomxatvel winadadebas?
definicia: winadadebas, romelic gamoxatavs moralur Rireb-
ulebiT msjelobas da axdens moralur Sefasebs normatuli wina-
dadeba ewodeba.
eTikuri msjelobis dros SesaZloa adgili qondes sxvadasxva
interpretaciebs. mokled gavecnoT maT.
obieqtivisturi versus subieqtivisturi interpretaciebi. obieq-

tivisturi interpretaciis mixedviT normatuli msjeloba `X kargi
kacia~ gulisxmobs, rom X-s axasiaTebs iseTi Tvisebebi, romelic am
azris gamomTqmelis pirovnuli preferenciebis miRmaa, anu ar aris
damokidebuli mis survilze, an Sexedulebaze. subieqtivisturi in-
terpretacia amis sapirispirod gulisxmobs, rom es mTqmelis per-
sonuli survilia, da igi upiratesobas aniWebs X-s.
152
Sinagani versus instrumentaluri Rirebulebebi. is rac Ta-
visTavad Rirebulia, anu Rirebulebas sakuTar TavSi atarebs ewo-
deba Sinaganad Rirebuli, magaliTad, sikeTe, bedniereba, Rirseba,
Tavisufleba, harmonia, pativi, megobroba, patriotizmi, toleran-
toba, siamovneba, (maTi sapirispiro negatiuriა _ boroteba, tkivi-
li, terori, zizRi, frustracia, martooba, mtroba, monoba) is, rac
sasurvelia, rogorc sxva raRacis misaRwevad saWiro ram, instru-
mentulad Rirebulad iwodeba. magaliTebad moviyvanT _ fuls,
kreatulobas, SesaZleblobas, codnas, unarebs (maTi sapirispiro
negatiuriა _saRatake, gaunaTlebloba, sisuste, arakompetenturo-
ba, eWvianoba). zogi ram, magaliTad janmrTeloba, mSvidoba, sibrZne
xSirad miiCneva rogorc Sinaganad, ise instrumentaluრad Rirebu-
lad.
absoluturi versus relatiuri Rirebulebebi. rodesac raime,

socialuri SeTanxmebis gamo, instrumentalurad Rirebulia, mas
relatiur Rirebuleba ewodeba. magaliTad, mowevis akrZalva bar-
Si, an restoranSi; slengiT, an barbarizmebiT saubris akrZalva sa-
jaro dawesebulebebSi, saRamos dadgenili saaTis Semdeg xmauris
akrZalva, raimenairi movlenis aRmniSvneli RonisZiebisaTvis dad-
genili saaTebis daweseba da a.S. isini instrumentulad emsaxurebian
sazogadoebriv janmrTelobas, piradi sakuTrebisa da sazogadoe-
bis pativiscemas. rodesac rame Rirebulia TavisTavad, ama Tu im
sazogadoebaSi miRebuli wesebisagan damoukideblad, absoluturi
Rirebuleba ewodeba. usafrTxoeba, mSvidoba, siyvaruli, pativis-
cema, personuli Tavisufleba, da a.S. absoluturi Rirebulebebad
unda miviCnioT.
gamarTleba versus sinanuli. zogjer adamiani cdilobs gaamarT-

los sakuTari qceva, asabuTebs mas, rogorc sasikeTos. magram Tu
adamiani acnobierebs, rom ar moiqca zneobrivad, rom misi saqcieli
mcdari iyo, igi nanobs mas da bodiSis ixdis.
ori tipis -„aris“da „unda“-s Semcveli msjelobebi

Tavdapirvelad SegaxsenebT, rom deskriptul mtkicebulebas
saqme aqvs aRwerasTan, anu imasTan rac „aris“; mag. giorgim bevri
„Spargalka“ moamzada kolokviumisaTvis.
arsebobs meore tipis mtkicebuleba _ preskriptuli. mas saqme
aqvs RirebulebiT SefasebebTan. is gveubneba ra“ unda iyos“. mag.,
giorgim ar unda gadaiweros kolokviumze.
eTikaSi mtkicebulebebi umtesad preskriptul xasiaTis atare-
153
ben. deskriptuli mtkicebulebani damxmare rols asruleben.
mxolod moraluri Rirebulebeba damavaldebulebelni, mxolod
isini arian datvirTulni moTxovniT- „unda!“ moraluri Rirebulebe-
bi Tavisi bunebiT moiTxoven, rom yvela sxva RirebulebasTan Sedar-
ebiT upiratesoba swored maT mieniWoT. moraluri gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas, deskriptuli mtkicebulebiT gamovxatavT azrs samyaros,
adamianis, garemos Sesaxeb; amasTan erTad preskriptul mtkicebule-
bebiT xdeba Sefaseba moraluri Rirebulebebis mixedviT. aqve unda
aRiniSnos, rom gza deskriptuli msjelobidan preskriptulisken ar
aris pirdapiri, anu mtkicebuleba àris“ ar SeiZleba pirdapir gar-
davqmnaT „undad“ . moraluri Rirebulebebi: „ar icruo“, „ar avno“,
„iyavi gulmowyale“ da sxv. aucileblad unda movixmoT, rodesac
gvsurs marTebulad moviqceT. rodesac indivdi cdeba, moralurad
ar iqceva, ver, an ar akeTebs swor moralur arCevians da SemdegSi
amaze nanobs. es moraluri tragediaa.
eTikuri argumentebis gacnobiereba, zogadad, moraluri codna
exmareba adamians Tavidan aicilos moraluri Secdomebi. eTikuri
argumentebi SesaZloa gansxvavebuli saxis mtkicebulebebs Seicavd-
nen. maTi WeSmariteba/ mcdaroba SesaZloa efuZnebodes mecnierul
dakvirvebasa da grZnobebze dafuZnebul empiriul faqtebs, ter-
minis leqsikur definicias. aseTi mtkicebulebebi deskriptulia.
gansxvavebulia winadadebebi, romlebic moraluri WeSmaritebis
momcvel mtkicebulebebs gamoxataven. winadadeba _ „cudia sxva ada-
mianebis Sewuxeba, sakuTari garTobis xarjze“ _ preskriptulia, anu
moraluri mtkicebulebis magaliTia. sxvadasxva winadadebebma Sesa-
Zloa erTidaigive mtkicebuleba gamoxaton. magaliTad, winadade-
bebi- „borotebaa bavSvebis wameba“ da `torturing children is wrong~ er-
Tidaigive saxis mtkicebulebaa, radgan erTidaigive RirebulebiT
Sefasebas gamoxatavs, Tumca sxvadasxva enaze. igi SesaZloa rito-
rikuli SekiTxis formiTac gamoCndes.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom erT winadadebaSi SesaZloa SegvxvdeT
sxvadasxva saxis mtkicebulebani. magaliTad, rene dekartes cnobil
cogito-s argumenti, erT winadadebaSi: „vazrovneb, maSasadame varse-
bob“ _ gamoiTqva ori mtkicebulebiT: „vazrovneb“ da „varsebob.“
ras niSnavs eTikuri qceva?
bevri eTikosi miiCnevs rom eTikuri msjeloba moralur qcev-
asTan aris korelaciaSi. zogi ki piriqiT, Tvlis, rom maT Soris
ar arsebobs aranairi korelacia. es kvlevebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom
eTikuri msjeloba ar aris erTaderTi determinanti, an komponenti
moraluri qcevisa. eTikur msjelobaSi daxelovneba TavisTavad ar
aris garantia imisa, rom adamiani moralurad moiqceva. adamiani yov-
154
elTvis logikuri gonebiT ar xelmZRvanelobs, da xSirad gverdze
debs moralur principebs. eTikuri qceva kompleqsuri fenomenia da
erTi maxasiaTebliT misi warmodgena ar iqneba marTebuli. SeiZleba
gamovyoT misi amgebi sami komponenti: Tavisufali neba, moraluri
motivacia da avtonomiuri eTikuri msjeloba. eTikurad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos qceva, romlic emyareba adamianis mier avtonomiuri eTi-
kuri msjelobis Sedegad motivTa Soris ganxorcielebul Tavisu-
fal arCevans.
mniSnelovani momentia aseve pirovnebis e.w. moraluri sensiti-
uroba, anu is Tu rogor aris adamianSi ganviTarebuli TanagrZno-
bis unari. moralurad sensituri adamianebi yovelTvis mzad arian
daexmaron gaWirvebaSi myof adamianebs, zogadad cocxal arsebebs,
bunebas. yovelgvari piradi sargeblis gareSe daxmarebis xeli
gauwodon usaxlkaro, socialur izolaciaSi myof, Ratak adamian-
ebs. magaliTad, deda tereza sxvaTa tanjvisa da gaWirvebis mimarT
maRali donis sensitivobiT anu TanagrZnobiT gamoirCeoda. 2015
wlis 13 ivniss Tbilisis tragediis (wyaldidobis) dros gamoCnda
uamravi maRali TanagrZnobis matarebeli adamiani.
eTikuri qcevis agebisas yvela komponenti mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs. eTikuri qceva ver Sedgeba Tu erTerTi komonenti ugul-
vebelyofilia. sxva sityviT, es komponentebi erTmaneTisagan da-
moukideblad ar arseboben.
vimsjeloT, movirgoT filosofosis roli:

1. eTikuri subieqtivizmi araprofesional filosofosebs So-
ris yvelaze popularuli Teoriaa. Tu morali mxolod per-
sonuli grZnobis saqmea, maSin gamodis, rom adamiani, ro-
melic moralurad ar aris sensituri, naklebi moraluri
valdebulebis matarebeli iqneba, vidre is, visac ganviTare-
buli aqvs TanagrZnobis unari. eTanxmebiT am Tvalsazriss?
daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.
2. moraluri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas romeli komponenti
iqneba yvelaze gadamwyveti? romelia yvelaze Zlieri, da
romeli susti?
3. CamoTvaleT is Rirebulebebi, romlebic yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania TqvenTvis, romelia naklebad faseuli? ratom?
rogor moqmedeben isini Tqvens moralur motivaciaze?
4. platoni Tvlida, rom radganac adamiani bunebiT gonieri ar-
sebaa, goneba sakmarisi pirobaa imisaTvis, rom adamians miawo-
dos motivacia akeTos sikeTe _ moiqces kargad. Tu adamianma
icis ra aris kargi, igi iqneba kargi. platons swamda, rom
155
cudi qceva mxolod ucodinrobis Sedegia. amis sapirispirod
devid hiumi, Tvlida, rom eTikuris agebaSi ufro mniSvnelo-
van rols TamaSoben grZnobebi.
5. ratom iqceviT moralurad? Tqveni pasuxis ilustracias ec-
adeT magaliTebiT sakuTari gamocdilebidan.
6. Tqveni azriT arseboben Tu ara dRes gmirebi? ra niSnebiT
daaxasiaTebdiT maT? ubralod gmiri, Tu moraluri gmiri?
7. meore msoflio omis dros nacistebi aiZulebdnen ebraelebs
etarebinaT daviTis yviTeli varskvlavi. daniis mefem gamo-
acxada, rom igi pirveli daimagrebs am varskvlavs. danieleb-
ma myisierad mibaZes mefes. daniidan ebraelebis deporatacia
SeuZlebeli gaxda. rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania
mmarTveli pirovnebis roli moralurad swori arCevanis ga-
keTebaSi?
§3. Tavisufleba
kiTxva: kauzalobis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, rogor gavamarTlebT

moralur qcevaSi Tavisufali arCevanis arsebobas?
dilema: es problemuri sakiTxia. Tu adamiani ar aris Tavisufa-
li, mas ver movTxovT pasuxismgeblobas Cadenili qmedebis gamo. ma-
gram Tu Tavisufali arCevani umizezo movlenaa, maSin kauzalobis
universaluri principi, romelsac mecniereba emyareba, ar yofila
WeSmariti.
Tavisuflebisa da kauzalobis problema ar aris moralis prob-
lema. igi metafizikuria. magram, imdenad ramdenadac sakiTxi exeba
moraluri qcevis agebaSi Tavisufal arCevanis rols, mizanSewoni-
lad migvaCnia mokled SevexoT mas.
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ZiriTadad ori _ determinizmisa da an-
tideterminizmis/ libertarianizmis saxeliT cnobili strategia
gamoiyofa.
gavixsenoT ras niSnavs determinizmi?-esaa universaluri kauza-
loba, anu imis aRiareba, rom yvelafers, rac xdeba aqvs Tavisi
mizezi. eTikuri egoizmis Teoria determinizms efuZneba. arsebobs
sxvadasxva tipebi determinizmisa. maT Soris Cveni konteqstisaTvis
gamovyofT: fatalizms, mkacri determinizmisa da sust determin-
izms.
fatalizms swams, rom yvela movlena upirobod da Seuqcevadad
fiqsirebuli da winaswarganpirobebulia. adamians ar ZaluZs maTi
Secvla. zogjer movlenebi kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, magram es
sruliadac ar aris imis safuZveli, rom moviqceT, ise TiTqosda
156
yvelaferi kontrols gareTaa. filosofosTa umravlesobas miaC-
nia, rom es uvargisi Teoriaa da sinamdvileSi Zalian cota adami-
ani iziarebs mas. WeSmariti fatalisti arasdros daicavs moZrao-
bis wesebs, daufiqreblad iTamaSebs `rusul rulets~ _ yvelaferi,
xom winaswar gansazRvrulia. veravin da veraferi Secvlis imas, rac
unda moxdes.
mkacri determinizmi amtkicebs, rom radganac yvelafers Tavisi
mizezi aqvs, Tavisufleba SeuTavsebelia determinizmTan. adamianis
arCevans Tavisi mizezi aqvs. amdenad, isini arasdros ar arian Tavi-
sufalni. ugunurebaa davakisroT pasuxismgebloba adamians qceviT
aqtivobebze, radganac igi ar aris Tavisufali. amdenad, es midgoma
unda Seicvalos konceptebiT: qcevis modifikacia da pirobiToba.
klasikuri formis susti determinizmi xazs usvavs nebis Tavisu-
flebas da aseve iZulebisagan Tavisuflebas. am Teoriis Tanamedrove
wakiTxva gulisxmobs Tavisuflebas, racionaluri da araiZulebiTi
arCevanis azriT. am Teoriis momxreebi marTalia aRiareben, rom
yvelafers Tavisi mizezi aqvs, magram amavdroulad uSveben adami-
anuri arCevanis arsebobasac. adamianis arCevani zogjer, magram ara
yovelTvis, aris Tavisufali. es arCevani axsnadia da gaTvladic.
amdenad, gonivrulia am saxis arCevanisTvis moraluri pasuxismge-
bloba davakisroT adamians.
antideterminizmi miiCnevs, rom samyaroSi yvelaferi ar eqvem-
debareba kauzalobis princips, rom arsebobs Sansi da Tavisufle-
ba. amerikuli pragmatuli filosofiis fuZemdebeli uiliam jemsi
ambobs, rom igi isurvebda siaxlesa da spontanurobas samyaroSi,
rom swored es xdis adamians WeSmaritad Tavisufal da Semomqmed
arsebad. adamianis miswrafeba sikeTisaken, boroti saqmeebis miuRe-
bloba niSnavs, rom igi unda iyos Tavisufali. adamianis Tavisu-
fali aqti gamocdilebis, Cvevis, temperamentis, survilebis, winare
gamocdilebis, codnis nayofia. yovelive es erTad Sekruli afor-
mebs adamianis personulobas, anu xasiaTs. Tavisufali aqtebi nebis
produqtia. sxva sityviT nebis aqtebia.
pozitiuri da negatiuri Tavisufleba

filosofosebi xSirad xmaroben frazebs: `pozitiuri Tavisu-
fleba~ da `negatiuri Tavisufleba~, rodesac daoben, msjeloben
personuli Tavisuflebebisa an iZulebis sakiTxebze. tradiciulad
`negatiuri Tavisufleba~ ganimarteba, rogorc iZulebiTi dasaz-
Rvrulobisagan Tavis-ufleba, ufro farTod Tu vityviT, iZulebiT
mdgomareobaSi ar yofna. `pozitiuri Tavisufleba~ xSirad xasiaT-
deba, rogorc sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gatareba.
157
pozitiuri Tavisuflebis Tanamedrove kvlevebi mas racionaluri
arsebis mTavar maxasiaTeblad miiCneven, praqtikaSi igi iTargmneba,
rogorc sxvebis, gansakuTrebiT mTavrobis uflebebis limitacia.
metaeTikis segmentSi gansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens av-
tonomiis cnebis ganmarteba TavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSi.
avtonomia
kiTxva: ra specifikuri pirobebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom adamiani
CaiTvalos avtonomiur arsebad?
piroba: avtonomia aris iZulebis gareSe racionalurad qmedeba.
avtonomiisaTvis saWiro pirveli piroba aris racionaluri

gadawyvetilebis miReba.
gadawyvetilebis miReba SeuZlebelia iyos racionaluri, Tu igi
garkveul ucilebel procedurul nabijebs ar miyveba. esenia:
1. miznebisa da amocanebis gamoyofa da maTi dajgufeba prior-
itetulobis mixedviT;
2. im alternatuli saSualebebis identificireba, romlebic
miznis miRwevaSi dagvexmareba;
3. garkveul gonivrul donemde, yvela SesaZlo mosalodneli
da moulodneli Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba;
4. am Sedegebis Sefaseba;
5. im saSualebebis SerCeva, romelnic dagvexmareba miznis miRw-
evaSi da Tavidan agvacilebs moulodnel Sedegebs;
6. saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad damatebiTi alterna-
tivebis moZieba;
7. gadawyvetilebis Sedegad miRebuli rezultatis Sefaseba,
imisaTvis rom momavalSi ukeTesi gadawyvetileba iqnes miRe-
buli.
gadawyvetilebis miRebas ver vuwodebT racionalurs, vidre ze-
moT moyvanili procesi ar iqneba daculi xelisSemSleli Sinagani
da garegani faqtorebisagan. amgvar Sinagan faqtorebs miekuTvneba:
gadaWarbebuli emocionalizmi, uyuradReboba, crurwmenebi, in-
teresis nakleboba, dabneuloba, gulmaviwyoba relevanturi Sesa-
Zlebeli monacemebis arcodna, mentaluri sizarmace, kreatiulobis
nakleboba, normatuli msjelobis Sesrulebis unaris ar qona. gare-
gani faqtorebia: sxvadasxva gasarTobebi, relevanturi momacemebis
mimarT mourgebloba, sruli umecreba, an ganaTlebisa da wvrTnis
uaryofa, arazusti informaciis miReba, droisa da energiis aras-
rulyofilad gamoyeneba.
avtonomiisaTvis saWiro meore piroba aris iZulebis gareSe
158
gadawyvetilebis miReba.
gadawyvetilebas ver vuwodebT iZulebis gareSe miRebuls Tu:
1. arsebobs sakmao resursi, romlis gareSec specifikuri al-
ternativebi ver ganxorcieldeba. igulisxmeba: dro, adami-
anuri resursi, Sansi, komunikaciebi da a.S.
2. ar arsebobs fsiqologiuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri da a.S
barierebi;
3. ar arsebobs bunebrivi, an SemTxvevis gamoisobiT gamowveuli
uunaroba. igulisxmeba gonebrivi CamorCena da msgavsi menta-
luri daavadebebi, sisuste, avadoba, narkomania, an alkohol-
izmia da sxv.
§4. pasuxismgebloba
kiTxva: ra konceptualuri kavSiria pasuxismgeblobasa da

avtonოmias Soris?
Tezisi: Tu Tavisuflebis moraluri gageba SeuzRudav, racio-
nalur arCevans gulisxmobs, maSin pirovnebis avtonomiuri qceva
moraluri pasuxismgebelobiTaa datvirTuli.
qcevis subieqtidan gamomdinare, ganasxvaveben _ individualur
da jgufur, koleqtiur pasuxismgeblobas.
xolo miyenebuli sanqciebis ragvarobidan gamomdinare, ganasx-
vaveben moralur, politikur, socialur, iuridiul, da a.S. pasux-
ismgeblobebs.
moraluri pasuxismgeblobis gageba damokidebulia imaze, Tu
rogor gvesmis Tavisufleba. magaliTad, determinizmSi pasuxismge-
blobis SesaZleblobac ki gamoricxulia. Tavisufleba pasuxismge-
blobis erT-erTi pirobaa, xolo pasuxismgebloba, _ Tavisuflebis
erT-erTi, kerZod, avtonomiis gamovlenaa. adamians aqvs ufleba
miiRos gadawyvetileba da moiqces sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da
survilebis Sesabamisad, magram igi valdebulia pasuxi agos qcevis
Sedegebze, xolo sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis SedegebiT gamowveuli
negatiuri rezultatebisaTvis sxva ar unda daadanaSaulos. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom aristotelesTan ver vipovniT specialur ter-
mins `pasuxismgebloba~, igi sakmaod srulad xsnis pasuxismgeblobis
fenomens. adamians, aristoteles mixedviT, xelewifeba Caidinos
rogorc amaRlebuli, ise samarcxvino saqcieli; maszea damokide-
buli ra xasiaTis qcevas airCevs, ras moimoqmedebs. Sesabamisad mas
an sjian, an xotbas asxaven _ imis mixedviT Tu rogor moiqceva.
pasuxismgebloba varaudobs adamianis informirebulobas qce-
vis pirobebsa da im moTxovnebze, romelic mas waeyeneba. magram
159
ucodinrobac, razec aseve miuTiTebs aristotele, SesaZlebelia
mas braleulobaSi CaeTvalos.
potenciurad adamianis pasuxismgebloba usazRvroa.
eqsistencializmSi igi `mTels kacobriobaze vrceldeba~ (J.-
p. sartri); moqmedebs ra garkveuli saxis qceviT, adamiani irCevs
sakuTar TavSi adamians, romelic iswrafvis bolomde aRasrulos
dakisrebuli movaleoba, an gamovlindes rogorc sruliad Tavisu-
fali adamiani.
SeiZleba cnebebis _ `pasuxismgebloba~ da `valdebuleba~ urT-
ierTCanacvleba?
am cnebebis nivelireba Secdoma iqneba. qarTuli enaSi araCveu-
lebrivad aris gaxsnili am ori cnebis Sinaarsi. sityva „valdeb-
uleba“ sxvisTvis valis gadaxdaze, garegan faqtorze, kontraqtul
ganzomilebaze miuTiTebs; xolo „pasuxismgebloba“ _ migvaniSnebs
imaze, rom Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs sindisis samsjavro, kiTx-
va-pasuxis uxilavi dialogi, romelSic ibadeba pirovneba_ zneobri-
vi subieqti.
rac Seexeba `valdebulebas~, igi farTe gagebiT movaleobis si-
nonimia.
argumenti -avtonomia moicavs pasuxismgeblobas.

gamonaTqvami, rom arCevani aris Tavisufali, niSnavs, rom igi
racionaluria da zewolis gareSe miiReba. nebismieri qceva, ro-
melic racionaluria da SeuzRudavi, definiciis mixedviT, avtono-
miuria. umarTebuloa moraluri pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba, Tuki
adamianis arCevani Tavisufali araa. amgvarad, Tuki adamiani av-
tonomiurad moqmedebs, igi pasuxismgeblobasac atarebs sakuTari
qcevis gamo.
am koncefcias radikalurad uaryofs maqs Seleris metafizi-
kuri eTika. mas moralis wyarod miaCnia spontanuri Semoqmedeb-
iTi emociis a priori, romelic sruliad damoukidebelia gonebis a
priori-sagan da socialuri formebisagan. moraluri aqti aris diadi
plastikuri skulptori, romelic qmnis unikalur RirebulebiT
qvalitetebs (Tvisebriobebs). am Temas SevexeT metafizikaSi (ix. naw.
II, Tavi II, § 3).
mkacri determinizmi versus antideterminizi
mkacri determinizmis poziciis advokatma SesaZloa Tqvas:
`gamoTqmuli debuleba moicavs imgvar pirobebs, romlebic metisme-
tad mkacria. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes imgvari viTareba, sadac vinme
SesZlebs daakmayofilos orive piroba _ radganac kauzalobas ve-
ravin gaeqceva. adamiani mxolod imgvarad iqceva, rogorc sinamd-
160
vileSi moiqceoda nebismieri sxva.~
antideterminists sawinaaRmdego argumenti: gamoTqmuli de-
buleba metismetad sustia. moqmedebam SesaZloa daakmayofilos
orive piroba, magram jer kidev ar iyos realurad Tavisufali,
anu arakauzaluri. (umizezo). pirovneba ar aris moralurad pasux-
ismgebeli araTavisufali qcevis gamo, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu avtono-
miuroba damakmayofilebelia.
argumenti _ avtonomia ar moicavs pasuxismgeblobas.
pirovnebas SeuZlia iyos racionaluri da SeuZlia gadadgas nabi-
jebi, rom gaxdes ufro metad racionaluri. pirovnebas aseve Seu-
Zlia problemis gamoyofa da potenciuri Semaferxeblebis gverdis
avliT racionaluri gadawyvetilebis povna. amgvarad, pirovnebis
pasuxismgeblobaa avtonomiurobis mopoveba da SenarCuneba. aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom Tu pirovnebis qceva ar aris avtonomiuri, es
mas ar aTavisuflebs moraluri pasuxismgeblobidan.
Tu es argumenti logikurad gamarTulia, xolo msjelobis
winapirobebi WeSmariti, maSin adamianebs unda davakisroT pasux-
ismgebloba, imis gamo, rom ver miaRwies cxovrebiseul warmatebebs,
racionalurad ver gamoiyenes SesaZleblobebi.
Tu eTika arsebobs, maSin personuli pasuxismgeblobac unda
arsebobdes, da Tu personuli pasuxmgebloba iarsebebs, maSin ada-
mianma unda SesZlos aRiaros Tavisufali arCevanis neba, rogorc
mizezi sakuTari qcevisa.
movirgoT filosofosis roli da vimsjeloT:

1. rogor daicavT Teziss _ avtonomia moicavs pasuxismge-
blobas kritikuli Tavdasxmebisgan? ecadeT moifiqroT
kidev sxva sawinaaRmdego argumenti.
2. warmoidgine rom mkacri deterministi xar da upasuxe kiTx-
vas: saWiroa Tu ara motivTa damowmeba, rodesac qcevas
vaanalizebT? imsjeleT imave sakiTxebze antideterminizmis
poziciidan.
3. aqvs Tu ara mTavrobas ufleba SezRudos moqalaqeTa Tavi-
sufleba: informaciis SezRudviT, arCevanis iZulebis wesiT
miRebiT? scadeT daasabuToT pozicia.
161
Tavi 2
normatiuli eTika
§1 normatiuli principi da normatiuli
eTikis strategiebi
filosofosTa did nawils miaCnia, rom morali Sedgeba moral-

uri Rirebulebis matarebeli zustad gansazRvruli qcevis wesebis,
normebis, anu formulebis erTobliobisagan, rogoricaa “ar icruo~,
àr mokla~, àr moiparo~ da sxv. es normebi Cveulebriv garkveul
sistemas qmnian. normatiuli eTika adamianisagan moiTxovs qcevis
normebis sistemur codnas da sakuTari qcevebis maTdami damor-
Cilebas.
normatiul eTikas saqme aqvs moralur standrtebTan, romelnic
aregulireben swor da mcdar qcevebs. garkveuli azriT, es viTa-
reba SeiZleba SevadaroT gasaRebis Ziebas im testis amosaxsnelad,
romelic zust arCevans gagvakeTebinebs da zneobrivad gamarTul,
swor qcevas agvarCevinebs.
normatiuli principis magaliTia oqros wesi: `moeqeci sxvas ise,
rogorc ginda rom mogeqcen Sen~. vTqvaT, Tu ar minda, rom manqana
momparon, mec ar unda movparo sxvas. Tu minda, rom damapuron,
daxmarebis xeli gamomiwodon gaWirvebaSi, unda davexmaro gaWirve-
buls, mSieri davapuro, mwyurvals wyali mivawodo. msjelobis am
formulis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia Teoriulad ganvsazRvroT, Tu
ramdenadaa esa Tu is qceva swori, an mcdari. oqros wesis mixedviT
motyueba, mkvleloba, dasmena, wameba, ciliswameba mcdari qcevebia.
arseboben imgvari normatiul Teoriebi, romelnic aRiareben,
rom moraluri msjeloba unda aigos erTaderTi absoluturi prin-
cipiT; man unda gansajos yvela qceva. sxva saxis normatiuli Teo-
riebi aRiareben ori, an mravali moraluri Rirebulebebis matare-
beli principis, an moraluri normis erTobliobas.
Teorias, romelic gadmoscems RirebulebiT msjelobas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani, ewodeba normatiuli.
normatiuli eTikis Teoriuli strategiebi
normatiuli eTikis sami ZiriTadi strategia arsebobs; isini saT-

noebaTa, movaleobisa da teleologiur TeoriebSi vlindeba.
162
saTnoebaTa Teoriebi
kiTxva: ras niSnavs `kargi cxovreba~ da rogor mivaRwio mas?

saTnoebaTa Teorias ar akmayofilebs imgvari midgomebi, sadac
eTikuri Sefaseba individualur qcevebzea mimarTuli. mas miaCnia,
rom eTika totalurad unda dakavdes adamianis cxovrebiT, xolo
moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis analizi misi saqme araa. am
Teoriis mimdevrebisaTvis centraluri Temaa `kargi cxovrebaa~. aq
aTvla iwyeba formaluri donidan. am doneze centraluri Rirseba
integraciaa. rac niSnavs dabalansebuli da harmoniuli cxovrebis
wesiT cxovrebas.
meore mniSvnelovani momentia yuradRebis mimarTva dadebiTi
unar-Cvevebis Camoyalebeba-ganviTarebaze. mniSvnelovania, rom ada-
mianma ase vTqvaT, `gemo gaugos~ magaliTad, mowyalebis motiviT
ganxorcielebul qcevas, da is ucilobel Cvevad Camouyalibdeba.
saTnoebaTa Teoria yvelaze tradiciul strategiad iTvleba.
berZnuli civilizaciis eTikuri xedvis RerZi mas efuZneba. pla-
toni gamoyofs 4 saTnoebas, romelTac mogvianebiT ZiriTadi saT-
noebebi ewoda. esenia: sibrZne, samarTlianoba, simamace, TavSekaveba.
ase vTqvaT, meore rigis saTnoebania: siuxve, mxneoba, gulwrfeloba,
TavdaWera, simSvide. platoni xazs usvavs zneobrivi aRzrdis mniSvn-
elobas. mas miაCnia, rom saTnoebebi ymawvilkacobidanve unda iqnen
Canergili.
am strategiam Tavis mwvervals aristoteles eTikur moZRvrebaSi
miaRwia. misi eTikis ZiriTadi nawili saTnoebaTa Sesaxeb moZRvrebas
ukavia. aristoteles mixedviT, arsebobs orgvari saTnoeba: dianoe-
Tikuri da eTikuri. pirveli saxis saTnoeba warmoiSoba da xarisxis
imatebs swavlis Sedegad. eTikuri saTnoeba Cveulebis safuZvel-
ze warmoiSoba da saxelwodebac aqedanve aqvs miRebuli. saTnoeba
sulis SeZenili Tvisebaa da ara bunebiT Tandayolili. adamianebs
SeuZliaT maTi ganuwyveteli srulyofa. aristoteles mixedviT,
saTnoeba or ukiduresobas, naklsa da gadaWarbebas Sorisaa. mag-
aliTad, goniereba mdebareobs TavaSvebulobasa da ugrZnoblobas
Soris, simSvide _ mrisxanebasa da srul indiferentulobas Soris,
xelgaSliloba _ mflangvelobasa da siZunwes Soris, sindisi-mor-
cxvobasa da urcxvobas Soris, megobroba-mtrobasa da mliqvnelo-
bas Soris, simarTle-gazviadebasa da damcirebas Soris, simamace-
TavzexelaRebulobasa da silaCres Soris. Sualedis miRweva, iseve
rTulia, ambobs aristotele, rogorc wris Suagulis miRweva. saT-
noeba im saqmis kargad warmarTvis Tvisebaa, ris saTnoebac is aris.
arsebobs sulieri da sxeulebrivi saTnoebebi. suliers ganekuTvneba
163
goniereba, sibrZne, siamovneba, sxv. sxeulebrivia silamaze, janmrT-
eloba, simdidre, Zalaufleba, pativi, sxv. saTnoeba gvxvdeba yvela
kategoriaSi: magaliTad, arsebis kategoriaSi, is aris goneba
da RmerTi, Tvisebis kategoriaSi-sikeTe, raodenobaSi-zoma,
mimarTebaSi-sargebeli da a. S. aristotele saTnoebas mWidrod
ukavSirebs mSveniers. misi termini `kalokagaTia~ niSnavs keTilsa
da mSveniers.
zogi saTnoeba yvelasaTvis mosawonia, zogi _ ara. magaliTad,
samaრTlianoba moswons yvelas, xolo simdidre, Zalaufleba da sxva
amgvari, yvelas ar moswons. saTnoeba gansxvavdeba rogorc mizani
da saSualeba. magaliTad, mizania janmrTeloba, xolo saSualeba _
wamali, romelsac viyenebT mis misaRwevad. aristotelesaTvis mi-
uRebelia piTagoras Sexeduleba saTnoebis ricxvze dayvanis gamo.
igi aseve ar eTanxmeba sokrates, romlisTvisac saTnoeba codnasTa-
naa gaigivebuli. aristotele Tvlis, rom amiT sokrate spobs sulis
alogikur nawils. misi azriT, kaci SeiZleba icnobdes samarTliano-
bis ideaს, magram ar iyos samarTliani.
Suasaukuneebis Teologia iziarebs saTnoebaTa Teoriis strate-
gias. saTnoebaTa antikur CamonaTvals es epoqa amatebs rwmenis, ime-
disa da mowyalebis saTnoebebs, maT am nusxaSi pirveli poziciebi
eniWebaT. es strategia dominirebs vidre XIX saukunemde. XX sauku-
neSi Tavs iCenen alternatuli midgomebi da xedvebi. Tanamedrove
filosofiaSi interess am strategiis mimarT vxvdebiT a. makkin-
tairis eTikur koncefciaSi. mas miaCnia, rom saTnoebani socialuri
tradiciebiT aris nasazrdoebi da socialur cdaSi iCens Tavs.
movaleobis Teoriebi
movaleobis Teoriebi morals afuZneben valdebulebis specifi-

kur, fundamentur principze. am Teoriebs tradiciulad deontolo-
giurs uwodeben. eTikuris Tanamedrove kvlevebSi gvxvdeba saxel-
wodeba-arakonsiqvencionalisturi. adamianTa umravlesoba grZnobs,
rom maT akisriaT sruliad naTeli rigi valdebulebebisa. vTqvaT,
zrunva moxucebul mSoblebze, mcirewlovan Svilebze, oblad dar-
Cenil naTesavebze a.S. deontologiuri strategiis mixedviT, prin-
cipebi, romelTac efuZneba morali ar arian damokidebulni gare-
moebebze. misi amosavali debuleba formulirebulia Semdegnairad:
`qceva ar ganisazRvreba misi SedegiT.~
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi Teoria, romelic deontologiur
strategias afuZnebs. mokled gavecnoT TiToeul maTgans.
164
uflebebi da movaleobebi
kiTxva: raSi mdgomareobs, Cemi, rogorc pirovnebis, uflebebi
da ra movaleobebi makisria?
mtkicebuleba: imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT, romeli qcevaa moral-
urad kargi da romeli cudi, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT adamia-
nis bunebiTi da konvenciuri uflebebi da movaleobebi.
am mtkicebulebaze dafuZnebul deontologiur strategias
ewodeba uflebaTa Teoria. am Teoriis momxreebi Tvlian, rom ada-
mians, rogorc pirovnebas aqvs garkveuli moraluri uflebebi,
magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa sicocxlis da pirovnuli Tavisu-
flebis ufleba. isini bunebiTni arian, es ki niSnavs, rom maTi ar-
seboba damoukidebelia saxelmwifos neba-survilisa, Tu social-
uri SeTanxmebisgan. es uflebebi bazisurni da fundamentalurni
arian.
adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas aseve aqvs uflebebi, rom-
lebic kanonisa da sazogadoebis mieraa miRebuli, magaliTad, ufa-
so saSualo ganaTlebis miRebis, kontraqtebis dadebis, saswrafo
samedicino daxmarebis miRebis, samewarmeo firmis gaxsnis, rigiani
samuSaos miRebis da a.S. uflebebi. maT konvenciurs uwodeben.kon-
venciuri (miRebuli, Sepirobebuli) da dakavSirebulia imasTan,
Tu ra rols iTamaSebs adamiani mocemul sazogadoebaSi. am tipis
kanonebi ar arian ucvlelni, mudmivni, absoluturni, universal-
urni.
bunebiTi uflebebis Secvla, gverdze gadadeba, an daTmoba
ar SeiZleba. rodesac adamiani iyenebs Tavis uflebas, misi qceva
moraluria, xolo rodesac igi sxvis uflebebs arRvevs, misi qceva
amoraluria.
rogorc wesi, uflebebi da movaleobebi imgvarad arian urT-
ierTdakavSirebulni, rom erTi pirovnebis uflebebi moicavs
meoris movaleobebs. magaliTad, Tu me mekisreba ufleba miviRo
daviTisagan internetis gadasaxadi 40 laris odenobiT, mas aqvs
movaleoba gadamixados 40 lari. amas ufleba-movaleobebis ko-
relacias uwodeben. arsebobs e.w. Caurevlobis korelaturi mova-
leoba. igi dakavSirebulia yvela bunebiT uflebasTan.
yvelaze popularuli da gavleniani gaxlavT XVII saukunis bri-
taneli filosofosis jon lokis uflebaTa Teoria. igi amtkiceb-
da, rom bunebis kanonebi gvavaldebulebs ar xelvyoT sxva adamia-
nis sicocxle, janmrTeloba, Tavisufleba, sakuTreba. lokisaTvis
es adamianTa bunebiTi uflebebia, romelnic uflismieraa naboZebi.
lokianur Tvalsazriss efuZneba amerikuli ganmanaTleblobis mTa-
vari dokumenti _ adamianTa uflebebis bili, romelic safuZvlad
165
daedo SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaracias. igi
Tomas jefersons ekuTvnis. jefersonი sam fundamentur ufle-
bas aRiarebs. esenia: sicocxle, Tavisufleba, bednierebisaken
swrafva. jefersonი da am strategiis sxva Teoretikosebi Tvlian,
rom yvela sxva specifikuri ufleba: sakuTrebis, azris gamoTqmis,
demonstraciis Catarebis, religiuri suliskveTebis gamoxatvisa
da a.S. daiyvaneba zemoT moyvanil sam bazisur uflebaze.
amgvarad, am strategiis farglebSi adamianis moraluri ufle-
bebi oTxi TvisebiT xasiaTdebian:
a) isini bunebiTni arian, anu ar arian calkeuli adamianis, ada-
mianTa jgufis da xelisuflebis mier Seqmnilni da daSvebulni.
b) isini arian universalurni, anu ucvleli saxiT gvxvdebian
msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. g) isini arian erTnairad misaRe-
bi yvela adamianisaTvis: sqesis, rasisa da socialuri statu-
sis miuxedavad. d) isini ganuyofelni arian adamianisagan, anu
calkeuli adamianis bunebiTi nawils warmoadgenen. amis gamo, ada-
mians ar SeuZlia Tavisi uflebebi gadaabaros sxvas.
kategoriuli imperativebi
kiTxva: SesaZlebelia, rom moraluri qceva, viTarebisagan da-
moukideblad iyos TavisTavad kargi?
Tezisi: individis qcevis moraluroba gansazRvrulia ara imiT,
Tu ramdenad warmatebulia misi Sedegi, aramed qcevis eTikuri Si-
naarsiT.
movaleobaze dafuZnebuli meore strategiis mTavari argumenti

amgvarad JRers: adamians aqvs upirobo moraluri movaleobebi! ada-
mianis moraluri movaleobaa moiqces upirobo moraluri movaleo-
bebis Sesabamisad da Tavi Seikavos yvela im qmedebisgan, romelic
moralurad mcdaria.
arseboben movaleobebi, romlebic a)socialuri, an samarTle-
brovi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze aRmocendebian, magaliTad, Cemi
movaleobaa gadavuxado banks krediti; anda b) garkveuli miznis an
dasaxuli amocanis misaRwevad, Cemi movaleobaa magaliTad, viswav-
lo da davagrovo 250 krediti, imisaTvis rom miviRo bakalavris
akademiuri xarisxi. am tipis movaleobebs hipoTetur imperativebs
uwodeben. isini iqcnen movaleobebad, radganac rezultatis miRw-
evis instrumentad gvevlinebian. magram morali aris koncentrire-
buli ara hipoTetur, aramed kategoriul imperativebze. kategori-
uli imperativebi upirobo eTikur movaleobebs ageben, raTa yvela
SesaZlo viTarebaSi, Cveni miznebis da qcevis Sedegebis miuxedavad,
166
moxdes maTi gamoyeneba.
es strategia daxvewil, srulyofil formas iZens germanul
gamanaTleblobaSi imanuel kantis (1724-1804) eTikaSi. man gamoTqva
kategoriuli imperativis sami alternatuli formulireba.
1. miiRe gadawyvetileba sakuTari qcevebis Sesaxeb, ise TiTqos im
warmosaxviTi samefos _ moraluri komunis _ kanonmdebeli xar,
sadac adamianebi sakuTar TavSi miznisa da Sinagani Rirebulebis
matarebelni arian.
2. moiqeci ise, rom kacobrioba rogorc Seni saxiT, ise yoveli ada-
mianis saxiT migaCndes miznad da arasdros saSualebad.
3. moiqeci mxolod im principebis mixedviT, romelsac isurvebdi,
rom gamxdariyo sayovelTao kanoni.
uangaro, dauinteresebel, umaRlesi tipis morals gonebis mier
dafuZebuli neba qmnis. romlis meoxebiTac igeba movaleobis abso-
luturi/universaluri principi. igi erTaderTi fundamenturi da
TviTkmari principia, romelsac unda misdios adamianma. yvelaferi
is, rasac Cveulebriv vuwodebT~kargs~, kantis termonologiiT,
kargia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac keTil nebas ukavSirdeba.
swored keTili neba mimarTavs adamians moiqces ese, rogorc unda
moiqces, da ara sakuTari siamovnebis, survilis, an sakuTar intere-
sis dasakmayofileblad. bedniereba sasurvelia, magram goneba ve-
rasdros miaRwevs bednierebas, mas mxolod keTili nebis dafuZneba
SeuZlia.
da mainc, ratom ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos moralurad sasargeblo
Sedegis momtani qceva? am gamowvevas kanti umklavdeba mizansa da
saSualebas Soris gansxvavebis monaxviT.
Tu qceva kargia miznis misaRwevad _ is sasargebloa, Tu is kar-
gia TavisTavad _ is zneobrivia. qcevis moraluri principi gansaz-
Rvravs Sedegs da ara piriqiT.
kantis mixedviT arsebobs maqsimaTa, anu daurRvevel principTa
rigi; esenia:
• iyavi marTali
• iyavi patiosani
• iyavi keTilSobili
• fuWad ar gafanto niWi
• ar moikla Tavi
• iyavi mzad dasajo yvela, vinc sasjels imsaxurebs
• iyavi keTili cxovelebis mimarT.
am strategiis mixedviT moralur wess gamonaklisi ara aqvs.
167
igi universaluri da absoluturia. yvela unda iyos zneobrivi.
aseTia TviToeuli adamianis movaleoba. yvela valdebulia iyos
marTali da patiosani. garemoebebs ara aqvs mniSvneloba.
RvTaebriv mcnebaTa Teoria

rodesac movaleobis, igive deontologiur (arakonsikvencial-
istur) Teoriebze vsaubrobT, aucilebelia yuradReba SevaCeroT
RvTaebriv mcnebaTa Teoriebze.
kiTxva: vin SeiZleba iyos iseTi moraluri miTiTebebis, brZane-
bebis avtori, romelic yvelasaTvis misaRebi iqneba?
msjeloba: RvTaebrivi arsebis brZanebebs absoluturi da uni-
versaluri buneba aqvT. moraluri aqti Sedgeba, Tu adamiani Seas-
rulebs am brZnebebs.
RvTaebriv mcnebaTa Teoriis mixedviT, moralis dasabami: arc
kauzalobaSi, arc sakuTari, Tu sxvaTa interesebis SesrulebaSi ar
unda veZeboT. safuZveli moralis ufro `maRali~ standartSia, vi-
dre ubralod amqveyniuri movlenebi, arasrulyofili adamianuri
buneba, Tu zogadad materialuri samyaro. igi dafuZnebulia yov-
lad keTili, yovlad brZeni zebunebrivi arsebis nebaze. igi esaubre-
ba adamianebs da uTiTebs moraluri qcevis aucilebel pirobebze,
imaze Tu ra unda gaakeTon da ara, imisaTvis, rom qceva iyos zneo-
brivi, adamiani unda mihyves brZanebebs da akrZalvebs, romelTac
ufali uwesebs, ise, rom qcevis Sedegebze, sakuTar interesebze da
sxv. ar dafiqrdes.
moralis erTaderT safuZvlad, am Teoriis momxreebi Tvlian
uzenaesi arsebis mier nakarnaxev wesebs, qcevis Sedegebs araviTari
mniSvneloba ar aqvs. wesebi piradapir moralur brZanebebs warmoad-
genen. qceva, romelic dafuZnebulia maT aRsrulebaze aris moral-
uri, da ara is, Tu ra moxdeba, rodesac wesebi aRsruldeba. am Teo-
riis momxre ityvis, rom adamianma ubralod unda miiRos nebismieri
Sedegi, romelic SesaZloa mohyves mis qcevas.
qristianuli eTika mkacrad filosofiur analizs emyareba. ga-
mocxadebasTan igi dakavSirebulia imdenad, ramdenadac emyareba da
srulad iRebs gamocxadebis moralur paradigmas, romelic deka-
logSia gadmocemuli. `giyvardes mteri Seni!~ aris is formula,
romelic qristianulma eTikam Semoitana dasavlur azrovnebaSi.
amasTan iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa TanagrZnoba, uSurveloba,
samarTlianoba, Tavmdabloba da morCileba agebs qristianuli eTi-
kis horizonts.
168
teleologiuri Teoriebi
teleologiurad (telos laT. mizani, saboloo, rezultati) orien-
tirebuli normatuli Teoriebis mixedviT moraluri qceva deter-
minirebulia mxolod qcevis SedegiT. moralurad is qceva miiCneva,
romlis mosalodneli Sedegi zneobrivia. teleologiuri normat-
uli principebi moiTxoven, rom qcevebi pirvelyovlisa dajgufdes
qcevis mosalodneli Sedegebis av-kargianobis mixedviT, Semdeg unda
gaiTvalos, Tu ramdenad gadaswonis kargi Sedegebi cuds; Tu kargi
Sedegebis raodenoba metia, qceva miiCneva moralurad gamarTlebu-
lad. am Teoriebs eTikis Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi konsiqvencial-
isturs (consequence-Sedegi, rezultati) uwodeben. qcevis saboloo
Sedegi aris misi moralurobis erTaderTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori.
es Teoriebi Zalze popularuli iyvnen XVIII saukuneSi.
am strategiis SigniT SeiZleba gamoiyos sami qvejgufi:
eTikuri egoizmi: qceva moraluria, Tu misi Sedegi misaRebia mo-
qmedi subieqtisaTvis.
eTikuri altruizmi: qceva moraluria, Tu Tu misi Sedegi dadeb-
iTia yvelaTvis, garda moqmedi subieqtisa.
utilitarizmi: qceva moraluria, Tu misi Sedegi yvelasaTvis
misaRebia. arsebobs am strategiis ufro garTulebuli varianti,
romlis mixedviTac miuxedavad warumatebeli Sedegisa, mcdelo-
bac kargia, radgan mas kargi zegavlena eqneba sazogadoebaze, xalxi
Seityobs am qcevis Sesaxeb da survili gauCndeba msgavs situaciaSi
aseve moiqces.
yvela zemoT CamoTvlili teleologiuri Teoria fokusirdeba
adamianTa gansxvavebuli jgufebis qcevaTa Sedegebze.
wamovidginoT situacia _ manqaniT mimavali qali Seeswro avtoa-
varias. mis Tvalwin manqana gadavida savali nawilidan da ramoden-
imejer amotrialda. Sewuxebulma qalma Txova mZRols, gavCerdeT,
vnaxoT riTi SegviZlia daxmarebao. am situacias SesaZloa qondes
sxvadasxva gagrZeleba.
I. varianti: mZRoli ar SeCerda da gza ganagrZo. igi qalis eubneba
_ `Tu gavCerdebiT, Saria! saavario situaciaze policia me
damadanaSaulebs.~ Tu qali eTikuri egoizmis poziciazea,
mas es pasuxi daakmayofilebs da igi srulad gaiziarebs
mZRolis arguments. gadawyvetileba gzis gagrZelebis
Sesaxeb, am qalisaTvis moralurad swori arCevania.
II. varianti: mZRolis mier qalis winadadebis gaziarebis
SemTxvevaSi, saqme gveqneba eTikuri altruizmis poziciasTan.
am variantSi policiisagan savaraudo safrTxeebis miuxedavad,
daSavebulis interesebi iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli, manqanis
169
gaCereba da daxmarebis aRmoCena mZRolisa da qalisTvis
moralurad swori arCevania.
III. varianti: am situaciaSi mosalodneli Sedegebi naTlad ar
Cans. Tu qali daiwyebs gaTvlas, ase vTqvaT kalkulacias,
Tu rogori qceva moitans saukeTeso Sedegs, romeli iqneba
metad momgebiani misTvis, an orive mxarisaTvis, saqme gveqneba
utilitarizmis poziciasTan. moraluri am SemTxvevaSi aris
gaTvlili, sasikeTo Sedegze orientirebuli qceva.
§2. eTikuri egoizmi
kiTxva: SeiZleba qcevis saxelmZRvanelo principad CaiTvalos

TviT-interesi?
daSveba: adamiani yovelTvis akeTebs imas, rac unda. eTikuri
Teoria, romelic am mocemulobas uaryofs, uaryofs adamianur
bunebas.
eTikuri egoizmi, rogorc yvela normatuli eTikuri Teoria,

mowodebulia ganmartos Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani. am Teo-
riis mixedviT adamianma yovelTvis unda imoqmedos imgvarad, rom
misi personuli keTildReoba da interesi maqsimalurad dakmayo-
fildes.
eTikuri egoizmi sami formiT iCens Tavs:
1. individualuri forma-yvela unda moiqces Cemi TviT-interesis
mixedviT.
2. personuli forma-me unda moviqce sakuTari TviT-interesis
mixedviT, yuradReba ar eqceva ra unda gaakeTos sxvam.
3. universaluri forma-yvela yovelTvis unda moiqces sakuTari
TviT-interesis mixedviT.
es ukanaskneli yvelaze gavcelebuli versiaa eTikuri egoizmisa.
argumentebi eTikuri egoizmis dasacavad da mis sawinaaRmdegod
eTikuri egoizmis advokati gvetyvis, rom adamianis nebismieri
qceva motivirebulia sakuTari interesebiT da es erTaderTi mo-
tivia, romelic adamianis qcevas amoZravebs. radganac, eTikuri
poziciebi unda dafuZndes imaze, Tu faqtobrivad ras akeTebs
adamiani, TviT _ interesze dafuZnebuli qceva iqneba brZnuli da
moralurad swori.
am Tvalsazrisis mowinaaRmdege bunebrivad upasuxebs-eTikuri
egoizmi, rogorc normatuli Teoria, uaryofiT RirebulebiT msj-
elobas moicavs. igi TavkerZobisa da adamianis umdablesi imwuTieri
170
cxoveluri survilebis wamaxalisebelia. eTikur egoistad gatare-
buli cxovreba adamians WeSmaritad autanelad aqcevs. amasTan, xom
arsebobs iseTi ram, rac gvsurs, magram mas SesaZloa TviT-destruq-
cia moyves?! sulac ar aris brZnuli moiqce ise, rac sakuTriv Sen
moganiWebs siamovnebas.
kamaTs gaagrZelebs advokati: TviT-interesi ar aris aucile-
blobiT gacnobierebuli aqti. azriani adamiani aRmoaCens gacile-
biT ufro daxvewil gzebs TviT _ interesis dakmayofilebisaTvis da
magaliTad, iseTi adaminuri saTnobebis CarTviT, rogoricaa TviT-
kontroli da moTmineba, igi miaRwevs mizans. mavanis gacnobierebu-
li TviT-interesSi SesaZloa moeqces megobrobis damyareba, axlo-
belTa keTilganwyobis mopoveba. gacnobierebuli TviT _ interesze
dafuZnebuli qcevebi ver iqneba TviT-destruqciuli survilebis
asrulebis wamaxalisebeli.
magram, gana SeiZleba aseTi adamiani TanamSromlobiT procesSi
CaerTos? iyos kargi megobari? kargi partniori? saimedo TanamS-
romeli? Tanac, adamianebi yovelTvis ar iqcevian sakuTari intere-
sebidan gamomdinare. xom arsebobs altruistuli motivebic?
advokati _ adamiani ubralod ver moiqceva TviTinteresis mo-
tivaciis gareSe. Tavis gawirvac da altruizmic, realurad TviT
interesis gamo Cadenili qcevebia. fsiqologiuri SeuZleblobaa
adamianisaTvis sxvagvarad qceva. magaliTad, istoriulad sazoga-
doebis gaCenis winapirobad promituli adamianebis TviT-interesi
unda CaiTvalos. bavSvebis qcevebs, Tu daakvirdebiT, aRmoaCenT,
rom maT mxolod sakuTari survilebis dakmayofileba amoZravebT.
amgvarad, socialuradac da individualur donezec, qcevis Zirebs
TviT-interesiT motivirebul aqtebSi vipovniT.
kritikos opozicioners Tavisi argumentebi eqneba. maT Soris,
gansakuTrebiT wonadia socialuri da individualuri transforma-
ciebis SesaZleblobis ugulvebelyofis argumenti.
es dava filosofiis istoriaSi saintereso formebs iRebs. eTi-
kis istoriaSi cnobilia ramodenime didi filosofosi, romelnic
ageben eTikuri egoizmis mwyobr Teorias. magaliTad, evropul az-
rovnebaSi Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) makiavelis Semdeg pirveli moaz-
rovnea, romelic srulad warmoadgens adaminuri benebis individu-
alistur suraTs. igi Tvlis, rom adamiani Tavis safuZvelSi bunebiT
egoistia da Sesabamisad, yvela Cveni qceva egoisturadaa motivire-
buli. bunebiT egoist adamians, erTxel mainc Tu Cauvardeba xelSi
SemTxveva, sakuTari interesisa da survilis dakmayofilebisaTvis,
iqurdebs, moklavs, icruebs; amdenad, nebismieri adamiani SesaZloa
meore adamianis egoisturi kaprizebis msxverplad iqces. wmindad
171
egoisturad motivirebuli adamianebi, iReben moralur kanonebs
da masze dafuZnebul samarTlebriv kanonTa sistemas. maT urCev-
niaT icxovron im sazogadoebaSi, romelic moralur-samarTlebrivi
kanonebiT imarTeba. es kanonebi moicaven iseTi qcevebis, rogoricaa
qurdoba, mkvleloba, ciliswameba, SecdomaSi Seyvana da sxv. winaaR-
mdeg mimarTul akrZalvebs. kanonTa sistema civilizebul sazoga-
doebaSi moqalaqisaTvis usafrTxoebis garantiaa.
hobsi Tvlis, rom mxolod egoisturi miznebis gamo Seiqmna sax-
elmwifo Tavisi sadamsjelo instituciebiT, romelic sjis adami-
anebs kanonebis darRvevisaTvis. hobsis eTikuri egoizmis variacia
`socialuri kontraqtis~ Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili.
hobsis pozicias gonivrul egoizmsac uwodeben. am xedvas vx-
vdebiT cnobili Tanamedrove amerikel filosofosebTan d. roul-
zTan da a. rendTan. gonivruli egoizmis farglebSi moqmedebs urT-
ierTsargeblianobis principi. am pozicias iziarebs is individi,
romelic CarTulia saerTo uflebebisa da movaleobebis sistemaSi,
anu sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi.
Ggonivruli egoizmis motivTa sailustraciod moviyvanT e.w.
ùbileTo mgzavris~ magaliTs. ratom aris ubileTo mgzavroba ga-
sakicxi?
 koleqtiuri moqmedebis pirobebSi, erTi adamianis (ùbileTo
mgzavris~) CaurTveloba warmoebis procesSi SeumCnevelia.
 koleqtiuri umoqmedobis pirobebSi, erTi adamianis Zalisxmeva
rezultatis მomtani ar aris.
 koleqtiur saqmianobaSi adamianTa mcire raodenobiT
CaurTveloba, marTalia saqmes uSualod ver gaafuWebs,
magram urTierTTanamSromlobis klimats Searyevs.
gonivruli egoizmis ideebi, rogorc zneobrivad pragmatuli
orientacia, gavrcelebulia adamianTa yofiT cnobierebaSi.
eTikuri egoisti amtkicebs, rom adamiani uklebliv yovelTvis
mxolod da mxolod TviT-interesis safuZvelze moqmedebs. es Teo-
ria emyareba motivebis analizs, romliTac moqmedebs adamiani da
ara imas, Tu rogor unda iqceodes adamiani. amgvarad, ramdenadac
esaa Teoria adamianis mimdinare motivaciuri procesebis Sesaxeb,
igi eTikis mecnieruli interesis sferodan gadis. RirebulebiTi
msjelobebi faqtualur vakuumSi ar warmoiSoba, magram ra doneze
SeiZleba CaiTvalos faqtebi relevanturad RirebulebiTi msjelo-
bisaTvis?
172
§3. eTikuri altruizmi
kiTxva: SeuZlia Tu ara adamians moiqces absoluturad uSurve-

lad?
mtkicebuleba: `cxadia, rom adamianis bunebaSi Cadebulia gansa-
kuTrebuli kanonebi. isini aiZuleben mas dainteresdes sxva adami-
anebis bed-iRbliT, sakuTari TavisTvis aucilebel ramed, mxolod
maTi bedniereba miaCndes, Tan arafers iRebdes amisgan, garda sia-
movnebisa, romelsac aniWebs maTi bedniereba~
adam smiTi. `moralur grZnobaTa Teoria~
altruizmi (laT. alter sxva, sxvebi) piradi sargeblisgan Tavisu-
fali, damoukidebeli motiviiT gansazRvruli erTikaa. am cnebiT
aRiniSneba sxvebis keTildReobisaTvis uSurveli, dauinteresebeli
zrunva. sxvaTa interesebisaTvis sakuTari sargeblis, TviT-intere-
sis ugulvebelyofa.
es terminica da cnebac Semoitana frangma filosofosma ogi-
ust kontma (1798-1857). altruizmis principi kontis mixedviT
aris ìcocxle sxvebisaTvis!~ am tipis strategia dainteresebulia
imgvari qceviT da adamianis im aqtivobiT, romlis Sedegs moaqvs sxva
adamianebisaTvis sargebeli. esaa subieqtis mier Tavisufali, saku-
Tari nebiT ganxorcielebuli qceva. religiuri filosofosi vlad-
imer soloviovisaTvis, altruizmi adamianuri bunebis erTaderTi
gamoxatulebaa. TanagrZnobaze dafuZnebuli altruizmi, pirovnebis
zneobrivi solidarobaa sxva adamianebTan (`sikeTis gamarTleba~).
altruistuli xedva socialuri pasuxsmgeblobis normad gvevline-
ba im gagebiT, rom igi moiTxovs adamianisagan daexmaros gaWirve-
baSi Cavardnil nebismier adamians yovelgvari sargeblis gareSe.
altruistuli qcevebi sazogadoebis mier gansakuTrebulad dadeb-
iTad fasdeba. isini moralur jildos sakuTar TavSi atareben.
§4. utilitarizmis tipebi
kiTxva: rogor movipovoT obieqturi argumenti eTikur sakiTxe-

bze msjelobisas?
daSveba: qceva, romlic udidesi raodenobis adamianebisaTvis
udidesi sikeTis momtania, unda CaiTvalos sxva qcevebTan Sedar-
ebiT saukeTesod.
utilitarizmi erTerTi uminSvnelovanesi teleologiuri nor-
matuli Teoriaa. igi saTaves iRebs sityvidan ùtility~, rac niSnavs
173
`sasargeblos~. utilitarizmis mixedviT, qcevis moraluri Rire-
buleba gansazRvrulia misi rezultatiT. misi klasikuri forma
amtkicebs, rom yovelTvis ise unda moviqceT, rom Sedegad didi
raodenobis adamianebma miiRon rac SeiZleba meti sikeTe. am Tval-
sazrisis mixedviT, qceva emorCileba sargeblianobis princips.
klasikuri utilitarizmis mTavari mizania, daadginos obieqturi
safuZveli, romelic racionalizmis farglebSi gadawyvets Rireb-
ulebiT sakiTxs.
argumenebi utilitarizmis dasacavad.

utilitarizmis advokati sakuTari poziciis dasacavad ity-
vis, rom zogierTi viTareba ubralod sjobs sxvebs, amas nebismieri
adamiani daadasturebs. aseve imasac, rom am viTarebas qmnis qcevis
ragvaroba, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia qcevis gaTvlasTan. da rom
SesaZlebeli raodenobis keTili qceva yovelTvis sjobs cuds. da
rac ufro meti adamiani miiRebs sargebels qcevis am rezultati-
dan, gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba es qceva sxva alternatul qcevebTan
SedarebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, adamiani yovelTvis unda moiqces
ise, rom misi qcevis Sedegad didi raodenobiT adamianebma miiRon
sikeTe.
oponenti ikiTxavs _ sad aris obieqturi kriteriumi, romelic
daadgens garkveuli viTarebis upiratesobas.
razec advokati upasuxebs, rom amgvari kriteriumi adamianis
cnobierebis Sinagani Rirebulebebia _ e.w. RirebulebebSi TavisT-
vis; magaliTad, bedniereba da siamovneba sikeTea, maSin rodesac
ubedureba da tkivili cudia.
oponenti _ magram gana siamovneba da bedniereba erTidaigivea?
romelia upiratesi? cnobierebis romeli mdgomareobaa umjobesi?
advokati _ utilitarizmisaTvis arCevanisas individualuri
avtonomia aris gadamwyveti. zogs ra aniWebs siamovneba, zogs-ra.
nebismieri adamiani Tavisufalia gadawyvitos cnobierebis ra mdgo-
mareobaa misTvis ukeTesi. rodesac vlaparakobT `sikeTis udides
raodenobaze~ vgulisxmobT, rom moraluri Rirebulebebi unda dax-
arisxdes da gaizomos, zustad ise, rogorc es xdeba komerciaSi, in-
dustriasa, Tu adamianuri saqmianobis msgavs sferoebSi. unda Sedg-
es SeTanxmeba standartebTan dakavSirebiT da naTeliyos gazomvis
procedurebi.
oponenti: rogoraa SesaZlebeli intensivobis, an udaos kalku-
lacia? rogor gavzomoT erTi adamianis mwuxareba da rogor Sevad-
aroT igi meore adamianis sixaruls? xom SesaZlebelia, rom Cve-
ni Zalisxmevisa da keTili zraxvebis miuxedavad, qcevis Sedegi ar
174
dadges, ise, rogorc es iyo kalkulirebuli/gaTvlili? raze gve-
kisreba pasuxismgebloba: rac realurad moxda, Tu rac gavTvaleT,
magram ar moxda, ise rogorc gavTvaleT?gamodis, rom Tu rezul-
tati cudia, ra keTili ganzraxvac ar unda gvamoZravebdes, Cven
uzneod movqceulvarT?
utilitarizmis erT-erTi klasikuri versia ieremia benTamis
(1748-1832) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. igi utilitarizmis arqiteq-
toradaa monaTluli. benTami fiqrobs, rom adamiani mudmivad iT-
vlis nebismieri qcevis SesaZlo Sedegebs da SemTxvevidan SemTxve-
vamde adgens romeli qcevaa zneobrivad swori da romeli mcdari.
yoveli eTikuri qceva ganisjeba misi Sedegebis mixedviT. benTamis
Teoriis es aspeqti cnobilia aqt-utilitarizmis saxeliT.
benTami aseve amtkicebs, rom adamiani mudmivad zomavs Cveni
qcevebis Sedegad miRebul siamovnebasa da tkivils. benTamis mixed-
viT bunebam kaci ori batonis Zalauflebis qveS moaqcia _ esaa si-
amovneba da tkivili. yvelaferi marTldeba imiT, Tu ras moaqvs
ufro meti siamovneba, vidre tkivili. benTamis Teoriis am aspeqts
hedonisturi utilitarizmi ewodeba. aqt-utilitarizmis mixedviT,
moralurad mcdaria drois uqmad flangva, magaliTad ganurCevlad
yvela telegadacemis yureba. adamianma dro unda daxarjos imaze,
rasac ufro meti socialuri sargebeli mohyveba, vTqvaT qvelmoq-
medebaze.
praqtikulad igive poziciis variaciaa e. w. wes-utilitarizmi,
romlis mixedviT qcevis norma, an wesi moralurad sworia, Tu am
wesis daurRvevloba ufro karg Sedegs gamoiRebs, vidre Sedegebi,
romlebic wesis darRvevas mosdevs. aqt-utilitaristebi, rom-
lebic wonian yoveli erTeuli qcevis Sedegebs, gansxvavdebian
wes-utilitaristebisagan, romlebic gvTavazoben, rom wesebi
arasdros ar unda dairRves, radganac Tavad darRvevaa mcdari.
kacobrioba gamocdilebiT swavlobs qcevaTa tendencias. arse-
bobs saerTo moraluri wesebi da normebi, romlebic warmarTaven
adamianis arCevans sazogadoebis sikeTis maqsimalizaciisaken, ma-
gram arcerTi wesi ar aris universaluri, yoveli wesi SeiZleba
dairRves utilitaristuli principis gamo, rodesac gacilebiT
didi sikeTea safrTxeSi.
wes-utilitaristuli versiis avtoria jon stuart mili (1806-
1873). igi cdilobs Seajeros zemoTmotanili poziciebi. es Tval-
sazrisi idealuri utilitarizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. igi aRiarebs
eTikuri wesebisa da normebis arsebobas, magram isini Tavisi bunebiT
ufro hipoTeturni arian. eTikur kanons aqvs ara mecnieruli kan-
onis, aramed mecnieruli prognozis buneba. es ukanaskneli yovelT-
175
vis naklebadaa SesaZlo. magaliTad, mkvleloba ar SeiZleba aRi-
arebul iqnes universalurad mcdar qmedebad, vinaidan mkvlelobis
saerTo usargebloba SesaZloa damtkicdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu adamianTa umravlesoba mtkiced idgeba im azrze, rom sicocx-
le azriania. ar arsebobs qcevaTa saxeebi, romlebic universalu-
rad mcdaria, arsebobs mxolod zogadad mcdari sagnebi, romlebic
pirovnebam, utilitarul mizezTa gamo, yovelnairad unda aicilos
Tavidan.
§ 5. sargeblianoba da principebi
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna eTikaSi erTmaneTs ebrZvis ori princi-

pulad gansxvavebul eTikur pozicia _ teleologiur/ konsiqven-
cialisturi da movaleobis/deontologiuri.
pirvelni emyarebian qcevis Sedegs. Tvlian, rom moralurobas
ganapirobebs qcevis sargebeliani rezultati. principi umniSvne-
lo, an sulac aranair rols ar TamaSobs zneobrivi aqtis agebaSi.
maTi sawinaaRmdego, e.w. deontologiuri Teoriebi, xazs usvamen
motivis, movaleobis, uflebebisa da principebis upirveles mniS-
vnelobas. erTaderTi absoluturi moraluri Rirebuleba-keTili
nebaa. igi aris survili da gadawyvetileba, Tavisufali arCevani
moiqce sworad, anu ganaxorcielo garkveuli principebi. es prin-
cipebi gonivrulia da yvelas SeuZlia misdios mas. ufro metic, es
TiToeuli adamianis eTikuri movaleobaa yovelgvari gamonaklisis
gareSe.
rogor ganvsazRvroT am ori poziciidan romelia marTali?
konkretuli eTikuri situaciebis analizis safuZvelze vnaxoT Tu
rogori arCevanis, ra saxis rekomendaciis mocema SeuZlia TiToeul
maTgans.
magaliTi pirveli, rumineTSi cnobili qarTveli moRvawe an-
Timoz iverieli Seipyres ianiCarebma da mihyavdaT gadasaxlebaSi.
gzad maT miiRes axali brZaneba, aRmoCnda, rom arcerTma ar icoda
kiTxva da anTimoz iveriels sTxoves waekiTxa brZaneba, romelSic
ewera, rom anTimozisaTvis Tavi unda moekveTaT da mdinareSi gadae-
gdoT. ras urCevda utilitaristi? igi urCevda werilis Sinaarsi
gadmoeca misTvis sasargeblo kuTxiT.
magram, anTimoz iverielma ar damala simarTle da ianiCarebs
gaacno Tavisi sasikvdilo ganaCeni. am SemTxvevaSi igi moiqca deon-
tologiuri eTikis Tanaxmad. ar daarRvia principi: ìyav marTali,
iyav patiosani, ar icruo“.
magaliTi meore. Zia vanom, sikvdilis win, Tavis Zmiswuls, san-
176
dros anderZad daubara Tavisi qoneba 100 000 lari Seswiros pro-
vinciul muzeums. sandro fiqrobs Seasrulos Tu ara biZisaTvis
micemuli piroba. sandro fiqrobs, rom Tanxis miTviseba amoraluri
iqneba, magram aseve amoraluri iqneba Tuki biZis mier datovebul
Tanxas ar gadascems upovarTa TavSesafars. teleologiuri eTikis
momxre ityvis: Tu ufro sasargebloa sandros varianti, maSin man
ar unda Seasrulos biZis anderZi, radganac saavadmyofosaTvis fu-
lis Sewirva ufro met bednierebas moutons ufro meti raodenobis
adamians da Tanac bavSvs. deontologiuri eTikis momxre ityvis:
danapirebis Sesruleba is principia, romelic unda Sesruldes, ro-
melic unda Sesruldes yvela SemTxvevaSi moatyuo momakvdavi niS-
navs Caidino saSinlad uzneo saqcieli.
mesame magaliTi. narkomafias qveyanaSi Semoaqvs heroinis didi
partia, romelic bevr axalgazrdas daRupavs. mafiis erTerTi wevri
policiasTan debs SeTanxmebas, rom dasmenis sanacvlod gaTavi-
suflebuli iqneba pasuxismgeblobisagan da moiTxovs Sewyalebas.
teleologiuri eTikis momxre ityvis: aseTi SeTanxmeba moraluria,
radgan amoraluri iqneba mravali axalgazrdis narkotikiT daRup-
va. deontologiuri eTikis momxre ityvis: damsmeni unda daisajos
warsulSi Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis. maTi lozungia: `gaumarjos
principebs, Tundac daingres qveyniereba!~
rogorc aRiniSna, adamianis zneobrivi yofierebis sferos axa-
siaTebs dilemuroba. realur eTikur situaciaSi adamiani yovelT-
vis dgeba rTuli arCevanis winaSe. SesaZlebelia zogi eTikuri
gadawyvetileba Zneli misaRebia imitom, rom deontologistis da te-
leologistis argumentebi Tanabari Zalisaa. es ar niSnavs, rom eTi-
kuri dilema aris gamouvali mdgomareoba da gadauwyveteli prob-
lema. misi gadawyvetis gza naCvenebia saxarebaSi. qristesTan mivdnen
farisevelni da Seecadnen eTikuri dilemis winaSe daeyenebinaT. fari-
sevlebma moiyvanes mruSobaSi waswrebuli dedakaci, romelic moses
sjulis mixedeviT Caqolvas imsaxurebda. Tu dedakaci Caiqoleboda
dairRveoda „ara kac klas“ principi, xolo Tu ar daisjeboda, maSin
dairRvoda „ara imruSos“ principi. qristem Tqva: ucodvelma esro-
los pirveli qva, brbo maSinve gaifanta. dilema moixsna.
177
vimsjeloT, movirgoT filosofosis roli
1. dRes sxvadasxva saqmianobaSi CarTul adamianTa jgufebs

korporatuli eTikuri kodeqsi aqvT. ra saxis moraluri
Rirebulebebi unda iyos warmodgenili am kodeqsSi? ra saerTo
SeiZleba qondeT maT? SesaZlebelia rom eTikur kodSi CarTuli
iyos mxolod garkveuli saxis moraluri Rirebulebebi?
2. racionaluri kompromisi SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin,
rodesac Rirebulebebis realizacia nawilobrivia. magram
zogi Rirebulebis mimarT kompromisi SeuZlebelia. ramdenad
gamarTlebulia kompromisebis strategia?
3. alan pakulas gaxmaurebul filmSi “sofis arCevani~
sakoncentracio banakSi myof mTavar gmirs nacisti oficeri
sTavazobs arCevans ori Svilidan erTierTi ixsnas sikvdilisgan.
imsjeleT aqvs Tu ara am situaciaSi adgili moralur dilemas?
4. upasuxeT kategoriuli imperativis kritikoss: ramdenad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos upirobo moralur movaleobad, socialuri
SeTanxmebis Sedegad aRmocenebuli movaleobebi?
5. ratom gonia kants, rom adamiani unda moiqces movaleobis
grZnobis da ara ganwyobebis mixedviT? axseniT movaleobasa
da ganwyobas Soris gansxvaveba.
178
Tavi III
gamoyenebiTi eTika
§ 1. gamoyenebiTi eTikis sferoebi
gamoyenebiTi eTika zogadi eTikis nawilia. misi amocanaa konkre-

tul dargobriv situaciebSi warmoSobili specifikuri, sakamaTo,
dapirispirebuli moraluri sakiTxebis analizi. gamoyenebiTi eTi-
ka farTod iyenebs metaeTikuri da normatiuli eTikis midgomebs,
magram axdens maT Tvisebrivad axal, specifikur informaciad
gardaqmnas konkretuli dargobrivi situaciis saWiroebisaTvis. igi
aseve iTvaliswinebs sociologiur, pedagogiur da fsiqologiur
mecnierebaTa kvlevis Sedegebsa da midgomebs.
gamoyenebiTi eTikis velze arsebuli sakiTxebi specializirebu-
lia da ufro pragmatulad orientirebuli.
gamoyenebiTi eTikis sivrceSi gamoiyofa: bioeTika, situaciuri
eTika, saqmian urTierTobaTa eTika da e.w. profesiuli eTikebi: sa-
medicino eTika, ekoeTika, media eTika, politikuri moralis fi-
losofia, maswavleblis eTika, samarTlis eTika, da a.S.
1. bioeTika ganixilavs normebs cocxali samyaros mimarT.
2. situaciuri eTika gamoimuSavebs praqtikul rekomendacebs
konkretuli situaciebisa da sferoebis mimarT. am sferoSi
Semodis etiketi.
3. biznes eTika miznad isaxavs gaxsnas biznes saqminobis eTikuri
da politikuri problemebi. igi aerTianebs biznes kulturis,
biznes eTikis da politikuris mimarTebis Teoriebs. mas
ainteresebs damsaqmebelsa da dasaqmebulis mimarTebis
eTikuri aspeqtebi. Tu ra rols unda TamaSobdes samarTlian
sazogadoebaSi biznesi da politika. ras unda velodoT
biznesisagan, Tuki igi garemosdacviTi problemebiT da
humanuri RirebulebebiT dainteresdeba.
4. ekoeTikis problematika moicavs Tanamedrove diskusiebs,
romelnic exebian adamianis urTierTobas bunebasTan
da garemos ekologiur kriziss. cxovelTa uflebebi,
biocentrizmi, ekologia, ekofeminizmi, bioregionalizmi,
socialuri ekologia da usafrTxoeba, mdgradi ganviTareba-
problemaTa is rigia, romelic ainteresebs ekoeTikas. es
disciplina gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas eTikuri
sametyvelo enis agebaze, im mizniT, rom pirovnebam SeZlos
adamianisa da sxva-adamianis gareT mdgari samyaros adeqvaturi
179
interpretireba. igi miznad isaxavs maqsimalurad gaarkvios
sazogadoeba Tanamedrove ekologiis zneobriv dilemebsa da
koliziebSi, romelnic bunebisdacviTi problemebis Tanmdevi
procesia.
5. media eTikis amocanaa Tanamedrove sainformacio sivrceSi
adamianis saqmianobis eTikuri principebis, problemebisa
da dilemebis Seswavla. aseve informaciis miReba-gacemaze
adamianis fundamenturi uflebebisa da movaleobebis codna.
informaciaze eTikuri kontrolis ZiriTadi formebis,
meqanizmebisa da mimarTulebebis analizi.
6. maswavleblis profesiuli eTikis mizania: ganaTlebis
filosofiis ZiriTadi principebis kvleva pedagogiuri
moRvaweobis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, pedagogis
zneobrivi principebis, normebisa da qcevis wesebis, pedagogis
sakuTar saqmianobasTan damokidebulebis analizi. mas
ainteresebs pedagogis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi pedagogiuri
moRvaweobis polifunqcionalur xasiaTTan mimarTebaSi,
pedagogis pirovnuli konservatizmis problema ganixileba
moraluri Rirebulebebis specifikisa da zneobrivi procesis
kanonzomierebaTa fonze. praqtikuli eTikis am dargs
ainteresebs subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi, romelnic
gavlenas axdenen pedagogiuri moRvaweobis moralur-
fsiqologiur klimatze.
7. politikuri eTika miznad isaxavs demokratuli samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis moraluri bazisis, rogorc zneobrivi
diskursis principulad gansxvavebuli tipis Seswavlas. am
mizniT xdeba moralis filosofiaSi dominanturi sistemuri
Teoriebis utilitaristuli paradigmis saxiT warmoCena
da sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis tradiciuli Teoriebis
komparativistuli gaxsna. yvela es idea politikuri moralis
filosofiaSi ganzogaddeba da organizdeba farTo sqemis
saxiT, Tanamedrove alternatul koncefciebze aqcentiT.
8. saqmian urTierTobaTa eTika, igive biznesis eTikaa. igi
moicavs normatiul da situaciur eTikas. is SesaZloa sxva
profesiuli eTikebis Semadgeneli nawilic iyos.
zogadad profesiuli eTika warmoadgens ama Tu im dargis spe-
cialistis moraluri normebisa da wesebis sistemas misi profe-
siuli saqmianobis farglebSi. es normebi Cveulebriv erTiandeba
e.w. profesiuli kodebis saxiT, romlebsac samarTlebrivi dokumen-
tis Zala aqvT. profesiuli eTika nebismieri dargis specialistis
momzadebis ganuyofeli nawilia.
ris safuZvelze SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT movlena gamoyenebiTi eTi-
kis sferos?
180
I. sakiTxi unda iyos sakamaTo, misi gadawyvetisaTvis unda ar-
sebobdes dapirispirebuli midgomebi. magaliTad, iaraRis pirad sa-
kuTrebaSi flobis sakiTxi, abortis, sikvdiliT dasjis, omSi monaw-
ileobis sakiTxi da msgavsi sakiTxebi.
II. sakiTxi gamokveTilad moraluris sferos unda ekuTvnodes.
sakiTxTa umravlesobis mimarT arsebobs sapirispiro mosazrebebi,
magram es sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom isini Tavisi bunebiT eTikurni
arian. sailustraciod movitanT or magaliTs: bevri adamiani Tv-
lis, rom col-qmruli Ralati amoraluria, magram aravis mosdis
azrad moiTxovos socialuri politikis doneze misi gadawyveta,
moTxovos kanoni, romelic moawesrigebda seqsualur qcevebs. zog
regionSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier akrZalulia saso-
flo-sameurneo nawarmis adgilebze gayidva. am qcevaSi TavisTavad
araferia arc amoraluri, arc moraluri. imisaTvis, rom sakiTxi
gamoyenebiTi eTikis sferoSi Semovides ar aris sakmarisi igi so-
cialuris sferos mivakuTvnoT, sakiTxi moraluri parametrebiT
unda iyos ganxiluli.
gamoyenebiTi eTikis sferoSi sakiTxis gadawyveta xdeba nor-
matuli eTikis zemoT ganxiluli romelime modelis farglebSi.
im normatul principebs Soris, romelnic yvelaze xSirad gvxvde-
ba diskusiebSi, sadac gamoyenebiTi eTikis problemebzea saubari
gamovyofT Semdegs:
 personuli sargebeli _ aRiarebs individisaTvis sargeblian
Sedegze orientirebul qcevas.
 socialuri sargebeli _ aRiarebs sazogadoebisaTvis sarge-
blian Sedegze orientirebul qcevas.
 paternalizmis principi _ daxmarebis gaweva imisTvis, vinc
ver axerxebs sakuTari interesebis ganxorcielebas.
 qvelmoqmedebis principi _ gaWirvebaSi myofTa daxmareba.
 patiosnebis principi _ ar moatyuo sxva
 kanonmorCilebis principi _ win ar aRudge kanons
 avtonomiis principi _ pirovnebisTvis uflebis upiratesad
dasaxva.
 samarTalis principi _ aRiarebs pirovnebis uflebas, miiRos
is rasac imsaxurebs.
 sxvadasxva uflebebi _ cnobs pirovnebis uflebebs sicocxleze,
pirad cxovrebaze, sakuTrebaze, usafrTxoebaze, Tavisufali
azris gamoTqmaze, informaciis miRebaze.
zemoT motanili principebi asaxaven tradiciuli normatiuli
principebis speqtrs da jgufdeba ori: movaleobis eTikisa da te-
leologiuri (konsiqvancialisturi) eTikis xedvis farglebSi.
181
§2. media eTika
mediam XX da XXI saukuneSi kacobriobis istoriaSi arnaxuli

Semoteva ganaxorciela adamianur yofierebaze yvela mimarTule-
biT. Tanamedrove samyaroSi gansakuTrebuli saxisa da odenobis
eTikurma dilemebma iCina Tavi. amitomac, vfiqrobT gamoyenebiTi
eTikis raobis sailustraciod gavaanalizoT igi.
upirvelesad mokled ganvsazRvroT ra niSnavs `media~?
arsebobs ori tipis media: 1) beWdviTi, romelic moicavs be-
WdviT Jurnalizms gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis saxiT. aq Semodis
fotoJurnalizmi, an fotografia, romelsac SesaZloa teqstual-
uri tipis informaciac mosdevdes. 2) eleqtronuli media, romelis
warmodgenilia radios, televiziis, internetis sxvadasxva social-
uri qselebiT.
media, imdenad did Zalas flobs, rom bevr movlenas dRes `me-
diis mier agorebuls~ vuwodebT. igi cocxlad flobs `cxel-cxel~
informaciebs da dros ar kargavs maT saaaSkaraoze gamosafenad.
kiTxva: ra warmoadgens Jurnalistikis ideals?

definicia: Jurnalistikis ideali aris simarTlis komunikacia.
masmediis mTavari amocanaa: WeSmaritebis Zieba da povna, aRmoCe-

na imisi, Tu sad aris sicrue, da sad sinamdvile. masmedia upirates-
ad emyareba teleologiur eTikur xedvas. aq mTavaria sargeblianad
gaiyidos ambavi da foto masala, vidre sinamdvilis Zieba da WeSma-
riti faqtebis mitana sazogadoebisaTvis.
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani eTikuri sakiTxi media sivrce-
Si exeba sazogadoebis uflebas, moTxovnasa da survils qondes in-
formacia da medias uflebas gadasces informacia. am viTarebasTan
koliziaSi modis individis privatuli cxovrebis ufleba. bevri
cnobadi saxe, cnobili adamiani-politikosi, sportsmeni, msaxiobi
amis gamo konfrontaciaSia masmediis warmomadgenlebTan. farTod
gaxmaurebuli faqti princesa dianasa da dodi al faiedis avtoava-
riaSi daRupvisa, bralad paparacebs edebaT.
ismis legitimuri SekiTxva: ra ufleba aqvT privatul cxovre-
baze sazogadoebriv pirebs? warmatebuli da didebis zenitSi myo-
fi adamianebi, sakuTari poziciidan, an saqmianobidan gamomdinare
xdebian cnobadni da sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelad
adgils ikaveben. am fenis adamianebi unda eloden mediis warmo-
madgenelTa Semotevas: “nadirobas~ interviuebze, fotosesiebze da
sxv. yvelas axsovs arCevnebis wina periodSi privatuli satelefono
182
saubrebisa da video kadrebis saqarTvelos televiziebis pirda-
pir eTerSi gadmocema. mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleoba mediis
mier mowyobili gadaWarbebuli zewolis subieqtebad iyo qceuli.
media saSualebebi, romlebic Zaladobis, sikvdilis dasjisa da
muqaris Semcveli mimarTvebis gamoqveynebas kategoriulad ewinaaR-
mdegebian, TavianT gadawyvetilebas ramdenime motiviT xsnian: maTi
mosazrebiT, SemaZrwunebeli, sisastikis amsaxveli kadrebis tira-
JirebiT isini teroristebis gamxmianeblebi xdebian.
magaliTad moviyvanT islamuri saxelmwifos qmedebebis aqtiur
media gaSuqebas. qarTuli gamocemebis nawili myisierad, socialur
qselebSi gavrclebisTanave aqveynebs islamuri saxelmwifos mier
gavrcelebul faqtebs, sadac Zaladoba da adamianebis sikvdiliT
dasjis scenebia naCvenebi. ufro frTxilia telemedia, sikvdiliT
dasjis kadrebi, jer-jerobiT, arc erT qarTul televizias ar
uCvenebia.
saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT msgavsi Temebis gaSuqebi-
sas amosavali wertili msxverplTa RirsebiT warmoCenaa _ amitom
araa aucilebeli mediam Tavi aaridos terorizmis gaSuqebas, mTavar-
ia, ipovos sakiTxis eTikurad gadawyvetis gza. Tu media gadawyvets
Tavi aaridos CamoxrCobis, Tavis kveTis da sxva Zaladobrivi video-
masalis eTerSi gaSvebas, mas unda esmodes, rom es ara TviTcenzura,
aramed sakiTxis racionaluri gadawyvetaa.
sxva profesionalTa msgavsad, JurnalistTa umravlesoba zneo-
brivadaa orientirebuli. magram, media eqspertebi fiqroben, rom
saWiroa saerTo kodeqsis SemuSaveba, romelsac yvela Jurnalis-
ti unda daemorCilos. Jurnalistis eTika unda daemyaros zogad
metaeTikur principebs: Tu axali ambebi, an zogadad informacia
agebuli iqneba eTikuri msjelobaze, saWiroa garkveuli eTikuri
Rirebulebebis, zneobrivi qcevis elementebis xazgasma. filip pat-
ersoni da li uilkinsi kvlevaSi: “media eTika: sakiTxebi da qeisebi~
gvawvdian maT konkretul CamonaTvals:
 Rirseba _ subieqtisaTvis, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, Rirsebis
SenarCuneba.
 Tanaziaroba _ moepyariT sxvas ise, rogorc gsurT, rom Tqven
mogeqcnen.
 zomiereba _ adeqvaturi wyaroebis ganawileba mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebisaTvis.
 akuratoba _ faqtebis mopoveba koreqtulad, saWiro sityvebis
povna, sakiTxebis konteqstSi Casma.
 Seupovroba _ rodesac ambavi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelova-
nia, damatebiTi personuli da institucionaluri Zalisxmevis
moxmoba.
183
 miukerZoebloba _ urTierTgamomricxav sakiTxebSi samar-
Tlianobis Zieba; yvela wyarosa da subieqtis mimarT Tanabri
mopyroba.
 mravalferovneba _ auditoriis yvela segmentis mocva adeq-
vaturad da miudgomlad.
 Temi _ socialuri erTobis da individis reputaciis Tanabrad
dafaseba.
§ 3. danaSauli da jildo
kiTxva: rodis aris misaRebi jildo da rodis unda gamoviyenoT

sasjeli?
danaskvi: jildo da danaSauli zogadad, magram ara gansa-
kuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, unda iyos dakavSirebuli moralur pasux-
ismgeblobasTan.
es sakiTxi SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva eTikuri xedvis poziciidan
Sefasdes:
argumenti saTnoebaTa eTikis sasargeblod
es argumenti efuZneba pirovnebis, rogorc Sinagani Rireb-
ulebebis matarebeli arsebis gagebas. adamianebi iReben imas, ra-
sac imsaxureben. kargi qcevebis ganmaxorcielebeli adamianebi im-
saxureben jildos, xolo isini, visac pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT
cud qcevaze-dasjas. amgvarad, dasja da jildo diferencirdeba im
moTxovnebis WrilSi, romelnic dakavSirebulia Sinagani Rirebule-
bebis matarebeli pirovnebis qceviT gadawyvetilebasTan.
am arguments emyareba dasjis retribucionistuli Teoria. am
Teoriis mixedviT dasja Sinaganad swori qmedebaa, misi gamomwvevi
mizezebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe.
argumenti teleologiuri eTikis sasargeblod
es argumenti emyareba qcevis gamomwvevi mizezebis aRiarebas.
dajildoeba aris waxalisebis forma; jildo ganmeorebiT sa-
survel qmedebisaken ubiZgebs adamians. damnaSaveTa dasja gamoi-
wvevs maT mier sakuTari kriminaluri qmedebebis gadaxedvas da mo-
mavalSi isini aRar Seecdebian am gziT siaruls. dajildoebisa da
dasjis politikis codna sazogadoebis wevrebs gauZRveba akeTon
iseTi saqmeebi, rom daimsaxuron jildo da ara sasjeli.
es argumenti exmareba dasjis prevenciuli Teoriis dafuZnebas.
am Teoriis mixedviT dasjis sxvadasxva formebi sazogadoebis us-
afrTxod yofnis garantiaa. teleologiuri/konsiqvencialisturi
midgoma aseve amarTlebs da afuZnebs dasjis reabilitaciur Teo-
rias. misi amocanaa damnaSavis gamosworeba da misi srulfasovan
184
wevrad dabruneba sociumSi.
sikvdiliT dasja. eTikur TeoriaTa nawili, eyrdnoba ra saku-
Tari xedvis principebs, zog SemTxvevaSi uaryofs sikvdiliT das-
jas, xan icavs dasjis am formas. sxvadasxva TeoriaTa magaliTze
gavaanalizoT es Tema.
qristianuli eTika _ sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisagan da
aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. sikvdiliT dasja didi codvad
iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wm.
basili didi ambobs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mx-
olod sikeTiT SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvl-
elobis gamo, maSin ra ufleb aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos
igive qmedeba?!
movaleobis eTika _ amarTlebs sikvdiliT dasjas. im adamianis
sicocxle samyaroSi, romelic kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebas Caidens,
Rirebulebas kargavs. àdamiani, vinc mkvlelobas Caidens, vinc ar
unda iyos igi, unda daisajos sikvdiliT~, wers kanti.
saTnoebaTa eTika _ emxroba reabilicionizms. am xedvis mixedviT
ganaTlebuli adamiani arasdros Caidens iseT danaSauls, romelic
dasjis umaRles formas imsaxurebs. msjavrdebulisaTvis sakmarisi
iqneba samudamo patimrobis muxlis Sefardeba. garSemomyofTa val-
debulebaa saTnoebebi STaunergon amgvar adamianebs.
eTikuri egoizmi _ TviT-interesis damTxvevisas zogi egoisti am-
arTlebs sikvdiliT dasjis muxls. motivi SesaZloa iyos sxvadasx-
va. magaliTad, prevenciuli-kriminalebisagan momavalSi daculad
igrZnos Tavi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu kriminali misi axloblebis saqmeSia
braldebuli, igi moiTxovs retribuciul samarTals. umaRlesi zo-
mis mxardasaWer argumentad SesaZlebelia iqces didi gadasaxadis
safrTxe, romelic daekisreba mas, rogorc moqalaqes kriminalis
samudamo patimrobis SemTxvevaSi.
utilitarizmi _ mxars dauWers sikvdiliT dasjas, Tu kalkula-
ciis Sedegad dadgindeba, rom udidesi raodenobis adamianebisaTvis
dasjis am formas didi raodenobiT sikeTe eqneba motanili.
movirgoT filosofosis roli da vimsjeloT:
1. iziarebT, Tu ara sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva eTikuri

poziciebis mier motanil argumentebs? ecadeT Tqveni pasuxebi
detalurad aRWurvoT Tqveneuli argumentebiT.
2. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi umaRlesi sasjelis zomad
dakanonebulia samudamo patimroba. iziarebT, Tu ara
saqarTvelos parlamentis am gadawyvetilebas. ra moraluri
185
argumentebiT SegiZliaT daasabuToT Tqveni Tvalsazrisi?
3. gaanalizeT qarTvel fotografTa gaxmaurebuli saqme.
imsjeleT moralurad ramdenad marTebuli iyo maT mier
fotoebis gadacema sajaro mediisaTvis? dairRva Tu ara
Jurnalistis eTikis kodi? ra punqtSi?
4. arRvevs Tu ara media eTikis principebs pirapiri eTeris
CarTva 2015 wlis 13 maiss TbilisSi datrialebuli tragediis
erTerT msxverplis panaSvididan? Tu ki-romels?
5. cnobilma evropelma fotoJurnalistma SesZlo unikaluri
kadris dafiqsireba: SimSilisgan momakvdav afrikel bavSvs
dasakortnad Tavs dastrialebs Zera. feisbuqSi ganTavsebulma
fotom msoflio moiara da aRiareba moutana `foto
xelovans.~ am istorias amgvari dasasruli aqvs-bavSvi daiRupa,
fotografma Tavi moikla. ecadeT gamoiyenoT msjelobis
sxvadasxva strategia da gaanalizoT es realuri faqti.
6. ecadeT detalurad gaanalizoT romelime cnobili ToqSou.
ra xarisxiT gadmoscems igi simarTles? mikerZoebulia, Tu
ara informaciis mTeli sisavsiT warmoCenaSi, Segnebulad
cils swamebs, ayalbebs, an tovebs faqtebs?
186
nawili mexuTe
politikuri filosofia
Tavi I
politikuris sferos gansazRvra
§1. politikis adamianuri ganzomileba- Zoon politicon
politikis arsis filosofiuri gaazreba dResac iseve aqtua-

luria da iseTive rols TamaSobs, rogorc es iyo misi warmoSobisas
_ Zvel saberZneTSi.
jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde V saukuneSi aristotelem ga-
nacxada, rom adamiani aris `Zoon politicon~. es SeiZleba iTargmnos
rogorc àdamiani aris politikuri cxoveli~, an rogorc àdamiani
aris socialuri cxoveli~.
sityvebi `socialuri~ da `politikuri~ warmoadgenen erTgvar
sinonimebs. sityva `social~ (socialuri) aris berZnuli politice-s ekviv-
alenti.
aristoteles gansazRvrebiT, adamiani aris politikuri ar-
seba. yvela sxva arsebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod adamiani eweva
cxovrebis polisur, saxelmwifoebriv wess. vinaidan mxolod mas
SeuZlia icxovros samoqalaqo an politikur sazogadoebaSi.
adamianebi mravalgvar urTierTobaSi arian erTmaneTTan. mniS-
vnelovani am urTierTobaSi politikuri urTierTobebia. aristo-
teles mixedviT, saxelmwifo, politikur urTierTobaTa erTianobas
warmoadgens. saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebisken miswrafeba, mxolod
adamianSia `Cadebuli~.
politika es aris adamianuri saqmianobis umaRlesi forma, ram-
denadac misi meSveobiT adamianur urTierTobebSi yalibdeba samar-
Tlianoba da saerTo sikeTe. aristoteles azriT: `yoveli saxelm-
wifo erTgvar kavSirs warmoadgens. yoveli kavSiri ki raime sikeTes
isaxavs miznad, radgan yvela, yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rac sik-
eTe hgonia. amrigad, cxadia, rom yvela miiswrafvis raime sikeTi-
saken. umTavresi sikeTisaken miiswrafis yvelaze ukeTesi kavSiri,
romelic moicavs yovelives da es aris e. w. saxelmwifo da saxelm-
wifoebrivi kavSiri~.
adamians `Rirseuli cxovreba~ SeuZlia mxolod im sazogadoe-
baSi, sadac politikaa. politika aristotelesTan warmodgeba upi-
ratesad eTikuri aspeqtiT: politika isaa, rac ukavSirdeba `samar-
Tlian sazogadoebas~
187
amdenad, politika aris saerTo sikeTis mosapoveblad saqmiano-
ba. adamianis garda arseboben cxovelebi, romlebic agreTve arian
socialurni, magram maT Soris ar moiZebneba iseTi, romelic cxov-
robdes politikuri cxovrebiT. politikuri cxovreba ar arsebobs
arsad, garda adamianis saxeobisa.
marTalia cxovelebi cxovroben jgufebad, farebad, gundebad.
maTTan SeiniSneba socialuri cxovrebis niSnebic, magram isini ver
Seqmnian qalaqebs, ver gansjian sikeTes, samarTlianobas.
socialuroba adamianis bunebaSia, rogorc misi Segnebuli,
gacnobierebuli moRvaweobis unari. adamianis socialuroba gansx-
vavebiT cxovelisagan, unda gagebuli iqnes, rogorc politikuri
socialuroba.
sazogadoeba SeiZleba iyos mxolod socialuri, an politikuri
an samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. adamianebma SeiZleba icxovron wi-
napolitikur sazogadoebaSi an organizebuli politikuri sazoga-
doebis saxiT.
laparakia adamianebs Soris gansxvavebaze, romlebic cxovroben
`xalxis~, eTnosis saxiT, an vinc cxovrobs polisSi, politikuri
sazogadoebis saxiT. amgvarad, adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli
im azriT, rom is aris socialuri cxoveli, agreTve im azriTac,
rom marto adamians SeuZlia `samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi~ cxovreba.
ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba? cnebas svadasxvanairad gansaz-
Rvraven; Tavidan igi `politikur sazogadoebad~ moiazreboda,
romelsac kanoni marTavs.
Cvevlebriv samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saxelmwifosagan mijnaven.
avtonomiuri jgufebisa da gaerTianebebis erTobliobaa romlebic
kerZo institutebis saxiT arseboben. isini xelisuflebisagan da-
moukidebelia da calkeuli pirebis mier TavianTi miznebis misaRw-
evadaa organizebuli.
socialuroba aris saerTo Tviseba, damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi
cxovelisaTvis da amasTan is axasiaTebs yvela adamians. magram ada-
mianebTan mas aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba, radganac sazogadoe-
ba SeiZleba iyos mxolod socialuri an, politikuri an samoqalaqo
sazoagadoeba, ramdenadac adamianTa bunebaSia cxovreba erToblio-
baTa saxiT, sadac xdeba Sefaseba samarTlianobis an usamarTlodbis
mixedviT. ufro zustad, adamianebma SeiZleba icxovron an organi-
zebul sazogadoebaSi politikuri sazogadoebis saxiT sadac meti
Sansia samarTlianobis damkvidrebis vidre winapolitikur sazoga-
doebaSi.
adamianis politikuri socialurobis aSkara niSans warmoadgens
adamianis metyvelebis unari. es unari axasiaTebs martooden ada-
188
mianebs, radganac maT ara marto komunikaciis, pirobiTi niSnebiT
manipulirebis unari aqvT, aramed isini metyveleben da azrovne-
ben samarTlianobis da usamarTlobis Taobaze. qalaqi, samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba aris adgili, sadac xdeba samarTlianis gamijvna us-
amarTlosagan.
laparakia imaze, rom asociacias an sazogadoebas uwodeben da-
jgufebas, romelic efuZneba garkveul SeTanxmebas. maSinac ki, Tu
gansazRvruli urTierTobebi, SeTanxmebebi moqalaqeebs Soris aris
rTuli, araTanabari, arasimetriuli, es urTierTobebi yovelTvis
viRacis sasargeblod xorcieldeba. politikuri Zalaufleba exeba
Tavisufal da Tanaswor adamianebs da es xdeba TiToeuli maTganis
sasargeblod.
qalaqi-saxelmwifo, adamianis bunebis Sesabamisic ki, ar niS-
navs, rom yvela asociacia Tundac politikuri xelmZRvanelebiT an
mmarTvelebiT saTaveSi iqneba savsebiT politikuri qalaqi, saWiroa
kidev, rom man moaxerxos miaRwios sayovelTao keTildReobas, mou-
tanos bedniereba Tavis moqalaqeebs. amgvarad samoqalaqo sazoga-
doeba ar miiRweva avtomaturad: bunebrivi yovelTvis ver hpovebs
Tavis ganxorcielebas, is SeiZleba iyos SeCerebuli Tavis ganviTa-
rebaSi an damaxinjebuli.
adamianis buneba, misi arsi, romelic iqmneba marto gansazRvrul
pirobebSi: ase magaliTad, politikuri asociacia aris, rogorc
qronologiurad, ise eqsistencialurad ojaxis da soflis Semd-
gomi da SeiZleba ar moxdes misi institucionalizacia, magram amave
dros Tavisi arsiT ojaxi aris pirveladi sofelTan mimarTebaSi.
adamianis bunebriv socialurobas is bunebrivad mihyavs politikur
sazogadoebamde.
Jan-Jak ruso (1712_1778) uaryofs hipoTezas, adamianis bune-
briv socialurobaze. aristotele rogorc aRvniSneT adamianis so-
cialur cxovrebas da politikur cxovrebas bunebrivad miiCnevs.
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT Tomas hobsi (1588-1679) ar Tvlis
adamians politikuri cxovelad, magram is miiCnevs, rom politika
gardaqmnis cxovels adamianad.
§2. ra aris politika?
Cven mudmivad gvesmis sityva politika. vinc masze uars ambobs,

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sferos ganekuTvneba. is im samyaros nawil-
ia, sadac Cven vcxovrobT.
fenomeni, romlis garkvevasac vcdilobT, mouxelTebeli Cans.
politika aris raRac, es aris mravalxazovani da aramdgradi praqti-
189
ka. es aris Tviseba, romelsac sxvadasxva rames miaweren.
adamianebi yvelaze xSirad politikaze saubroben, kamaToben,
daoben. Cven xom adamianebs yvelaferze dava gviyvars. vadgenT, ro-
gor unda vicxovroT, vis ramdeni ekuTvnis, zemdgomebs vakritikebT,
Cven TiTqos ukeT marTva SegveZlos, Zalaufleba rom gvqondes.
vakritikebT xelisuflebis mier warmoebul saqmianobas, romelsac
Cven politikas vuwodebT.
Cven aRSfoTebulni vsaubrobT usamarTlobaze, xelisuflebis
Zalauflebaze, TiTqmis yvelaferze, magram sokratiseulad rom
dagvisvan kiTxva: ra aris politika? ra aris samarTlianoba? ra aris
Zalaufleba? ra aris xelisufleba? ra aris saxelmwifo? gavscemT
marTebul an sadao pasuxs, magram aucileblad vityviT raRacas. ma-
gram TviTon cnebebs ver gavaanilizebT, ver ganvsazRvravT. maSin
raze vsaubrobT, raze vkamaTobT raze vdaobT? Tanac yvelaze didi
azartiT?
adamianebss aqvT am kiTxvebze pasuxebi. magram Tu davakvirdebiT
politikis fenomens, vnaxavT rom is Zalze Zneli gansamartavia. igi
moRvaweobis mraval sferos moicavs.
aristoteles mecnierebaTa klasifikaciaSi `politikiT~ aRiniS-
neba codnis erT-erTi yvelaze arsebiTi sfero, romelic iqvemde-
barebs sxva mecnierebebs da pirveli filosofiis Semdeg yvelaze
mniSvnelovan codnad aris miCneuli, romlis Seswavlis obieqti
saTnoebaa.
Tu gvsurs vupasuxoT kiTxvas ra aris politika? _ jer adamiani
unda SeviswavloT, radgan aristoteles gansazRvrebiT swored ada-
miani aris politikuri arseba.
masTan politikuroba adamianis arsobriv gansazRvrebadaa miC-
neuli. is ar vrceldeba yvela adamianze, radgan yvela adamianis
msgavsi arseba (igive jogurad mcxovrebi brbo) adamiani ar aris.
maqs veberis (1864-1920) sityvebiT, politika `moRvaweobis yvela
nairsaxeobas moicavs~. politika Tanamedrove samyaros yvelaze aq-
tualuri, problemuri da mniSvnelovani sferoa. politika raRa-
cisken mimarTuli qmedebaa. xSirad gvesmis: bankis politika, Wkviani
qalis politika, magram imaSic darwmunebulia nebismieri adamiani,
rom politikis cneba yovelive amas scildeba.
maS ra aris politika?
politika Zveli berZnuli sityvaa da `polisis~ an saxelmwifos mar-
Tvas niSnavs. osvald Spengleri (1880-1936) aRniSnavs, rom `yvelaze
ufro zogadad, rom vTqvaT politika _ es aris procesi, romlis
SigniTac adamianebi qmnian, xvewen da inarCuneben erTad cxovrebis
normebs~.
190
gavixsenoT robizon kruzo, romelic mowyvetilia sazogadoe-
bas, martoa, man martoobaSi SesZlo martivi sameurneo saqmianoba,
misi gaZRola, magram is politikaSi ar aris CarTuli. euli adamiani
politikaSi ver CaerTveba, amisaTvis saWiroa meore adamiani. poli-
tika iwyeba paraskevas, meore adamianis gamoCeniT. sadac sazogadoe-
baa, iqaa politika.
platonisaTvis politika aris adamianis mier adamianis marTvis
sfero. misi safuZveli erTdroulad aris, rogorc samefo codna,
ise xelovneba. politika Tavisi bunebiT racionaluri da individu-
aluri elementebis erTobliobaa. aristotele aRniSnavs, radgan
yoveli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis mizani aris sikeTe, maSin maT
Soris yvelaze didi mniSvnelovani sferos mizanic igive iqneba.
aseTi sfero ki aris politika, politikaSi ki sikeTe samarTliano-
baa, xolo samarTlianoba sasargebloa mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.
rogorc vxedavT antikurobaSi politikis saSualebiT SeiZleba
cxovrebis gaumjobeseba da Rirseuli sazogadoebis Seqmna.
politikis cnebis gamoyeneba Zalian mravalferovania. martivi
pasuxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro SefasebiTi msjeloba, vi-
dre problemis ganmarteba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kargad cnobil
lapidarul formulirebaze. magaliTad, `politika aris is, rasac
xmamaRla amboben? anu politika es aris xalxisaTvis xelis SeSlis
xelovneba, CaerTos imaSi, rac mas exeba~ (pol valeri 1871-1945).
politika aris sazogadoebrivi interesebis erToblioba.
osvald Spengleri kiTxvas svams Tavis cnobil naSromSi, `poli-
tikis filosofia~ _ `rogor akeTeben politikas? da pasuxobs: `sax-
elmwifoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis dabadebuli kaci upirveles yov-
lisa mcodnea, mcodne-adamianis mdgomareobis mcodne; -sagnis mas
aqvs xedva, romelic sWvrets yovel SesaZleblobas ucduneblad,
daugvianeblad...
ki magram ra aris politika? SesaZleblobis xelovneba. am Zve-
li sityvebiT TiTqmis yovelive Tqmulia... politika is formaa,
romelSic erTi xalxis istoria mraval sxva xalxTa Soris mimdin-
areobs. didi xelobaa is, rom sakuTar politikas Sinagan formebSi
Seinaxav da mzad iqnebi garedan momavali SemTxvevisaTvis~
klasikuri gagebiT, politika niSnavs imas, `rac exeba poliss~,
`rac exeba saxelmwifos~, rac exeba sazogadoebriv interesebTa er-
Tobliobas.
`politika~ arsebiTad aris sazogadoebrivi ideebis erToblioba
da misgan gamomdinare mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba, romelic dakav-
Sirebulia saxelmwifoebis, xalxebis, erebis, socialur jgufebis
Soris sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani urTierTobis CamoyalibebasTan.
191
maqs veberisaTvis politika `sxva araferia, Tu ara miswrafe-
ba ZalauflebaSi monawileobisaken, an mis ganawilebaze zegavlenis
mopovebisaken. sulerTia, iqneba es Zalauflebis gadanawileba sx-
vadasxva saxelmwifoebs Soris Tu romelime erTi saxelmwifos Sig-
niT, adamianis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris~.
politikis cneba ori radikalurad gansxvavebuli reputaciiT-
ac sargeblobs: erTi midgomis Tanaxmad politika `binZuri saqmea~,
meore midgomiT ki aucilebeli, mniSvnelovani da sapatio saqmi-
anobaa. ufro rTuli problema ki isaa, rom mecnierebi dRemde ver
Tanxmdebian, Tu ra aris politika, rac ganpirobebulia misi cnebis
mravalmniSvnelobiT.
hana arendtisTvis (1906_1975) politika adamianTa moRvaweobis
umniSvnelovanesi formaa, vinaidan Tavisufal da Tanaswor moqa-
laqeebs Soris urTierTobebs gulisxmobs-cxovrebis azrs aniWebs
da yovel individis unikalurobas adasturebs.
SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi Sexeduleba politikaze.
1. politika rogorc saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba _saxelm-
wifos kontrolis ganxorcieleba sazogadoebiT, rogorc es xdeba
koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da Sesrulebis dros. ar-
sebobs tradicia, romlis mixedviTac politikis Seswavla niSnavs
mTavrobis xelisuflebis funqcionirebis Seswavlas da rom poli-
tika warmodgeba, rogorc oficialuri gadawyvetilebaTa erTo-
blioba, rom liTac xelisuflebis organo sazogadoebas ganusaz-
Rvravs saqmianobis ama Tu im programas an mimarTulebas.
2. politika, rogorc sajaro procesi _am midgomiT xdeba garkve-
va Tu sad gadis zRvari `sajaro~ cxovrebas Soris. miiCneven rom is
emTxveva saxelmwifo da sajaro sazogadoebad gayofas.
saxelmwifo organoebi (sasamarTlo, policia, armia da a. S.) ga-
nixileba sajarod, radganac is pasuxs agebs sazogadoebis koleq-
tiuri cxovrebis organoebze da finansdeba sazogadoebis xarjze.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ki Sedgeba institutebisagan, rogoricaa
ojaxi, kerZo sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, gaerTianebebi...
isini kerZoa, radgan maT qmnian kerZo moqalaqeebi TavianTi in-
teresebis Sesabamisad. ruso da mili politikuri cxovrebaSi monaw-
ileobas miiCneven adamianis Rirsebad da sikeTed.
3. politika, rogorc komprom isi da konsensusi _ politika ganix-
ileba konfliqtebis gadawyvetis xerxad, kompromisebis, molapara-
kebebis da sxva SeTanxmebuli zomebis gamoyenebiT, rac upirispird-
eba Zalis an xelisuflebis uxeS gamoyenebas.
4. politika, rogorc xelisuflebisa da resursebis ganawileba-
am midgomis mixedviT politika sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis yvela
192
sferoSia: iqneba es ojaxi, eri Tu globaluri sazogadoeba. poli-
tika aris yvelaferi, rac dakavSirebulia resursebis warmoebasTan
ganawilebasTan da gamoyenebasTan sazogadoebis normaluri funq-
cionirebisaTvis.
5. politika, rogorc Zalaufleba- am SemTxvevaSi politika
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis `yvela kunWulSi~ aRwevs. es iqneba sax-
elisuflebo, saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi. rogorc andrian
leftviCi Tavis naSromSi ra aris politika amtkicebs: `politika
nebismier koleqtur sajaro saqmianobas udevs safuZvlad, ofi-
cialursa da araformalurs, sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos, yovel
dajgufebas, institutsa da gaerTianebas~.
karl Smiti (1888-1985) Tavis gaxmaurebul naSromSi `politi-
kuris cneba~ -Si aRniSnavs; ... politikuris zusti gansazRvreba ioli
aRmosaCeni rodia. terminis mniSvneloba, rogorc wesi gamoikveTeba
sxva terminebTan SepirispirebiT. rodesac magaliTad laparakoben
politikasa da ekonomikaze, politikasa da samarTalze, politikasa
da moralze da a. S. es viTareba mniSvnelovanwilad cvlis termin
politikuris sazriss da mas konsteqstualurad adgens. Tumca ro-
gorc ar unda iyos saqme, politikuri yovelTvis SexebaSia saxelm-
wifosTan da mis gareSe ar moiazreba.
§3. ra aris politikuri filosofia?
rogorc aRiniSna politikis filosofiis fuZemdeblebad iTv-

lebian platoni da aristotele.
aristoteles gansazRvriT adamiani Tavisi arsiT politikuri
arsebaa_adamians `Rirseuli cxovreba~ SeuZlia mxolod im sazoga-
doebaSi, sadac politika warmodgeba eTikuri aspeqtiT. politika
isaa, rac ukavSirdeba `samarTlian sazogadoebas~.
swored saberZneTSi Caisaxa is, rasac dRes politikur filoso-
fias uwodeben. mas yovelTvis ainteresebda ara marto arsebuli,
aramed is, rac unda iyos, amitom is normatiul xasiaTs atarebs.
normativi: faseulobaa da qcevis wesebis ganmsazRvreli: ìs rac
sasurvelia iyos da ara is rac aris~.
rogorc gavlili masalidan gamoCnda antikurobidan Taname-
drove epoqamde adamianis, rogorc bunebiT politikuri arsebis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebis mTavar argumentad gvevlineba imaze miTiTeba,
rom adamians mxolod `samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi~ SeuZlia cxovre-
ba. adamianis mTeli yofiereba, yvela Tavisi aspeqtiTa da gamoxat-
ulebebiT aris politikuri yofiereba. swored maSin Cndeba poli-
193
tikuri filosofia, rodesac adamianebs gamokveTil miznad eqceva
kargi cxovrebisa da kargi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb codnis SeZena.
sityva `filosofiuri~ mianiSnebs erTdroulad saganzedac
da funqciazec. politikuri filosofiis sagani unda emTxveodes
politikuri moqmedebis mizans. es miznebia Tavisufleba da marTva.
politikuri filosofiis cnobili warmomadgeneli leo Strausi
(1899_1973) aRniSnavs: `politikuri filosofiis sagans kacobriobis
diadi miznebi warmoadgens: Tavisufleba, mmarTvelobis forma an
batonoba-es swored …is miznebia, romlebsac ZaluZT, adamiani mis
ubadruk meze aamaRlon~.
politikuri filosofia ikvlevs saxelmwifos, mmarTvelobis,
moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobaTa problemebs da cdilobs,
pasuxi gasces zogad kiTxvebs: ratom unda davemorCiloT saxelmwi-
fos? rogor unda ganawildes keTildReoba sazogadoebaSi? rogo-
ria piradi Tavisuflebis farglebi sazogadoebaSi? gvWirdeba Tu
ara saxelmwifo? ratom unda daemorCilos adamiani im saxelmwifos
mTavrobas, romelSic mas cxovreba uxdeba, da aris Tu ara SiSis
garda damorCilebis sxva saSualeba? ra aris Tavisufleba? ra aris
samarTlianoba? ra aris Tanasworoba? ra aris Zalaufleba da sa-
survelia Tu ara misi arseboba?
politikuri filosofia normatiuli disciplinaa. is politi-
kur saganTa bunebis gagebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. filosofias
yovelTvis ainteresebda àra arsebuli~, aramed is, rac ùnda
iyos~ da rac unda gakeTdes. amitom umetesad politikis filoso-
fiuri gaazreba atarebda upiratesad eTikur, mavaldebulebel
normatiul xasiaTs.
politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi kiTxvebia:
pirveli- romeli institucionaluri wesrigia marTebuli?
meore- romeli sazomebiT unda Sefasdes socialuri institute-
bi?
mesame- rogor xdeba am Sefasebis sazomebiT institucionaluri
wesrigis SerCeva da damkvidreba?
am kiTxvebidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, rom politikuri fi-
losofia zneobis filosofiasTan mWidro kavSirSia. igi eZebs WeS-
maritebis da sikeTis principebs, raTa adamianebi ufro bednierebi
iyvnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zneobis filosofiisagan gansxvave-
biT politikuri filosofia am principebs pirovnebis qcevaze ki ar
avrcelebs, aramed zepirovnul institutebze. romeli instituti
unda miviRoT, raTa Cveni qcevisa da cxovrebis koordinacia Sev-
ZloT?
politikuri filosofiis klasikuri memkvidreobis gaazreba da
194
analizi unda moxdes antikurobidan dRevandelobamde. politikuri
azris istoriis yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgenlebis SeswavliT.
platonma politikur filosofias ori Txzuleba miuZRvna:
`saxelmwifo~ da `kanonebi~, aristotelem _ specialuri traqtati
`politika~, avgustinem `RvTis qalaqi~, makiavelim `mTavari~, hobsma
`leviaTani~, monteskiem _ `kanonTa goni~, Jan-Jak rusom `sazoga-
doebrivi xelSekruleba~. politikuri filosofiis problemebs ikv-
levdnen kanti, hegeli, marqsi, bentami, jon stiuart mili, da a.
S. me-20 saukunis politikur filosofiaSi muSaobdnen jon roul-
si `samarTlianobis Teoria~, robert noziki ànarqia, saxelmwifo
da utopia~, isaia berlini `Tavisuflebis ori Tvalsazrisi~, jon
nervensoni `Tanasworobis da Tavisuflebis Sepirispireba, Tavisu-
flebis upiratesoba~, j. raci `liberalizmi, avtonomia da neitral-
uri damokidebulobis politika~ haieki `Tavisuflebis konstitu-
cia~ da sxvebi.
germaneli filosofosis edmund hesurlis (1839-1938) sityve-
biT, politikuri filosofia, es aris politikis `morfologiuri
arsi~ -s gageba, romelic Seadgens politikis fenomenalur mxares
konkretuli gamovlinebebiT, formebiTa da faqtebiT.
amdenad, politikuri filosofiis amocanaa _ saxelmwifos ar-
sisa da Zalauflebis, misi miznebisa da daniSnulebis, adamianis
bunebasTan misi urTierTobis kvleva.
edmund berki (1729-1797) aRniSnavs, Teoretikosi filosofosis
saqmea miuTiTos saxelmwifos WeSmarit miznebze, praqtikosi poli-
tikosis saqme ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom man unda ipovos saWiro
saSualebebi am miznebis misaRwevad da SesZlos kidevac waramatebiT
gamoiyenos igi.
sawyis etapze politikuri filosofia politikur mecnierebas-
Tan erTad adamianTa saqmeebis yovlismomcvel Semswavlelad gvev-
lineboda. mxatvrulad Tu vityviT, dRes igi `daWrilia naWrebad~,
rac adre mocemuli iyo politikuri filosofiis da politikuri
mecnierebebis saxiT, dRes is gvevlineba sociologiis, ekonomikis,
socialuri fsiqologiis, politikuri Teologiisa da a. S. saxeliT.
politikur filosofias, empiriuli mecnierebebisagan gansx-
vavebiT orientirebulia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tanamedrove
modifikaciaSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiTxvaa: ra
aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs Tavis politikur xasiaTs
xdomilebaSi, rogorc arsobrivi diferenci. es aris siRrmiseuli
kvleva _ is orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis RirebulebiT
orientaciebis Seswavlaze.
politikuri filosofia aris codna politikis arssa da dan-
195
iSnulebis Sesaxeb. is SeimuSavebs politikuri Teorias, idealebs,
normatiul principebs, paradigmebs, modelebs da sxv. ikvlevs poli-
tikuri movlenebis mizezebsa da adgens perspeqtiul prognozebs.
is iZleva empiriuli politikuri procesebis Semecnebis meTodebs,
formebsa da saSualebebs.
§4. politikuri filosofia guSin da dRes
XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi TiTqosda daikarga interesi poli-

tikur filosofiis problemebze. rac gamowveuli iyo gasuli sau-
kunis 30-iani wlebidan logikuri pozitivizmisa da enis filoso-
fiis aRmavlobiT.
politikuri filosofiis, rogorc aramecnieruli movlenebis
uaryofa-Tanamedrove pozitivizmisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. XIX
saukunis bolos socialur mecnierebaTa pozitivizmi sabolood
Camoyalibda. man gaacnobiera rom faqtebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris
arsebobs fundamenturi gansxvaveba. mecniereba eyrdnoba faqtebze
dafuZnebul daskvnebs.
pozitivisturad orientirebuli mimdinareobebis mixedviT nor-
matiuli xasiaTis msjelobebi arc erT kategorias ar unda miekuT-
vnebodes. maTi dasabuTeba faqtebis meSveobiT SeuZlebelia da arc
analitikur WeSmaritebas Seicaven. amdenad, politikuri filoso-
fia fsevdo _ codnis matareblad moinaTla.
Tanamedrove pozitivizmi uars ambobs politikur filosofiaze,
ramdenadac mas aramecnierulad Tvlis. pozitivizmi axlac eTanx-
meba im princips, rasac misi fuZemdebeli ogiust konti amtkicebda,
rom Tanamedrove mecniereba aris codnis umaRlesi forma. poli-
tikuri filosofia ki Teologiisa da metafizikisagan gansxvavebiT
absoluturi codnis magivrad SefasebiT codnas aRiarebs.
pozitivizmi, romelmac mecnierebaSi miiRo Tavisi saboloo
forma, gaacnobiera gansxvaveba faqtebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris.
mecnierebis kompetenciaSi Sedis mxolod faqtiuri msjelobebi.
pozitivisturi socialuri mecniereba `Tavisufalia Rirebulebebi-
sagan~ an èTikurad neitraluria~.
rogorc politikuri filosofiis Tanamedrove mkvlevari leo
Strausi aRniSnavs: dRes politikuri filosofiaSi adgili aqvs
mxolod uTanxmoebas mis saganTan, meTodebTan da funqciebTan
mimarTebaSi. kiTxvis qveS dadga misi arsebobis SesaZlebloba raime
formiT. erTaderTi, raSic Tanxmdebian politikuri mecnierebis
swavlulebi, aris is, rom politikuri filosofiis istoriis Ses-
196
wavlas SeuZlia sargeblis motana.
1970 wlis dasawyisSi politikuri filosofia aRorZinebis gzas
daadga. zogierTi mkvlevari politikuri filosofiis aRorZinebis,
anu Semotrialebis TariRad 1971 wels asaxelebs, rac dakavSirebu-
lia jon roulsis (1921-2002) fundamenturi Sromis `samarTliano-
bis Teoriis~ gamosvlasTan, romliTac faqtiurad axali etapi dai-
wyo.

ras gveubneba aristoteles cnobili definicia àdamiani aris
politikuri arseba~.
 Tu politika arsebiTad sazogadoebrivi saqmianobaa, ratom
ar iTvleba nebismieri sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba politikad?
gavixsenoT politikaze xuTi Sexeduleba:

 politika rogorc saxelmwifos marTvis xelovneba;
 politika, rogorc sajaro procesi;
 politika, rogorc kompromisi da konsensusi;
 politika, rogorc xelisuflebisa da resursebis ganawileba;
 politika, rogorc Zalaufleba;
vimsjeloT TiToeulze calcalke.
g) politikuri filosofia noramatiuli disciplinaa-
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan:
 normatiuli da
 mecnieruli
197
Tavi II
saxelmwifo: bunebrivi mdgomareobidan
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebisaken
`saxelmwifos mizani mudam erTia: moaTvinieros,

daimorCilos da daTrgunos pirovneba~
maqs Stirneri, `me da Cemi~
§1. ra aris saxelmwifo? saWiroa Tu ara misi arseboba?
sityva saxelmwifo CvenTvis TiTqosda Zalzed nacnobia da mra-

valjer gamogviyenebia kidec, magram misi gansazRvreba ioli saqme
araa. yoveldRiur sasaubro enaSi da mecnierebaSi cneba `saxelm-
wifo~, ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba
pirveli _ saxelmwifoSi igulisxmeba adamianTa didi jgufebis
gaerTianeba. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo identuria cnebisa `xalxi~,
`sazogadoeba~, `qveyana~.
meore _ saxelmwifoSi gulisxmoben garkveul organoebs da in-
stitutebs, aseve maTi saqmianobis wess. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos
igiveobrivi cnebaa `mTavroba~ da àdministracia~.
saxelmwifo: politikuri organizacia, romelsac garkveuli
teritoriis farglebSi suverenuli Zalaufleba gaaCnia da, aseve
`kanonier Zaladobaze~ monopoliiT xasiaTdeba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, politika berZnuli sityvaa da `poli-
sis~ anu saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebas niSnavs. berZnebs pata-
ra qalaq-saxelmwifoebi hqondaT da is miaCndaT saxelmwifoebrivi
mowyobis saukeTeso formad.
berZnebi saxelmwifos stabilurobas upirveles yovlisa, aka-
vSirebdnen kanonebis arsebobasTan. qalaqi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes,
rogorc samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, imdenad, ramdenadac polite-
ai _ moqalaqeTa erToblioba Sedgenilia sayovelTaod dawerili
kanonebiT.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesobas Tavisi
saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba miaCdaT saukeTesod, anda ibrZodnen mis
Sesacvlelad.
platoni `saxelmwifoSi~ bZanebs: `me mgonia, saxelmwifos maSin
eZleva dasabami, roca arcerT adamians aRar SeuZlia daikmayo-
filos Tavisi Tavi, radganac aTasi ram sWirdeba... _ amitom yoveli
kaci xan vis mimarTavs da xan vis Tavisi moTxovnilebis dasakmayo-
198
fileblad. aTasnair gaWirvebas rom ganicdis, aTasobiT kaci erTi-
andeba, raTa erTad icxovros da Seewion kidec erTmaneTs. swored
am Tanacxovrebas vuwodebT Cven saxelmwifos~
saxelmwifo-politikuri gaerTianebaa, romelic damoukidebel
iurisdiqcias avrcelebs garkveul teritoriul sazRvrebSi da xe-
lisuflebas mudmivmoqmedi institutebis meSveobiT.
saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSanebi:
_ teritoria, rogorc ganuyofeli da xelSeuxebelia. saxelm-
wifo, romelic kargavs teritorias, aRar arsebobs, rogorc sax-
elmwifo.
_ mosaxleoba (xalxi) adamianebi, romlebic mocemuli saxelmwi-
fos teritoriaze cxovroben da emorCilebian mas.
_ suverenuli xelisufleba, romlis moxeleebis meSveobiT xor-
cieldeba marTva. is saxelmwifos ganmsazRvreli elementia. su-
verenuloba niSnavs, rom Tavis teritoriaze saxelmwifos xelisu-
fleba aris universaluri, vrceldeba mTel mosaxleobaze da yvela
organizaciaze.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba flobs monopolias iZulebis saSu-
alebebis (armia, policia, cixeebi) da saxelmwifos mier Zaladobis
gamoyenebis formebi, saSualebebi, da pirobebi mkveTradaa gansaz-
Rvruli kanoniT.
amdenad, saxelmwifo aris mmarTvelTa da marTulTa urTierTo-
bis kanonierad mowesrigebuli samyaro.
politikuri filosofiis warmomadgenlebi platonidan da ar-
istoteledan moyolebuli dRemde qmnidnen saxelmwifoebrivi
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva modelebs. anu adamianebi mudmivad ZiebaSi
iyvnen ukanonoba kanoniT daeregulirebinaT, usamarTloba _ samar-
TlianobiT da a. S.
adamianebi xSirad fiqroben, rom arsebuli mmarTvelobis sax-
elmwifoebrivi formebi cudia. SeiZleba Tu ara Tavi davaRwioT
maT? magram Cven ar SegviZlia gaviqceT saxelmwifodan, vinaidan
dedamiwaze ar darCa adgili, sadac mas daemalebi.
saxelmwifos momxrec bevri hyavs da mowinaaRmdegec. momxreebi-
saTvis saxelmwifo namdvili `miwieri RmerTia~, mxolod masSi Seu-
Zlia icxovros adamianTa modgmam. mis gareSe Cveni cxovreba daems-
gavseboda mtacebel cxovelTa samyaroSi cxovrebas.
arian adamianTa jgufebi, romelTac anarqizmis warmomadgen-
lebs uwodeben. isini amtkiceben, rom adamianTa modgma ukeTesad
icxovrebda, saxelmwifoebi rom ar yofiliyo.
anarqia sityva-sityviT niSnavs mmarTvelobis gareSe; cneba àn-
arqia~ xSirad gamoiyeneba uaryofiT konteqstSi, destabilizaciis
199
da qaosis aRsaniSnavad.
mowinaaRmdegebi masSi urCxuls xedaven, radgan Tavisuflebas
zRudavs da xels uSlis nebayoflobiT urTierTobebs. isini Tv-
lian, rom saxelmwifo unda gauqmdes. maT anarqistebs uwodeben.
anarqistebis mtkicebiT arsebobs sazogadoebrivi mowyobis mar-
tivi da ufro srulyofili meTodebi. anarqizmis erT-erTi mamam-
Tavris pier Jozef prudonis (1809_1865) mixedviT, socialuri uwes-
rigobis, Zalmomreobis, usamarTlobis, Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
mizezebi saxelmwifoSi unda veZeboT.
saxelmwifos momxreebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris dava
dResac grZeldeba, radgan aravin icis rogori politikuri moma-
vali gvelis.
Teologi da filosofosi netari avgustine (354-430)`RvTis qa-
laqSi~ aRniSnavs; `codviT dacemuli da samoTxidan gaZevebuli
adamiani midrekilia Zaladobisaken. saxelmwofos am midrekilebis
alagmva akisria. amdenad, cudi saxelmwifo ufro naklebi borote-
baa, vidre saxelmwifos sruli ararseboba~..
saxelmwifos, Tuki mas ganvixilavT oficialuri saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens politikuri organiza-
ciis formas, romelic flobs saSualebebs, raTa ganaxorcielos
kontroli gansazRvrul teritoriaze da mocemul xalxze da amas-
Tan daamyaros urTierTobebi sxva erTeulTan, romelTac agreTve
gaaCniaT suvereniteti.
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo arsebobdes, saWiroa organizaciis
xangrZlivi erTgvarovani arseboba da unarianoba. magaliTad, fis-
kaluri resursebi, raTa SenarCunebul iqnas iZulebis aparati.
saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia arseboba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ga-
reSe, romelic xels uSlis „bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ` dabrunebas.
saxelmwifo da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba didxans iyo sinonimuri
cnebebi, dawyebuli aristoteledan da damTavrebuli rusoTi, sanam
moxdeboda am konceptebis calcalke ganxilva.
sxvadasxva epoqaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesobas Tavisi
saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba miaCdaT saukeTesod, anda ibrZodnen mis
Sesacvlelad.
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) „mTavarSi~ aRniSnavs, „yvela sax-
elmwifo, yvela Zlieri xelisufleba, romelsac gaaCnia Zalaufleba
xalxze, aris respublika an samefo.~ saxelmwifo makiavelTan ufro
farTo realobas aRniSnavs, vidre marTlmsajulebis formebs.
200
§ 2. winaresaxelmwifoebrivi anu bunebrivi mdgomareoba
Tanamedrove adamians saxelmwifos gareSe cxovreba ver war-

moudgenia, magram kacobriobam Tavisi istoris didi nawili sax-
elmwifos gareSe gaatara. saxelmwifo, rogorc politikuri orga-
nizacia daaxloebiT xuTiaTasi wlis istorias iTvlis.
xSirad ismeba kiTxva: bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, anu
bunebrivia adamianis cxovreba saxelmwifoSi, Tu ufro bunebrivi
mdgmareobaa, adamianebi Tavisuflad rom daexetebodnen tyeebsa
da velebSi. Zneli safiqrebelia, ra aris misTvis bunebrivi da ra
arabunebrivi.
bunebrivi mdgomareoba esaa-sazogadoebis yofa-cxovreba, rom-
lisTvisac ucxoa politikuri xelisufleba da pirovnebis SezRud-
va nebismieri iuridiuli kanonebiT. faqtiurad mxolod Teoriuli
mocemulobaa.
jon loki aRniSnavs, rom adamianis bunebiTi Tavisufleba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom igi ar emorCileba aranair amqveyniur upirates
Zalas an adamianis nebasa Tu sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas da mx-
olod bunebiT kanons aRiarebs saxelmZRvanelod. adamianis Tavisu-
fleba sazogadoebaSi isaa, rom ar daemorCilos sxva sakanonmdeblo
xelisuflebas, garda imisa, rac saxelmwifoSi TanxmobiT miiReba;
ar daemorCilos raime nebas an SeizRudos raime kanoniT, garda
imisa, rasac kanonmdebeli miiRebs misdami gamocxadebuli ndobis
farglebSi.
maSasadame, xelisuflebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis Tavi-
sufleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom arsebobdes moqmedi saxelmZRvane-
lo wesebi, rac sazogadoebis yvela wevrze Tanabrad gavrceldeba
da rasac masSi Seqmnili sakanonmdeblo organo SemoiRebs. Tavi-
sufleba, vimoqmedo Cemi sakuTari nebiT yovelTvis, roca es wesebi
amas ar mikrZalavs, ar daveqvemdebaro meore adamianis cvalebad,
gaurkvevel, ucnob, TviTnebur survilebs, _ iseve, rogorc bunebi-
Ti Tavisufleba niSnavs, arafriT iyo SezRuduli, garda bunebis
kanonisa.
adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobas SeiZleba vuwodoT winasaxelm-
wifoebrivi periodi. Tomas hobsis mixedviT, (aristotelesagan gan-
sxvavebiT) adamianTa politikur yofas win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgo-
mareoba. is wers: bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da gonebrivi unarebis
mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan marTalia, zogjer Cven vxedavT,
rom erTi adamiani meoreze ufro Ronieri da Wkviania, magram Tu
maT yvelas erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom gansxvaveba
maT Soris arc ise didia, rom romelime adamians amis safuZvelze
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SesZleboda moeTxova TavisTvis raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva
adamians ar hqondes igives moTxovnis analogiuri ufleba.
hobsTan bunebrivi mdgomareoba xasiaTdeba TanasworobiT, ro-
melic iq sufevs: yvela adamiani iq Tanasworia. vinaidan yvelaze
sustsac ki aqvs imdeni Zala, moklas ufro Zlieri adamiani (eS-
makobiT, sxva adamianis daxmarebiT). misi azriT, adamianebs Soris
unarebis erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da konfliqtis
wyaro. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi iqmneba totaluri konfliqtis vi-
Tareba.
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myof adamianTa Soris mtrobis sami
mizezi arsebobs: metoqeoba, undobloba da pativmoyvareoba, anu
didebis wyurvili.
metoqeoba, radganac is adamianebi xdebian erTmaneTis mtrebi,
romelTac surT erTi da igive ram.
undobloba gamomdinareobs metoqeobidan, radgan safrTxe kar-
naxobs winaswarganWvretasa da moqmedebis aucileblobas. raTa Za-
lis gamoyenebiT adamiani TavSi moeqces sxva adamianTa sakmaod did
jgufs da amieridan ar eSinodes mtruli Zalebis.
pativmoyvareoba, radgan `jgufurad~ cxovrebisas TiToeuli
cdilobs, rom sxvam pativi sces mas ise, rogorc is miiCnevs. es
survili imdenad Zlieria, rom is mzadaa avnos sxvebs, oRondac mi-
aRwios sawadels.
amdenad, hobsis mixedviT, adamianebi ibrZvian usafrTxoebisaT-
vis, nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad da Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad. adami-
anebi Sepyrobili arian vnebebiT. swored imitom, rom adamianebi ar
emorCilebian erTobliv Zalauflebas, maT bunebrivad aqvT ufle-
bebi, magram es uflebebi mraval winaaRmdegobas awydeba, ramac Sei-
Zleba isini Seusrulebadi gaxados: TiToeuls SeuZlia miiRos, rac
mas surs, magram arc erTis qoneba ar aris garantirebuli. amdenad
ar arsebobs instituti, romelic aiZulebs adamianebs pativi scen
erTmaneTs, isini iseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian, romelSiac, ro-
gorc hobsi ityvis, mimdinareobs: òmi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg~
da amoqmeddeba principi àdamiani adamianisaTvis mgelia~. aseTi iyo
adamianis xifaTiT aRsavse cxovreba, rodesac is velur an `bune-
briv mdgomareobaSi~ cxovrobda, anu ar hqonda saxelmwifo.
202
§3. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan sazogadoebrivi
xelSekrulebisaken
`saxelmwifoSi~ platoni glavkons aTqmevinebs `mas Semdeg, rac

adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu moiqcnen samarTli-
anadac da arasamarTlianadac da dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisa-
gan, maSin maT mizanSewonilad CaTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomav-
lod arc usamarTloba CaedinaT da arc dazaralebuliyvnen misgan.
aqedan daiwyo kanonmdebloba da xelSekruleba~.
bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi adamianTa Soris urTierToba
emyareba princips _ àdamiani adamianisaTvis mgelia~, rac ufro ve-
lurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, raki am viTarebidan yvela
zaraldeboda, adamianebs Soris daido sazogadoebrivi xelSekrule-
ba, romlis mixedviTac daculi unda yofiliyo TiToeuli maTganis
bunebrivi ufleba sicocxleze da bednierebaze.
konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi politikur mdgomareoba-
ze gadadian da konvenciiT arsebuli wesebiT cxovroben. misi azriT
pirveli saxelmwifo Seiqmna xelSekrulebis Sedegad. raTa Tavidan
aecilebinaT cxovrebis bunebrivi wesis saSinelebani.
Tomas hobsi miuTiTebs, `saxelmwifo dawesebulad iTvleba, Tuki
mravali adamiani Tanxmdeba da TiToeuli maTgani xelSekrulebas
debs TiToeul sxvasTan imaze, rom visac ar unda mianiWos maTma um-
ravlesobam yvela maTgani pirovnebis warmodgenis ufleba (adamians
Tu sakrebulos) _ anu vinc ar unda gaxadon Tavis warmomadgenlad
_ yvelam, imisda miuxedavad, am warmomadgenels misca xma Tu misi
winaaRmdegi iyo, unda moaxdinos am kacis, Tu sakrebulos yvela
qmedebisa Tu gadawyvetilebis avtorizacia ise, TiTqos is Tavad
maTi yofiliyos [anu Tavad maT emoqmedoT] erTmaneTSi mSvidobis
SenarCunebisa da sxva adamianTagan Tavdacvis mizniT~.
amdenad, rogorc Cans, saxelmwifo Seiqmna xelSekrulebis
safuZvelze. individebi SeTanxmdnen, daewesebinaT mefis wodeba,
romelsac eqneboda Zalaufleba maTze, maTze visac undoda mSvido-
bis SenarCuneba.
hobsi amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifos mudmivi da ZiriTadi funqcia
swored mSvidobis SenarCunebaa. es mxolod maSin iqneba SesaZlebeli,
Tu mefes an sxva mmarTvels eqneba absolituri Zalaufleba. mTeli
Zalauflebis erTi adamianis, an adamianTa jgufis xelSi Tavmoyra
iqneboda mTeli xalxis warmomadgeneli da damcveli. sazogadoe-
brivi xelSekrulebiT dafuZnebuli Tanamdeboba, posti umaRlesi
xelisuflebis matarebeli xdeba.
hobsis Sexedulebani saxelmwifosa da bunebrivi mdgomareobaze
203
gaakritikes, maT Soris jon lokma, romelic ambobs, rom adamianebs
SeuZliaT icxovron mSvidobianad bunebriv mdgomareobaSic ki; rom
adamianebs aqvT garkveuli bunebrivi uflebebi: sicocxlis, Tavisu-
flebis da sakuTrebis uflebebi.
saxelmwifo arsebobs ara marto mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis,
aramed imisaTvis, rom daicvas bunebrivi uflebebi da uzrunvelyos
maTi Sesruleba.
hobsis Sexeduleba `sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis~ Sesaxeb,
romelic Camoayaliba naSromSi `leviaTani~, mxolod swavlulTa vi-
wro wrisaTvis iyo cnobili. sanam Jan-Jak rusom ar gamoqveyna Tavisi
wigni saTauriT `sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba~. wignis gamosvlis
Semdeg xelSekrulebis idea masobrivi interesisa da msjelobis sa-
gani gaxda.
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba gulisxmobs sazogadoebasa Tu
saxelmwifoSi calkeul pirovnebaTa nebayoflobiT urTierTSe-
Tanxmebas, romelic hobsis, lokis da rusos saxelebTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli.
ruso uaryofs ingliseli filosofosis Teorias `bunebrivi
mdgomareobis~ Sesaxeb. misi azriT, hobsi logikur Secdomas uS-
vebs. es Secdoma mdgomareobs imis daSvebaSi, rom preistoriul
adamians axasiaTebs iseTi qceva da azrovneba, romelic martooden
sazogadoebis CamoyalibebasTan erTad gaCnda. misi azriT, bune-
briv mdgomareobaSi adamiani ar cxovrobs sazogadoebaSi. amitom
hipoTeza yvelas omze yvelas winaaRmdeg bunebriv mdgomareobaSi ar
aris marTebuli.
amasTan, adamianebs Soris arsebobs ori saxis uTanasworoba.
erTia bunebrivi anu fizikuri uTanasowroba, meore _ pirobi-
Ti, anu politikuri uTanasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris
garkveuli konvenciis safuZvelze. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmna
man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi. da Tqva ès Cemia~. vinme
RvTisnieri, aRniSnavs Tavis naSromSi ruso, rom gamoCeniliyo, ro-
melic Robes moarRvevda da ityoda, rom miwa yvelasaTvis saer-
Toa, is gadaarCenda kacobriobas.
rusos mixedviT, sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi xalxia damqi-
ravebeli, SemkveTi mxare, xolo daqiravebuli mxarea mTavroba. Tu
daqiravebuli mxare daarRvevs xelSekrulebiT nakisr valdebule-
bebs, maSin SemkveTs ufleba aqvs daiTxovos igi da dasajos kidec.
rusos Txzuleba samagido wignad iqca safrangeTis revolu-
ciis liderebisaTvis. maqsimilian robespieri mas `revoluciis bib-
liad~ aRiqvamda da sakuTar Tavs masSi dasabuTebuli ideebis aR-
masrulebel iaraRad miiCnevda.
204
am ideebze damyarebiT daamxes monarqia. safrangeTis 1789 wlis
revoluciis Semdeg damyarda respublikuri mmarTveloba princip-
iT: `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~. am idealebis saxeliT Sem-
deg sxva qveynebSic ganxorcielda revoluciebi.
arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviT aucilebelia arsebob-
des erTgvari gansxvaveba saxelmwifosa da nebayoflobiT asocia-
cias Soris. mTavari gansxvaveba nebayoflobiT asociaciasa da sax-
elmwifos Soris is aris, rom asociaciidan SeiZleba gamosvla, maSin
rodesac saxelmwifodan gamosvla SeuZlebelia.
nebismieri adamiani ekuTvnis ama Tu im saxelmwifos, sadac ada-
mians SeuZlia Tavi aaridos nebayoflobiT organizaciaSi monaw-
ileobas. mTavari, rac saxelmwifos gaaCnia es aris Zalaufleba.
Zalaufleba ganisazRvreba, rogorc imis ufleba, rom mi-
iRos gadawyvetilebani da moiTxovo morCileba, roca es aucile-
belia. rogorc ki adamianebi iwyeben erTad, jgufurad cxovrebas,
warmoiSoba saxelmwifo Zalaufleba, kanonSemoqmedeba, danaSaul-
Ta Tavidan acilebis, damnaSaveTa dasjis da sxva uflebebi. aseTi
cxovrebis wesi warmoSobs aucilebel amocanebs:
pirveli, adamianebis erTmaneTisagan dacva,
meore, adamianebis erTmaneTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis dacva,
mesame, yvela Cveulebrivi uflebebis dadastureba da dacva, ro-
melic sasurvelia da sasargeblod gvesaxeba.
meoTxe, Temis sakeTildReo saqmeebis organizeba.
§4. saxelmwifos warmoSoba
saxelmwifos warmoSoba sazogadoebis bunebrivi ganviTarebis,

gvarovnuli Temuri wyobilebis rRvevis Sedegia. politikuri urT-
ierTobis, politikuri institutebis da saboloo jamSi saxelmwi-
fos warmoSobas politogenezi ewodeba.
istoriuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos Camoyali-
beba stiqiurad mimdinareobda da isini TavianT saqmianobaSi emyare-
bodnen Cveulebebs da tradiciebs.
miuxedavad formaTa mravalferovnebisa, saxelmwifoebriobis
ganviTarebaSi msoflios masStabiT gamoiyofa ori tipi: tradici-
uli da konstituciuri. meorenairad monarqia da respublika.
mTavroba, (xelisufleba) qmnis savaldebulo wesebs, romelTa
saSualebiT marTavs sazogadoebas.
rogor SeiZleba msoflioSi mmarTvelobis mravalgvari formebis
kategoriebad dayofa?
205
tradiciulad, saxelmwifoebi iyofa: respublikebad (sadac su-
vereniteti sabolood xalxis xelSia) da saxelmwifoebad, sadac su-
vereniteti mmarTvelTa xelSia _ monarqiad an tiraniad.
dReisaTvis, TiTqmis yvela respublika demokratiuli (anu war-
momadgenlobiTi) respublikaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom Zalaufleba
arCeuli warmomadgenlebis xelSia, romlebic xalxis winaSe arian
pasuxismgebelni.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi rogorc wesi, pirovnebas ar ganixi-
lavdnen saxelmwifo organizaciis arsebobis miznad. maTTvis ada-
miani saxelmwifos politikuri amocanebis gadawyvetis saSualeba
iyo. xelisufalTa Zalaufleba qveSevrdomebze ar iyo SezRuduli.
aseTi iyo mravalricxovani monarqiebi, sadac sakanonmdeblo da so-
cialuri RonisZiebebi mizanSewonilad emorCileboda monarqiis ne-
bas.
kostituciuri saxelmwifoebi ki gacilebiT gvian warmoiSva.
tradiciuli saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, maT aqvT mkveTrad
gansazRvruli miznebi, romlebic gamomdinareobs garkveuli so-
cialuri fenebis da klasebis, mTlianad sazogadoebis da calkeuli
pirovnebebis interesebisagan. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia konsituci-
is anu werilobiTi kanonis safuZvelze saxelmwifos marTvis orga-
noebis SezRudva. sasamarTlo sistema aq aregulirebs saxelmwifos
saqmianobis yvela ZiriTad sferos.
sxvadasxva xalxebSi politogenezis procesebi Taviseburad mim-
dinarebda. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia gamovyoT politogene-
zis sami modeli imisda mixedviT, Tu vin eqceoda sazogadoebis sa-
TaveSi.
1. samxedro modeli _ politikur xelisuflebas iTviseben samx-
edro liderebi, samxedro organizaciis, samxedro razmebis
mxardaWeriT.
2. aristokratiul modeli _ tomTa beladebi TavianT xelSi
aqcevdnen sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobas da TandaTan zRu-
davdnen, TanatomelTa monawileobas resursebis marTvaSi.
3. plutokratiuli modeli _ sazogadoebis saTaveSi eqceodnen
calkeuli mdidari individebi, romlebic TandaTanobiT Tavi-
anT avtoriotets politikur xelisuflebad gardaqmnidnen.
xelisufleba, romlis mizania Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba sax-
elmwifoSi, imisdamixedviT, Tu ra meTodiT axorcielebs am Za-
lauflebas, qveyanaSi myardeba Sesabamisi politikuri reJimi. anu
SeiZleba iyos demokratiuli, diqtatoruli an totalitaruli.
politikuri reJimi araa damokidebuli mmarTvelobis formaze;
monarqiaa Tu respublika.
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben: demokratiul, diqtatorul da to-
206
talitarul reJimebs.
demokratia warmodgeba beZnuli sityvisgan da niSnavs xalxis
mmarTvelobas. es aris am sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, Taname-
drove gagebiT demokratias axasiaTebs Semdegi niSnebi:
xelisuflebis legitimuroba, xelisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT,
Zalauflebis ganawileba da opoziciis legitimuroba. anu xelisu-
flebis arCeva unda moxdes Sesabamisi kanonebis dacviT. xelisu-
flebisTvis ar unda iyos yvelaferi nebadarTuli, unda moqmedeb-
des kanonis farglebSi. xelisufleba ar unda iyos erTi piris xelSi,
Zalaufleba unda iyos ganawilebuli erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel
sam organos Soris: sakanonmdeblo-parlamenti, aRmasrulebeli-
mTavroba, sasamarTlo.
Zveli berZnebi „demosis~ qveS gulisxmobdnen Rarib, sakuTrebas
moklebul masas. sityva „demokratia~ Zvel saberZneTSi gamoxatavda
ara politikur Tanasworobas, aramed politikuri balansis darRve-
vas RaribTa sasargeblod. berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi politi-
kuri moRvaweoba SezRuduli iyo. politikuri saqmianobis ufleba
hqondaT 20 welze ufros mamakacebs, gamoiricxeboda qalebi, monebi
da ucxoelebi.
dasavleTis qveynebSic arsebobda mkacri SezRudvebi. did bri-
taneTSi sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba qalebisaTvis 1928 wels
dauSves, a.S.S-Si 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac afro amerikelebs misces
xmis ufleba. xolo SveicariaSi qalebma xmis ufleba mxolod 1971
wels miiRes. yovel demokratiul sistemaSi SenarCunebulia asako-
brivi SezRudva, aseve SezRudva im pirTa mimarT, vinc aRiarebulia
sulierad avadmyofebad an imyofebian patimrobaSi.
arsebobs iseTi demokratiuli modelebi, romlebic garegnulad
gamoxataven xalxis nebas, magram swored xalxs politikuri moRvawe-
obisTvis utoveben Zalze mcire SesaZleblobas. amis magaliTebia
totalitaruli demokratiebi, romlebic Camoyalibda faSisturi
diqtatorebis-musolinisa da hitleris dros. es reJimebi emyare-
bian ideas, romlis mixedviT mxolod liders SeuZlia gamoxatos
xalxis WeSmariti interesebi. xalxis Tavisufleba ki gamoixateba
yovlisSemZle liderebisadmi Tayvaniscemis ritualebSi: demon-
straciebi, yrilobebi da a. S.
saWiroa imis garkveva, ramdenad farTod unda gavrceldes xalx-
is xelisufleba.
demokratiis modeli, agebuli liberaluri individualizmis
safuZvelze miznad isaxavs politikuri monawileobis cnobili meqa-
nizmebis meSveobiT daamkvidros zogadi kanonebi, romlis fargleb-
Sic individebs eqnebaT maqsimaluri Tavisufleba sakuTari saqmi-
207
anobis warmarTvaSi da sakuTari interesebis realizebaSi. magram
arsebobs raRac sazRvari romlis iqiT demokratiam SeiZleba xe-
lyos individis Tavisufleba.
arsebobs radikaluri demokratia romelic aZlevs uflebas in-
divids miiRos nebismieri dagawyvetileba, romelic maT cxovrebas
Seexeba. am SemTxvevaSi demokratia gagebulia rogorc megobruli
Zala adamianis TavisuflebisTvis.
zogadad gamoyofenT demokratiis oTx gansxvavebul models:
klasikuri, mfarvelobiTi, ganviTarebis da saxalxo demokratia.
ganviTarebis demokratiaSi gaCnda axali aspeqti: adamianisa da
sazogadoebis ganviTareba. am sferoSi Tavisi droisTvis gabeduli
midgoma wamoayena Jan Jak rusom, romlisTvisac demokratia iyo sa-
Sualeba adamians mieRo Tavisufleba. rusos TeoriaSi adamianebi
Tavisufalni arian mxolod maSin, rodesac pirdapir da mudmivad
monawileoben sazogadoebis saqmeebSi. amrigad rusos demokratia
dayavda mxolod arCevnebze da ayenebda pirdapiri demokratiis
ideals. igi miiCnevda, rom adamianis Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mx-
olod maSin, Tuki is emorCineba saerTo nebas. amiT adamianebi mi-
yvebian, TavianT sakuTar „WeSmarit nebas~. saerTo neba gamoricxavs
adamianebis angarebian moqmedebas.
platoni miiCnevs, rom demokratiis ZiriTadi principis- Tavi-
suflebis siWarbe sazogadoebaSi anarqias da TviTnebobas iwvevs.
absoliturma Tavisuflebam SeiZleba migviyvanos absolutur mono-
bamde. aristoteles mixedviT demokratiis dros yvela sargeblobs
erTnairi pirobebiT. umravlesobas xalxi warmoadgens da marTavs
saxelmwifos. igi aRiarebs kanonis uzenaesobas da Tvlis, rom sax-
elmwifoze kanoni unda batonobdes. sadac ar aris kanonis Zalau-
fleba iq arc saxelmwifo.
Sua saukuneebSi demokratia gandevnili iqna mmarTvelobis
formebidan. amis mizezi iyo is, rom evropaSi damkvidrda feodal-
uri sazogadoeba, romelic emyareboda klasobriv da wodebriv Sez-
Rudvas, eklesiis uryev avtoritets. am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze misaReb
formad monarqia miiCneoda. am epoqis moazrovneebi amarTlebdnen
mefis xelisuflebas da mas RvTaebriv warmomavlobad Tvlidnen.
demokratiisken pozitiuri Semobruneba iwyeba axal droSi. hob-
sma, lokma, monteskiem, rusom da sxvebma gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes
demokratiuli principebis Camoyalibebasa da gavrcelebaSi. miuxe-
davad am yvelafrisa, maT demokratia mainc ar miaCndaT sazogadoe-
bis misaReb formad. amis mTavar mizezad asaxelebdnen adamianisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebel mankierebebs, ris gamoc maTTvis Seuferebelia
iseTi srulyofili mmarTveloba, rogoricaa demokratia.
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axali drois filosofosebis mier Camoyalibebuli principebi
safuZvlad daedo demokratiis axlebur gagebas. isini aRiarebdnen
adamianTa Tanasworobas, uflebebs, xalxis nebis uzenaesobas, xalx-
is nebisa da kanonis uzenaesobas. aseve moiTxovdnen Zlauflebis
ganawilebas. aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba unda
yofiliyo gamijnuli. am ganawilebis sruli dafuZneba rogorc ze-
moT ganvixileT mogvca monteskiem, romelic erTmaneTisagan da-
moukideblad miiCnevda sasamarTlo, aRmasrulebel da sakanonmde-
blo xelisuflebas.
demokratia SeiZleba miviCnioT mmarTvelobis ukeTes formad,
radgan ukeTesi forma jer sazogadoebas ar aRmouCenia. saintere-
soa CerCilis gamonaTqvami: demokratia mmarTvelobis yvelaze cudi
formaa, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT, rom sxva formebi uaresia.
diqtatoruli reJimi demokratiis sawinaaRmdgoa, Zalaufleba
Tavmoyrilia erTi piris, diqtatoris xelSi. mas ekuTvnis yvela
saxelmwifo organo, sargeblobs ganusazRvreli ZalauflebiT. am
reJimis sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi iTvleba arakanonierad da isjeba
mTeli simkacriT. diqtatura Trgunavs xalxis nebas, ar aZlevs mas
saSualebas Tavisuflad gamoavlinos igi xelyofilia pirovnebis
Tavisufleba, Rirseba da xelaSeuxebloba.
diqtaturis mravali SeemTxveva icis istoriam: faSisturi
diqtatura germaniaSi da bolSevikuri yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi.
totalitarizmi aris Teoria, romelic amarTlebs mTeli Zalau-
flebis saxelmwifos xelSi Tavmoyras. totalitaruli reJimis dros
saxelmwifo mTlianad akontrolebs sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela
sferos. rodesac saxelmwifo Tavisi uSualo meTvalyureobis qveS
aqcevs ekonomikas, ganaTlebas, kulturas, religias ojaxur yofas
da a. S. romelic dafuZnebulia mudmivi Zaladobisa da daSinebis
politikaze.
politika, socialuri urTierTobebi, sulieri sfero eqvemde-
bareba saxelmwifos mxridan mkacr kontrols. arsebobs oficial-
uri cenzura, romlis nebarTvis gareSe ar sruldeba aranairi
mniSvnelovani qmedeba. saxelmwifo saidumlo organizaciebisa da
agentebis saSualebiT Tvalyurs adevnebs moqalaqeTa saqmianobas.
termini „totalitarizmi~ pirvelad Semoitana italielma fi-
losofosma jovani jentilem, romlis ideebma didi roli Seasrula
italiuri faSizmis CamoyalibebaSi.
209
§5. idealuri saxelmwifos modeli
moqalaqeebi, xSirad mxars vuWerT iseT politikas da liderebs,

Tu gvjera, rom isini dagvexmarebian, rom sazogadoeba ukeTesi, an
ufro samarTliani gaxdes. arCevanis ukan garkveulwilad imaleba
sajaro sikeTisa da kargi sazogadoebis idea.
ideebi utopiis Sesaxeb, romlebic mocemulia ama Tu im filoso-
fosis SromebSi SeiZleba dagvexmaros politikis SesaZleblobebi-
sa da SezRudvebis ukeTesad gagebaSi. rogori iqneboda saukeTeso
politikuri wyoba?
sityva utopia saTaves iRebs Tomas moris (1478-1535) wignis sa-
Tauridan ùtopia~. termini ou topos berZnulad àrarsebul adg-
ils~ aRniSnavs, xolo èutopos~ adgils, sadac yvelaferi kargad
aris. yoveldRiur xmarebaSi, utopia, rogorc wesi, orive mniSvn-
elobas erTad moicavs.
utopia aris ararsebuli adgili, sadac xalxi cxovrobs sru-
liad janmrTelad, harmoniulad da bednierad.
srulyofili sazogadoebis abstraqtuli modelebi xandax-
an politikuri qmedebis praqtikuli saxelmZRvanelo rolsac as-
rulebda. amgvarad, miuxedavad misi garegnuli arapraqtikulobisa,
utopiuri azrebi emsaxureba mniSvnelovan miznebs da pirdapir Tu
arapirdapir gavlenas axdens politikur saqmianobaze. aseT cnobil
utopiur kvlevebs warmoadgens platonis `saxelmwifo~, Tomas mo-
ris ùtopia~. tomazo kampanelas (1568-1639) `mzis qalaqi~, frangi
utopist-socialistebis _ Carls furies (1772_1837), sen-simonis
(1760_1825) nawerebi, frensis bekonis (1561_1626) àxal atlanti-
da~ da karl marqsis naSromebi, romelSic igi uklaso sazogadoe-
bis proeqts warmoadgenda. mkvlevarebi roca aanalizeben idealur
(utopiuri) saxelmwifos modelebs, aRniSnaven, rom momavlis ide-
aluri (utopiuri) proeqtebze platoni pasuxs filosofiis sfero-
Si poulobs, bekoni _ mecnierebaSi, marqsi ki _ ekonomikaSi.
berZeni filosofosis platonis dialogi `saxelmwifo~ iTvleba
yvela drois politikuri filosofiis nimuSad. masSi gadmocemulia
Sexedulebebi idealuri saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.
platonis Teoria emyareba adamianis arsebobis Tavisebur mod-
els. `saxelmwifos~ VII wignSi platoni adamianis arsebobas adarebs
gamoqvabulis binadrebs, romelTac arasodes unaxavT dRis sinaTle.
isini gamoqvabulis kedlebze mxolod aCrdilebs da anareklebs xe-
daven. gamoqvabulis binadarTa Sorisac SeiZleba iyvnen gamorCeu-
li adamianebi, romlebmac gamoqvabulis gareT gaaRwies da ixiles
samarTlianobis, sikeTisa da WeSamritebis sinaTle. isini arian fi-
210
losofosebi, sibrZnismoyvareni.
amitomac ambobs platoni `saxelmwifos mmarTveloba iqneba
saukeTeso, Tu saxelmwifos marTvas filosofosebi daiwyeben, an
saxelmwifos mmarTvelni gafilosofosdebian.~ isini Wvreten samar-
Tlianobis ideas, mxolod maTi mmarTvelobis dros damyardeba
samarTliani saxelmwifo wyoba. samarTlianoba iqneboda umaRlesi
saTnoeba. misi Teoriis mixedviT, saukeTesod marTuli saxelmwifo
aris saxelmwifo, romelic yvelaze ufro uaxlovdeba individis
models. saxelmwifo unda iyos organuli mTeli ise, rogorc erTi
adamianis agebuleba, yvela organo mTeli organoebis sasargeblod
unda muSaobdes. platonis idealuri saxelmwifo sulis analogiaa.
igi sam sxvadasxva wodebadaa danawevrebuli. pirveli wodeba, dab-
ali klasi Tu fena moicavs `xalxs~, romelic `miwaTmoqmedTa da
xelosanTagan~ Sedgeba. maTve ematebian vaWrebic. meore wodebas
miekuTvnebian meomari `mcvelebi~ da saxelmwifo saqmeTa gamrige
`moxeleni~ da bolos mesame mmarTvel filosofosTa klasi.
mmarTvel klass Seesabameba sulis gonivruli sawyisi, meomarTa
klass sulis afeqturi, boboqari sawyisi, xolo umdables klass su-
lis is sawyisi, romelic qvena grZnobebs Tu mdabal instiqtebs ga-
nasaxierebs.
saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze unda aiRos Tavis msaxurTa aRzrda da
meomrebi unda cxovrobdnen saerTo sacxovrebelSi mkacri reJimis
pirobebSi, maT ar unda gaaCndeT sakuTreba da ojaxebi. isini sax-
elmwifos saerTo sakuTrebis xarjze unda arsebobdnen. idealuri
saxelmwifos sami klasi iseve Sewyobilad unda moqmedebdes, ro-
gorc organoebis Tavi, gul-mkerdi da muceli. an rogorc mecxvare,
ZaRli da fara. isini xarisxobrivad ise unda gansxvavdebodnen, ro-
gorc oqro, vercxli, brinjao da rkina.
platonis saxelmwifos idealurs uwodeben. ìdealuri~ niSnavs
saukeTesos. am proeqts verc erTi epoqis swavlulebma ver auares
gverdi.

a) saxelmwifosaTvis damaasiaTebelia:
 teritoria
 mosaxleoba
 suverenuli xelisufleba
davasabuToT TiToeulis saWiroeba;
211
b) saxelmwifo sikeTis wyaroa Tu borotebis- sainteresoa ada-
miani ratom tovebs `bunebriv mdgomareobas~, sadac maTTvis ucxoa
politikuri xelisufleba da pirovneba ar aris SezRuduli iurid-
iuli kanonebiT?
g) ganvasxvavoT mmarTvelobis formebi da reJimebi: riT daim-
saxura demokratiam sayovelTao aRiareba. ra nakli da xifaTebi
axlavs danarCens.
d) ras vuwodeT srulyofili sazogadoebis abstraqtul mod-
els?
ra aris idealuri saxelmwifo?
212
Tavi III.
politikuris morfologia, politikuris
kategoriebi
§1. Zalaufleba da masTan dakavSirebuli cnebebi
politikis sistemur Seswavlas _ aqvs sakuTari terminebi da

ena. politikis sferoSi viyenebT cnebebs, yvelaze zogad cnebebs,
romelsac rogorc adre aRvniSneT, kategoriebs vuwodebT. ro-
goricaa; Zalaufleba, mmarTveloba, legitimuroba, wesrigi, Tavi-
sufleba, samarTlianoba, Tanasworoba da aS.
arsebobs ramodenime donis wesrigi. politikuri gagebiT, wes-
rigi aRniSnavs im struqturebs, wesebs, ritualebs, procedurebsa
da Cveulebebs, romlebic politikur sistemas Seadgenen. igi da-
fuZnebulia sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis (an martivad rom vTqvaT
`sazogadoebis~) saZirkvelze.
mTavrobebisa da maTi liderebis unari miiRon da cxovrebaSi
gaataron wesebi, waxalisebisa an sasjelis meSveobiT, gavlena iqo-
nion individebisa Tu jgufebis qcevaze, Seadgens Zalauflebas.
mis gareSe xelisufleba ver SeinarCunebs mSvidobas, ver uzrun-
velyofs usafrTxoebas, ver miscems stimuls ekonomikur zrdas
da ver gaatarebs efeqtian politikas. Tumca, politikuri Zalau-
flebis Sedegiani gamoyeneba gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs, vidre
fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis unars.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalau-
flebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi
Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi
kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. vis xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben
Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad?
am mxriv mniSvnelovania erTmaneTs davukavSiroT ori cneba:
Zalaufleba da avtoriteti. inglisur enaSi Sesabamisi terminebi
(power da authority) xandaxan sinonimuradac ki ixmareba, anu sityva
authority zog konteqstSi SeiZleba vTargmnoT rogor `xelisufle-
ba~, zogan ki _ rogorc àvtoriteti~. Zalaufleba da avtoriteti
politikuri xelisuflebis or sxvadasxva ganzomilebas aRniSnavs.
mao Zedunma (1893_1976), erTxel Tqva, rom Zalaufleba Tofis
lulidan momdinareobs. politikuri Zalaufleba nawilobriv marT-
lac gamomdinareobs iZulebis instrumentebis (policia, uSiSroebis
samsaxuri, SeiaraRebuli dajgufebebi, jari) flobidan, magram ara
mxolod aqedan. xelisuflebis realuri ganxorcielebisTvis Tofis
213
lula ar kmara. mas sWirdeba normebi, romlebic sazogadoebis did
umravlesobas aRiarebuli da gaTavisebuli aqvs.
es normebi sxvadasxva zomiT fesvgadgmulia qcevis zneobriv,
religiur da samarTlebriv kodeqsebSi. xelisufleba, rogorc av-
toritetiT aRWurvili Zalaufleba gulisxmobs legitimur md-
gomareobas, roca Zalauflebis gamoyeneba misdevs garkveul
institutebs da wesebs, xolo adamianebi maT iZulebis gareSe emor-
Cilebian da samarTlianad da sworad miiCneven.
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT Zalaufleba da xelisufleba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zalauflebis saidumlo dRemde amouxsnilia.
sad aris xelisufleba _ Zalaufleba?
veberi, aRniSnavs Zalaufleba „amorfuli ` cnebaa, anu is aris
bundovani da ganurCeveli: is niSnavs vinmes unars izeimos Tavis
nebis aRsruleba, romelic SeiZleba (xSirad) Seejaxos sxvaTa nebas.
Zalaufleba arsebobisaTvis sayovelTao brZolaSi mopovebuli
jildoa; Zalisa da Zalismieri wesebiT damkvidrebuli upirateso-
biT tkboba, xolo xelisufleba, anu mmarTveloba urTierTobaTa
organizaciaa, romelSic yvelas gansazRvruli roli aqvs dakis-
rebuli. Zalaufleba xelisuflebis gareSe niSnavs erTi adamianis
mier meores morCilebaSi ყოლაs. xelisufleba ki mmarTvelTa da
marTulTa organizaciaa, romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianTa urT-
ierTmorCilebas Tavisuflebis SenarCunebiT.
Zalaufleba socialuri Tanacxovrebis erT-erTi fundamentu-
ri sawyisia. igi arsebobs yvelgan, ojaxSi, organizaciebSi, SromiT
koleqtivebSi, saxelmwifoSi.
politika sxva araferia, Tu ara miswrafeba ZalauflebaSi
monawileobisaTvis, an mis ganawilebaze zegavlenis mopovebisaTvis.
sulerTia, iqneba es Zalauflebis ganawileba sxvadasxva saxelmwi-
foebs, Tu erTi romelime saxelmwifos SigniT- adamianTa sxvadasxva
jgufebs Soris.
fridrix nicSe (1844_1900) Zalauflebas, misadmi wyurvils, mTe-
li samyaros sawyisad acxadebs. adamianur miswrafebaTa saboloo
mizania ara sargeblianoba, ara sikeTe, aramed sicocxlis zrda, ga-
Zliereba, brZanebloba, yovelive amis Sedegi aris brZola. brZola
da `Zalauflebis neba~ mTeli samyaros safuZvelTa-safuZvelia.
misi azriT `Zalauflebis neba~ sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis nebism-
ieri movlenis mniSvnelobis kriteriumia.
igi Zalauflebis miswrafebas, ara marto sociumis, aramed mTe-
li samyaros sawyisad acxadebs. igi miiCnevs, rom yoveli arsebulis
yofiereba sicocxlea. es sicocxle ki warmoadgens Zalauflebis
nebis gamovlinebas. swored Zalauflebis neba gansazRvravs sazoga-
214
doebrivi cxovrebis nebismieri movlenis mniSvnelobas.
Zalauflebis neba sicocxlis yovel gamovlinebas axasiaTebs.
misTvis Zalauflebis gamoxatva, rogorc mmarTvelisa da marTuls
Soris cnobieri, nebayoflobiTi urTierTobis forma miuRebelia.
Zalaufleba individebs Soris, nebelobiTi damokidebuleba ki araa,
romelic ormxriv aRiarebas moiTxovs, aramed am aRiarebis gareSe
mbrZaneblobisken swrafvaa.
uzogadesi gagebiT Zalaufleba esaa erTi individis unari gaa-
kontrolos meore individi an individTa jgufis qmedebebi. sain-
teresoa rogor xorcieldeba es Zalauflebrivi urTierToba?
Zalauflebis raobis Sesaxeb gamoyofen veberianul da sistemur
midgomebs.
pirveli midgoma gamoxatulia maqs veberis Semdeg gansazRvre-
baSi: Zalaufleba niSnavs socialur urTierTobaTa ganmtkicebul
nebismier SesaZleblobas daiJino da gaitano sakuTari, TviT wi-
naaRmdegobis arsebobisac ki, damoukideblad imisa, raSic es Sesa-
Zlebloba gamoixateba. Zalauflebas adamiani eswrafvis, ara marto
gamdidrebis mizniT, ambobs veberi, aramed misi swrafva SieZleba
Sefasdes „Zalaufleba ZalauflebisaTvis. àseve Zalauflebi-
saken ltolvas SeiZleba ganapirobebdes socialuri pativis sur-
vili. Zalaufleba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc individTa Soris an
jgufTaSoris urTierTobis nawili, romlis meSveobiT gadailaxeba
sxva socialur jgufTa winaaRmdegoba. amgvari gageba Zalauflebisa
emyareba pirovnul unarTa arsebobas, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebe-
lia sxvebis kontroli da am kontrolisadmi maTi mxridan momdin-
are winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva.
Zalauflebis Teoria nikolo makiavelTan Rebulobs parado-
qsalur xasiaTs. misi `mTavari~ ar aris naSromi politikuri ostato-
bis Taobaze. politika aq aRar aris mTlianobaSi iseTi, rogoric ar-
istotelesTan, qalaqis kargad marTvis xelovneba, aramed aq is aris
xelisuflebis SenarCunebis xelovneba, romelsac mudmivad emuqreba
gadatrialeba, xelisuflebis gadayeneba, rac moiTxovs moxerxebu-
lobas, strategiebs da samxedro eSmakobas.
makiaveli `mTavarSi~ wers: “unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs brZo-
lis ori saxe: erTia brZola kanonebis, xolo meore, Zalis meSveobiT.
pirveli niSnulia adamianebisaTvis, meore _ mxecebisaTvis. magram
raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia, Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT
xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia, rom Tanabari
warmatebiT ibrZodes, rogorc mxeci da rogorc kaci. swored amnai-
ri, TumcaRa SefarviT gamoTqmuli SegonebiT mimarTavdnen mTavro-
bas Zveli mwerlebi, romlebic aRniSnavdnen, rom aqilevss da Zveli
215
drois bevr sxva mTavarsac aRsazrdelad abarebdnen kentavr qirons,
raTa misi meTvalyureobiT davaJkacebuliyvnen. an naxevrad mxecisa
da naxevrad kacis zedamxedvelobas aq mxolod is azri aqvs, rom mTa-
vari unda iTvisebdes da isisxlxorcebdes orive bunebas, rom erTi
meoris gareSe udReuria~.
Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianebi ganuwyvetliv
imyofebian Zalauflebis moqmedebis qveS da amave dros TviTonac ax-
orcieleben mas.
Zalaufleba, rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri uTanasworo
damokidebuleba, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes xuTi niSniT:
1. Zalaufleba ar warmoadgens „iseT rames“, romelic SeiZleba
SeiZino an dakargo, aramed is xorcieldeba mravali momentis gaTval-
iswinebiT da uTanasworo da mobiluri urTierTobebis“ gaTamaSebiT.
2. Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi arseboben ara calke an gareT,
an ki (rogorc superstruqturebi), sxva urTierTobebTan mimarTe-
baSi. isini asruleben ara akrZalvis an reproduqciis martiv rols,
aramed „uSualod mwarmoeblur“ rols.
3. arsebobs jgufebi, institutebi, sadac Zalauflebrivi urT-
ierTobebi arsebobs. sazogadoebis safuZvelSi (ojaxi, warmoeba da
a.S.) SeiZleba es danayofebi erTmaneTs daukavSirdes da Seqmnas meba-
toneebi/ damorCilebulebi, romelic gavlenas axdens yvela uTanas-
woro damokidebulebaze. Zalismieri urTierTobebis Zalian didi ra-
odenoba SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rac Seadgens Zalauflebis mikrofizikas.
4. Zalauflebrivi urTierTbebi ar aris gamowveuli individual-
uri piris, an erTgvari socialuri Stabis Zalauflebis surviliT,
isini warmoiqmnebian garkveuli programis, rTuli taqtikuri sv-
lebis Sedegad da funqcionireba SeuZliaT TavisTavad. iqmneba far-
To strategiebi, romlebic veravin poulobs Tavis gamosaxatavad.
5. iq, sadac arsebobs Zalaufleba, aris winaaRmdegobac. es
ukanaskneli warmoadgens ara metnaklebad moqnil pasiur qcevas, ar-
amed kontr-taqtikas an kontr-strategias, ufro sworad arsebobs
mravali saxis winaaRmdegobebi, romelic ar warmoadgens martiv kon-
trdartymas, batonobis martiv gadayvanas mis sawinaaRmdego for-
maSi, winaaRmdegoba „arasodes ar aris gare poziciaSi Zalauflebis
mimarT“.
adamianis moqmedeba yovelTvis organizebulia im TvalsazrisiT,
rom masSi aris logika, mowesrigebuloba. is eqvemdebareba aucile-
blobas, isaxavs miznebs da amitomac man SeiZleba warmoqmnas orga-
nizacia da piriqiT, organizacia, misi aparati warmoSobs, an moiTxovs
moqmedebis sazRvrebis dadgenas da mmarTvelobis specifikur
modalobebs.
216
§2 legitimuroba da politikuri mdgradoba;
vin marTavs _ adamiani Tu kanoni?
sazogadoebis politikuri marTva da mis winaSe mdgari proble-

mebis gadawyveta SeuZlebelia legitimurobis gareSe. „legitimuro-
ba `niSnavs politikuri wesrigis aRiarebas. Zalauflebis legitimu-
roba ki asaxavs mmarTvelsa da marTuls Soris Tanxmobis xarisxs.
Zalaufleba legitimuria, Tuki marTulebi aRiareben mmarTvelTa
uflebebs, marTon zogadad da kerZod, ise rogorc marTaven.
legitimuroba aris aucilebeli piroba Zalauflebis stabilu-
robisa da efeqturobisaTvis. anu veranairi sabuTebi, dokumentebi
da tradiciebi ver gaxdian Zalauflebas legitimurs, sanam es ar-
gumentebi ar iqneba damajerebeli sazogadoebis umravlesobisTvis.
individi an instituti flobs legitimur Zalauflebas im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tuki isini, vinc unda daeqvemdebaros am Zalauflebas, aRi-
areben maT uflebebs gascen brZanebebi. roca Zalauflebis matare-
beli pirovneba kargavs legitimurobas, is adre Tu gvian dakargavs
Zalauflebasac.
aRsaniSnavia, rom legitimuroba Tavdapirvelad ikargeba mar-
TulebisTvis. isini aRar aRiareben mmarTvelobis uflebas Zalau-
flebis ganxorcielebaze. Tavidan Zalauflebis matarebelni ver
amCneven situaciis cvlilebebs da kvlavac moelian xalxTa mor-
Cilebas. xolo Zalauflebis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi cdilloben amis
interpretirebas im CarCoebSi, romlebic maTTvis misaRebia.
arsebobs legitimurobis ramdenime faqtori. maT Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovania drois faqtori. droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianebi
eCvevian Zalauflebis gansazRvrul tips. legitimurobis miRwevis-
Tis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria warmateba. Tuki Zalaufle-
ba aRiarebulia warmatebulad da efeqturad, is male gaxdeba le-
gitimuric.
legitimuroba SeiZleba miRweuli iqnes politikuri insti-
tutebis formirebis iseTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rom lebis
moqalaqeebisTvis misaRebia. Tanamedrove da ganviTarebuli qvey-
nebisaTis aseTi saSualebaa arCevnebi. iq sadac mosaxleoba irCevs
xelisuflebas da anWebs mas garkveul uflebebs, Semdeg emorCileba
kidec am xelisuflebas da mis mier Sedgenil kanonebs. demokra-
tiul qveynebSi moqalaqeebi emorCilebian, ara pirovnebebs, aramed
Tanamdebobebsa da institutebs.
mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisaTis SeiZleba damajerebeli
iyos xelisuflebis RvTiuri warmomavloba. es warmoSobs ndobas,
ndoba ki legitimizirebulobis garantiaa.
217
legitimuroba da suvereniteti erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia.
legitimurobis dakargva aucileblad gamoiwvevs mTavrobis suve-
renitetis uaryofas mocemul teritoriaze.
xelisufalni yovelTvis cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT sakuTari Za-
lauflebis mimarT samarTlianobisa da mmarTvelobis kanonierebis
STabeWdileba. verc erTi politikuri sistema Tu politikuri re-
Jimi ver SeZlebs daeyrdnos mxolod fizikur Zalas da iZulebas,
rogorc misi Zalauflebisadmi Tanxmobisa da morCilebis garants.
politikuri lideris gavlena, Tu igi ar aris ganmtkicebuli
legitimurobiT, ver iqceva avtoritetad. avtoriteti kanonieri
gavlenis gansakuTrebuli saxea. politikuri lideri iswrafvis da
cdilobs, rom nebismieri xelisufali cdilobs Tavisi gavlena av-
toritetuli gaxados, rameTu avtoriteti zemoqmedebis yvelaze
efeqturi formaa.
nebismier sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifoSi SeuZlebelia Zalau-
flebis Tanabrad gadanawileba. magram, ramdenime adamianis xelSi
Zalauflebis koncentrirebis saWiroeba moqalaqeTa umravlesobaSi
kiTxvebs da eWvebs badebs. vis xelSia Zalaufleba da gamoiyeneben
Tu ara Zalauflebas efeqtianad?
es saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia. ami-
tom, kiTxva `vin marTavs?~ SeiZleba Zalze sakamaTo politikuri
sakiTxi iyos. xandaxan pasuxi Zalze martivia, sakmarisia Caixedo
qveynis konstituciaSi da gaecno misi xelisuflebis qmedebebs. ma-
gram, Tuki xelisufleba saidumlo burusSia gaxveuli an, rogorc
es xSirad xdeba, Zalauflebis araformaluri modeli mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba qveynis mTavar kanonSi gawerili formaluri struq-
turebisagan, SesaZloa rTuli iyos imis gamovlena, realurad vin
marTavs. nebismier saxelmwifoSi, politikuri Tanamdebobebisa da
Zalauflebis mqone pirTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea mosaxleobis saerTo
raodenobasTan SedarebiT. `vin marTavs~ da `ramdenad efeqtianad~
_ am kiTxvebTan erTad, aranakleb mniSvelovania kiTxva: upyria Tu
ara mmarTvels politikuri Zalaufleba kanonierad.
es kiTxva ar unda agverios imaSi, Tu romeli mmarTveloba jo-
bia. monarqiuli, aristokratiuli, demokratiuli Tu Sereuli
mmarTveloba.
aristotelem `politikaSi~ mogvca mmarTvelobis samive formis
analizi: aRsaniSnavia, rom samive formidan TiToeuls Tavisi nega-
tiuri mewyvile hyavs. e. i. SeiZleba esa Tu is forma gadagvardes
Tavisive damaxinjebul oreulSi.
monarqia aris erTmmarTveloba. igi SeiZleba gadaizardos erTi
adamianis TviTnebur marTvaSi. maSin miviRebT tiranias.
218
aristokratia aris ùkeTesTa~ mmarTveloba. igi SeiZleba gada-
izardos umciresobis mmarTvelobaSi umravlesobis sazianod. maSin
miviRebT oligarqias.
demokratia aris xalxis mmarTveloba. igi SeiZleba gadaizardos
uaresTa anu brbos mmarTvelobaSi, anu oqlokratiaSi. uaresi um-
ravlesoba ibatonebs ukeTes umciresobaze.
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb msjeloba, mxolod imas ki ar unda iTval-
iswinebdes, Tu vin an ramdeni marTavs, aramed imas, Tu rogor mar-
Tavs. sakiTxi ase dgas àdamianTa mier marTva Tu kanonis mier mar-
Tva?~ es kiTxva mmarTvelobis formebs ki ar exeba, aramed imas, Tu
rogor xorcieldeba mmarTveloba. amdenad sakiTxi ganxilvis sxva
sibrtyeze inacvlebs. es aris kargi an cudi mmarTvelobis gamijvna.
mTavari kriteriumebi, riTac tradiciulad ganasxvaveben karg da
cud mmarTvelobas, ormagi bunebisaa: pirveli, saerTo keTildReo-
bazea orientirebuli, xolo meore personalurze.
am kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia gamovyoT mmarTvelo-
bis ori tipi: tirania _ romelic borotad iyenebs Zalauflebas,
raTa Tavisi ukanono survilebi daikmayofilos da meore avtokra-
tia, romelic avtoritarulad, TviTon qmnis kanonebs da amiT mar-
Tavs.
aristoteles mixedviT, yvelaze saukeTeso mmarTvelobaa `po-
litea~, anu saSualo klasis Zalaufleba. TviTon aristotele
cdilobda Seejerebina mmarTvelobis TiToeuli formis rogorc
dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. yvelaze uaryofiTi maxinj
mmarTvelobad mas tirania miaCnda, radgan mas moqalaqeni monobis
donemde mihyavda. cudi mmarTvelobis pirobebSi erTi adamiani, ada-
mianTa jgufi an xalxis masebi mbrZanebloben sakuTari interesebis
sasargeblod da sxva adamianebis sazianod. xolo kargi mmarTvelo-
bis pirobebSi, erTi adamiani, jgufi, an sazogadoebis farTo fenebi
marTavdnen yvela adamianis sakeTildReod.
kanonTa uzenaesobis principebze msjeloba jer kidev antiku-
robis ori didi moazrovnis naSromebSia mocemuli. pirveli ekuTv-
nis platons, xolo meore aristoteles.
platoni `saxelmwifoSi~ wers; `me, rom maT `kanonTa msaxurebi~
vuwode, es imitom ar momxdara, rom raRac axali frazis gamogone-
ba mindoda. me ubralod mjera, rom saxelmwifos warmatebac da
warumateblobac yvelaze metad amazea damokidebuli. roca kanoni
raRac sxva Zalauflebas eqvemdebareba da TviTn araviTari Zala
ar gaaCnia, saxelmwifos dacemas win aRaraferi udgas. magram, Tu
kanoni batonia da mTavroba misi monaa, aseTi mdgomareoba bevr sik-
eTes gvpirdeba. RmerTebi, kacTa gasaxarad, am saxelmwifosaTvis
219
wyalobasa da locva-kurTxevas ar daiSureben~.
xolo aristotele `politikaSi~ aRniSnavs: `Tavidan imas vkiTx-
ulobdi, Tu ra ufro mizanSewonilia. saukeTeso kacma gvmarTos Tu
saukeTeso kanonebma. visac mefis mmarTvelobis mizanSewonilobisa
sjera, fiqrobs, rom kanonebi mxolod zogad principebs moicaven.
da konkretul miTiTebebs ar iZlevian yoveldRiurad wamoWrili
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, cdiloben daasabuTon, rom nebismier
SemTxvevaSi sisulele iqneba, Tu mudam dawerili kanonebiT vix-
elmZRvanelebT. meore mxriv, verc mmarTvelebi imoqmedeben zogadi
principebis gareSe. principi Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, grZno-
bebisagan Tavisufalia. yovel adamians grZnobebi sZlevs: kanonebi
amisagan Tavisufalni arian~.
rac Seexeba despotias, es mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaresi formaa,
esaa marTveloba yovelgvari kanonis gareSe. despotia dafuZnebu-
lia SiSze. despotiaSi mmarTveli piris garda, yvela monaa da SiSSi
unda amyofo, raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. despotiaSi SiSi real-
uria da is monasTvis gulisxmobs mmarTvelis mudam SemarTul xels.
rogorc ki mmarTveli modundeba, despotias niadagi ecleba, des-
potiis dros saWiroa ramdenime martivi wesi, romelic uyoymanod
aRsruldeba, radgan am dros yvelaferi Zaladobazea dafuZnebuli.
arsebobs erTi problemuri kiTxva-rodisaa mmarTveloba uke-
Tesi: rodesac marTaven kanonebi Tu adamianebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi
icvleboda politikuri filosofiis evoluciis procesSi.
magaliTad Sua saukuneebis politikur azrovnebas, miaCnia, rom
kargi mmarTveli arian isini, vinc qveyanas kanonis Sesabamisad mar-
Tavs. aravis ZaluZs kanonebis survilisamebr Secvla, radgan kanoni
pirovnebis wadils ar emorCileba. kanons an RmerTi adgens an TviT
sagnis buneba, an kidev saxlmwifos konstituciis safuZvelia.
marTalia, kanoni miCneulia uzenaesad, magram aq Tavs iCens
erTi problema: arsebobs mmarTveloba kanons daqvemdebarebuli da
mmarTveloba kanonebis meSveobiT. es ori gansxvavebuli movlenaa.
kanons daqvemdebarebuli mmarTvelobis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi
aRkveTs, an yovel SemTxvevaSi xels uSlis Zalauflebis borotad
gamoyenebas. mTavroba Zalauflebas winaswar dadgenili samarT-
lebrivi principebis Sesabamisad iyenebs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi
Zalaufleba zogadi kanonmdeblobiT aris gaSualebuli. mizezTa
umravlesoba, ris gamoc adamianTa uzenaesobasTan SedarebiT kanon-
is uzenaesobas arCeven dakavSirebulia Zalauflebis gamoyenebasTan
zogadi da ganyenebuli normebis meSveobiT. Tanasworobis, Tavisu-
flebis da usafrTxoebis damkvidrebis garantias kanonis Sinagani
buneba iZleva, Tu mas zogad normad CaTvlian, vidre Zalauflebis
220
marTebulad gamoyenebas.
kanoni, rogorc zogadi norma miesadageba individebis mTel
klass, mis dadgenaSi socialuri jgufis yvela wevris monawileobaa
SesaZlebeli. kanoni zogad mimarTebebs asaxavs, ris gamoc is miuke-
rZoebelia, ar aniWebs konkretul pirovnebas upiratesobas.
kanonis uzenaesobis principis aRiareba da misi cxovrebaSi
gatareba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebeli niSania,
magram es ganmsazRvreli ar aris. saxelmwifo rom kanonebs unda
emyarebodes, rogorc zemoT vaxseneT, jer kidev antikur epoqaSi
wamoayenes, magram samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea saboloo sax-
iT cicerons (Zv. w. 106-43) ekuTvnis. igi Tvlis, rom saxelmwifo
ubralod xalxis saqme ar aris, is samarTlebrivi warmonaqmnia. igi
aris Tavisufali moqalaqeTa iuridiulad da samarTlebrivad ga-
formebul urTierTobaTa erToblioba.
samarTebliv saxelmwifoSi samarTali politikisgan damoukide-
belia. politika samarTalzea damokidebuli. politikiT mxolod
imis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba, rac samarTlebrivad gamarTlebulia.
samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi samarTali TviTmizania.
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sasamarTlo xelisufleba danarCe-
ni organoebisgan damoukidebelia. sasamarTlos emorCileba qveynis
mmarTveli da aseve sasamarTlo xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakanonmde-
blo organos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba arakonstituciurad
scnos.
kanoni yvelasTvis erTia da yvela situaciaSi aucileblad
sruldeba. kanonis uzenaesobis princips kargad gamoxatavs Zveli
rom aelis Segoneba: `Tundac icode, rom xval samyaro daingreva,
dRes damnaSave mainc unda daisajos~. kanoni yvelaze da yvelafer-
ze maRalia.
diqtaturis pirobebSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba
gamoricxulia, radgan kanonis nacvlad gabatonebulia adamianis da
adamianTa jgufis neba-survili. arc demokratia da samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifoa igiveobrivi. demokratia samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
CamoyalibebisaTvis qmnis pirobebs.
§3. Zalauflebis legitimacia da mmarTvelobis tipebi
legitimuri batonoba aris Zalauflebis iseTi tipi, romlis

kanoniereba momdinareobs im pirTa Tavisufali nebidan, romelTa
mimarTac es batonoba xorcieldeba. ras emyareba Zalauflebis le-
gitimuroba anu misi uflebamosileba, rom morCilebaSi iyolios
221
Tavisi moqalaqeni?
maqs veberi mivida im daskvnamde, rom xelisuflebis gankar-
gulebisadmi morCileba ar emyareba mxolod iZulebis wesebis gam-
oyenebas. igi SeiZleba emyarebodes metad gansxvavebul motivebs,
dawyebuli CveulebebiT, sargeblis interesiT da damTavrebuli wi-
naparTa naanderZevisadmi pativiscemiT.
veberi gamoyofs legitimurobis sam formas: tradiciuli, qa-
rizmatuli da biurokratiuli. aq laparakia sam „idea-tipze~. idea
_ tipi warmoadgens veberis ZiriTad wvlils politikuri mecniere-
bebis epistemiologiaSi.
tradiciuli mmarTveloba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi Zalauflebis
safuZvelSi devs tradiciebi, Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi reg-
ulirdeba tradiciulad Camoyalibebuli wesebiT. tradiciuli
mmarTvelobis dros tipiur figuras warmoadgens memkvidre monar-
qi, tipiur reJims ki _ monarqia. monarqi emorCileba tradicias,
rogorc memkvidre, imdenad, ramdenadac pretenzias acxadeben
tradiciis dacvaze. tradiciam SeiZleba daamkvidros arapersonal-
izirebuli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebac.
naTlad Cans, rom namdvili Zala, romelic uzrunvelyofs er-
Tianobas koleqtivSi da romelic aiZulebs yvelas iSromos, aris
Cvevebisa da tradiciebis dacva. yvelam icis Tavisi adgili, rogor
unda moiqces. es tradicia kanonis, wesebis, Cveulebebis formiT
warmoadgens sayovelTao Tanxmobis obieqts.
tradiciuli mmarTveloba warmoadgens normas iseT sazogadoe-
baSi, sadac ar arsebobs gamokveTili administraciuli struqture-
bi. tradiciuli batonobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa `patri-
arqaluri batonoba~. esaa rligiurad xeldasmuli xelisufleba. es
efuZneba im tradiciebis siwmindis yofiT rwmenas, romelic yvela
droSi qmediTia. mis tipiur figuras warmoadgens memkvidre monar-
qi, misi msaxurebi da qveSevrdomebi. tipiur reJims monarqia. monar-
qi emorCileba tradicias rogorc memkvidre.
qarizmatuli Zalaufleba: qarizmatuli Zalaufleba efuZneba
warmodgenas, rom mocemuli kanoni, an adamianTa mocemuli jgufi
flobs gansakuTrebul uflebas marTos adamianebi. rogorc ve-
beri aRniSnavs „xarizmad~ unda CaiTvalos pirovnebis uCveulod
miCneuli Tvisebebi, romlis wyalobiTac igi fasdeba zebunebrivi,
zeadamianuri, sxva adamianebisaTvis miuRweveli, gansakuTrebuli
ZalebiTa da TaviseburebebiT dajildoebulad. sakiTxs xarizmis
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb wyvets xelqveiTTa aRiareba _ Tavdapirvelad
yovelTvis saswaulis meSveobiT.
qarizmatuli Zalaufleba ar gadaecema memkvidreobiT, maSinac
222
ki, rodesac samefo taxtze adis samarTalmemkvidre. man jer unda
daamtkicos, rom is Rirseuli memkvidrea. Tuki is amas ver SeZlebs,
marTalia, mas eqneba kanonieri Zalaufleba, magram naklebi vidre
mis winamorbeds.
qarizma momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan χάρισμα da niSnavs
àraCveulebiv monacemebs~. `wyalobas~ `niWs~, `madls~. is efuZneba
gamorCeulisadmi daqvemdebarebas. norberto bobio aRniSnavs ve-
beris qarizmatuli lideri adamianTa uzenaesobis yvela im for-
mis sinTezia, romelic istoriulad arsebobda. masSi is Tvisebebia
gaerTianebuli, rac axasiaTebda did demagogebsac, makiavelisa da
hegelis gmirebsac da did samxedro lidersac. qarizmatuli lideri
axdens zemoqmedebas mis adeptebze, mimdevrebze, misiT moxiblul-
ni misi gavlenis qveS eqcevian ara muqaris SiSiT, an raRac mogebis
imediT, aramed grZnoben mizidulobas, is maT atyvevebs dauokebeli
ZaliT.
racionaluri mmarTveloba: racionaluri mmarTveloba efuZneba
imis rwmenas, rom adamianebi, romlebic mowodebulni arian moaxdi-
non mmarTveloba maTTvis misawvdomi saSualebebiT, floben wese-
bis dadgenisa da direqtivebis gacemis uflebas. aseTi mmarTvelo-
bis tipiur figuras warmoadgens funqcioneri, romelic asrulebs
wesebs, ramdenadac es aris kanonieri wesebi da agenti iRwvis imisa-
Tvis, rom es wesebi sruldebodes.
kanonze dafuZnebuli mmarTveloba eyrdnoba samarTlis arse-
bobas, abstraqtuli wesebis erTobliobas, romelic aucilebelia
yvelasaTvis, maT Soris xelmZRvanelobisTvisac.
kanonieri mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi procedura
gulisxmobs „konstituciur xelisuflebas~ administraciul orga-
noebs anu sajaro funqcias, romelic unda gagrZeldes da daeq-
vemdebaros wesebs. kontrolisa da zedamxedvelobis sistema ayali-
bebs administraciul ierarqias. romlis SemTxvevaSi mmarTvelebi
emorCilebian im kanonTa sistemas, romlis pirobebiT movidnen xe-
lisuflebaSi da asruleben TavianT movaleobebs. e. w. legaluri
batonoba~, romelSic mTavaria ara pirovnuli, aramed formalur _
samarTlebrivi sawyisi. e. i. kanoni. igi gulisxmobs adamianebs So-
ris batonobiTi urTierTobis kalkulacias. misi Sesaferisi forma
moxeleTa aparatis mmarTvelobaa. kanonze dafuZnebuli mmarTve-
loba warmoiqmna socialuri diferenciaciis CamoyalibebiT, ro-
desac politikuri xelisufleba xorcieldeba specializirebuli
institutebis mier, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xasiaTdebian rogorc
biourokratiuli. es forma damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove erovnu-
li saxelmwifosaTvis.
223
veberma sicocxlis bolo wlebSi Sereuli mmarTvelobis idea
ganaviTara. mmarTvelobis am formaSi Serwymuli unda yofiliyo
damokratiis legitimuroba da aqtiuri lideri. aseT models vebe-
ri `plebiscitur demokratias~ uwodebda.
§4. politikuri Tavisuflebis gamovlenis Tavisebureba
`Tavisuflebaa yvelam akeTos is, rac moesurveba, icxovros,

rogorc esiamovneba da ar SeizRudos raime kanonebiT~.
ser robert filmeri
Tavisufleba yoveli adamianis ara marto Teoriuli, aramed

praqtikuli interesis sagania. swored Tavisuflebas ukavSirebs
adamiani, Tavisi sanukvari ocnebebis, miswrafebebis da zraxvebis
realizacias. Tavisufleba aris adamianuri yofierebis Rirsebis da
siZlieris maCvenebeli.
garda adamianisa sxvas aravis axasiaTebs amgvari qceva. es gan-
pirobebulia imiT, rom martooden adamians aqvs neba, romelic
gansazRvravs specifikur, e. w nebelobiT qcevas. arCevanis winaSe
yovel dRe dgas adamiani, swored es arCevania, adamianis Tavisufa-
li nebis gamovlineba, radgan mis yovel moqmedebas aqvs Tavisi al-
ternativa. adamiani yovelTvis an-an winaSea. adamiani dgas SesaZle-
blobaTa gzajvaredinze. man unda airCios erT-erTi. neba adamianis
iseTi unaria, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs moiqces ise, rogorc
is sworad miiCnevs, sakuTari survilis mixedviT.
jon stiuart mili (1773_1836) wignSi `Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~ aR-
niSnavs, rom Tavisi wignis Tema ar aris egreTwodebuli nebis Tavi-
suflebis ganxilva, aramed misi msjelobis sagania samoqalaqo anu
sazogadoebrivi Tavisufleba: im Zalauflebis buneba da sazRvrebi,
romelic SeiZleba sazogadoebam kanonierad ganaxorcielos indi-
vidze.
Tavisufleba milis azriT gacilebiT mets niSnavs, vidre
ubralod gareSe SezRudvebisagan Tavisuflebas. is gulisxmobs
adamianis unars ganaviTaros da bolomde gamoiyenos sakuTari Ses-
aZleblobebi.
mili dasaSvebad Tvlis individis Tavisuflebis mxolod umcires
SezRudvebs da isic `sxvaTaTvis zianis miyenebis~ Tavidan acilebis
mizniT. igi mkvTrad ganasxvavebs sakuTari Tavisadmi mimarTul
qmedebebs, roca individi absoluturad Tavisufalia sxvebisadmi
224
mimarTuli qmedebebisagan, romelTac sxvaTa Tavisuflebis Sez-
Rudva an sxvaTaTvis zianis miyeneba SeuZlia.
kanonisa da Tavisuflebis urTierToba, problematur sakiTxTa
wres ganekuTvneba. ciceroni brZanebs: àdamiani aris kanonis mona,
da is Tavisufalia swored am monobis wyalobiT~.
saxelmwifos arseboba aris adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudva,
magram amave dros adamiani gvevlineba am Tavisuflebis damcvelad.
rodesac adamiani raime uflebas sxvas gadascems, an masze xels
aiRebs, amas akeTebs imis gamo, rom Tavad iRebs tolfas uflebebs
an raime sxva xeirs elis. radgan es nebayoflobiTi qmedebaa. adami-
ani imisTvis gascems Tavisuflebis wils, rom moipovos usafrTxod
yofna da Tavisufleba.
moqalaqe, valdebulia daemorCilos saxelmwifos. SeiZleba igi
amas akeTebdes movaleobis SegnebiT. movaleobis grZnoba imdenad
Rrmadaa fesvebgadgmuli masSi, rom igi Segnebulad emorCileba mis
moTxovnas, magram SeiZleba moqalaqe, saxelmwifos emorCilebodes
SiSis gamo. mas dasjis eSinia da amitom iZulebulia Seasrulos ara
is, rac mas unda, aramed is, rac saxelmwifos unda e. i misi qceva
Tavsmoxveulia garedan. amgvar situaciaSi misi qceva ar aris Tavi-
sufali, igi xorcieldeba socialuri garemos dawoliT.
aseve pasuxismgebloba Tavisuflebis struqturis Semadgeneli
elementia. igi mas emyareba. pasuxismgebloba arsebobs iq da imde-
nad, sadac da ramdenadac arsebobs Tavisufleba.
Tavisuflebas gansazRvraven, rogorc adamianis _ sakuTari ne-
basurvilis mixedviT azrovnebisa da moqmedebis SesaZlebloba;
Tavisufleba gagebulia, rogorc garedan Caurevloba (negatiuri
Tavisufleba) an rogorc pirovnebis TviTrealizacia (pozitiuri
Tavisufleba).
ufro Tu davkonkretdebiT: pozitiuri Tavisufleba, aris Ta-
visufleba raRacisaTvis. pozitiuri Tavisufleba aris adamianis
Sinagani Tavisufleba saWiro pirovnuli TviTdamkvidrebisTvis.
negatiuri Tavisufleba niSnavs Tavisufleba raRacisagan. nega-
tiuri Tavisufleba aris adamianis Tavisufleba gareSe Zalebisagan.
isaia berlinma (1909-1997) 1958 wels wakiTxul sainuguracio
leqciaSi `Tavisuflebis ori Tvalsazrisi~ mogvca negatiuri da
pozitiuri Tavisuflebis cnebis analizi.
adamianis winaaRmdeg mimarTo iZuleba niSnavs imas, rom mas
waarTva Tavisufleba. magram ismeba kiTxva, Tavisufleba risgan?
berlini aRniSnavs, rom `sityva Tavisuflebis politikur mniSvn-
elobidan, pirvels vuwodebT `negatiur Tavisuflebas, romelSic
igulisxmeba pasuxi kiTxvaze `ra aris is, rac adamians an adamianTa
225
jgufs darCenia samoqmedod, an rac man an maT unda moimoqmedon.
an rac maT ZaluZT moimoqmedon sxva adamianebis Caurevlad? meore
mniSvneloba, romelsac pozitiurs vuwodebT, igulisxmeba pasuxi
kiTxvaze: ra an vin aris konkretuli wyaro, an garedan Carevis subi-
eqti, romelsac SeuZlia gansazRvros Tu vin ra unda gaakeTos an
saerTod risi gakeTebaa saWiro?~
aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom negatiuri Tavisufleba, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar unda gavigoT negatiurad, radganac Tavisuflebis
berliniseuli formulireba Zalian kargad xsnis am cnebis arss,
rogorc is liberalebs esmiT.
sityva `Tavisuflebis~ `pozitiuri~ mniSvneloba gamomdin-
areobs, individis survilisagan, iyos Tavisi Tavis ufali. `me msurs
viyo subieqti da ara obieqti, vmoqmedebde Cemi gonebis Sesabamisad,
Segnebulad, mizndasaxulad, Cemive gadawyvetilebebisamebr da ara
gareSe pirTa survilis Sesabamisad, me msurs warmovadgende raRa-
cas da ar msurs viyo àravin~, raRacam gadawyvitos Cem magivrad.
me msurs TviTon vimoqmedo da msurs viRacam an raRacam imoqmedos
Cemze, rogorc saganze, cxovelze an monaze, romelsac ar ZaluZs
Seasrulos pirovnebis roli, ar ZaluZs TviTon dasaxos sakuTari
miznebi da TviTonve aRasrulos isini, es aris sul mcire nawili
imisa, rasac me vgulisxmob, rodesac vambob, rom me racionaluri
arseba var, da es aris Cemi goneba, romelic ganmasxvavebs me, ro-
gorc adamians, danarCeni samyarosagan. da me msurs angariSs vuw-
evde Cems Tavs, rogorc moazrovne, sakuTari nebis mqone aqtiur
arsebas, romelsac aqvs pasuxismgebloba sakuTari arCevanis gamo
da aqvs unari ganmartos sakuTari arCevani, sakuTari ideebisa da
miznebis moSvelebiT, me Tavisufled vgrZnob Tavs, imdenad, ramde-
nadac vTvli, rom es WeSmaritebaa da damonebulad imdenad, ramde-
nadac iZulebuli var sxvis mier vaRiaro, rom es aris WeSmariteba~.
sainteresoa rusoseuli interpretacia pozitiur Tavisufle-
baze, sadac kargad Cans misi arsi: `yovelTvis Tavisufali xar, Tu
kanonebs emorCilebi da ara adamians; roca me adamians vemorCilebi,
iZulebuli var viRac sxvis nebas davyve, xolo Tu kanons vemor-
Cilebi, mxolod sazogadoebis nebas vasruleb; es Cemi nebac aris,
iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxvisia~. kanonSi ruso mxolod saerTo
nebis safuZvelze dadgenil normas gulisxmobs.
Tavisufleba demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi idealia.
bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva: ra aris politikur Tavisufleba?
moqalaqis da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis az-
riT, roca Tavisuflebaze msjeloben, xSirad mohyavT prezident
ruzveltis (1882_1945) werili kongresisadmi, sadac igi saubrobs
226
oTxi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb: `Cven gvsurs vicxovroT msoflioSi,
romelic emyareba oTx arsebiT Tavisuflebas. pirveli -sityvisa da
gamoTqmis Tavisufleba, yvelgan msoflioSi, meore _ Tavisufleba
TiToeuli adamianisa _ Tayvani sces RmerTs, rogorc mas saWirod
miaCnia _ yvelgan msoflioSi, mesame _ Tavisufleba gaWirvebisa-
gan mTels msoflioSi; meoTxe Tavisufleba _ SiSisagan... mTels
msoflioSi, laparakia im SiSze, romelsac iwvevs tiranuli reJimi.
marTvis, rogori forma uzrunvelyofs yvelaze met Tavisufle-
bas. nebismier epoqaSi mcxovreb adamianebs yovelTvis awuxebdaT es
problema. yovelgvari mTavroba Tavis qveSevrdomebs metnaklebad
zRudavs, amitom xalxis warmomadgenlobis gadideba niSnavs su-
verenuli Zalauflebis Semcirebas. rodesac adamianebi TavianT
Tavs marTaven, metad uzrunvelyofen Tavisuflebis maqsimums, anu
cxovrebis sxva ukeTes pirobebs.
arsebobs politikuri Tavisuflebis oTxi saxeoba: erovnuli
Tavisufleba (kolonializmis sapirispirod), politikuri Tavi-
sufleba, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba (avtokratiis
sapirispirod), ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da individualuri Tavi-
sufleba.
yovelgvari mTavroba zRudavs _ metnaklebad _ Tavis qveSevr-
domebs. bunebrivia vivaraudoT, rom adamianebi, romlebic marTaven
Tavis Tavs, uzrunvelyofen sakuTari Tavisuflebis maqsimums, anu
cxovrebis sxva ukeTess pirobebs, samoqalaqo mSvidobas.
rac Seexeba ekonomikur Tavisuflebas, aq Cveulebriv igulisx-
meba Tavisufleba _ flobde kerZo sakuTrebas, iyido da gayido
saqoneli, gayido sakuTari Srom a. magram saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-
bis gareSe SeuZlebelia kerZo sakuTrebac, xelSekrulebebic gay-
idvisa da daqiravebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebac da misi
sapirispiro mdgomareobac, arsebiTad, politikuri movlenaa, ram-
denadac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis arsebobas.
amerikeli filosofosi robert noziki (1938_2002), ekonomikur
Tavisuflebas kapitalizmTan aigivebda, ganixilavda, rogorc upi-
rates Tavisuflebas. radgan misTvis ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, Ta-
visuflebis umniSvnelovanesi saxeobaa, amasTan rogorc aseTi da
rogorc Tavisuflebis yvela saxeobis safuZveli.
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§5 samarTlianobis ZiriTadi principebi:
_ ra aris samarTlianoba?
platons `saxelmwifoSi~ ainteresebda politikuri filosofiis

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis garkveva: ra aris samarTlianoba
da vin aris samarTliani kaci? samarTlianoba, platonis moZRvre-
biT, gulisxmobs `saWiro zomierebas~ garkveul Tanasworobas.
masTan samarTlianoba ganxorcielebadi da arsebulia, mxolod
saxelmwifos saSualebiT. saxelmwifoSi arseboba yoveli calkeuli
moqalaqisaTvis aris umaRlesi sikeTe, romelic amqveyniur, grZno-
bad samyaroSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. Tavis mxriv, sikeTis codna aris
umaRlesi codna, rac adamianma SeiZleba am samyaroSi SeiZinos. mx-
olod am codnis wyalobiT xdeba gamosadegi TviT samarTlianoba
da sxva yovelive, xolo Tavis mxriv es codna, rogorc Tavad sikeTe
aris umaRlesi wanamZRvari Tavad codnisa.
samarTlianoba warmoadgens Rirebulobas, erT-erTs im mizne-
bidan, romelsac adamiani isaxavs ukeTesi cxovrebis misaRwevad.
samarTlianobas ganixilaven rogorc `didi keTili~ saqmes.
es `didi~ da `keTili saqme~ SeiZleba warmoadgendes, rogorc
saSualebas ise TviTmizansac. magaliTad, Cveulebrivi adamianuri
bedniereba, romlis miRwevac, yvela normaluri adamianis mizania
da Cveulebrivi adamianuri Tavisufleba, romelic garkveulwilad
wamoadgens misi miRwevis saSualebas. samarTlianoba, rogorc Ri-
rebulebiT faseulobaTa sistema, icvleba droisa da mdgomareobis
mixedviT.
arsebobs samarTlianobis analitikuri, empiriuli da normati-
uli Teoriebi.
samarTlianobis analitikuri Teoria aanalizebs samarTliano-
bis cnebis logikur struqturasa da lingvistur (enobriv) Sinaarss.
samarTlianobis deskrifciuli Teoria (empiriuli Teoria) aanal-
izebs samarTlianobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebaSi arsebul Sexedulebebs,
arkvevs am Sexedulebebis rols sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesSi.
samarTlianobis normatiuli Teoria ara marto aRwers adamianTa
faqtobriv warmodgenebs, aramed afasebs kidec. normatiul TeoriaSi
gamoiyofa samarTlianobis proceduruli da materialuri Teoriebi.
samarTlianobis materialuri Teoria cdilobs konkretulad
gansazRvros Tu ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo. samarTliano-
bis materialuri Teoria eZebs im masStabebs, romlis meSveobiTac
SeiZleba dasabuTdes gadawyvetilebis siswore an mcdaroba.
ganasxvaveben samarTlianobis or ZiriTad saxes: ganawilebiTi
samarTlianoba _ iustitia distributiva da gaTanabrebiTi samarTlianoba
228
_ iustitia commutativa.
ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba moicavs ama Tu im sikeTis ga-
nawilebis process. ganawilebis procesSi saxelmwifo xelmZRvan-
elobs sxvadasxva masStabiT. samarTlianoba warmoadgens ganawilebis
swored erT-erT masStabs.
ganawilebis masStabi SeiZleba iyos Tanasworoba, Setanili wvli-
li an moTxovnileba. Tanasworobis principis mixedviT TiToeuls
unda miekuTvnos Tanabari wili. Setanili wvlilis mixedviT ga-
nawilebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos gasanawilebeli sikeTis
SeqmnaSi individis monawileobis xarisxi. moTxovnilebis principis
Tanaxmad, TiToeuls ekuTvnis Tavisi moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad.
Cven unda gavarkvioT politikuri filosofiis interesi am
cnebis mimarT. samarTlianoba TiToeul adamians ganusazRvravs ra
aris misTvis `jerovani~. samarTlianoba, rogorc sulis SeZenili
Tviseba, aristoteles mixedviT, aris zneobriobis sfero da mie-
kuTvneba eTikis sagans. magram mas aqvs sxva aspeqtic, mimarTeba
`sxvebTan~. am mosazrebiT samarTlianoba warmoadgens adamianuri
urTierTobebis garkvevas da miekuTvneba politikis sferos.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom nebismier sazogadoebas gaaCnia Ri-
reulebaTa ierarqia, Tanac zogierTi maTgani xSirad saSualebaa
meoris _ ufro maRali Rirebulebis misaRwevad. miiCneva, rom sab-
olood swored es miiyvans adamians e. w. àbsolutur sikeTemde~.
àbsoluturi sikeTe~ imdenad abstraqtuli cnebaa, rom misi mniS-
vnelobis ara Tu gageba, warmodgenac ki scildeba adamianuri, cno-
bierebis sazRvrebs. Tumca SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom àbsolu-
turi sikeTis~ mwvervali samarTlianobaa.
samarTlis idea anu sazrisi aris is norma, romelic permanen-
tulad ibadeba samarTlisa da marTlwesrigis mudmivi urTierTq-
medebis Sedegad. samarTlis sazrisSi Cadebulia kacobriobis pro-
gresuli ganviTarebis idea. misi Semecnebis sagani aris samarTlis
sazrisi anu samarTlis idea.
samarTlianobis cnebis Camoyalibeba, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
aRniSnaven mxolod erTs, rom samarTlianobas ar SeiZleba hqondes
zogadi, universaluri cnebis pretenzia.
Zalaufleba samarTlianad, marTulTa interesebis dacviT xor-
cieldeba Tu mxolod mmarTvelTa sasargeblod gamoiyeneba?
2000 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi, politikis damkvirveblebi
ganasxvaveben politikuri Zalauflebis gamoyenebas, erTi mxriv sa-
jaro, xolo, meore mxriv, piradi interesebisaTvis.
es adasturebs, ramdenad didi mniSvneloba aqvs samarTlianobas
politikur cxovrebaSi.
229
samarTlianobas xSirad imis mixedviT gansazRvraven, ramdenad
icavs mTavroba individis uflebebs (esaa, bunebiTi, adamianisa da
samoqalaqo uflebebi). amaTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani is uflebe-
bia, romelic saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqes, eWvi Seitanos mTavro-
bis qmedebis samarTlianobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZlebelia
sazogado sikeTis sakiTxebis miCumaTeba, maTi sabolood CaxSoba
SeuZlebelia.
es, rogorc Cans, adamianis bunebaSi Zevs. aristotele SeniSnavda,
rom cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac mxolod siamovnebis
da tkivilis gamomxatveli xmebis gamocema SeuZliaT, adamiani
gamoiyenebs gonebas da enas `raTa gamoxatos, ra aris sasargeblo
da ra aris samarTliani da usamarTlo~. amitom, gansxvavebiT sxva
cxovelebisagan, `mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli sikeTisa
da borotebis, samarTlianobis da usamarTlobis gancda...~ aqedan
gamomdinare, adamianis unari ganapirobebs zneobrivi gansjis Sesa-
Zleblobis da politikuri diskusiis aucileblobasac.
imis gamo, rom marTulebi yovelTvis mmarTvelebze metni arian,
warmoiqmneba gansxvavebuli, arcTu iSviaTad dapirispirebuli mo-
sazrebebi xelisuflebis politikis da programebis samarTlianobis
Sesaxeb. xSirad amtkiceben, rom moqalaqeTa erTi nawilis danarCen
nawilze batonoba (mmarTveloba) misaRebia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu es sazogadoebrivi interesebisTvis xelsayrelia. aqedan gamom-
dinare, Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba samarTlianobis sakiTxis meS-
veobiT unda iqnas gawonasworebuli:
samarTlianoba da samarTali erTmaneTTan asocirdeba, magram
unda aRiniSnos, rom samarTlianoba bevrad ufro farTo cnebaa, vi-
dre samarTali. samarTlianobasa da samarTals Soris sakmaod gan-
sxvavebaa.
samarTali unda `ganasaxierebdes~ samarTlianobas, miuxedavad
im faqtisa, rom arseboben usamarTlo normebi, norma romelic ar
aris samarTliani Tavisive Tavis uaryofaa, iqidan gamomdinare, rom
sazogadoebaSi misi realizebis obieqti Zalian dabalia.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea, saxelmwifos samarTliT Sez-
RudvaSi mdgomareobs. am TvalsazrisiT samarTali aris saxelmwi-
fos moxeleTa, mTlianad saxelmwifos meTvalyure.
gamoCenilma frangma moazrovnem monteskiem racionalizmis
farglebSi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos idea daasabuTa. monteskie
saxelmwifosa da mTlianad sazogadoebis normaluri funqcioni-
rebis safuZvlad miiCnevs xelisuflebis dayofas sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebad, damyarebuls urT-
ierTSezRudvis principze.
230
samarTali ar cvlis saxelmwifos mier miRebul politikur
gadawyvetilebebs, saerTod politikas, aramed aTavsebs mas garkveul
samarTlebriv CarCoebSi, Seaqvs masSi samarTlianobis idea. am Tval-
sazrisiT samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos koncefcia mimarTulia sax-
elmwifos modifikaciisa, Sekavebisa da dabalansebisaken.
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo axdens saxelmwifos debiurokra-
tizacias, ufro zustad, aRkveTavs biurakratiuli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebas, rac saboloo jamSi, xels uSlis totalitaruli re-
Jimis damkvidrebas.
Tanamedrove amerikeli filosofosis jon roulsis (1921-2002)
mixedviT `samarTlianobis Teoria~ politikuri Teoriis erTi
calkeuli nawili ki ar aris, aramed, igi TviT politikuri fi-
losofiaa. erTis mxriv, kargad organizenul sazogadoebaSi nebis-
mieri mizani, romliskenac swrafva nebadarTulia, samarTlianobis
farglebSi unda iqnes moqceuli. meore mxriv, Tu adamianebi mudam
samarTlianobis Sesabamisad moqmedeben, maTi uflebaa gadawyviton
pirovnuli ganviTarebis romelic gza airCion, an ra mimarTulebiT
waiyvanon Tavisi cxovreba. samarTlianoba sazogadoebis saerTo
saqmea, xolo sikeTe TiToeuli calkeuli individis samflobelo.
ras warmoadgens sakuTriv samarTlianobis problema? roulsi
Camoayalibebs samarTlianobis or princips:
TiToeuli adamianis Tavisufleba unda Tavsdebodes yoveli
adamianis TavisuflebasTan.
socialuri uTanasworobis arsebobis gamarTleba SeiZleba mx-
olod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is sazogadoebis uRatakesi nawilis sa-
sargeblod imuSavebs.
ismeba kiTxva: ganawilebis (distribuciis) romeli sqemaa samar-
Tliani? magaliTad, TiToeuls Tanabrad; TiToeuls moTxovnis Se-
sabamisad; TiToeuls _ Sromis Sesabamisad; Tu TiToeuls imdeni,
rom yvelam Tanabrad isiamovnos saerTo keTildReobiT.
gamanawilebeli samarTlianoba, rogorc principi niSnavs sayov-
elTao keTildReobis ganawilebas Rirsebis mixevdiT, sazogadoebis
wevris wvlilis da Senatanis proporciulad. aq SesaZlebelia, ro-
gorc Tanabari, ise araTanabari principebis gamoyofa, Sesabamisi
keTildReobis gamovleniT.
gamTanabrebeli samarTlianobis kriteriumia ariTmetikuli
Tanasworoba. am principis ganxorcieleba xorcieldeba samoqalaqo
da samarTlebrivi garigebis safuZvelze.
roulsi samarTlianobis Teorias warmogvidgens, rogorc racio-
naluri arCevanis Teoriis nawils. magram igi erT mniSvnelovan pi-
robas iTvaliswinebs; SeTanxmeba maqsimaluri sargeblobis irgvliv,
231
aucileblad morigeobis Sedegi unda iyos.
mas ainteresebs Tu zogadad ras warmoadgens samarTlianobis
problema, misTvis mTavaria, rom aravin igrZnos Tavi usamarTlobis
msxverplad, is cdilobs Camoayalibos iseTi principebi, romelic
daicavs adamians yovelgvari usamarTlobisagan.
roulsi acxadebs, rom arsebobs e. w. `pirveladi sikeTeebi~,
romelTa arsebobac nebismieri individisTvis, ZiriTadi pirobaa im-
isTvis, rom man sazogadoebaSi arseboba SeZlos. amgvari sikeTeebis
rigs miekuTvneba: janmrTeloba da energia, Zalaufleba, Wkua da
warmoaxvis unari da a. S. aqedan gamomdinare, SeTanxmebis mxareebma
unda ecadon am pirveladi sikeTeebis maqsimalizacia.
Sedegad viRebT Semdeg Rirebulebebs, samarTlianobis or prin-
cips:
1. isini Tanamdebobebze da sazogadoebriv mdgomareobebze unda
iyos damokidebuli, romlebic yvelasTvis Riaa;
2. isini RaribTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze unda iyos
orientirebuli;
pirveli principi ase SegviZlia ganvmartoT, yvela individi unda
ganixilebodes, rogorc Tavisufali da Tanaswori. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, umaRles faseulobad miiCneva adamiani, rogorc avtonomiuri
arseba. individis pirveladi sazrunavic xom swored isaa, rom iyos
garantirebulad daculi, mis pirad saqmeSi, saxelmwifos Cagvrisa-
gan. meore, is gamoyenebul unda iqnas sazogadoebis yvelaze ufro
susti wevrebis sakeTildReod.
mxolod samarTlianobis ori principiT aris SesaZlebeli
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofa, isini yvelaze efeqtu-
ri saSualebebia, moqalaqeebSi, rogorc sazogadoebis Tanaswor
wevrebSi Rirsebis grZnobebis gaRviZebisaTvis.
`samarTlianobis Teoriis~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg mTeli meoTxe-
di saukunis ganmavlobaSi politikur filosofiaSi filosofos-
ebis didi nawili cdilobda roulsis mier SemoTavazebuli idee-
bis, meTodebis damuSavebas da ganviTarebas. rogorc aRvniSneT am
droidan iwyeba politikuri filosofiis aRmavloba.
jon roulsis ideebis sapirispirod robert nozikma uflebebze
damyarebuli liberalizmis (liberalistebi iswrafvian, maqsimalu-
rad gaifarTovon individebis Tavisuflebis areali da minimumamde
daiyvanon sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis sazRvrebi; saxelmwifo maT-
Tvis Tavisuflebis ZiriTad safrTxes warmoadgens) erTgvari for-
ma ganaviTara. is Tvlida, rom sakuTrebis uflebebis mkacri dacva
sWirdeba, Tu ra Tqma unda sakuTreba samarTlianadaa SeZenili.
232
§6. Tanasworobis arsi: _ ra aris Tanasworoba?
adamianebisaTvis Tanasworobis rwmena yovelTvis arsebobda. es

rwmena Teoriuladaa asaxuli sxvadasxva tradiciis mqone konkre-
tul religiur-filosofiur sqemebSi. magram realur cxovrebaSi
adamianebi mudmivad awydebian Tanasworobis principebis darRvevas-
uTanasworobas. adamians axasiaTebs miswrafeba _ iyos Tanaswori
sxva adamianTan mimarTebaSi, uTanasworoba gancdadia da adamiani
mudmivad ibrZvis Tanasworobis dasamkvidreblad.
Tanasworoba, rogorc politikuri moTxovna, XVIII saukunis
bolos Camoyalibda. amerikis virjiniis Statis uflebaTa qartia
acxadebda, rom yvela xalxi Tavisi bunebiT flobs Tanaswor Tavi-
suflebebs, damoukideblobis uflebas da rig Tandayolil ufle-
bebs. safrangeTis 1793 wlis konstituciam gamoacxada: xelisufle-
ba imisTvis yalibdeba, rom adamians SeeZlos isargeblos sakuTari
bunebrivi da ganuyofeli uflebebiT -TanasworobiT, Tavisufle-
biT, usafrTxoebiT da sakuTrebis uflebiT.
saintereso faqtia is, rom safrangeTSi giliotinis SemoRebis
aucileblobas sxva mizezebTan erTad Tanasworobis ideis dafuZne-
ba edo safuZvlad (igulisxmeboda Tanasworoba sikvdiliT dasjis
dros; giliotinis SemoRebamde aristokratTa dasja xdeboda xmliT
Tavis mokveTiT, maSin roca ubralo adamianebs sjidnen CamoxrCo-
biT, cecxlze dawviT da a.S. safrangeTis revoluciam giliotinis
meSveobiT am mxriv TiTqos yvela adamiani `gaaTanabra~).
Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe Cemi Tavisuflebis garantiaa. es niS-
navs, rom TiToeuli individi Tanasworia misi uflebebis dacvis
TvalsazrisiT. amitom yvelas aqvs Tanabari SesaZlebloba airCos
cxovrebis Tavisi wesi, Tu es sxvebis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs
ar Selaxavs.
Tanasworobaze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi gveqneba, rogor aris
SesaZlebeli politikuri Tanasworoba da SesaZlebelia Tu ara
Tanasworoba materialuri dovlaTisa da Semosavlis ganawilebis
mxriv.
ra SeiZleba iTqvas ekonomikur Tanasworobaze? roca misi miR-
weva ver SeZlo verc erTma mTavrobam, magram zogierTi moazrovne
fiqrobs, rom moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT iyvnen Tanasworni material-
uri dovlaTisa da Semosavlis kuTxiT.
dasavleTSi, bevri filosofosi aRiarebs, rom politikuri
Tanasworoba aris politikuri Tavisuflebis piroba. yvelaze sa-
davoa ekonomikuri Tanasworoba, TviT am cnebis sirTulis gamo.
ekonomikuri Tanasworobis cnebis sirTule ganpirobebulia misi
233
kavSiriT cnebebTan, rogoricaa; moTxovnilebani, damsaxurebuli
keTildReoba da survilebi. es cxadi xdeba maSinve, rogorc ki vs-
vamT Semdeg kiTxvebs, rom lebzec jerjerobiT damakmayofilebeli
pasuxebi ar arsebobs:
unda gavxadoT ekonomikurad Tanasworni is adamianebi, romle-
bic ar arian Tanasworni silamazis, Wkuis, saqmis codnis Tvalsaz-
risiT?
magaliTad, imsaxureben Tu ara lamazi, Wkviani da niWieri ada-
mianebi ufro met Semosavals, vidre danarCeni moqalaqeni? anda na-
klebad lamazi, naklebad unariani da naklebad Wkviani adamianebi
saWiroeben Tu ara ufro met Semosavals, vidre danarCenni?
Tanasworobis damcveli, albaT, upasuxebs, rom is gulisxmobs,
mxolod normaluri adamianebis keTildReobas, romlebic arc das-
neulebuli xeibrebi arian da arc gauwonasworebeli, fsiqikurad
avadmyofni.
arcerT Zlier mTavrobas, ar ZaluZs gaaTanabron, TavianTi qve-
Sevrdomebi ise, rom mTavrobisadmi iyvnen Tanabrad damjerni, si-
maRliT tolni, hqondeT erTnairi silamaze da alpinistobis erT-
nairi xerxebi da gonebrivi unarebi.
mTavrobebs SeuZliaT adamianebi aqcion Tanasworad, rogorc
Rirseuli aseve araRirseuli qmedebebiT. konkretulad maT Seu-
ZliaT moqalaqes miscen erTnairi xmis ufleba, Tanaswori ufleba,
arCeul iqnan parlamentSi. moisminon saqmeebi msajulTa sasamarT-
loSi da a. S. uares SemTxvevaSi mTavrobas SeuZlia praqtikulad
gaaTanabros moqalaqeni uvicobaSi, gonebriv an fizikur monobaSi,
warTvas Tavisufleba da a. S
iseTi sazogadoebis Seqmna, romelSic iqneba ekonomikuri Tanas-
woroba, Cvens winaSe ayenebs fundamentaluri mniSvnelobis prob-
lemas, radganac igulisxmeba, rom ekonomikuri Tanasworobis miRw-
evis erTaderTi gza gadis ukiduresi Tanasworobis etapis gavliT.
rogorc aRiniSna, TanasworobaSi igulisxmeba uflebebisa da
kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba. igi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT Zalian ax-
los dgas, diskriminaciis akrZalvasTan, diskriminacia ki racio-
nalur dasabuTebas moklebuli, fizikur da biologiur niSnebze
agebul uflebaTa da uflebamosilebaTa, diferenciaciaa. magali-
Tad brmebisTvis avtomobilis marTvis uflebis akrZalva ar CaiT-
vleba diskriminaciad. radgan aseT akrZalvas racionaluri dasab-
uTeba aqvs. ar yofila jer iseTi sazogadoeba, romelSic sruli
Tanasworoba yofiliyo miRweuli. rogorc aRiniSna adamianebi gans-
vavdebian erTmaneTisagan: arian mdidrebi da Raribebi, niWierebi
da uniWoebi, maRlebi da dablebi, maT gansxvavebuli interesebi da
234
miswrafebebi aqvT da a. S.
Tanasworobis analizisas unda gairkves ori Tvalsazrisi: egal-
itaristuli da antiegalitaristuli:
egaletarizmi Teoria an praqtikaa, romelsac safuZvlad Tanas-
worobisadmi swrafva udevs: rwmena imisa, rom Tanasworoba ZiriTa-
dad politikuri principia. isini amtkiceben, rom yvela adamiani
Tanasworia da umateben, rom yvela adamiani Tanaswori unda iyos.
antiegalitaristebi amtkiceben, rom adamianebi ar arian Tanas-
worni da imis mtkiceba, rom Tanasworni unda iyvnen, Znelad misaR-
wevia.
zogadad liberalebi Tanasworobaze rodesac msjeloben, isi-
ni TiToeuli adamianis kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas gulisxmoben.
yvelas Tanabari Sansi unda hqondes kanonis winaSe. kanonis winaSe
Tanasworoba niSnavs: me maqvs Tanabari uflebrivi dacva. e.i. aravis
araviTari privilegia ara aqvs da kanoni iseve mexeba me, rogorc
yvela moqalaqes. rasac kanonis moqmedebis universalurobasac
uwodeben.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanasworobis es principi realur cxovre-
baSi naklebad xorcieldeba, amitom Tanasworobis problema yov-
elTvis yvela revoluciis lozungi iyo. saubedurod revoluciis
Semdeg mas mudam iviwyebdnen.
yvela epoqaSi, kanoni zogierTebis mimarT ufro Semwynare-
blurad da keTilmosurned gamoiyeneboda da saubedurod dResac
gamoiyeneba. gansxvavebebis gasaTanabreblad araerTi samarTlebri-
vi sistema Seiqmna, magram sruli warmatebis miRweva, jerjerobiT
ver moxerxda.
problemis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis SeiZleba ganvixiloT ameri-
kuli liberalizmis warmomadgenelis robert nozikis Sexeduleba,
romelic mocemulia 1974 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi: ànarqia,
saxelmwifo da utopia~. sadac man scada Camoeyalibebina ukiduresi
liberalizmis Teoria.
misi Sexedulebis mTavari idea iyo sakuTrebis uflebis mkac-
ri dacva saxelmwifosagan. nozikis azriT, yvela individs aqvs
bunebiTi uflebebi, qonebis SeZenisa da gamoyenebis CaTvliT. es
aris mosazreba moraluri Tanasworobis Sesaxeb. igi amtkicebs,
rom nebismieri, sakuTreba SeZenilia patiosnuri gziT, Tu igi ar
aris warTmeuli (ar aris moparuli) vinmesTvis ZaliT, motyuebiT
an SantaJiT. Tu axlandelma mesakuTreebma da maTma winaprebma ar
Caidines aseTi qurdoba, maSin yovelgvari cda, CamovarTvaT maT
TavianTi sakuTreba, aris Careva maTi Tavisuflebis uflebaSi. mag-
aliTad, Semosavalze gadasaxadi ar gansxavadeba iZulebiTi Sromis-
235
gan. maSasadame, mTavroba, romelic begravs mdidar adamianebs, raTa
daexmaros Raribebs, arRvevs bevri moqalaqis uflebebs. saxelmwi-
fos funqciebi minimaluri unda iyos da daiyvanebodes danaSaulis
Tavidan acilebasa da gareSe mtrebisagan dacvaze.
noziki xsnis imas, Tu ras niSnavs patiosani da arapatiosani gziT
mopovebuli, SeZenili qoneba:
1. Tu sakuTreba miRebuli gaqvT memkvidreobiT winaprebisgan,
romlebmac igi moipares, maSin sxva Tanabar pirobebSi es sakuTreba
unda daubrundes yofil mflobelebs, an maT memkvidreebs.
2. Tu sakuTreba ar aris moparuli, magram mainc SeiZleba damt-
kicdes, rom miwa ganawilebis dawyebis momentSi ar ekuTvnoda, ara-
vis da qoneba gaTvaliswinebli iyo sxva adamianebisaTvis, maSin sax-
elmwifom unda xelaxla gadaanawilos es sakuTreba;
egalitaristebi icaven Teorias, romlis mTavari arsi ima-
Si mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs unda hqondes
warmatebis Sansi. amis uzrunvelyofa ki unda ekisrebodes mTavro-
bas.
TanasworobaSi liberalebi yvelasTvis Tanabar SesaZleblobebs
gulisxmoben. sazogadoebis nebismier wevrs aRzevebis Tu dacemis
erTnairi SesaZlebloba unda hqondes. cxovreba yvelasaTvis erT-
nair saTamaSo moedanze unda gaTamaSdes.
saxelmwifos funqcia swored aseTi garemos Seqmna unda iyos,
sadac nebismieri moqalaqe SesZlebs Tavisi SesaZleblobebis maqsi-
mumis gamovlenas. bunebrivia, Sedegi, yvelasTvis erTi ver iqne-
ba. ver miiReben erTnair jildos, verc cxovrebisa da socialuri
garemo-pirobebi iqneba erTnairi. maT Tanasworoba ase esmiT: gans-
vavebuli unarisa da niWis ganviTarebisaTvis individebs Tanabari
SesaZlebloba unda hqondes.
antiegalitaristebi amtkiceben, rom mkacri da myari gansxvave-
ba Tanasworobis SesaZleblobasa da namdvil Tanasworobas Soris,
ar arsebobs. isini varaudoben, rom SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis
Teoriis momxreoba, gulisxmobs sayovelTao warmatebis survils,
aseTi warmatebis survilma SeiZleba mxolod Tavisuflebis mudmiv
koreqtirebasa da SezRudvasTan migviyvanos.
jer erTi, egalitaristebi icaven ara marto Tanasworobas
kanonebis winaSe. isini daJinebiT moiTxoven agreTve politikur,
ekonomikur da socialur Tanasworobasac.
meore, Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, romelic gamomdinareobs mx-
olod wesebis logikidan, uzrunvelyofs gacilebiT nakleb Tanas-
worobas, vidre egalitaristebs surT. Tumca yvela is, vinc daar-
Rvevs konkretul kanons, erTnairad unda isjebodes, mainc zogjer
236
TviT kanoni iTvaliswinebs gansxvavebas sazogadoebis zogierT
jgufs Soris.
nozikisaTvis saukeTesoa iseTi saxelmwifo, romelic iqneba
minimalisturi, anu eqneba cotaodeni funqciebi. swored aseTma
saxelmwifom, unda uzrunvelyos, qveynis dacva, magram miuxedavad
yvelafrisa, minimaluri saxelmwifoc xom saxelmwifoa da swored
saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis TviT faqti moiTxovs, zogierTi Tavisu-
flebis msxverplad gaRebas. Cven veqvemdebarebiT kanons, romelic
krZalavs mkvlelobas, ramdenadac viciT rom aravis ar unda hqondes
ufleba, Tavisuflad moklas uaxloesi mezoblebi. es SezRudvaa,
magram am saxis SezRudvebi Cveulebriv ar gvaSfoTebs, rogorc mo-
qalaqeebi, Cven erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavebT SezRudvebs, romlebic
aucileblad migvaCnia, da SezRudvebs, romlebsac zedmetad vTv-
liT.
winaaRmdegoba, egalitaristul da antiegalitaristul Tval-
sazrisebs Soris sinamdvileSi gamoxatavs uTanxmoebas saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis sazRvrebis Taobaze. minimaluri saxelmwifo samar-
Tlianicaa da momxiblavic. saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia gamoiyenos,
iZulebis aparati im qmedebebis aRsakveTad, romelnic adamianebma
sakuTari interesebisa da sakuTari Tavis dasacavad ganaxorcieles.
nozikis pozicia individualistiria, radgan individs surs iyos
garantirebulad daculi, mis pirad saqmeebSi, saxelmwifos Care-
visagan. gamomdinare am poziciidan ismis kiTxva, egeb saerTodac ar
aris saWiro saxelmwifos arseboba?
saxelmwifo mainc unda arsebobdes, radganac arsebobs garkveu-
li mizezebi, romlis gamoc ar iqneba gamarTlebuli saxelmwifos
ararseboba, da rom is unda arsebobdes ama Tu im saxiT.
amitom amtkiceben antilegalitaristebi, rom mkacri da myari
gansxvaveba Tanasworobis SesaZleblobasa da namdvilad Tanasworo-
bis Soris ar arsebobs.
xelisuflebam unda Seqmnas iseTi garemo, da pirobebi sadac
moqalaqeebs eqnebaT saSualeba gamoavlinon yovelmxriv TavianTi
SesaZleblobebi. Tanasworoba vlindeba TiToeuli moqalaqis kan-
onis daqvemdebarebulobaSi, romelic ar gamoiwvevs Tavisuflebis
`SezRudvas~, ris safuZvelzedac samarTlianoba gamovlindeba. sax-
elmwifos arsebobis safuZvels unda Seadgendes is Zireuli Rireb-
ulebebi, rogoricaa pirovnebis Tavisuflebis idea, demokratiuli
mimarTeba da samarTlianoba, ekonomikuri keTildReoba da Tanas-
woroba.
liberalizmi cdilobs, iseTi pirobebi Seqmnas, rodesac ada-
mianebi TviTon gansazRvraven ra aris kargi cxovreba da SeZleben
237
icxovron swored aseTi cxovrebiT. maTTvis yvelaze ufro mniS-
vnelovania individi, Tavisufleba, goneba, samarTlianoba, Semwyane-
bloba da mravalferovneba.
rogorc roulsi aRniSnavs: yovel adamians unda hqondes maqsim-
aluri Tavisufleba, romelic ar SezRudavs sxva danarCenTa aseT-
save uflebas, iyvnen Tavisufalni.
a) ra aris Zalaufleba da ratom cdilobs nebismieri mmarTveli

legitimurobis mopovebas?
b) gavixsenoT legitumuri mmarTvelobis tipebi
tradiciuli racionaluri qarizmatuli
ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris?

g) CamoTvlili politikuri Tavisuflebis saxebidan sad vlinde-
ba negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba da ganvsazRvroT ToToeu-
li;
 erovnuli Tavisufleba
 politikuri Tavisufleba
 ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
 individualuri Tavisufleba
d) upasuxeT kiTxvas: ra aris samarTlianoba da ganvasxvavoT

erTmaneTisagan-ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba da gaTanabrebiTi
samarTlianoba
e) SesaZlebelia Tu ara Tanasworoba?
ras fiqroben:
 egalitaristebi
 antiegalitaristebi
238
nawili meeqvse
esTetika
ra aris esTetika?
`netav saidan modis mSveniereba an sad midis igi, sad ikarge-

ba?~ am siytvebiT Tavdeba g.leoniZis novela `marita~. es erT-erTi
yvelaze Zireuli filosofiuri SekiTxvaa. platoni ambobda, rom
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema àris Zneli~. esTetika aris filoso-
fiis dargi, romelic ikvlevs mSvnierebas farTo azriT, rogorc
samyaros erT-erT arsebiT ganzomilebas. termini èsTetika~ war-
modgeba berZnuli sityvidan àisTezis~, rac grZnobadobas niSnavs.
pirvelad igi germanelma filosofosma aleqsandr gotlib baumgar-
tenma gamoiyena 1750 wels gamocemul wignSi, romelic warmoad-
genda esTetikis pirvel sistematur kurss. baumgarteni fiqrobda,
rom esTetika aris grZnobadi Semecnebis WeSmariteba. mogvianebiT
es termini damkvidrda da filosofiis erT-erTi sistematuri el-
ementis da disciplinis aRmniSvneli gaxda.
esTetikuris wvdomis paradigmebi
filosofiis am sferoSi arsebobs mravali Tvalsazrisi. isini
mokled SeiZleba aseTi saxiT CamovayaliboT:
 esTetikuri aris RmerTis an absoluturi ideis ganxorcieleba,
anabeWdi konkretul grZnobad movlenebSi (platoni, netari
avgustine, hegeli).
 sinamdvile esTetikurad neitraluria. mSvenierebis wyaro
adamianis sulSia. mSveniereba sinamdvileze adamianis sulieri
samyaros proecirebis, STagrZnobis Sedegia (T. lipsi, b.
kroCe).
 mSveniereba aris esteTikuri subieqtis da esteTikuri obieqtis
urTierTmimarTebis Sedegi, (n. hartmani, r. ingardeni).
 xelovnebis nawarmoebi aris simbolo, romelic Rirebulebis
struqturas aRniSnavs (e. kasireri, C. morisi, s. langeri).
 esTetikuri aris nebisa da warmodgenis, an Zalafulebisadmi
nebis obieqtivacia (a. Sopenhaueri, f. nicSe).
 esTetikuri aris sagnis, an movlenis iseTive Tviseba, rogoricaa
feri, zoma, wona da a.S.
 xelovneba da esTetikuri gemovneba aris sazogadoebis
ekonomiuri bazisiT gansazRvruli zednaSeni (k. marqsi),
daukmayofilebeli aracnobieri ltolvebis sublimacia (z.
froidi).
esTetikuris gamovlenis ganviTarebuli formaa xelovneba. is
239
iseve, rogorc esTetikuris gamovlenis nebismieri sxva forma aris
adamianis mier samyarosa da sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebis erT-er-
Ti ZiriTadi wesi. xelovnebis ZiriTadi niSania grZnobad-saxeobrivi
gamomsaxveloba (eqspresiuloba). xelovneba aris adamianuri yofi-
erebis arsebiTi struqturebis (misi sazrisisa da xasiaTis) saxviT-
saxeobrivi gamomJRavneba, gamometyvelebiTi gamovlena-gamonaTeba. es
`gamonaTeba~ aris mxatvruli simarTle, mxatvrulobis Sinagani krite-
riumi. igi ganapirobebs esTetikuri Rirebulebis Taviseburebas.
esTetikuris kidev erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom Tu kulturis
sxva formebi_zneoba, religia, mecniereba, warmoadgenen zegrZno-
badi viTarebebis, principebisa da Rirebulebebis ganxorcielebas
grZnobad-aRqmad sinamdvileSi, (magaliTad, cotne dadianma Tavisi
gmiruli saqcieliT TvalsaCino gaxada zneobis idealuri kanoni
_ giyvardes moyvasi; niutonma formulaSi moaqcia mizidulobis
kanoni; naTlisRebis saidumlo aResruleba wyalSi samgzis STafv-
lis xiluli qmedebis gziT) xelovnebaSi amis sapirispirod grZno-
bad-aRqmadi, grZnobadad ganWvretili viTareba (magaliTad, venera
miloselis qandakeba, an bunebis peizaJi, melodia, Teatraluri war-
modgena) Tavad Signidan gamoasxivebs zegrZnobads. Tu SemecnebiT,
zneobriv an religiur cdaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, zeca miwaze Camodis,
uxilavi xdeba xiluli, sxeuli sulierdeba, esTetikurSi aqcenti
Sebrunebulia, piriqiT xdeba _ miwa adis zecaSi, xiluls gavyevarT
uxilavSi, sxeulebrivi gvaziarebs suliers.
xelovnebis qmnilebis (esTetikuri sagnis) kidev erTi Tavise-
bureba imaSia, rom igi distancirebuli da amorTulia sinamdvi-
lis konteqstidan (misi gamomsaxvelia da ara TviTon is), mTlianad
SeTxzuli, daxatuli, gaTamaSebuli da irealuria. amdenad, da-
moukidebeli `sxva samyaros~. unikaluri avtonomiuri universumis
saxe aqvs. igi gamWvirvalea adamianuri yofierebis yvela aspeqtis
mimarT. masSi gaTamaSebulia (mibaZulia) eTikuri, SemecnebiTi, re-
ligiuri da sasicocxlo mimarTebebis mTliani speqtri, panorama,
xedi). amdenad, esTetikur cdaSi adamianuri yofiereba iRebs sru-
lyofilebis imgvar niSans, romelsac igi verasodes aRwevs realur
samyaroSi. ès mSvenieria~ niSnavs ès srulyofilia~. es isaa, sadac
uzenaesi da ukanaskneli mizani miRweulia; sruli da unaklo yofnis
wesia gamJRavnebuli.
am viTarebis gamo xelovneba zogierT epoqaSi kulturis warm-
marTveli xdeba, xolo xelovani iRebs bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis
misias. `RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve wina ersa~, _
amboben aseTi epoqis poetebi. es moxda renesansis epoqaSi, XVIII sau-
kunis germaniaSi. XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi aseTi poeti iyo ilia
240
WavWavaZe. XIX saukunis ruseTSi aseTi misia itvirTes lev tolsto-
im da fedor dostoevskim.
zogi filosofosi swored am niSanSive xedavs xelovnebis nakls.
platonma Tavisi idealuri saxelmwifodan gaaZeva xelovani, radgan
xelovneba axdens grZnobebis zedmet gafaqizebas. es ki xels SeuSlis
saxelmwifoSi erTguli meomrebisa da msaxurebis aRzrdas. sicocx-
lis bolos xelovnebis radikaluri kritikosebi da uarmyofeli
gaxdnen lev tolstoi, vinsent van-gogi, franc kafka. eseni iyvnen
mxatvruli Semoqmedebis virtuozuli ostatebi da absoluturu-
li mxatvruli Rirebulebis Sedevrebi Seqmnes. sikvdilis win maT
scades sakuTari nawarmoebis dawva, ganadgureba. ratom? adamiani
miiswrafvis realurad miaRwios srulyofilebas (mokvdavi realu-
rad eziaros ukvdavebas) da ara SeTxzul-gaTamaSebul `suraTSi~.
magram adamianuri yofierebis wesis Sinagani ormagoba, koliziuro-
ba da tragizmi dauZlevelia. es mxolod nawilobrivaa SesaZlebeli
esTetikur cdaSi. nicSe ambobda: Cven gvaqvs xelovneba, raTa re-
alobis simZimem ar gagvsrisos.
esTetikuri fenomenis Sinagani sisrule gulsxmobs mis Sinagan
usasrulobas anu principul daumTavreblobas. amas non_finitos
principi ewodeba. cnobilia miqelanjelos, dostoevskis da sxva xe-
lovanTa nawarmoebebi,romlebSiac kompoziciuri „daumTavrebloba“
gansakuTrebul mxatvrul siZlieres ganapirobebs,radgan aRmqmel-
Si aZlierebs fantazias. berZnuli sityva “fantazia“ qarTulad
niSnavs warmosaxvas. warmosaxva ara marto esTetikuri cnobierebis
safuZvelia, aramed adamianis Tavisufali da cnobieri moRvaweo-
bis Zireuli unaria. warmosaxva aris xatis mTxzveli unari, ro-
melic erTi da imave dros qmnis da saxavs. es aris amTvisebeli
(receptuli) da mqmneli (spontanuri) saxva. am unaris safuZvelze
xorcieldeba monacemTa SekavSireba anu sinTezi. warmosaxva aris
sinTezis unari, rac mas Semoqmedebis universalur unarad aqcevs.
adamianis cnobiereba warmosaxvis meSveobiT xsnis, saxavs da qmnis
axal realobas. am unars zogjer ganmartaven rogorc zebunebriv
STagonebas(inspiracia), an mxatvrul intuicias (gonebiT miuwvdom-
eli viTarebis uSualo xedva).
arsebobs mxatvruli fantaziis ori tipi:
 produqtiuli fantazia. es aris principulad axali esTetikuri
fenomenis Seqmnis unari
 reproduqciuli fantazia. es aris TanaSemoqmedebis unari;
arsebuli esTetikuri fenomenis interpretaciis axali
SesaZleblobebis gamovlenisa da realizaciis unari.
241
Tavi I
mSvenierebis metafizika
§1. mSvenierebis idea
xelovneba antikuri gagebiT aris RvTaebrivi, metafizikuri

sawyisis gamovlenis wesi.
raSi mdgomareobs misi Tavisebureba? riTi gansxvavdeba igi
metafizikuri sawyisis gamovlenis sxva formebisa da wesebisagan?
platonis `nadimSi~ aRwerilia antikuri simpoziumi. TiToeuli
monawile Tavis sadRegrZeloSi warmoadgens sakuTar koncefcias
mSvenierebisa da xelovnebis arsebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ki imarTeba ka-
maTi, disputi, dialogi. simpoziumis bolos, platoni gadmogvcems
sokrates saubars tragikos poet agaTonTan da komidiograf aris-
tofanesTan. monawileni midian daskvnamde, rom tragediac da ko-
mediac aris variacia absoluturi mSvenierebis ideis gamovlenisa.
sokrate ekiTxeba Tanamosaubres: `ra aris mSveniereba?~ igi pa-
suxobs: `mSvenieri qali~. sokrate auxsnis, rom is cdeba. yvelaze
`mSvenieri qali~, yvelaze maxinj angelozTan SedarebiT xom maxin-
jad gamoCndeba. iseve rogorc yvelaze lamazi maimuni yvelaze max-
inj qalTan SedarebiTac ki maxinji iqneba da ara lamazi.
maSasadame Cven ufro Rrmad unda gaviazroT mSvenierebis feno-
meni. ra aris is saerTo wyaro, risi meoxebiTac raimes vuwodebT
`mSveniers?~
mokamaTeni mivlen daskvnamde, romelic aris platonis filoso-
fiis RerZi: mSvenierebis arseba aris calkeul mSvenier saganTa
miRma _ mSveniereba TavisTavad, mSvenieris idea; mSvenierebis pirve-
ladi, idealuri, maradiuli saxe, xolo xelovneba aris mSvenierebis
ideis ukufena da ganfena mis grZnobad misawvdomobaSi.
dialog `nadimSi~ mSvenierebis ideis wvdoma uzenaesis wvdomis
rangSi ganixileba, esTetikuri siamovnebis adgils iWers siyvaru-
li _ `platonuri erotika~. mSvenierebis ideis meditacia grZno-
bas aesTetikurebs, grZnobas ganwmends organuli funqciisgan, Sez-
Rudulobisa da pirobiTobebisagan. mSvenierebis WvretaSi gancda
amorTulia organuli siamovneba-usiamovnebis konteqstidan. amis
Semdeg platonis esTetikaSi iwyeba erosis misteria _ romlis amoc-
noba dResac amocanad rCeba.
aristoteles `poetikaSi~ xelovnebis arsi gaazrebulia `miba-
Zvis~ (berZ. Μίμησις -mimezisi) da ganwmendis (berZ. Κάθαρσις _ kaTarzi-
sis) cnebebiT.“ras baZavs xelovneba?~ `saganTa arsebas!~ pasuxobs
242
aristotele. ras ganwmends? _ adamianTa afeqtebs. tragedias af-
eqtebi maqsimaluri intensivobis im mijnamde mihyavs, rom xorciel-
deba naxtomi organuli SezRudulobis miRma. metafizikur rangSi
gadasvla, mxatvruli kaTarzisi, emociuri procesis kalapots cv-
lis, suli kvlav ganicdis SiSisa da TanagrZnobis afeqtebs, magram
isini aRar arian damangreveli, qaoturi impulsebi. mxatvrul saxe-
Ta TanagrZnobis meSveobiT emociebi gardaiqmnen mxatvruli wesri-
gis, silamazisa da harmoniuri simSvidis principebis mixedviT.
§ 2. xelovnebis ideali
hegelis xelovnebis filosofiis amosavalic mSvenierebis ideaa.

magram hegelma principulad gaafarTova TviT ideis gageba. hege-
li ase msjelobs: Tu mSveniereba misi arsebisa da cnebis mixedviT
unda iqnes Semecnebuli, maSin es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod moaz-
rovne, Tavis Tavis mcodne cnebis saSualebiT. e.i. iseTi cnebiT,
romelic TviTrefleqsiis, TviTcnobierebis principis gavlis gziT
xdeba absoluturi mSveniereba anu mSvenierebis idea Tavis istori-
ul sinamdvileSi. mSvenierebis ideis ganxilva platonTan uSinaarso
abstraqtul metafizikad darCa. is hegels aRar akmayofilebs. fi-
losofiuri refleqsia ufro Rrmad da ufro konkretulad unda
Cavwvdes am ideas. mSvenierebis ideidan unda amovideT, magram unda
gaviazroT misi Sinaarseuli konkretuloba. ideas aqvs TviTreal-
izebadi buneba. mSvenierebis ideis Sinagani ganfenis procesi qm-
nis xelovnebis istorias da amdenad aris xelovnebis ideali, `xe-
lovnebis substanciuri principi~. xelovneba, rogorc mSvenierebis
ideis Semecnebis istoriuli procesi, Tavis TavSi erTiani organ-
uli mTlianobaa. igi Sinagani logikuri aucileblobiT viTardeba
Tavisive cnebidan, gaivlis TviTgamovlenis samsafexurian gzas _
simbolur, klasikur da romantikul formebs da kvlav ubrundeba
Tavis Tavs. igi `Tavis TavSi ukumbrunavi wrea.~ rodesac absolu-
turi goni, xelovnebis idealis saxiT, mesame da ukanasknel ro-
mantikul wres Semoivlis, saerTod tovebs xelovnebis formas da
gadadis absoluturi gonis ufro maRal formaSi _ religiaSi.
qristes gamocxadebis Semdeg, religiis umaRles da ukanasknel
safexurze, goni religiis formasac ukan moitovebs da gadadis fi-
losofiaze, raSic igi Tavis Tavs Seicnobs da sistema Caiketeba
Tavis TavSi.
maSasadame xelovneba aris absolutis gamovlenis safexuri,
romelSic zegrZnobadi, RvTaebrivi ideali vlindeba grZnobad
formaSi. xelovneba aris WeSmaritebis gamovlenisa da gamoxatvis
243
garkveuli wesi. hegelis mixedviT, xelovnebac gonis absolutur
sferos ekuTvnis da religiasa da filosofiasTan erTad erTi
saerTo sagani aqvs _ esaa absoluti, RmerTi. amdenad, xelovnebac,
religiac da filosofiac arsebiTad RvTisSemecnebisa da RvTiswv-
domis sxvadasxva formebs warmoadgenen.
mSvenierebis idea ar aris mSvenieri sagnebis, xelovnebis nawar-
moebebis miRmuri, abstraqtuli arsi, aramed is aris mSvenierebis
arsebis mexsierebaSi aRdgena,wvdoma da cnobierebaSi ganfena.
amgvari aRdgenis da `wvdomis pirveli forma aris uSualo da ami-
tom grZnobadi, gamoxatuli xelovnebis formasa da saxeSi~. masSi
absoluti iqceva mWvretelobisa da SegrZnebis sagnad. meore forma
aris warmomdgeni cnobiereba _ religia, bolos, absoluturi gonis
Tavisufali azrovneba _ filosofia.
hegelma gamoTqva gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis principi- mSve-
nierebis arseba xorcieldeba misi gacnobierebis istoriul nakad-
Si, anu xelovnebis istoriaSi. magram hegelTan xelovneba Caketili
sistemis erT-erTi paragrafia. xelovneba Tavisi uzenaesi daniS-
nulebis mxriv CvenTvis warsulia, xelovnebis formiT aRar xdeba
msoflio istoriis arsebiTi movlenebi. marTalia kvlavac iqmneba
xelovnebis axali nawarmoebebi, magram es mxolod Zveli ineraciiT
xdeba. xelovneba absolutis mier mitovebuli fenomenia.
§ 3. xelovnebis apolonuri da
dionisuri sawyisebi
xelovnebis kvdomis hegeliseuli koncefciis winaaRmdeg gailaS-

qra XIX saukunis germanelma filosofosma nicSem. man hegelis Ca-
ketil sistemaSi dainaxa yvela RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis, ni-
hilizmis gamovlena. nihilizmi, nicSes azriT, aris abstraqtuli
cnebebis Caketili sistemis gaRmerTebis Sedegi. xelovnebis arseba,
xelovnebis logikur cnebaSi ki ar aris, aramed sicocxlis stiqion-
Sia. sicocxlis arseba maradiuli moZraoba da qmnadobaa. is iseTi
stiqionia, romlis Caketva ar SeiZleba logikur sistemaSi. amitom
SeuZlebelia xelovnebis kvdoma. kvdeba mxolod xelovnebis is saxe-
oba, romelic racionaluri sawyisis gamovlenaa. xelovnebis am sax-
eobas nicSem uwoda apolonuri. apoloni Zvel berZnul religiur
panTeonSi iTvleboda uZravi, ucvleli, aumRvreveli formebisa da
harmoniis RvTaebad.
naSromSi `tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan~ (1872w.) nic-
Se Seecada moeZia antikuri tragediis mZlavri wyaro. `tragedia~
(berZ. τραγῳδία `Txis simReras~), Trobisa da lxinis RvTaebisadmi _
244
dionisesadmi miZRvnil diTirambs niSnavs. Txis Cliqebian satirebad
gadacmuli procesia marTavda dionisesadmi miZRvnil misteriebs.
`dionisuri xelovnebis~ arsia Semoqmedebis Tavawyvetili gaxeleba,
eqstazi, uZravi formebis msxvreveli Zala, ngreva-Senebis, sikvdil-
sicocxlis maradiuli kvlavdabruneba.
antikuri civilizaciis bedi gansazRvra dionisuri da apolon-
uri sawyisebis dapirispirebam. apolonuri sawyisis, platonuri
metafizikis da qristianuli moralis gabatonebam, nicSes azriT,
evropuli kacobrioba miiyvana teqnikur civilizaciamde. manqanuri
cxovrebis wesamde, sadac marTlac kvdeba xelovneba.
nicSe upirispirdeba dasavlur metafizikur tradicias pla-
tonidan hegelamde. maT mier RvTaebrivad miCneuli maraducvleli
ideebis samyaro iluziaa, niRbebia, romlis ukan arara imaleba. nic-
Ses swams, rom dionisur xelovnebas SeuZlia SeaCeros evropuli
kulturis dekadansi (dacema).

 mSveniereba rogorc idea (platoni)
 mSveniereba rogorc ideali (hegeli)
 SeadareT erTmaneTs idea da ideali. gamoyaviT saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi
ganixileT:
 xelovnebis apolonuri sawyisi
 xelovnebis dionisuri sawyisi
 SeadareT erTmaneTs, gamoyaviT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi
245
Tavi II
esTetikuri gemovneba da
esTetikuri Rirebuleba
§ 1. esTetikuri msjelobis sayovelTaoba
germanuli klasikuri filosofiis fuZemdebeli imanuel kanti

(1720-1804) afuZnebs esTetikas, rogorc filosofiur disciplinas.
am dafuZnebas igi axdens metafizikuri tradiciis kritikis safuZ-
velze.
kantis gamokvleva adamianis gonebis Sesaxeb `wminda gonebis kri-
tika~, `kopernikisebur gadatrialebas~ moaswavebda Semecnebis Teo-
riaSi. manamde egonaT, rom goneba imecnebs misgan damoukidebel da
mis gareT myof sagans (bunebas). aRmoCnda, rom goneba aris aqtiuri
sawyisi da is monawileobs Semecnebis sagnis SeqmnaSi. esaa `goneba
wminda saxiT~, is rac saerToa yvela subieqtisaTvis. kantma mas uwo-
da `transcendentaluri subieqti~. sagani TavisTavad(noumeni), ise
rogorc is aris gonebis struqturebisagan damoukidebeli saxiT,
miuwvdomelia adamianuri SemecnebisaTvis. Cven SegviZlia Sevimec-
noT sinamdvile im saxiT, ra saxesac igi iRebs gonebis yalibebSi
moqcevis Sedegad.
adamianis goneba ar aris mxolod Teoriuli, aramed aris praq-
tikuli anu eTikuri sawyisic _ `wminda neba~, romelic Tavisuflad
axorcielebs zneobis normatiul principebs. saxelmZRvanelos wina
Tavebidan nawilidan ukve viciT kantis eTikuri Teoriis Sesaxeb.
gavixsenoT, rom RmerTi, sulis ukvdaveba da samyaro swored zneo-
brivi cnobierebis postulatebia.
amis Semdeg, kantma SeniSna, rom Tavis SromebSi miiRo ori erT-
maneTisagan gaTiSuli samyaros _ bunebis da moralis _ suraTi.
mis winaSe daisva amocana gamoekvlia maTi harmoniuli mTliano-
bis sfero. aseTi aRmoCnda esTetikuri sawyisi da bunebis mizanSe-
wonileba. maT gamokvlevas kantma miuZRvna Tavisi mesame didi Tx-
zuleba: `msjelobis unaris kritika~ (1791w.)
erTianoba, romelic kantma aRmoaCina bunebis mizanSewonilebasa
da Tavisufali mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sferoebs Soris, moiTxovs
gemovnebis fenomenis ganxilvas. gemovneba, romelic awesrigebs
siamovnebisa da usiamovnebis grZnobas aris SemaerTebeli rgoli
mizanSewonilebis bunebriv da esTetikur saxeobas Soris. is emyare-
ba msjelobis unars da gamoixateba SefasebiT msjelobebSi.
mSvenieria `mizanSewonileba (gansazRvruli) miznebis gareSe.~ aq
246
igulisxmeba ara garedan makonstituirebeli mizani, aramed Sina-
gani anu regulaturi mizanSewonileba, rac aris aucilebeli, apri-
oruli (cdamde mocemuli) principi gemovnebis msjelobisaTvis. am
safuZvelze yvelam erTnairad unda Seafasos esTetikuri sagani.
yovelgvar natif xelovnebaSi mTavaria forma. misi uangaro
WvretiTi siamovneba, romelic sayovelTao da aucilebel aRiarebas
(gaziarebas) imsaxurebs aris mSveniereba.
esTetikuri gemovneba arsebiTad aris zneobriv ideaTa grZno-
badi xorcSesxmis Sesaxeb msjelobis unari. `mSveniereba aris zneo-
brivi sikeTis simbolo~. zneobriv sawyisTa Wvretis meoxebiT vezi-
arebiT metafizikur `Tavis Tavad nivTTa~ samyaros.
kantma uaryo mibaZvis principi,romlis mixedviTac,xelovneba
baZavs, asaxavs sinamdviles da win wamoswia RirebulebiTi principi.
esTetikuri aris Rirebuleba yovelgvari realuri interesis gar-
eSe.
kanti erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs mSvenierebis or saxeobas: mS-
venieri wminda saxiT, rac wminda formaTa Tavisufali TamaSis Sede-
gia, da amaRlebuli. amaRlebulTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac Cve-
ni suli ganicdis sakuTar SezRudulobas bunebis sidiadis winaSe
da amiT axdens masTan ziarebas, amaRlebas. amaRlebulis analitika
kantTan iRebs adamianuri yofierebis metafizikuri sawyisebis ana-
lizis saxes.
amaRlebulisa da mSvenierebis kategoriebis erTianoba esTeti-
kis formaluri da Sinaarsuli principebis erTianobis safuZveli
xdeba.
gemovneba aris mxolod msjelobis unari, da ara produqtiuli
unari, romelsac ewodeba `genia.~ kantis moZRvreba `geniis~ Sesaxeb
amodis im gansxvavebidan, romelic arsebobs Teoriuli moRvaweo-
basa da mxatvruli Semoqmedebis unars Soris. geniis qmnileba miu-
wvdomelia racionaluri axsnisaTvis. is ar misdevs bunebis wesebs,
aramed TviTon qmnis wesebs, romlebic xdebian esTetikuri normebi.
xelovanma unda mibaZos ara bunebas, aramed xelovnebis nimuSebs,
romelic Seqmna `geniam~, xolo geniosi qmnis `kanonzomierebas,
kanonebis gareSe.~ amitom xelovnebis qmnileba imdenad unikaluria,
rom SeuZlebelia misi mibaZva. `geniis~ qmnileba misabaZi nimuSi ki ar
aris, aramed mxolod impulsia sxva `geniis~ sxvagvari originalo-
bisaTvis. ramdenadac genia bunebrivi niWia, amdenad igi, dakavSire-
bulia bunebis kanonebTan; xolo ramdenadac gamovlenilia ganumeo-
rebeli mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi _ Tavisuflebaa.
247
§ 2. fenomenologiuri esTetika
kantma saTave daudo esTetikuris RirebulebiT gagebas. esTe-

tikis amocana xdeba RirebulebaTa esTetikuri sferos analizi.
azri eZiebs esTetikuri Rirebulebis saTaves, wyaros. am sakiTxze
dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs.
zog mkvlevars, xelovneba miaCnia pirovnebis Sinagani poten-
ciebis gaSlad. Rirebulebis wyarod cxaddeba geniosi da misi war-
mosaxvis Zalis Tavisufali TamaSiT Seqmnili Sedevri.
zogi im azrisaa, rom pirovneba TviTon ki ar aris esTetikuri
Rirebulebis wyaro, aramed is, risi mixedviTac izomeba nawarmoe-
bica da esTetikuri gemovnebac. esTetikuri Rirebulebebis ideal-
uri samyaro vlindeba mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi, xolo xelovani da
esTetikuri gemovnebis mqone adamiani aris Suamavali RirebulebaTa
idealur samyarosa da amqveyniur realur samyaris Soris.
Rirebuleba ar arsebobs, magram mniSvnelobs _ aseTi formula
Camoayalibes herman lotcem da hainrix rikertma. esTetikuri Ri-
rebuleba aris mavaldebulebeli absoluturi mniSvneloba. is rac
unda iyos _ jerarsi (germ. Sollen).
maqs Seleri Rirebulebis gagebis or SesaZleblobas ganixilavs.
erTia ideis yovladZlierebis Teoria, romelic uzenaes Rirebule-
bebs miawers sakuTari Tavis realizaciis unars. rac ufro maRalia
RirebulebiTi forma, miT ufro Zlevamosilia. RirebulebaTa wy-
aroa Zlevamosili RmerTi. klasikuri saxiT es Tvalsazrisi gadmo-
cemulia hegelis sistemaSi.
meore Tvalsazriss Seleri RirebulebaTa ùaryofiT Teorias~
uwodebs. am Teoriis mixedviT, esTetikuri Rirebuleba, esTetikuri
gemovneba da xelovnebis qmnileba sicocxlis ltolvebis Sekavebis,
maTi akrZalvis, `tabus~, askezis Sedegad warmoiSoba. xelovnebis
qmnilebebi arian aracnobieri ltolvebis gardaqmnili da saxecvli-
li produqtebi. fantazia da warmosaxvis Zala imitom qmnis esTeti-
kur samyaros, rom akrZalul ltolvebs misces gasaqani. am Teoriis
nimuSia zigmund froidis Teoria aracnobieri fsiqikuri energiebis
Sesaxeb.
TviT Seleri am Teoriebs ar iziarebs. Seleris mixedviT Rire-
bulebas ar SeiZleba hqondes Tavisi ganxorcielebis Zala, radgan
Rirebuleba imdenad aris Rirebuleba ramdenadac sxvisTvis aris
mavaldebulebeli. aseTi `sxva~ aris adamiani. adamianis mier xorc-
Sesxmuli Rirebuleba xdeba kulturis saunje. xelovneba swored
aseTi saunjea. esTetikuri Rirebulebis specifika aris zegrZnoba-
dis grZnobadSi gamocxadeba, gamoxatuleba, gamometyveleba.
248
magaliTad, veneras qandakebebi Seqmnilni antikuri epoqis, rene-
sansisa Tu Tanamedrove ostatebis mier, warmoadgenen qalis grZno-
bad-sxeulebriv formebSi gamovlenil-gamosaxul absolutur esTe-
tikur Rirebulebebs.
amgvari `gamovlenis~, rogorc esTetikuri Rirebulebis, Tavise-
bureba fenomenologiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT gamoikvlies niko-
lai hartmanma da roman ingardenma. fenomenologiis ZiriTadi ideaa
intencionaloba, anu cnobierebisa da sagnis arsis Sinagani Semo-
qmedebiTi mimarTeba. esTetikuri mimarTeba myardeba esTetikuri
sagnisa da esTetikuri cnobierebis Sinagani struqturuli Tanxve-
dris safuZvelze.
mxatvruli nawarmoebi agebulia Sriul struqturaze. ZiriTa-
dad igi ori Sris, ori planisgan Sesdgeba. `wina plani~ garkveuli
saxiT gaformebuli grZnobad-realuri sagania, masSi gamovlenilia
`meore plani~ _ irealur-warmosaxviTi Sinaarsi.
hartmanma da ingardenma mxatvruli saxis struqturaSi gamoyves
grZnobad da zegrZnobad Sreebs Soris gardamavali, Sualeduri
Sreebi da plasteebi. individualuri, erTeuli, tipuri _ yvelaferi
is, rac nawarmoebSi arc uSualod grZnobadia da arc wminda ideis-
mieri. es arsebiTi Sualeduri fenebi gamorCenilia hegelis esTe-
tikaSi.
esTetikur sagans aqvs idealur-realuri, ormagi yofiereba.
pirveladi, grZnobadi plani aRiqmeba grZnobadi WvretiT. meoradi,
Sinagani Wvreta ki mimarTulia imaze, rac mxolod subieqtisaTvis
arsebobs da rac vlindeba mxolod grZnobad planSi da mxolod misi
meSveobiT. amgvari gamovlenis dinamika esTetikuri intencionalo-
bis. esTetikuri cnobierebis intenciuri sicocxlis Sinagani wy-
aroa. misi meSveobiT esTetikuri Wvretis es ori safexuri mWidro
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan.
esTetikur mimarTebaSi xorcieldeba esTetikuri Rirebulebis
obieqtivacia, ganxorcieleba xelovnebis istoriul realobaSi.
nawarmoebis da misi mWvreteli cnobierebis wina da ukana planebs
Soris kavSiri arc pirobiTia da arc gareganpirobebuli. am kav-
Siris mamoZravebelia wminda Sinagani mizanSewonileba. yoveli esTe-
tikuri aqti avtonomiuri mikrokosmosia. mas ar sWirdeba garegani
mimarTebebis konteqstSi CarTva. misi Sinaarsi uSualod ixsneba
Wvretis intencionalur aqtSi.
rogorc ki mWvreteli cnobierebis sinaTle daaSuqebs nawarmoe-
bis wina-grZnobad plans, xdeba esTetikuri aqtis kreacia (qmnadoba)
_ amoZravdebian ùkana planis~ fenebi da maTi wvdomis aqtSive aRes-
ruleba esTetikuri Rirebulebis saidumlo.
249
§ 3. xelovnebis semiotika
adamianuri cxovreba gamoTqvams sakuTar Tavs ara marto adamia-

nis qcevaSi da SemoqmedebaSi, aramed am Semoqmedebis produqtebSic,
e.w. kulturis sagnebSi.
adamianuri cxovrebis gamoTqmis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa ena.
es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac adamiani uneburad ki ar gvaZlevs cnobas
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb garkveuli qceviTa Tu SenaqmniT, aramed
mas surs mizanmimarTulad gamoxatos sakuTari azrebi, grZnobebi,
ganwyobebi. xelovanis nawarmoebic enis sruliad specifikur, Ta-
visebur saxes warmoadgens. igi mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli,
Taviseburi formiT gamoxatavs, gamoTqvams raRacas sinamdvilis
Sesaxeb. amitom nawarmoebis gageba niSnavs imis garkvevas, Tu ras
laparakobs, ras gveubneba igi.
xelovneba ara marto sinamdvilis asaxva da Sefasebaa, aramed
adamianTa urTierTobis, komunikaciis saSualebacaa _ azrebisa da
grZnobebis gamoTqma-gamosaxvis, eqspresiis Taviseburi formaa. igi
SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc Taviseburi ena, romlis meSveo-
biTac adamianebi erTmaneTs uziareben TavianT azrebsa da grZno-
bebs, codnasa da Rirebulebebs. xelovnebaSi es azrebi, grZnobebi
da Rirebulebebi mxatvrul saxeTa da maT sistemaTa meSveobiT aris
gamoTqmuli. xelovnebis gamomsaxveli saSualebani garkveul mniS-
vnelobaTa matareblad, niSnebad gvevlinebian. amitom SeiZleba xe-
lovneba ganvixiloT, rogorc Taviseburi niSanTa sistema.
Tanamedrove humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi semiotikuri
kvlevis meTodebi farTodaa danergili. problemebis semiotikur
WrilSi danaxvisa da gadaWris tendenciebma myarad daimkvidra erT-
erTi wamyvani adgili rogorc esTetikur, ise xelovnebaTmcodneo-
biT mecnierebebSic.
ras gulisxmobs zogadad semiotikuri midgoma xelovnebisadmi?
amis Sesaxeb semiotikis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli Carlz
ogdeni fiqrobs, rom xelovnebaze mecnieruli msjelobis saukeTe-
so saSualebaa im terminebisa da metaforebis gamoyeneba, romelsac
enis kvlevisas viyenebT.
Tanamedrove semiotikis umravles warmomadgenelTaTvis xe-
lovneba erTi romelime aspeqtiT ki ar aris enobrivi sistema, ar-
amed igi mTeli Tavisi arsebiT warmoadgens enas, niSnobriv sistemas.
swored amis gamoa, maTi azriT, xelovneba niSanTa Teoriis kvlevis
obieqti.
emotivistur semiotikaSi xelovnebis ZiriTadad orgvari in-
terpretacia gvxvdeba: kognitivisturi da emotivisturi. kogni-
250
tivistebi (pirsi, morisi, kaplani) niSnis kvlevisas mis SemecnebiT
mxares warmosweven wina planze. kognitivistebis ZiriTadi debule-
baa _ niSnobrivi procesi arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs
mimarTeba niSansa da aRniSnul obieqtebs Soris.
Carlz pirsis koncepciis amosavalia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi niSania. yoveli mxatvruli saxe war-
moadgens niSans, romelic xelovanis ideebs gvamcnobs. xelovnebis
universaluri niSani, pirsis azriT, gamosaxulebaa, xatia (icon). igi
SesaZloa iyos, rogorc grZnobad-aRqmadi saxe (image), aseve az-
robrivi, idealuric (mental icon). xati axdens aRsaniSni obieqtis
formis reprezentacias. radganadac pirsisaTvis ideebis komuni-
kacia, mxolod xatebis logikurad urTierTSeTanxmebul gamoyene-
bazea dafuZnebuli da yoveli movlenis arsi maTematikur formaze
daiyvaneba, cxadia, xelovnebis safuZvelSic maTematikuri forma
unda iyos, romelic logikur formaSi vlindeba. xelovnebis nawar-
moebi pirsisaTvis logikuri sistemaa. masSi Tavidanvea mocemuli
wanamZRvrebi da daskvnebis gamoyvanis wesebi. oRond es logikuri
sistema gamovlenili da gamosaxulia mxatvruli saxeebiT, xatebiT,
romelTa specifikas pirsi xedavs maT eqspresiulobaSi. niSan-xa-
tis (filosofosi xmarobs termins ìcon~) ganmasxvavebeli isaa, rom
`misi uSaulo Wvretisas SeiZleba warmoCindes, gaixsnas misi obi-
eqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva WeSmaritebebic, romelnic manamde
ar Candnen, dafarulni iyvnen.
amdenad pirsisaTvis xati axali WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis saSu-
alebaa, Semecnebis iaraRia. xatovani niSani, pirsis mixedviT, Sei-
Zleba gamosaxavdes ara marto WeSmaritebas, aramed moralur Rire-
bulebebsac, magaliTad, simarTles, magram moraluri Rirebulebis
mimarTac xati misi Semecnebis, gagebis saSualeba iqneba da ara misi
uSualo gamovlena-ganxorcieleba. xats SeiZleba hqondes moraluri
Rirebulebebis Semecnebis, gagebis Rirebuleba _ da ara sakuTriv
moraluri Rirebuleba. xatis eqspresiulobac, pirsis azriT, Ri-
rebulia ara TavisTavad, aramed imdenad, ramdenadac es eqspresi-
uloba, rogorc ukve iTqva, saSualebaa dafarul WeSmaritebaTa wv-
domisa, Semecnebisa. amaSia pirsis Tvalsazrisis kognitivizmi.
kognitivizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi asaxvas pouloben cnobili
amerikeli esTetikosis Carlz morisis naSromebSi. morisisaTvis
mTeli adamianuri civilizacia, goneba da a.S. ganuyreladaa daka-
vSirebuli niSanTa xmarebasTan. da radganac xelovneba adamianuri
saqmianobis erT-erTi saxea, misi Seswavla unda moxdes gamonaTq-
vamTa niSnobrivi gamosaxulebebis formebis Seswavlis gziT.
morisi asxvavebs samgvar niSans: designatoruls, preskriptuls
251
da SefasebiTs. niSnis pirveli saxis funqciaa aRsaniSni obieqtis
reprezentacia, Cveni sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mis Sesaxeb garkveu-
li codnis fiqsireba niSnis momxmarebeli subieqtis cnobierebaSi,
meorisa _ subieqtis mimarTva garkveuli moqmedebisaken. mesamisa _
aRsaniSnis Rirebulebis gamoTqma. amisda Sesabamisad, morisi gamo-
yofs niSanTa xmarebis sam pirvelad formas: mecnieruls, teqnolo-
giursa da esTetikurs. mecnieruli gamonaTqvami saSualebas aZlevs
adamians, zustad gaerkves uSualo cdaSi mocemul movlenebSi.
niSanTa teqnologiur gamonaTqvamSi igulisxmeba gegmis dasax-
va moqmedebisaTvis, Tumca situaciaSi garkvevisa da moqmedebis
moTxovnilebebic arsebobs. `rogorc garkveuli moTxovnilebebisa
da maTTan dakavSirebuli Rirebulebebis mqone arsebebi, isini dain-
teresebuli aran imiT, rom asaxon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia. gad-
mocemis esTetikuri forma am moTxovnas Seesabameba~.
gamonaTqvamTa esTetikuri formis qveS morisi gulisxmobs gan-
sakuTrebul, specializebul enas xelovnebis nawarmoebisa, romlis
meSveobiTac xdeba Rirebulebebis rogorc uSualo, ise gaSualebuli
Semecneba da gamosaxva. mxatvruli saxe, morisis azriT, SefasebiTi,
Rirebulebis gamomTqmeli niSania. misi funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom mas gadaaqvs Sefaseba cdaSi erTxel ukve mocemuli obieqtidan
sruliad ucnob obieqtebze. xelovnebaSi Warbobs mniSvnelobis Se-
fasebiTi modusi, marTalia, aq sxva tipis modusebic monawileoben,
magram maTi wili metad umniSvneloa.
morisi, marTalia, ganasxvavebs designatur da SefasebiT niSnebs,
agreTve niSaTa xmarebis mecnierulsa da esTetikur formebs, ma-
gram imasac ambobs, rom xelovnebaSi wamyvani adgili mniSvnelobis
SefasebiT moduss ukavia.
moriss mxatvruli saxis funqcia misi Rirebulebis Semecnebaze
da ucnob obieqtze nacnobi obieqtis Sefasebis gadatanaze dahyavs,
misi Tvalsazrisi kognitivizmis farglebs ver scdeba.
Zneli dasanaxi ar aris, rom kognitivistebi arsebiTad ugulebe-
lyofen emociaTa rols mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi. maTgan gansxvave-
biT, emotivistebi uyuradRebod toveben niSnis designatur mxares
da amiT meore ukiduresobaSi vardebian.
esTetikaSi semiotikuri meTodebis miyeneba nayofieri mxolod
maSin iqneba, Tu mkacrad Semoifargleba am miyenebis sfero, Tu am
meTodebiT Cven SevecdebiT im mxaris, im aspeqtis aRweras da daxa-
siaTebas, romelic mas enasTan aaxlovebs.
252
 ganixileT Tezisi: “gemovnebaze ar davoben~. ra gansxvavebaa
kulinariul gemovnebasa da esTetikur gemovnebas Soris?
 SeadareT ori msjeloba:
1. vardi lamazia.
2. 2X2=4
253
Tavi 3
mxatvruli teqstis
hermenevtika
§1. mxatvruli teqstis rekonstruqcia
da integracia
filosofiis meTodebidan viciT, rom teqstebis gagebis xe-

lovneba (meTodi da teqnika), aris hermenevtika. termini ukavSird-
eba `hermess~, romelic brZnuli miTis mixedviT iyo RmerTTa da
adamianTa Soris ambebis macne, Suamavali, mediumi. hermess rTuli
amocana hqonda dakisrebuli. olimpos mTaze mcxovrebi RmerTebi
mas ùkvdavTa enaze~ auwyebdnen TavianT nebas, hermess `mokvdavTa
enaze~ unda eTargmna igi da ise Camoetana barSi mcxovrebi adami-
anebisaTvis. teqsti aris sazrisuli fenomeni. es imas niSnavs, rom
Sinagani tendenciis ZaliT, saWiroebs sazrisis realizaciis sxvaSi
_ anu mis gagebas. hermenevtikis amocanaa erTmaneTisagan gaucxoe-
buli epoqebis, pirovnebebis, qmnilebebis, erTmaneTTan dakavSireba
anu gageba. amdenad, is erTdroulad aris gagebis meTodic da ga-
mocdilebac.
XIX saukunemde hermenevtikas damxmare mniSvneloba hqonda re-
ligiuri, iuridiuli da mxatvruli teqstebis ganmartebisa da in-
terpretaciisaTvis. hermenevtikosebma gamoimuSaves mravali xe-
rxi, romliTac xdeboda teqstebis specialuri enobrivi kodebis
daSifvra _ amocnoba. antikur xanaSi mas iyenebdnen poeziis da
samisnoebis enis gansamartavad. Sua saukuneebis da aRorZinebis Te-
ologiaSi bibliis enisa da simboloebis ganmartebisaTvis. axali ep-
oqidan iurisprudenciaSi konstituciebisa da sxva samarTlebrivi
dokumentebis gansamartavad.
XIX saukuneSi hermanevtika humanitaruli da gonismecnierebaTa
(ger. Geistwissenschaft) safuZvlad mogvevlina. ara marto xelovneba,
aramed samarTali, religia, filosofia, kulturis yvela sfero _
hermenevtuli meTodis gamoyenebis arenad gadaiqca.
rogor ganvsazRvroT hermenevtikis amocana xelovnebasTan
mimarTebaSi? hermenevtikuli meTodis amocana imis ganmartebaa,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi arasodes ar xdeba warsuli, mas gaaCnia
Tavisi sazrisuli awmyo da SeuZlia gadalaxos droiTi distancia.
is ar SeiZleba iyos istoriuli Semecnebis sagani.
hegelisa da Slaiermaxeris (1768-1834) Teoriebis saxiT, hans
georg gadamerma (1900-1904) ganixila am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis
254
ori SesaZlo eqstremaluri varianti.
pirveli variantis mixedviT, esTetikaSi hermenevtikis gamoyene-
ba miznad isaxavs mxatvruli sinamdvilis restavracias. xolo meore
varintis mixedviT _ integracias.
Slaiermaxeris mixedviT, mTavaria xelovnebis qmnilebis aR-
dgena, restavracia mis pirvelad mimarTebebsa da daniSnulebaSi.
xelovnebis nawarmoebi, aris ara esTetikuri gancdis zedapir-
uli, drois gareSe myofi sagani, aramed im samyaros kuTvnileba,
romelSic is warmoiSva. is samyaro sruliad gansazRvravs mis nam-
dvil mniSvnelobas. xelovnebis qmnilebis gagebaSi unda amovideT
im samyaros konteqstidan. specialuri hermenevtikuli operaciebis
saSualebiT unda moxdes aRdgena (restavracia) im samyarosi, rom-
lis kuTvnilebacaa qmnileba. amiT aRdgeba qmnilebis Sinagani saz-
risi, moxdeba pirveladi esTetikuri mimarTebebis kvlavdabruneba.
es daicavs xelovnebis qmnilebas yalbi gagebisagan da TviTneburi
ganmartebisagan. aseTia Slaiermaxeris esTetikis ZiriTadi idea da
mTeli misi hermenevtikuli koncefciis dedaazri.
esTetikuri gagebis meore koncefcia, xelovnebis qmnilebis ar-
sebiTi restavraciis SeuZleblobis mkafio cnobierebazea agebuli.
rogorc gvaxsovs, hegelma miuTiTa antikuri samyaros da misi èsTe-
tikuri religiis~ sikvdilze. antikuri xelovnebis qmnilebebi, rom-
lebmac Cvenamde moaRwies, SeiZleba SevadaroT odesRac ayvavebuli
da aw ukve gamxmari xidan mowyvetil nayofs, romelic gamodgeba ara
imisaTvis, rom igemo da ganicado, aramed imisaTvis, rom moigono
da warmoidgino samudamod dakarguli mSveniereba.
hegelis mixedviT, xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTareba, misi sim-
boluri, klasikuri da romantikuli safexurebi arian mSvenierebis
ideis TviTcnobierebamde amaRlebis safexurebi. mSvenierebis ideis
srulyofa xdeba misi ukanaskneli safexuris miRma, absoluturi go-
nis mxolod filosofiur safexurze, `xelovnebis WeSmariti sazri-
sis, `xelovnebis sistemis~ TviTcnobiereba xorcieldeba ara TviT
xelovnebaSi, aramed xelovnebis filosofiaSi.
hegelma erTmaneTs arsebiTad daukavSira istoriuli da esTe-
tikuri cnobiereba, oRond xelovnebis istoriuli arseba mdgo-
mareobs, ara warsulis aRdgenaSi, aramed azrobrivi gaSualebis
gziT, TviTcnobierebis aqtiT, mis CarTvaSi, asimilaciaSi, integra-
ciaSi, sruliad sxva cocxal realobaSi.
amiT hegelma daadgina TviTcnobierebis struqturuli kavSi-
ri sicocxlis cnebasTan. am fundamentur faqtze iqna agebuli xe-
lovnebis hermenevtika da fenomenologia.
255
§ 2. esTetikuri rogorc
hermenevtikuli wre
TiToeuli esTetikuri teqsti aris Taviseburi ena. misi gageba

aris am enis xelaxali konstruireba, anu alaparakeba am enaze. ami-
tom gageba aris wreSi moZraoba. hermenevtika aris wreSi moZrao-
bis xelovneba. qmnileba Seicavs gagebis usasrulo SesaZleblobebs.
gagebis wrec usasruloa. amgvarad unda iqnes gagebuli is, rasac f.
nicSem `maradiuli kvlavdabruneba~ uwoda. TiToeuli gageba aris
kongenialoba _ srulyofili TanaSemoqmedeba. am azriT, `xelovnebis
qmnilebis gageba niSnavs mis Seqmnas~. TviT am gagebis aqtebSi pirve-
lad gamoaSuqeben uzenaesi esTetikuri Rirebulebebi. amdenad, her-
menevtikuli wre aris esTetikuris yofierebiTi struqtura.
esTetikur gagebaSi gamgebi da gasagebi urTierTmikuTvnilebi
arian im saxiT, rom warmoSoben mesame fenomens _ mxatvruli sazri-
sis sicocxles. amitom, gadameris mixedviT, ar SeiZleba arsebobdes
mxatvruli teqstis raime `pirveladi gageba~, romlis restavracia
miznad unda gaixados `sxva gagebam~. iseTive absurdia qmnilebis re-
produqciis nebismieri cda misi aslis mixedviT. aRdgenili, dab-
runebuli, gameorebuli sicocxle, ar aris pirveladi sicocxlis
igiveobrivi. muzeumebidan da gamofenebidanac rom davabrunoT
eqsponatebi egvipteSi,saberZneTSi da kvlav iq davdgaT, saidanac
iqnen muzeumebSi da gamofenebSi gadatanili, mainc ver aRvadgenT
maT pirvelad mxatvrul samyaroebs. is, rac istoriulad warsuli
samyaros saxiT moscilda xelovnebis qmnilebas gauucxovda kidec
mas. amdenad, misi xelaxali Soba damokidebulia `Suamaval gonze~ _
mis gamgeb mediumze, TviT teqstis TviTcnobierebaze misi gamgebis
cnobierebaSi. hermenevtika aris ara xelovnebis qmnilebis reproduq-
cia esTetikur cnobierebaSi, aramed misi integracia. TviT qmnilebis
sazrisis gaucxoebis moxsna, misi dabruneba axal mSobliur savaneSi.
`teqstis sazrisi yovelTvis metia teqstis avtorze~. amis safuZ-
velze igi Riaa `sxva gagebis~ SesaZleblobisaTvis.
`gageba _ ambobs gadameri _ sxva araferia, Tu ara erTi SexedviT
Tavis TavSi Caketili istoriuli horizontebis urTierTSerwymis
procesi xelovnebis istoriaSi. amgvari `Serwymis aqtebi~ qmnis erT,
Sinaganad moZrav universalur horizonts. `sinamdvileSi arsebobs
erTaderTi horizonti, romelic moicavs Cveni cnobierebis mTel
siRrmes~. amdenad, gagebis gziT mxatvruli teqsti Sedis `gadmoce-
mis mTelSi... romelSic igi TviTgagebas eZiebs~.
256
§ 3. esTetikuri kategoriebi
uxsovari droidan aris cnobili,rom esTetikuri sagnebi erT-

maneTisagan gansxvavdebian. Semodgomis mSvidi peizaJi sxva STabeW-
dilebas axdens, vidre aboboqrebuli zRvis peizaJi; sxva gancdebs
aRZravs tragikuli seriozuloba da komediis msubuqi mxiarule-
ba. maTi sxvadasxvaoba safuZvlad udevs esTetikuris gamovlenis
ZiriTad saxeebs. maT esTetikur kategoriebs uwodeben. isini er-
Tiandebian èsTetikuris~ cnebaSi. es aris mSveniereba farTo az-
riT. mSveniereba umaRlesi esTetikuri Rirebulebaa. mSvenierebas
upirispirdeba maxinji. mSvenierebis obieqtur safuZvlad iTvle-
ba harmonia, simetria da proporcia. maT mSvenierebis formalur
kanonebsac uwodeben.
esTetikuris gamovlenis modifikaciebia: mSvenieri, amaRlebu-
li, tragikuli, komikuri. maT or ZiriTad jgufad yofen: 1.esTe-
tikuris ukonfliqto modifikacia, rodesac gamosaxuli Sinaarsi
pirdapir Seesabameba formis principebs. aq esTetikuri erTianoba
uSualod saxezea Sinagani brZolisa da koliziis gareSe. es aris
is,rasac ewodeba `mSveniereba viwro azriT~. 2. esTetikuris kon-
fliqtur modifikaciaSi adgili aqvs Sinagan kolizias, brZolas. aq
erTianoba miiRweva Sinagani koliziis, konfliqtis gadalaxviT.
mSvenierebis SemTxvevaSi forma srulad avlens Sinagani sicocx-
lis TavisTavad srulyofilebas. mSvenierebaSi sicocxle harmoni-
ulia da harmonia aris sicocxle. magaliTad, e.hemingueim moTxro-
baSi `moxuci da zRva~ gamoxata adamiani, romelic Tavisi wminda da
ubralo bunebis gamo harmoniaSia sicocxlis pirvelad ritmTan.
xelovnebis am qmnilebaSi vlindeba samyaros Sinagani erTianoba da
mSveniereba, ramdenadac igi misawvdomia adamianisaTvis. adamianuri
yofierebis arsebiTi struqturebi masSi swored am saxiT vlinde-
bian.
esTetikuri kategoriebi amJRavneben sapirispiro miswrafebaTa
iseTive konfliqts, rogorc adamianis arsebaa. es ar aris mxolod
garegani msgavseba. konfliqtis safuZvelia erTi da igive Zireuli
mocemuloba _ adamianis yofierebis ormagi struqtura. adamiani
aris mokvdavi,drouli arseba,romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs ukvdave-
baSi gamaval tendencias. amdenad adamianis yofnis wesi Seicavs dra-
matul kolizias, misi bedi gamudmebiT meryeobs am or poluss So-
ris. esTetikur kategoriebSi es struqturuli elementebi mTlian
dramas qmnian. drama, aristoteles mixedviT, erTi mTliani samoqm-
edo procesia. erTerTi elementis marcxis gziT gaSlili dramat-
uli kolizia amaRlebulis, tragikulis an komikuris fenomenebiT
257
vlindeba. koliziis disharmoniuli formiT gaSla gvaZlevs amaR-
lebuls. bunebis grandiozuli stiqiis winaSe adamianuri warmosax-
vis Zala dainaxavs Tavis uZlurebas. es aris sakuTari Tavis tota-
lur usasrulobSi gaSlis SeuZlebloba. warumateblobis, marcxis
miuxedavad, adamians SeuZlia eziaros Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis ga-
reSe mocemul usasrulobas. amaRlebulis grZnoba pirvel stadiaSi
usiamovno, SiSis grZnobis saxiT gveZleva. magram Semdeg gadadis
sasiamovnoSi. ZalTa araTanazomiereba, romelSic disharmonia gan-
icdeboda, harmoniad iqca da esTetikuri tkbobis safuZveli gaxda.
amaRlebulis dinamika wanamZRvrebis saxiT gulisxmobs grandiozu-
li Zalis mxriv safrTxesac da misgan usafrTxoebis garantiasac.
wminda Wvretam unda moaxdinos safrTxis namdvilobisgan distanci-
reba. magram safrTxis moCvenebiToba amaRlebulis, rogorc esTe-
tikuri fenomenis realobas uwyobs xels. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
amaRlebuli, bunebis movlenebis Tviseba ki ar aris, aramed es kat-
egoria, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba mxolod Cveni sulieri
Zalebis mimarT iqnes gamoyenebuli.
tragikulis kategoriis Sesaxeb Cven ukve gvqonda laparaki wina
paragrafSi. tragedias aristotele xelovnebis umaRles gamov-
linebad Tvlida. aristoteles `poetikaSi~ tragediis arsi gaaz-
rebulia `mibaZvis~ (berZ. Μίμησις -mimezisi) da ganwmendis (berZ.
Κάθαρσις -kaTarzisis) cnebebiT. dapirispirebul tendenciaTa kon-
fliqtSi erTerTis marcxi tragikuli da komikuri fenomenebis
warmoSobis safuZveli xdeba. tragikulTan maSin gvaqvs saqme, roca
antagonisturad dapirispirdebul droiTobisa da maradisobis kon-
fliqtSi, maradisoba marcxdeba. es tragikuli gmiris (personaJis)
daRupvaSi vlindeba. hegelma aCvena, rom tragikuli konfliqtis
ganviTareba Sinagani kanonzomierebis, logikuri aucileblobis
safuZvelze xdeba. tragikuli gmiris tragikuli finali aris Sec-
nobili aucilebloba. Sopenhaueri, iaspersi da sxvani tragikul
situacias adamianis metafizikur struqturad miiCneven.
maradisobisa da droiTobis konfliqtSi, droiTis uecari mar-
cxi, romelic damarcxebulis tanjvas an ganadgurebas ar Seicavs
aris komediis arsebiTi niSani. komedia aris daZabuli molodinis
uecari ganmuxtviT gamowveuli afeqti, rac sicilSi gamoixateba.
aristoteles komikuri esmoda rogorc imgvari konfliqti mSve-
niersa da maxinjs Soris, romelSic xdeba simaxinjis mxileba da
marcxi. komikuri warmoadgens gamJRavnebul Secdomas, an samarcx-
vinos mxilebas, romelsac ar mosdevs tanjva da daRupva. komikuri
kolizia imaSia, rom SemTxveviTi individumi iCemebs universalur
ideas, dgeba kacobriobis ganmaTavisuflebelis pozaSi. magram ue-
crad xdeba misi pozis araadeqvaturobisa da siyalbis gamoaSkara-
258
veba. magaliTad, ase xdeba p.kakabaZis komediaSi `yvaryvare TuTa-
beri~. komedia iseTive esTeTikuri Rirebulebaa, rogorc tragedia.
tragikuli da komikuri niRbebi erTi medlis or mxared unda war-
movidginoT.

 mxatvruli teqstis rekonstruqcia
 mxatvruli teqstis integracia
 SeadareT erTmaneTs es ori operacia. aRniSneT saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi.
SeadareT erTmaneTs esTetikuri kategoriebi

 mSvenieri
 amaRlebuli
 tragikuli
 komikuri
aRniSneT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi
259
qrestomaTia
qrestomaTia () berZnuli sityvaa da aRniSnavs ga-

moCenili moazrovneebis mcire nawarmoebebis an maTi naSromebidan
nawyvetebis krebuls. qrestomaTia dalagebulia saxelmZRvanelos
ZiriTadi Tavebis mixedviT.
nawili pirveli _ ra aris filosofia?
platoni
platoni (berZ: Πλάτων. Zv.w. 427 _ 347) _ erT-erTi yvelaze gav-
leniani klasikuri xanis berZeni filosofosi, sokrates moswavle,
aristoteles maswavlebeli, filosofiuri dialogebis avtori, aT-
enis akademiis damfuZnebeli. misi ZiriTadi dialogebia: fedoni,
nadimi, saxelmwifo, timaiosi, parmenide,sofiste.
f e d o n i
IX
rogorc Cans, kacTaTvis SeumCneveli rCeba, rom mTeli misi si-

cocxle, vinc uangarod emsaxureba filosofias, sxva ara aris ra,
Tu ara samzadisi kvdomisa da sikvdilisaTvis. da Tu es marTalia,
ras ityvi, gana ucnauri ar iqneboda aseTi ram: mTeli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi sikvdilis mets ara natrobdes kaci da mere, roca
sikvdili TviTon miadgeba karze, drtvinviT xvdebodes mas, rasac
amdenxans natrobda da eswrafvoda?
simiam gaicina da Tqva: _ RmerTmani, gamacine, sokrate, Tumca,
kacma rom Tqvas, ra mecineba? me mgonia, brbos rom esmina Seni si-
tyvebi, daaskvnida _ mSvenivrad msjelobs filosofosebzeo. xolo
rac Seexeba imis mtkicebas, rom filosofosni eswrafvian sikvdils,
Cemi Tanamoqalaqeni pirdapir dagikravdnen kvers: Cven xom viciTo,
ityodnen, rom isini Rirsni arian sikvdilisa.
_ da marTalsac ityodnen, Cemi simia, Tu gamovricxavT imas, rom
maT ician es: ara, maT ar ician, ratom eswrafvian an ratom imsax-
ureben WeSmariti filosofosni sikvdils. magram, _ dasZina man, _
Tavi vaneboT Sens Tebelebs da Cveni saubari ganvagrZoT isev. ras
ityviT, aris Tu ara rame sikvdili?
_ ra Tqma unda, _ miugo simiam.
_ magram ra aris igi, Tu ara sulis gayra sxeulisagan? ras niS-
260
navs igi, Tu ara cal-calke arsebobas erTiurTs gayrili sulis da
sxeulis? gana es araa swored sikvdili?
_ esaa swored, _ Tqva simiam.
_ kargad dafiqrdi, Cemo keTilo, marTla meTanxmebi Tu ara?
radgan vfiqrob, aqedan gamomdinare ufro male mivwvdebiT Cveni
msjelobis sagans. ras ityvi, gana filosofosi zrunavs Svebisa da
gancxromisaTvis, vTqvaT, WamisaTvis, smisTvis?
_ yvelaze nakleb, Cemo sokrate, _ miugo man.
_ vnebaTa dacxromisaTvis?
_ ara.
_ sxva xorcieli sixarulisTvis? ra fasi aqvs mis TvalSi aseT
sixaruls, ra fasi aqvs lamaz tansacmels, lamaz fexsacmels an sxva
Zvirfas tansamkauls? rogor ggonia, filosofosi raime mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebs yovelive amas, Tu arad agdebs da ar ikarebs, vidre
aucilebloba ar aiZulebs Tavisi wili aiRos maTgan?
_ me mgonia, WeSmariti filosofosi arad agdebs yovelive amas,
_ miugo simiam.
_ maSin Sen, albaT isic ggonia, rom WeSmariti filosofosi sxe-
ulisaTvis ki ar iRwvis, piriqiT, SesZlebisamebr, Tavs aridebs mas
da sulisaTvis iRwvis mxolod.
_ diax.
_ da, upirveles yovlisa, sxvebisganac xom imiT ganirCeva filo-
sofosi, rom sxeulTagan urTierTobisgan aTavisuflebs suls?
_ rogorc Cans.
_ umravlesobas ki hgonia, Cemo simia, ras vaqnevTo sicocxles
gancxromisa da Svebis gareSe. amitomaa, rom kacs, romelic arad ag-
debs xorciel sixaruls, maTis azriT, cali fexi samareSi udgas ukve.
_ marTals brZaneb.
X
_ xolo codnis moxveWisaTvis raRas ityvi? gviSlis Tu ara xels
sxeuli, roca mas mwed movuxmobT codnis Zebnisas? ai ra minda vTq-
va: WeSmaritia is, rasac Cveni mzera gvawvdis da Cveni smena, Tu
marTali arian poetebi, romlebic gamudmebiT CagvCiCineben: danam-
dvilebiT veras vxedavT, veras vismenTo? xolo Tu am ori grZnobiT
veras vwvdebiT sandos da WeSmarits, Zalze saeWvoa sxva grZnobebiT
mivwvdeT mas, radgan isini pirvel orze gacilebiT sustni arian. Tu
Sen ar meTanxmebi?
_ geTanxmebi, _ miugo simiam.
_ ki, magram, rodis swvdeba suli WeSmaritebas? _ ikiTxa sokra-
261
tem, _ radgan, cxadia, roca sxeulTan erTad eZebs mas, am ukanasknels
SecdomaSi Sehyavs yovelTvis.
_ marTals brZaneb.
_ maSasadame, WeSmarits upiratesad maSin wvdeba suli, roca az-
rovnebs, ara?
_ diax.
_ xolo suli yvelaze ukeT azrovnebs maSin, roca araferi am-
Rvrevs mas, arc smena, arc mzera, arc tkivili, arc sixaruli, roca
ganiZarcvis da, SeZlebisamebr, Tavisufldeba sxeulisagan da Tavis
TavSi oden STenili miiqceva arsebulis Wvretad.
_ agrea.
_ amrigad, aqac vxedavT, rom filosofosis suli arad agdebs
sakuTar sxeuls, gaurbis mas da cdilobs sakuTar TavSi marto
darCenas.
_ rogorc Cans.
_ amis Semdeg ras vityviT, simia? rogor ggonia, samarTlianoba
warmoadgens rames Tu ara?
_ warmoadgens, vificav zevss.
_ mSvenierebac, sikeTec?
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ ki magram, sakuTari TvaliT Tu ginaxavs odesme romelime maT-
gani?
_ arasodes, _ miugo simiam.
_ an grZnobis sxva organoTi Tu miswvdomixar maT? me vgulisx-
mob yvelafers _ janmrTelobas, sidides, Zalas, erTis sityviT
yvelafris arss, yvela Tavis TavSi arsebul sagans. gana SegviZlia
sxeulis SemweobiT mivwvdeT maT? me mgonia, piriqiT, Tu vinmes Seu-
Zlia maTi miwvdoma, mieaxleba da miswvdeba isev is, vinc yvelaze
didxans da daJinebiT fiqrobs masze, rasac surs miswvdes.
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ an vin misxvdeba masze wmindad da srulyofilad, vinc mxolod
gonebiT swvdeba TviTeul sagans, ise rom mzeras an sxva grZnobas
ar iSveliebs azrovnebisas, vinc mxolod wminda azriT, azriT Tavis
TavSi, nadirobs Tavis TavSi arsebuli yoveli sagnis wminda arsze,
radgan fuW iaraRad miaCnia Tvali, yuri, erTis sityviT, mTeli
sxeuli, romelic pirveli SexebisTanave amRvrevs suls da dab-
rkolebad eRobeba win sibrZnisa da simarTlisaken mimaval gzaze.
da, vimeoreb, Tu erTi vinme mainc miuaxlovdeba WeSmaritebas, Cemo
simia, miuaxlovdeba isic.
_ sruli simarTlea, Cemo sokrate, _ Tqva man.
Zv. berZnulidan Targmna baCana bregvaZem. 1966 w. Tbilisi.
262
aristotele
aristotele (berZ. Αριστοτέλης Zv.w. 384-322). dabadebis adgilis
mixedviT moixsenieben stagiritis saxeliTac. antikuri saberZne-
Tis filosofosi, enciklopedisti. platonis moswavle, aleqsandre
makedonelis aRmzrdeli. aTenSi peripatetikuri skolis-liceumis
(likeioni) damaarsebeli. filosofiuri codnis pirveli sistemati-
zatori. formaluri logikis, metafizikis, eTikis Semqmneli.
ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromebia: `metafizika~, `politika~,
`poetika~, `nikomaqes eTika.~
metafizika
Tavi pirveli
bunebiT yvela adamiani Semecnebisaken iswrafvis. amas mowmobs
siyvaruli SegrZnebebisadmi. adamianebi etanebian SegrZnebebs da
gansakuTrebiT mxedvelobiTs SegrZnebas, maTgan gamomdinare sarge-
blobisagan damoukideblad. sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT mxedv-
elobas vaZlevT upiratesobas ara mxolod imitom, rom raime movi-
moqmedoT, aramed maSinac? rodesac arafris gakeTebas ar vapirebT.
amis mizezi ki is aris, rom is sxva SegrZnebebze ufro met codnas
gvaZlevs da saganTa mraval Tvisebas cxadyofs.
cxovelebs aqvT bunebrivad Tandayolili SegrZnebis unari,
saidanac zogs uCndeba mexsiereba, zogs ki ara. amitom pirvelni
ufro metad gonierni da codnis ukeT SemTvisebelni arian, vidre
mexsierebis unaris armqoneni. gonier arsebaT, romelTac smenis
SegrZneba ara aqvT, arc Seswavlis unari aqvT. magaliTad, futkrebs
da sxva amdagvarT, Tuki isini arseboben. xolo codnis aTvisebis
unari imaT aqvT, romelTac mexsierebis garda, smenic unaric aqvT.
yvela sxva cxoveli fantaziebiTa da mogonebebiT cxovrobs, ga-
mocdilebas ki mcired ziarebulia, adamianTa modgma ki iyenebs, ro-
gorc daxelovnebas, ise gansjas. adamianebs gamocdileba mexsiere-
bidan eqmnebaT, radgan erTsa da imave movlenaze mraval mogonebas
erTi cdis Zala aqvs. rogorc Cans, cda TiTqmis Tanetoleba cod-
nasa da daxelovnebas. codnas da daxelovnebas ki adamianebi cdis
meoxebiT aRweven da rogorc polosi ambobs, gamocdilebam dax-
elovneba Sehqmna, gamoucdelobam ki SemTxveva.
daxelovneba maSin warmoiSva, rodesac cdidan miRebul mraval
miTiTebaTagan msgavs movlenaTa Sesaxeb erTi zogadi Sexeduleba
gamogvimuSavdeba. magaliTad,Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom ama Tu
263
im daavadebisas kaliass, sokrates da aseve sxva mravals ama da am
saSualebam uSvela, gamocdilebaa, xolo Tvalsazrisi imis Sesxeb,
rom igi Svelis yvela amdagvar daavadebas, iqneba es anTeba, RviZ-
lis daavadeba Tu cieb-cxeleba, _ daxelovnebaa. praqtikuli Tval-
sazrisiT ki, rogorc Cans, gamocdileba daxelovnebisagan praqti-
kulad arafriT ar gansxvavdeba, piriqiT gamocdilni ufro met
warmatebebsac ki aRweven xolme, vidre gamoucdeli Teoretikosebi.
amis mizezi ki isaa, rom gamocdileba erTeuli faqtebis codnaa,
daxelovneba ki zogadisa. yoveli moqmedeba da warmoSoba ki er-
Teuls exeba. magaliTad, eqimi kurnavs ara adamians, an Tu kurnavs,
kurnavs SemTxveviT, ara kaliass, an sokrats, an sxva vinmes, ro-
melic amave dros adamianic aris. amitom Tu vinmes aqvs raime codna
gamocdilebis gareSe da icis zogadi, magram am zogadSi Semavali
individebi ki ar icis, is mkurnalobis dros xSirad Secdeba, radgan
gansakurnavia individi.
magram, Cveni azriT codna da gagebis unari ufro metad dax-
elovnebuls aqvs, vidre gamoucdils da daxelovnebulT, rogorc
ufro brZenT, gamocdilebze maRla vayenebT, radgan codna yvelaze
met sibrZnes axlavs Tan. es ki imitom, rom pirvel mizezebi ician,
meoreebma ki ara. ese igi gamocdilT ician `ra? magram `ratom?~
ar ician. daxelovnebulebma ki ician `ratom?~ da mizezi. amitom
mSeneblobis xelmRvanelT xelosnebTan SedarebiT yovelTvis ufro
pativsacemad da brZenebad vTvliT, radgan maT ician ra mizezebi
imisa, rac keTdeba, ufro metad mcodneni arian. xelosnebi ki, ro-
gorc zogierTi usulo arsebebi, moqmedeben, magram ise, rom ar
ician ras akeTeben, magaliTad, rogorc cecxli, romelic swvavs.
usulo sagnebi moqmedeben Tavisi bunebisada Sesatyvisad, xelovnebi
ki _ CveulebiT. amrigad, sibrZnes praqtika ki ar iZleva, aramed
gansja da mizezebis codna.
saerTod, mcodnis armcodnisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSania swav-
lebis unari. daxelovnebasac gamocdilebTan SedarebiT met codnad
vTvliT. radgan pirveliT SesaZlebelia codnis gadacema, meoreTi _
ara,
garda amisa, arc erTi SegrZneba ar migvaCnia sibrZned _ radgan
isini Tumca individualuri movlenebis Semecnebis umTavres saSu-
alebas warmoadgenen, magram aras gveubnebian maT mizezebze. mag-
aliTad, kiTxvaze imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratomaa cecxli cxeli? aramed,
gveubnebian mxolod imas, rom cecxli cxelia.
marTlac aRmomCenma pirveli nebismieri xelovnebisa, romelic
scildeboda saerTo SegrZnebebis farglebs, adamianebis gakvirveba
gamoiwvia, ara marto imitom, rom mis romelime aRmoCenas sarge-
264
bloba mohqonda, aramed rogorc brZenma da sxvebisagan gansxvave-
bulma. aRmoCenil xelovnebaTa nawili aucilebel moTxovnilebaTa
dakmayofilebas emsaxureba, nawili ki drostarebas. drostarebi-
saTvis gankuTvnili xelovnebani, pirvelTan SedarebiT ufro did
sibrZned migvaCnia, radgan is codna, romelsac isini Seicaven,
sargeblobas ar emsaxureba. rodesac yvela amdagvari xelovneba
Seiqmna, upirveles yovlisa iseT qveynebSi, sadac adamianebs Tavisu-
fali dro hqondaT, aRmoCenil iqna iseTi mecnierebanic, romelnic
arc siamovnebasa da arc aucilebel moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofile-
bas ar emsaxurebodnen. amitom maTematikuri mecnierebani yvelaze
adre egvipteSi Camoyalibda, sadac qurumTa wodebas yvelaze meti
Tavisufali dro hqondaT.
èTikaSi~ Cven ukve naTqvami gvqonda, Tu ra gansxvavebaa xe-
lovnebasa da sxva analogiur dargebs Soris. magram mizezi imisa,
ris gamoc Cven maT Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, aris is, rom egreT wode-
buli sibrZne, yvelas azriT, pirvel mizezebsa da sawyisebs exeba.
amrigad, rogorc Tavdapirvelad iyo naTqvami, Cans, rom ga-
mocdili nebismieri SegrZnebis mqoneze ufro brZenia, daxelovneb-
uli _ gamocdileze, mSeneblobis xelmZRvaneli _ xelosanze, Teo-
retikosi _ praqtikosze,.
amrigad, cxadia, rom sibrZne raRac sawyisebisa da mizezebis
codnaa.
Tavi meore
radgan mecnierebas vexebiT, amitom isic unda ganvixiloT, Tu
romeli sawyisebis da mizezebis codnas warmoadgens sibrZne, rac
imisTvis ufro Cqara gaxdeba naTeli, vinc gamoiyenebs Cvens mier
gamoTqmul Sexedulebas brZenis Sesaxeb.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom brZenia upirveles yovlisa is, vinc icis
yvelaferi, ramdenadac es misTvis misawvdomia, ise rom, ar icis
masSi Semavali erTeulebi. Semdeg, brZenia is, vinc icis Znelad mi-
sawvdomi ram, e.i. risi Secnobac adamianebisaTvis advili araa (mag-
aliTad, SegrZneba yvelasaTvis saerToa, radgan advilia, magram
is araviTari sibrZne araa). Semdeg, yvelaze brZenia is, romelsac
yovelives mizezebis Sesaxeb uzustesi codna gaaCnia da yvelaze
ukeT SeuZlia maTi swavleba. mecnierebaTa Soris ki is mecniere-
ba, romelsac upiratesobas aZleven missive gulisTvis da Semec-
nebis mizniT ufro metad warmoadgens sibrZnes, vidre is, romelsac
upiratesobas aZleven misgan gamomdinare sargeblobis gamo. aseve
xelmZRvaneli mecniereba ufro metad aris sibrZne, vidre daqvem-
debarebuli, radgan brZens ki ar unda ubrZanebdnen, aramed is unda
265
mbrZaneblobdes, da brZeni ki ar unda morCilebdes sxvebs, aramed
mas unda morCilebdnen masze nakleb brZenni.
aseTi da amdagvari Sexeduleba gvaqvs Cven sibrZnisa da brZenTa
Sesaxeb, romelTagan yvelafris codna sxvebze ufro metad aucile-
blad zogadis mcodnes gaaCnia, radgan man ase Tu ise icis yvela
substrati. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianebisaTvis yvelaze ufro
Znelia uzogadesis Secnoba, radgan is yvelaze metadaa daSorebuli
SegrZnebebidan. xolo uzustesia codna upirveles gvarTa Sesaxeb,
radgan codna, romelic naklebi niSnebis Semcvel gvars exeba, ufro
zustia imasTan SedarebiT, romelsac damatebiT niSnebic aintere-
sebs, rogorc ariTmetika geometriasTan SedarebiT. aseve, ufro
meti codnis mocema SeuZlia mecnierebas, romelic mizezebs swav-
lobs, radgan saerTod, aswavlian isini, romlebic calkeul sagan-
Ta mizezebze msjeloben. codna da Secnoba im mecnierebaTa TviT-
mizania, romlebsac yvelaze metad Secnobadi obieqti aqvT, radgan,
visTvisac TviT codnis SeZenaa mizani, pirvel rigSi irCevs yvelaze
ukeTes codnas. aseTi ki aris codna yvelaze metad Secnobadi obi-
eqtis Sesaxeb. yvelaze metad Secnobadi ki pirveli gvarebi da mize-
zebia, radgan maTi meSveobiT da maTgan Seicnoba yvela danarCeni
da ara piriqiT. mecnierebaTa Soris umaRlesi, da daqvemdebarebul
mecnierebaTa yvelaze ukeT warmmarTvelia is, romelmac icis, Tu
ra mizniT xdeba yovelive. es ki TviToeuli sagnis sikeTea da saer-
Tod, saukeTesoa mTels bunebaSi. yovelive zemoTTqmulis mixed-
viT, saZiebeli mecnierebis saxeli xvda wilad imave mecnierebas,
romelic pirvel sawyisebsa da mizezebs swavlobs. xolo sikeTeca
da mizanic erT-erTi mizezTagania.
rom es mecniereba ar aris praqtikuli xasiaTis, amas cxadyofs
imaTi moZRvreba, romlebmac pirvelad daiwyes filosofosoba. ada-
mianebi ki, rogorc Tavdapirvelad, ise axlac gakvirvebis Sedegad
iwyeben filosofosobas. dasawyisSi maT akvirvebT uSualo dab-
rkolebebi. Semdeg TandaTanobiT ufro Sors midiodnen da ufro
mniSvnelovan problemebs ayenebdnen. magaliTad, problemas mTva-
reze, mzeze, varskvlavebze mimdinare procesebisa da yovelives
warmoSobis mizezebis Sesaxeb. xolo vinc grZnobda siZneleebs da
ukvirda, iman isic icoda, rac ar icoda. amitomac, visac miTebi
uyvarda, ase Tu ise filosofosic iyo, radgan miTebi sakvirveli
movlenebisagan warmoiSoba. amrigad, filosofosoba daiwyes uco-
dinarobis Tavidan asacileblad da cxadia, rom codnas etanebod-
nen Semecnebis da ara raime sargeblobis mizniT. amas adastureben
faqtebi, Cemis azriT, roca mopovebuli iyo yovelive aucilebeli
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofile-bisaTvis, TviT cxovrebis Semsub-
266
uqebis da drostarebisaTvis, maSin iwyeboda aseTi codnis Zieba.
cxadia, rom mas ar eZebdnen raime sxva sargeblobis mizniT. rogorc
Tavisufals vuwodebT adamians, romelic arsebobs Tavis TavisTvis
da ara sxvisTvis, aseve codnaTa Soris erTaderT Tavisufal cod-
nad vTvliT mxolod imas, romelic arsebobs TavisTvis. amitomac
iTvleba misi mopoveba araadamianur saqmed. adamianebi ki metwilad
monuri bunebisani arian. da rogorc simonide ambobs: `mxolod
RmerTsa aqvs es upiratesoba~. adamiani Rirsic ki araa imisa, rom
eZiebdes TavisTavad codnas. Tu poetebi marTals amboben, da Rv-
Taebac Suriania, es daaxloebiT imas niSnavs, rom yvelaze ukeTesni
yvelaze ubedurebi arian. magram RvTaeba ar SeiZleba Suriani iyos
da rogorc andaza ambobs: `poetebi xSirad cruoben~. arc sxva raime
unda miviCnioT RvTaebaze ufro metad ufro pativsacemad. aseTi ki
ori mosazrebis gamo erTi ram aris: rac yvelaze metad RvaTaebas
ekuTvnis. aseTi ki aris RvTaebrivi mecniereba da meore, romelsac
RvTaebrivi obieqti aqvs. orive es Tvalsazrisi am codnas udgeba.
radgan, Cveni azri, RmerTia yvelafris mizezi da raRac sawyisi,
amitom es mecniereba an mxolod RmerTs, an yvelaze ufro metad
RmerTs SeiZleba hqondes. yvela sxva mecnierebani ki SeiZleba masze
ufro aucilebelni iyvnen, magram masze ukeTesi arc erTi ar Sei-
Zleba iyos.
magram es erTgvar winaaRmdegobaSi gvagdebs Tavdapirvel daSve-
basTan, radgan, rogorc vTqviT, yvela gakvirvebiT iwyebs rogorc
magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebmac ar ician movlenaTa TviTmoZrao-
bis, an mzis brunvisa da kvadratis diagonalis araTanazomierebis
mizezi. amrigad, rogorc Cans, gakvirvebas iwvevda yovelive is, ris
mizezic ucnobi iyo anda rac ver izomeboda umciresi sazomiT.
rogorc andazaSia naTqvami, yovelive unda damTavrdes sawi-
naaRmdego, an ukeTesi SedegiT. aseve xdeba Semecnebis SemTxvevaSic.
magaliTad, geometrs ise araferi ar gaakvirvebs, rogorc kvadra-
tis diagonalis Tanazomiereba kvadratis gverdebidan.
amrigad, aq msjeloba exeboda imas, Tu rogoria saZiebeli mec-
nierebis buneba da mizani, romelmac unda gansazRvros Cveni kvleva
_ Ziebis mimarTuleba.
Tbilisi 1964
267
martin haidegeri
martin haidegeri ( artin eidegger 26 seqtemberi, 1889, meskirxi,
badeni _ 26 maisi, 1976, iqve), germaneli filosofosi, XX saukunis
egzistencializmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. swavlobda iezuitebis
skolaSi, Semdeg h. rikertTan fraiburgis universitetSi. 1916 iyo e.
huserlis asistenti, profesori marburgis (1922-1928), fraiburgis
(1928-1945) universitetebSi. 1933-1934 fraiburgis universitetis
reqtori. 1945 nacistebTan TanamSromlobis gamo universitetidan
gaaTavisufles. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi cxovrobda sofel todt-
naubergSi.
ra aris es filosofia?
pirveli, rasac SevecdebiT, aris sakiTxis naTlad gamarTul

gzaze miyvana, raTa Cven filosofiis Sesaxeb ragindara da SemTx-
veviT warmodgenebSi ar mimovibneT. da mainc rogor unda vipovoT
is gza, romelzedac Cven sando xerxis meSveobiT Cvens sakiTxs gan-
vsazRvravT?
gza, romelzedac axla msurda mimeTiTebina, Zevs uSualod Cvens
win. da mxolod imitom, rom es yvelaze axlomdebarea, mas Znelad
vpoulobT, magram Tu igi vipoveT, Cven masze vmoZraobT mainc jer
kidev uxerxulad. Cven vkiTxulobT: ra aris es filosofia? sityva
`filosofia~ ukve sakmarisad xSirad warmovTqviT. magram Tu `fi-
losofias~ axla gamoviyenebT ara rogorc gacveTil dasaxelebas,
Tu mis nacvlad sityva `filosofias~ misi sawyisidan movusmenT, igi
axmovandeba ase: φιλοσοφία. sityva `filosofia~ laparakobs axla ber-
Znulad. berZnuli sityva, rogorc berZnuli sityva, aris gza. is,
erTi mxriv, Zevs Cvens win, radgan sityva ukve didi xniT adre iyo
Cvenamde warmoTqmuli. meore mxriv, igi ukve Zevs Cvens ukan. radgan
es sityva Cven yovelTvis gvsmenia da warmogviTqvams. Tanaxmad amisa
berZnuli sityva φιλοσοφία aris gza. romelzedac Cven vimyofebiT.
magram am gzas mxolod bundovnad vicnobT, Tumca bevri istoriuli
cnoba gvaqvs mopovebuli berZnuli filosofiis Sesaxeb da maTi ga-
farToebac SegviZlia.
sityva φιλοσοφία gveubneba, rom filosofia aris raRac, rac up-
irveles yovlisa elinizmis yofas gansazRvavs. ara mxolod amas
_ φιλοσοφία gansazRvravs agreTve umTavres Sinagan Tvisebas Cveni
dasavleT evropuli istoriisas. xSirad gagonili azris `dasavleT
evropuli filosofiis~ Sesaxeb sinamdvileSi aris tavtalogia. ra-
tom? imitom, rom filosofia Tavis arsSi aris berZnuli, berZnuli
268
aq niSnavs _ filosofia Tavisi arsis sawyisSi aris im saxisa, rom
is Tavdapirvelad elinizms, da mxolod mas eyrdnoba Tavisi gan-
viTarebisaTvis. magram Tavdapirveli berZnuli arsi filosofiisa
Tavisi moRvaweobis axaldroindel _ evropul epoqaSi xdeba qris-
tianobis warmodgenaTagan dauflebuli da maT mier warmarTuli.
am warmodgenaTa gabatonebas Sua saukuneebma Seuwyves xeli. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom filosofia amis Sede-
gad qristianuli xdeba, rom is gadaiqceva rwmenad gamocxadebisa
da eklesiis avtoritetisadmi. debuleba: filosofia Tavis arsSi
aris berZnuli, aRniSnavs Semdegs: dasavleTi da evropa, da mxolod
isini, TavianT uZiriTades istoriul msvlelobaSi arian Zireulad
`filosofiurni~. es dasturdeba mecnierebaTa aRmocenebiT da maTi
gabatonebiT. radganac isini umTavresi mdinarebisagan dasavlur ev-
ropuli istoriisa, saxeldobr filosofiurisagan warmoiqmnebian,
amitomac SeuZliaT dRes maT, adamianTa istorias mTel dedamiwaze
specifikuri saxe miscen.
erT wuTs gavizaroT, Tu ras niSnavs es, rodesac adamianTa is-
toriis saukunovan periods àtomis xanad~ aRniSnaven. mecnierebaTa
meoxebiT aRmoCenili da ganTavisuflebuli atomuri energia war-
moidgineba im Zalad, romelmac istoriis msvleloba unda gansaz-
Rvros. mecnierebani, rasakvirvelia, arasodes ar aRmocendebodnen,
rom manamde da maT win filosofias ar evlo. magram filosofia
aris ή φιλοσοφία. es berZnuli sityva Cvens Soris saubars akavSirebs
istoriul gadmocemasTan. radgan es gadmocema TavisTavad ganu-
meorebelia da aseTad rCeba, swored amitom aris is agreTve na-
Teli. berZnuli saxeliT φιλοσοφία-Ti wodebuli gadmocema, ro-
melic istoriuli sityva `φιλοσοφία-s gvisaxelebs, gzas gvixsnis
im mimarTulebiT, romelzedac Cven vkiTxulobT: ra aris es fi-
losofia? es gadmocema ar mogvaqcevs warsulis ucilobeli zegav-
lenis da iZulebis qveS. gadmocema, délivrer, aris ganTavisufleba,
saxeldobr saubris TavisuflebaSi yofilTan1. saxeli `filosofia~
Cven mogviwodebs berZnuli warmoSobis filosofiis istoriisaken.
Tu Cven sityva namdvilad gvesmis da mosmenils gaviazrebT, sityva
φιλοσοφία TiTqos Cveni sakuTari istoriis dabadebis mowmobas awe-
ria, Cven SegviZlia kidec davamatoT: dabadebis mowmobas Taname-
drove, msoflio istoriuli epoqisas, romelic atomis xanad iwo-
deba. amitom SegviZlia kiTxva: ra aris es filosofia? mxolod maSin
davsvaT, Tu Cven elinizmis azrovnebasTan saubarSi CavebmebiT.
magram ara mxolod is, rasac Cven ganvikiTxavT, filosofia,
1
e.i. délivrer aris saubris Tavisufali damokidebuleba yofilTa da ara yofilis anu
warsulis zegavlenis qveS moqceva (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)/
269
berZnulia Tavisi warmoSobiT, aramed agreTve wesic, Tu rogor vi-
kiTxavT; SekiTxvis wesi, romelsac dResac viyenebT, aris berZnuli.
Cven vkiTxulobT: ra aris es...? es berZnulad ase JRers: τί έστιγ.
kiTxva, Tu ra aris raime, mainc mravalmniSvnelobis mqoned rCeba.
Cven SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ra aris is iq Sors? Cven vRebulobT pa-
suxs: xe. pasuxi mdgomareobs SemdgomSi, rom sagans, romelsac zus-
tad ver SevicnobT, mis saxels varqmevT.
miuxedavad amisa, SegviZlia Semdgomac vikiTxoT: ra aris es, ra-
sac Cven `xes~ veZaxiT? axlaxan dasmuli kiTxviT ukve axlos vimy-
ofebiT berZnul τί έστιγ _ Tan. es aris SekiTxvis is forma, romelic
sokratem, platonma da arsitotelem ganaviTares. isini kiTxu-
lobdnen ra aris es _ mSveniereba? ra aris es _ Semecneba? ra aris
es _ buneba? ra aris es _ moZraoba?
magram axla yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imas, rom zemoT das-
mul kiTxvebSi eswrafvian ara mxolod zust SemosazRvras imisas,
rasac buneba, moZraoba da mSveniereba warmoadgens, aramed: amave
dros xdeba agreTve imis ganmarteba, Tu ras niSnavs `ra~, ra azriT
unda iyos τί gagebuli. mas, rac ras niSnavs, uwodeben, rac quid est,
τo quid: quidditas raobas. amasobaSi quidditas-i filosofiis sxvadasxva
epoqebSi sxvadasxvanairad ganisazRveba. ase mag., platonis filoso-
fia aris Taviseburi interpretacia imisa, rasac τί gulisxmobs. is
gulisxmobs saxeldobr ίδέα-s. Tu Cven τί-s mimarT, quid -is mimarT
SekiTxvas davsvamT da amasTanave (maTSi) ìdeas~ vigulisxmebT, es
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba TavisTavad cxadi. aristotele iZl-
eva τί-s sxva ganmartebas, vidre platoni. sul sxvagvar ganmartebas
τί-s iZleva kanti, sul sxvas hegeli. rodesac kiTxva daismeba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda iyos τί-s, quid -is, ras gzis maCvenebeli, es kiTx-
va yovelTvis xelaxlad gansasazRvravi rCeba. yoveli SemTxvevisaT-
vis ZalaSia Semdegi: Tu Cven filosofiis mimarT vikiTxavT: ra aris
es? maSin Cveni SekiTxva iqneba pirvelyofil berZnuli.
kargad mivaqcioT amas yuradReba: rogorc Cveni sakiTxis Temas;
`filosofia~, ise agreTve wesi, romliTac vkiTxulobT: `ra aris
es~ _ orive Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT berZnulia. Cven TviTon
am warmoSobas vekuTvniT. agreTve maSinac, Tu sityva `filosofia~
erTxelac ar gvixsenebia. Cven specialurad am warmoSobisaken varT
mixmobili, misTvis da misiT re-klamirebuli (re-klamiert), rogorc
ki kiTxvas, ra aris es _ filosofia? ara mxolod sityvasityviT
gavimeorebT, aramed mis azrs CavufiqrdebiT2. [kiTxva: ra aris fi-
losofia? _ ar warmoadgens iseT kiTxvas, romelsac Semecnebis
romelime saxe Tavis Tavisken mimarTavs (filosofia filosofiisa).
2
Sdr. moxsenebani da Txzulebani. 1954. gv. 207-229 (avtoris SeniSvna)
270
igi ar aris agreTve istoriuli (historische) kiTxva, romelsac ain-
teresebs imis garkveva, Tu is, rasac `filosofias~ eZaxian, rogor
daiwyo da ganviTarda. kiTxva warmoadgens istoriuls (geschich-
tlische), e.i. gamogzavnil (geschick-liche) kiTxvas. ufro metic: is ara
`romelime~, aramed swored is (umTavresi v.r.) istoriuli (die ge-
schichtliche) kiTxvaa Cveni dasavleTevropuli yofisa (Dasein).]
Tu Cven mTlian da Tavdapirvel azrs kiTxvisas: ra aris es _
filosofia? CavyvebiT, maSin Cvenma kiTxvam Tavisi istoriuli war-
moSobiT mimarTuleba pova istoriul momavalSi. Cven vipoveT gza.
TviTon kiTxva warmoadgens gzas. is momdinareobs elinizmis yofi-
erebidan Cvenken da miemarTeba Cvens zemoT, SesaZloa Cvens iqiTac
ki. Cven vimyofebiT, _ Tu sakiTxs moTminebiT ganvixilavT _ naTlad
mimarTul gzaze. da mainc amis gamo ar varT dazRveuli imisagan,
rom uSualod SegviZlia am gzis swori xerxiT daZleva. Cven isic ki
ar SegviZlia uceb gadavwyvitoT, Tu dRes am gzis romel adgilas
vimyofebiT. didi xania rac Cveulebad iqca, rom sakiTxi, Tu ra aris
raime, aRniSnon rogorc sakiTxi arsis Sesaxeb? sakiTxi arsis Sesaxeb,
Sesabamisad, maSin gamococxldeba, Tu is, risi arsis mimarTac kiTxva
daismis, bundovani da daxlarTuli gaxda, Tu amave dros adamianTa
damokidebulebiTac sakiTxisadmi meryevi gaxda an sulac Seirya.
sakiTxi Cveni saubrisa Seexeba filosofiis arss. Tu es sakiTxi
garkveuli saWiroebidan gamomdinareobs da ara moCvenebiT kiTxvad
mxolod saubris (warmarTvis) mizanisaTvis unda darCes, maSin Cven
filosofia rogorc filosofia saeWvod unda mogveCvenos. marTl-
deba es? da Tu es marTldeba, ramdenad aris filosofia CvenTvis
saeWvod gamxdari? amaze pasuxis gacema albaT SegveZleba mxolod
maSin, rodesac ukve gavecnobiT filosofias. amisaTvis ki saWiroa,
Tavidanve vicodeT, Tu ra aris es _ filosofia. amrigad, moveqce-
viT ucnaur rkalSi. Cans, TviTon filosofia warmoadgens am rkals.
davuSvaT, rom uSualod ver SevZlebT am wridan ganTavisuflebas,
maSin CvenTvis nebadarTuli mainc iqneba, am rkals mzera rom mivapy-
roT. saiT unda warimarTos Cveni mzera? berZnuli sityva φιλοσοφία
gviCvenebs am mimarTulebas.
aq saWiroa principuli xasiaTis SeniSvna. Tu Cven amJamad da
merec berZnuli enis sityvebs movusmenT, maSin Cven movxvdebiT gan-
sxvavebul samyaroSi. TanadaTan cxaddeba Cveni gonebisaTvis, rom
berZnuli ena ar warmoadgens mxolod enas CvenTvis cnobili ev-
ropuli enebis gagebiT. berZnuli ena, da mxolod berZnuli, aris
λογοσ-i. Cvens saubrebSi zemonaTqvami ufro dawvrilebiT unda gan-
vixiloT. dasawyisisTvis sakmarisia imaze miTiTeba, rom berZnul
enaSi warmoTqmuli gamorCeuli xerxis wyalobiT imave dros aris
271
is, rasac warmoTqmuli asaxelebs. Tu Cven berZnuli sityva mogves-
mis berZnulad, maSin mivyvebiT mis λέγειν-s mis uSualo gadmocemas
(Darlegen). xolo rasac is gadmoscems (darlegt) (aris mocemuli) Cvens
winamdebare (Vorliegende). Cven berZnulad mosmenili sityvis wyalo-
biT pirvel yovlisa vimyofebiT uSualod TviT Cvens winaSe mdebare
saqmesTan da ara martooden sityvis mniSvnelobasTan.
berZnuli sityva φιλοσοφία gamomdinareobs sityvidan φιλοσοφος-
idan. es sityva sawyisSi aris zedsarTavi saxeli, rogoricaa
ιλάργυρος, vercxlis moyvaruli, φιλότιμς, pativmoyvare. sityva
φιλοςοφος, albaT heraklitem Camoayaliba. es niSnavs: heraklitesaT-
vis jer ar arsebobs φιλοσοφία. άνήρ φιλοςοφος ar aris `filosofiuri
adamiani~. berZnuli zedsarTavi φιλοςοφος aRniSnavs sruliad sxva
rames, vidre zedsarTavi filosofiuri, philosophique. άνήρ φιλοςοφος
aris is, δς φιλεί τό σοφόν, romelsac σοφόν uyvars; aq φιλείν, uyvars,
heraklites gagebiT niSnavs, δμολογείν, ise metyvelebas, rogoradac
λόγοσ-i metyvelebs. e.i. λόγοσ-isadmi Sesabamisobas. es Sesabamisoba
TanxmovanebaSi imyofeba σοφoν-Tan. Tanxmovaneba aris άρμονία. is,
rom erTi arseba meores urTierTSeeTanxmeba, rom oriveni sawyisSi
erTmaneTs moergeba, radganac isini erTmaneTisaTvis arian dawese-
bulni, es άρμονία aris ganmasxvavebeli (niSani) heraklitesnairad
gagebuli φιλείν-isa, siyvarulisa.
άνήρ φιλοσοφος-s uyvars σοφος-i. Tu ras niSnavs es sityva herak-
litesaTvis, Zneli saTargmnia. magram Cven SegviZlia es heraklites
sakuTari axsna _ ganmartebis mixedviT ganvmartoT. Tanaxmad amisa,
το σοφοv niSnavs amas: ` ν Пάντα, èrTi (aris) yvelaferi~. `yvelaferi~
gulisxmobs aq: Пάντα τα õντα, mTliani, yvelaferi arsebulia. ` ν,
erTi gulisxmobs: erTi, erTaderTi, yvelafris gamaerTianebeli.
magram erTiani aris yvelaferi arsebuli yofierebaSi. σοφοv-i niS-
navs: yvelaferi arsebuli aris yofierebaSi. mkveTrad rom vTqvaT:
yofiereba aris arsebuli. aq àris~ migvaniSnebs Tavis gardamav-
lobaze da niSnavs imasve, rasac `Sekrebili. yofiereba krebs arse-
buls imiT, rom is arsebulia. yofiereba aris Sekrebuloba Λόγος-i3.
yvelaferi arsebuli aris yofierebaSi. amnairis mosmena CvenT-
vis trivialurad JRers, SeiZleba Seuracxmyofeladac. vinaidan
is, rom arsebuli yofierebas ganekuTvneba, aravis awuxebs. mTelma
qveyanam icis: arsebuli aris iseTi, rac aris. ra aqvs arsebuls
nebadarTuli Tu ar es: rom iyos? da mainc: swored es, rom yofi-
erebis gamoCenaSi arsebuli gvevlineba pirvel yovlisa da mxolod
es iwvevda berZnebSi gakvirvebas. arsebuli yofierebaSi: es gaxda
3
Sdr. moxsenebani da Txzulebani. 1954. gv. 207-229 (avtoris
SeniSvna)
272
berZnebisaTvis gasaocari.
magram berZnebsac ki unda exsnaT da da daecvaT es gaoceba am
gasaocarisa _ sofisturi gansjis Carevisagan, romelsac yovelisT-
vis imwamsve gasagebi axsna-ganmarteba hqonda mzad yvelaferze da
is (es axna-ganmarteba, v.r.) bazarze gamohqonda. xsna gasaocarisa _
arsebulisa yofierebaSi _ moxda imiT, rom ramdenime mihyva gzas am
gasaocaris mimarTulebiT. e.i. σοφόν-isaken. isini amiT gaxdnen im-
nairni, romelnic σοφόν-isaken iltvodnen da maTi sakuTari ltol-
viT sxva adamianebSic aRZravdnen da mxars umagrebdnen σοφόν-isaken
miswrafebas. φιλεί τό σοφόν, is ukve dasaxelebuli Tanxmovaneba σοφόν
_ Tan, άρμονία, gaxda õρεξιξ -ad, ltolvad, σοφόν-isaken. σοφόν-i
arsebul yofierebaSi _ axla ukve specialurad iZebneba. radgan
φιλείν aRar warmoadgens Tavdapirvel Tanxmovanebas σοφόν-Tan, ar-
amed gansakuTrebuli ltolvaa σοφόν-isaken, φιλείν τό σοφόν iqceva
`φιλοσοφία~-d. misi ltolva gansazRvruli xdeba erosiT.
es miswrafebiT aRsavse Zebna σοφόν-isa, ν Пάντα-si, arsebuli-
sa yofierebaSi, warmodgvidgeba axla kiTxvad: ra aris arsebuli,
ramdenadac is aris? azrovneba mxolod axla gaxdeba `filosofia~.
heraklite da parmenide jer kidev ar iyvnen `filosofosebi~. ra-
tom? imitom, rom isini ufro didi moazrovneni gaxldnen. ùfro
didi~ ar gulisxmobs aq miRwevaTa Sejamebas. aramed miuTiTebs az-
rovnebis sxva ganzomilebaze. heraklite da parmenide iyvnen ùfro
didni~ im azriT, rom isini jer kidev TanxmovanebaSi idgnen Λόγοσ-
Tan, e.i. ν Пάντα-sTan. nabiji `filosofiisaken~, romelic momza-
debuli iyo sofistikis mier, pirvelad sokratem da platonma ga-
dadga. heraklites Semdgom TiTqmis ori saukuniT gvian es nabiji
aristotelem Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: xάί δή xάί τόπάλαι τε xάί νõν
xάί άεί ζητούμενον xάί άεί άπορούμενον, τι το õν; (met.Z 1, 1928 b2 Semdg.)
TargmanSi es niSnavs: `da is, saiTac ούσίά ukve odesRac da axlac
da yovelTvis (filosofia) waremarTeba da saiTac is maradJams mis-
adgoms ver poulobs (is, ramac pasuxi unda gasces am kiTxvaze): ra
aris arsebuli? (τι το õν)~4.
filosofia eZebs imas, Tu ra aris arsebuli, ramdenadac is aris,
filosofia gzad imyofeba arsebulis yofierebisaken, e.i. yofi-
4
Sdr. «И то, что издревле, и ныне, и всегда составляло предмет исканий и
всегда рождало затруднения, _ вопрос о том, что такое сущее, _ этото вопрос
сводится к вопросу _ что представляет собой сущность». Аристотель,
етафизика, пер. А.В, Кубицкого, Ш.Л. _ 1984 г. qarTulad: `rogorc
uwin, axlac da yovelTvis sakvlevia da sadavo, Tu ra aris ar-
sebuli, e.i. substancia~. aristotele, metafizika, Targmani T.
kukavasi, Tb., 1964(mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
273
erebis mimarT arsebulisaken. aristotele amas ganamartavs imiT,
rom moyvanil winadadebaSi kiTxvaze τι το õν, ra aris arsebuli? Sem-
dgom ganmartebas dasZens: τούτó έστι τις ή ούσίά: TargmanSi: ès (saxel-
dobr τι το õν) niSnavs: ra aris arsebuloba arsebulisa?~ yofiereba
arsebulisa moTavsebulia arsebulobaSi. magram es _ ούσίά _ pla-
tonis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc ίδέά, aristotele ki mas gansaz-
Rvravs, rogorc ένέργεια-Ti da ramdenadac SeiZleba αύσία ένέργεια-
Ti gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania axla mxolod is, rom Cven mivaqcioT
yuradReba imas, Tu rogor SemosazRvravs aristotele filosofias
Tavis arsSi. is `metafizikis~ pirvel wignSi (met. 1. 982 b9 Sem-
deg.) ambobs Semdegs: filosofia aris έπιστήμή τών πρώτω αρχών xαί
αίτιών θεωργτιγ έπιστήμή -s xalisiT Targmnian `mecnierebiT~. amas ki
SecdomaSi SevyavarT, radgan Cven Zalian advilad vaTavsebT masSi
`mecnierebis Tanamedrove warmodgenas. έπιστήμή-s Targmna `mec-
nierebiT~ agreTve maSinac mcdaria, Tu Cven `mecnierebas~ filoso-
fiuri azriT gavigebT, romelsac fixte, Selingi da hegeli gu-
lisxmoben. sityva έπιστήμή gamomdinareobs έπιστάμενος mimReobidan.
ase hqvia adamians, ramdenadac is raimes mimarT kompetenturia da
daxelovnebulia (kompetenturoba appartenence-s gagebiT). filoso-
fia aris έπιστήμή τις, saxe kompetenturobisa, θεωρητιxή, romelsac
θεωρεν SeuZlia, e.i. gamonaxva raimesi, riskenac mzera aqvs mipy-
robili, misi xedvis areSi Semoyvana da misi am areSi SenarCuneba.
amitom aris filosofia έπιστήμή θέπιστήμή. magram ra aris es, rasac
igi Tavis xedvis areSi Semoiyvans?
mimomxilveli 6-9 Tsu 1972 w.
274
ludvig vitgenSteini
ludvig vitgenStaini (Wittgenstein Ludwig Josef Johann 1889-1951) _
analizuri filosofiis erT-erTi Semqmneli. 1921 wels gamoqveynda
`logikur-filosofiuri traqtati~, romlis ideebma gamoxmaureba
hpova logikur pozitivizmSi. 1953 wels gamoqveynda misi Semajame-
beli naSromi `filosofiuri gamokvlevebi~, romelmac didi gavlena
iqonia lingvistur filosofiaze.
filosofiuri gamokvlevebi
24. visac enobriv TamaSTa mravalferovneba ar udgas Tvalwin,

is albaT ganwyobili iqneba iseTi SekiTxvebisaTvis, rogoricaa: ra
aris SekiTxva? _ aris Tu ara is imis konstatacia, rom me esa da es
ar vici? Tu imis konstataciaa, rom minda, sxvam miTxras ...? Tu is
daurwmuneblobis Cemi sulieri mdgomareobis aRweraa? _ da aris
Tu ara Zaxili `miSveleT!~ aseTi aRwera?
dafiqrdi, ramdeni gansxvavebuli saxeobis rames vuwodebT àR-
weras~: sxeulis mdebareobis aRwera misi kordinatebis mixedviT;
saxis gamometyvelebis aRwera; Sexebis SegrZnebis aRwera; ganwyobis
aRwera.
aseTi transformaciebis SesaZleblobebis mniSvnelovneba, mag-
aliTad _ yoveli mtkicebiTi winadadebis gadaqcevisa winadadebebad,
romlebic gamoTqmebiT `vfiqrob~, an `mimaCnia~ iwyeba (anu, ase vTq-
vaT, Cemi Sinagani cxovrebis aRwerad), ufro cxadad sxva adgilas
gamoCndeba. (solifsizmi).
26. iTvleba, rom enis Seswavla sagnebis saxeldebaSi mdgo-
mareobs. saxeldobr, adamianebis, formebis. ferebis, tkivilebis,
ganwyobilebebis, ricxvebisa da a.S. saxeldebaSi. rogorc ukve iTqva
_ saxeldeba nivTisaTvis iarliyis miwebebis msgavsia. SeiZleba amas
sityvis gamoyenebisaTvis mzadeba vuwodoT. magram riskenaa mimar-
Tuli es mzadeba?
47. magram romelia is martivi Semadgeneli nawilebi, romelTa-
ganac agebulia realoba? _ romelia savarZlis martivi Semadgeneli
nawilebi? _ xis naWrebi, romlebisganac is aris Sekruli? Tu mole-
kulebi, anda atomebi? _ `martivi~ niSnavs àraSedgenils~. aq ki dge-
ba sakiTxi: ra azriTaa is Sedgenili? uazrobaa ubralod savarZlis
martiv Semadgenil nawilebze laparaki.
anda: Sedgeba Tu ara am xis, am savarZlis vizualuri xati
nawilebisagan? da romelia maTi martivi Semadgeneli nawilebi? mra-
valferianoba Sedgenilobis erTi saxea; meorea, magaliTad swori
275
monakveTebisagan Sedgenili texili konturi. mrudze ki SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom is Sedgenilia aRmavali da daRmavali totebisagan.
rodesac Semdgomi ganmartebis gareSe vinmes veubnebi: `rasac
axla Cems winaSe vxedav, Sedgenilia~, mas ufleba aqvs, SemekiTxos:
`ras gulisxmob SedgenilSi?~ is SeiZleba nebismier raimes niS-
navdes!~ _ SekiTxvas àris Tu ara is, rasac Sen xedav, Sedgenili?
marTlac aqvs sazrisi, rodesac ukve dadgenilia, Sedgenilia, Sed-
genilad yofnis romel saxes _ anu, am sityvis romel gansakuTrebul
gamoyenebas _ exeba saqme. Tu dadginda, rom xis vizualur xats unda
erqvas `Sedgenili~, Tu ara marto xis tani Cans, aramed totebic,
maSin SekiTxvas: `martivia Tu Sedgenili am xis vizualuri xati?
da SekiTxvas `romelia misi martivi Semadgeneli nawilebi?~ naTeli
sazrisi eqnebodaT. da meore SekiTxvaze pasuxi, bunebrivia, aris ara
`totebi~ (es iqneboda pasuxi gramatikul SekiTxvaze: `ras ewodeba
aq martivi Semadgeneli nawilebi?~) aramed calkeuli totebis aR-
wera.
kiTxvis dasma: àris Tu ara es sagani Sedgenili?~ imis msgav-
sia, rac erTxel patara biWma gaakeTa _ mas unda eCvenebina, zmnebi
garkveul winadadebebSi moqmedebiTi gvarisa iyo Tu vnebiTi, da
imaze imtvrevda Tavs, moqmedebiTia Tu vnebiTi, magaliTad, saxel-
zmna `Zili~.
filosofiur SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara am xis vizualuri xati
Sedgenili, da romelia misi Semadgenili nawilebi?~ swori pasuxi
Semdegia: ès imazea damokidebuli, Tu ras gulisxmob `SedgenilSi~.
(es ki, bunebrivia, aris ara SekiTxvaze pasuxi, aramed _ SekiTxvis
ukugdeba).
50. ras niSnavs, rodesac elementebze vambobT, rom maT arc
yofna da arc aryofna ar SegviZlia mivaweroT? _ SeiZleba iTqvas:
Tu yovelive, rasac Cven `yofnas~ an àryofnas~ vuwodebT, element-
ebs Soris kavSirebis arsebobasa da ararsebobaSi mdgomareobs, maSin
ara aqvs azri elementebis yofnaze (aryofnaze) laparaks; iseve ro-
gorc, Tu yovelive, rasac Cven `ganadgurebas~ vuwodebT, element-
ebis gancalkavebas niSnavs, azri ara aqvs elementebis ganadgure-
baze laparaks.
magram undaT, rom TqvaT: elements ar SegviZlia yofna mivaw-
eroT, radgan is rom ar yofiliyo, mas verc verasodes davasaxeleb-
diT da verafers gamovTqvamdiT mis Sesaxeb. _ ganvixiloT analogi-
uri SemTxveva! arsebobs erTi ram, ris Sesaxebac ver vityviT, rom
is erTi metria, an rom is erTi metri ar aris, da esaa metris et-
aloni parizSi. _ magram amiT misTvis, bunebrivia, raime RirsSesan-
iSnavi Tviseba ki ar migviweria, aramed mxolod metruli sazomiT
276
gazomviT enobrivi TamaSSi misi Taviseburi roli aRvniSneT. _ war-
movidginoT, rom metris etalonis msgavsad parizSi feris nimu-
Sic inaxeba. amrigad, Cven ganvmartavT: `sepia~ hqvia iq hermetulad
dacul Taur-sepias. maSin azri ar eqneboda, am nimuSze gveTqva, rom
is am ferisaa an is ar aris am feris.
es SegviZlia ase gamovTqvaT: es nimuSi enis instrumentia, roml-
iTac vakeTebT feris Sesaxeb gamoTqmas. am TamaSSi is warmodgenili
ki ar aris, aramed warmodgenis saSualebaa. _ igive iTqmis (48)-e eno-
brivi TamaSis elementze, rodesac Cven mis dasasaxleblad sityva
`w~-s warmovTqvamT: amiT Cven am sagans adgili davuTmeT Cvens eno-
briv TamaSSi; is axla warmodgenis saSualebaa. da imis Tqma, rom ìs
rom ar yofiliyo, arc saxeli eqneboda~ _ niSnavs, arc meti da arc
naklebi, imas, rom: es sagani rom ar arsebuliyo, mas Cvens enobriv
TamaSSi ver gamoviyenebdiT. _ is, ra aSkarad unda arsebobdes, enas
ekuTvnis. esaa Cveni enobrivi TamaSis paradigma; is, rasTanac xdeba
Sedareba. daadgino es, niSnavs moaxdino mniSvnelovani dakvirveba;
magram es mainc dakvirvebaa, romelic Cvens enobriv TamaSs _ war-
modgenis Cvens wess _ exeba.
51. (48)-e enobrivi TamaSis aRwerisas me vTqvi, rom kvadratis
ferebs Seesabamebian sityvebi `w~, `S~ da a.S. magram raSi mdgo-
mareobs es Sesabamisoba, ramdenad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am niSnebs
kvadratis garkveuli ferebi Seesabameba? ganmartebam (48)-Si xom
mxolod garkveuli kavSiri daadgina am niSnebsa da Cveni enis zogi-
erT niSans (ferebis saxelebs) Soris. _ oRond ivaraudeboda, rom
niSnebis gamoyeneba TamaSSi sxvagvarad da saxeldobr, paradigmebze
miTiTebiT Seiswavleboda; kargi, magram ras niSnavs imis Tqma, rom
enis praqtikaSi niSnebs garkveuli elementebi Seesatyviseba? _ niS-
navs es Tu ara, rom is, vinc feradi kvadratis kompleqsebs aRwers,
yovelTvis `w~-s ambobs, roca wiTeli kvadratia saxeze; `S~-s, roca
Savi kvadratia saxeze da a.S. magram, Tu is aRwerisas cdeba da am-
bobs `w~-s iq, sadac Sav kvadrats xedavs _ ra aris imis kriteriumi,
rom es Secdoma iyo? _ Tu is, rom `w~ wiTel kvadrats aRniSnavs,
imaSi gamoixateba, rom adamianebs, romlebic iyeneben enas, mudam
wiTeli kvadrati warmoudgebaT gonebaSi, rodesac isini niSan `w~-s
iyeneben?
ufro naTlad rom davinaxoT, Cven aq, iseve rogorc uTvalav ms-
gavs SemTxvevaSi, procesebis detalebs unda davakvirdeT; axlodan
SevxedoT, ra xdeba.
55. `rasac enis saxelebi aRniSnaven, ar unda iyos ganadgurebadi:
vinaidan unda SeiZlebodes im mdgomareobis aRwera, romelSic yove-
live ganadgurebadi ganadgurebulia. am aRweraSi ki iqneba sityvebi;
277
da rac maT Seesabameba, ar SeiZleba ganadgurdes, radgan, winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi, sityvebs mniSvneloba ar eqnebodaT.~ ar SeiZleba
is toti movWra, romelzedac vzivar.
ra Tqma unda, maSinve SeiZleba Segvepasuxon, rom swored Tavad
aRwera unda gamoakldes ganadgurebas. _ magram is, rac Seesabameba
aRweris sityvebs da, amrigad, ar SeiZleba ganadgurebuli iqnas, Tu
es aRwera WeSmaritia, isaa, rac sityvebs mniSvnelobas aniWebs. amis
gareSe maT aranairi mniSvneloba ar eqnobodaT. magram xom aris ai,
es kaci garkveuli azriT is, rac mis saxels Seesabameba. magram is ga-
nadgurebadia; misi saxeli ki ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas, rode-
sac misi matarebeli iRupeba. _ is, rac Seesabameba saxels, da ris
gareSec mas ar eqneboda mniSvneloba, aris, magaliTad, paradigma,
romelic gamoiyeneba enobriv TamaSSi saxelTan kavSirSi.
59. `saxelebi mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rac sinamdvilis elemen-
tia; imas, rac ar nadgurdeba; rac yvela cvlilebisas igive rCeba.~
_ magram ra aris es? _ xom gvqonda warmodgenili, sanam winadadebas
vambobdiT! Cven ukve sruliad gansazRvruli warmodgena gamovTq-
viT; gansazRvruli suraTi, romlis gamoyenebac gvsurs. vinaidan
gamocdileba am elementebs ar gvaCvenebs. Cven vxedavT raime Sedge-
nils (magaliTad, savarZels) Semadgenel nawilebs. Cven vambobT rom
sazurge savarZlis Semadgeneli nawilia, oRond Tavadac _ Sedge-
nili gansxvavebuli xis naWrebisgan; maSin, rodesac savarZlis fexi
martivi Semadgeneli nawilia. Cven mTelsac vxedavT, romelic icv-
leba (nadgurdeba), maSin, rodesac misi Semadgeneli nawilebi ucv-
leli rCeba. esaa masalebi, romelTaganac sinamdvilis am suraTs
vamzadebT.
71. SeiZleba Tqvan, rom TamaSis cneba esaa cneba bundovani saz-
RvrebiT. _ `magram aris ki gabundovanebuli cneba, sazogadod cne-
ba?~ _ aris Tu ara aracxadi fotografia romelime adamianis suraTi
saerTod? gana aracxadi suraTi yovelTvis warmatebiT Seicvleba
cxadiT? gana aracxadi xSirad swored is ar aris, rac gvWirdeba?
frege cnebas ares adarebs da ambobs: SeuZlebelia bundovnad Se-
mosazRvrul ares saerTod daarqva are. es imas niSnavs, rom misi sa-
SualebiT verafers gavakeTebT. _ magram gana sazrissa moklebuli,
Tu vityviT: `daaxloebiT aq dadeqi!~ warmoidgine, rom sxvasTan er-
Tad vdgavar moedanze da amas vambob. amasTan, ar vavleb raime sazR-
vars, aramed mxolod xeliT vakeTeb miTiTebiT Jests _ TiTqosda me
mas gansazRvrul wertils vaCvenebde. swored ase ganmartaven albaT
imas, Tu ra aris TamaSi. iZlevian magaliTebs, da undaT, rom isini
garkveuli azriT iqnas gagebuli. _ magram am gamoTqmiT me ar vgu-
lisxmob: man unda dainaxos am magaliTebSi raRac saerTo, romelic me
278
_ raRac mizezebis gamo _ ar SemiZlia gamomeTqva. aramed: man es mag-
aliTebi mxolod gansazRvruli saxiT unda gamoiyenos. egzemplifi-
kacia aq araa ganmartebis arapirdapiri saSualeba, _ ukeTesis arqonis
SemTxvevaSi. vinaidan nebismieri zogadi ganmartebac aseve SeiZleba
iqnas araswored gagebuli. ase vTamaSobT Cven TamaSs. (sityvaSi `Tama-
Si~ enobriv TamaSs vgulisxmob).
79. es magaliTi: rodesac amboben: `mose ar arsebobda~, es Sei-
Zleba sxvadasxva rames niSnavdes. es SeiZleba niSnavdes: ebraelebs
ar hyoliaT erTi beladi, romelmac isini egviptidan gamoiyvana. _
an: maT belads ar erqva mose _ an: ar arsebobda adamiani, romel-
mac Caidina yovelive is, rasac biblia gveubneva moses Sesaxeb _
da a.S. raselis mixedviT, SegviZlia vTqvaT: saxeli `mose~ SeiZleba
sxvadasxva aRwerebis saSualebiT gaisazRvros. magaliTad, rogorc
`kaci, romelic ebraelebs udabnoSi miuZRveboda,~ `kaci, romelic
am drosa da am adgilas cxovrobda da romelsac maSin `mose~ erqva~,
kaci, romelic bavSvobisas faraonis qaliSvilma amoiyvana nilosi-
dan~ da a.S. da imis mixedviT, miviRebT erT Tu meore gansazRvrebas,
winadadeba `mose arsebobda~ sxvadasxva sazriss iRebs. da aseve _
yvela sxva winadadeba, romelic moses exeba. _ da roca gveubnebian:
àr arsebobda~, Cvenc vekiTxebiT `ras gulisxmob? imis Tqma ginda,
rom..., Tu imis, rom..., da a.S.?~
magram rodesac raRacas gamovTqvam moses Sesaxeb, _ var ki mzad,
erTiT am aRweraTagan `mose~ Cavanaclo? vityvi, rom `moseSi~ mesmis
kaci, romelmac gaakeTa is, rac moTxrobilia bibliaSi, an bevri ram
aqedan. magram ramdeni? maqvs gadawyvetili, ramdeni unda davamtki-
co rogorv mcdari, imisaTvis, rom uarvyo Cemi winadadeba rogorc
mcdari? gamoiyeneba yvela SemTxvevaSi saxeli `mose~ CemTvis myarad
da erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvrulad?-gana ise ara aris, rom me
sayrdenTa mTeli rigi maqvs mzadyofnaSi da mzad var, Tu erTi
gamomecleba, meores daveyrdno da piriqiT? _ kidev erT SemTxvevas
daakvirdi: rodesac vambob: `N-i mokvda~, amas saxel `N~ mniSvnelo-
basTan SeiZleba Semdegi kavSiri hqondes: vfiqrob, rom cxovrobda
adamiani, romelic aqa da iq minaxavs, romelic ase da ase gamoiy-
urebodq (suraTebi), romelmac esa da es gaakeTa, da sazogadoebaSi
atarebda saxels `N~. _ Tu mkiTxaven, ra mesmis `N~-Si, CamovTvli
yovelive amas, an raRacebs aqedan, Tanac sxvadasxva situaciebSi _
sxvadasvas. amgvarad, `N~-is Cemeuli gansazRvreba iqneboda àda-
miani, romlis Sesaxebac yovelive es marTalia~. _ magram Tu aqe-
dan raime mcdari aRmoCnda! _ mzad viqnebi, `N~-i mokvda mcdarad
gamovacxado, _ maSinac ki, rodesac raRac, rac me araarsebiTad
meCveneba, mcdari aRmoCnda? magram sad gadis araarsebiTis sazR-
279
vari? _ aseT SemTxvevaSi, saxelis ganmarteba rom mimeca, axla mzad
viqneobodi, is Semecvala.
es SeiZleba ase gamoiTqvas: me saxel `N~-s viyeneb myari mniSvn-
elobis gareSe. (magram es iseve ar vnebs mas, rogorc magidas is, rom
sami fexis magivrad oTxze dgas da amis gamo xandaxan yanyalebs).
gana is unda Tqvan, rom me viyeneb sityvas, romlis mniSvnelo-
bac ar vici, amitom uazrobas vlaparakob? _ Tqvi, rac ginda, sanam
es xels ar giSlis dainaxo, rogoria viTareba. (da roca Sen amas
dainaxav, bevr rames arc ityvi).
(mecnieruli gansazRvrebebis meryeoba: imas, rac dRes ganixile-
ba rogorc fenomen A-s gamocdilebis Sesabamisi Tanxmlebi mov-
lena, xval gamoiyeneben rogorc À~-s gansazRvrebas.)
116. rodesac filosofosebi iyeneben sityvas _ `codna~, `yo-
fiereba~, `sagani~, `me~, `winadadeba~, `saxeli~ _ da nivTis arsebis
wvdoma surT, unda vikiTxoT: namdvilad ase gamoiyeneba ki es sityva
mis mSobliur enaSi? _ Cven vabrunebT sityvebs maTi metafizikuri
gamoyenebidan ukan, isev yoveldRiur gamoyenebaze.
119. filisofiis Sedegebi raRac sruli absurdisa da kopebis
aRmoCenaa, romlebic gonebis enis sazRvarTan Sejaxebisas daajda. es
kopebi gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, am aRmoCenis Rirebulebas mivxvdeT.
logos presi _ 2003, gv. 47
280
Salva nucubiZe
Salva nucubiZe (14 dekemberi, 1888, sof. farcxanayanevi _ 6 ian-
vari, 1969, Tbilisi), qarTveli filosofosi, literaturaTmciodne,
kulturis istorikosi, mTargmneli da sazogado moRvawe, qarTuli
filosofiis istoriis mecnieruli skolis fuZemdebeli, saqarT-
velos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi (1944), Tbilisis saxelm-
wifo universitetis erT-erTi damaarsebeli.
filosofia da sibrZne
filosofosoba adamianis saqmea, e.i. ufro maRal safexurze igi

aRar iqneboda saWiro, xolo ufro dabal safexurze jer kidev ar
iqneboda aucilebeli. amitom filosofosoba exeba da emTxveva ada-
mianurs. amdenad, saWiroa angariSi gaewios faqtiur mdgomareobas.
marTalia, arsebobs filosofis Senobis agebis sxvadasxva saxe, rac
bevrad ufro martivia, vidre amocana faqtiuridan Rirebulisa
da mniSvnelovanisaken jafiTa da TandaTanobiT winsvlisa. princi-
pebis filosofia, e.i. aqsiomatur an apriorul ZiriTad debulebe-
bze damyarebuli filosofia ufro STamagonebelia. magram bevrad
ufro mniSvnelovania, davadginoT filosofosobis sawyisi werili
da misi SesaZlo perspeqtivebi.
adamianis, misi niWisa da amocanebis ugulvebelyofa jer kidev
ar niSnavs RmerTebis Sesafer saqmeTa Cadenas. amiT mxolod mZime
Sromisa da garjis siZneleebs ugulvebelyofen, radgan adami-
ani da adamianuri gansazRvrulobisa da SezRudulobis tolmniS-
vnelovania. swored es SezRudulobaa filosofosobis problemis
sawyisi wertili, radgan masTan erTad ismeba sakiTxi imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor SeiZleba serTod miRweul iqnas WeSmariteba, roca WeS-
maritebis maZiebels amZimebs es nakli. adamiansa da adamianurs rom
uwinares yovlisa iseTi bedi eweros, rom ucvleli WeSmaritebis
codnis miReba SeeZlos, maSin kacobriobis mTeli istoria sx-
vagvarad warimarTeboda da es istoria, albaT, azrsa da interess
dakargavda. adamiani aris ise, rogorc aris da Seimecnebs da filo-
sofosobs mxolod ise, rogorc es SeuZlia mas, viTarca adamians.
magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom ànTropologizmsa~ da `fsiqolo-
gizms~ mivyoT xeli da kacobriobis ganviTarebis viwro sazRvrebi
davuwesoT.
cxadia, adamiani ar unda SeCerdes adamianurze da arc SeuZlia
gaCerdes adamianurze, radgan is samyaroSi marto ar aris. is mcodne
unda iyos imisaTvis, rom samyaroSi moqmedi gaxdes da aq mis winaSe
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dgas amocana, daZlios adamianuri. amrigad, codnidan ganviTardeba
samyaros codna, raTa Semdeg samyaros Secvlas, e.i. sibrZnes mim-
arTos. es gza ar unda daviwyoT adamianuris damcirebiT, risi mag-
aliTebic ufro gvian iqneba mocemuli. is niadagi, romelzec, Sem-
deg gamosakvlev dapirispirebebsa da mis safexurebSi, gamoCndeba
is mimarTuleba, dapirispirebulobaze maRla mdgomisaken rom mi-
vyavarT.
zemoT naCvenebi iyo, rom sibrZne adamianis saqmea, radgan ada-
mianis garda arc erT arsebas ar sWirdeba iqmnes raimed. rogorc
ukve vTqviT, qveda safexurze sibrZne SesaZlebeli ar aris, xolo
zeda safexuri Tavad sibrZnes niSnavs. mxolod gardamaval mdgo-
mareobas sWirdeba srulqmna da srulqmnilobisaTvis Sroma-garja,
xolo srulqmnilebisaTvis unaris uqonloba ki uimedos xdis mTe-
li sibrZnis mizandasaxulobas. amrigad, sibrZne adamianTa sibrZnea
da ara adamianuri sibrZne viwro azriT, e.i. mas SeuZlia adamian-
Tan SexebaSi movides, magram ise, rom amave dros adamianurSi ar
gadavides. imisaTvis, rom mis arsebas mivuaxlovdeT, unda amovi-
deT raimedan, rogorc amosavali wertilidan. es tolZalovania
imisa, rasac filosofiis enaze `subieqtivizmis~ daZleva hqvia da
rac òbieqturisadmi~ miaxloebas niSnavs, xolo òbieqturi~ si-
tyvis am mniSvnelobiT WeSmaritebas udris. Tu adamiani SeiZleba
WeSmaritebas daeuflos, amiT TviT WeSmariteba adamianuri rodi
gaxdeba. amis dadgena mniSvneovania imisaTvis, rom filosofosebSi
adamianuri mimarTebani mivakvlioT da igi mis bunebriv CarCoSi
movaTavsoT. es CarCoebi sakmarisia mxolod manmade, sanam uryev
faqts Zala aqvs: filosofosoba arsebobs adamianebisaTvis, magram
araa adamianuriT gansazRvruli.
Txz. t. III. Tbilisi, 1979 w.
282
nawili meore
metafizika: yofierebisa da
Semecnebis filosofia
platoni
fedoni
XX
_ xolo Tu dabadebamde veziareT da, amrigad, dabadebiTve Tan

dagvyva igi, cxadia, dabadebamdec da dabadebisTanavec gvecodine-
boda ara marto toli Tavis TavSi, an ufro didi Tu ufro patara,
aramed yvela sxva maTi msgavsic; radgan axla laparaki gvaqvs ara
marto tolobaze Tavis TavSi, aramed mSvenierebazec Tavis TavSic,
sikeTezec Tavis TavSi, samarTlianobisa da siwmindezedac, erTis
sityviT, yvelaferze, rac Cvens saubarSi, kiTxvebisas Tu pasuxebi-
sas, Tavis TavSi arsebulis saxeliT aRvbeWdeT. amrigad, yovelive
amis codnas dabadebamde unda vziarebodiT uTuod.
_ agrea.
_ magram am codnas erTxel ziarebulni yoveli axali dabadebis
Semdeg TandaTan rom ar vkargavdeT mas, ara marto dabadebiTve
dagvyveboda igi, aramed mTeli sicocxlis manZilzec gagvyveboda
Tan da, amrigad, miwyiv mcodneni viqnebodiT kacni. radgan iciso,
masze ityvian, vinc flobs erTxel SeZenil codnas da ar kargavs
mas. xolo ras vuwodebT daviwyebas, Cemo simia, Tu ara erTxel SeZe-
nili codnis dakargvas?
_ sxvas arafers, Cemo sokrate, _ miugo man.
_ magram Tu dabadebamde SeZenil codnas dabadebis Semdeg vkar-
gavT da mere grZnobaTa wyalobiT ukanve vibrunebT mas, rasac ukve
vflobdiT odesRac, rogor ggonia, ra iqneba egreT wodebuli swav-
la, Tu ara xelaxali SeZena odesRac Cveni kuTvnili codnis? da,
albaT, ar vcdebiT, rodesac mogonebas vuwodebT mas.
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ radgan xom vaRiareT SesaZlebloba imisa, rom sagani, romelsac
xedviT, smeniT an sxva grZnobiT aRiqvams kaci, masSi iwvevs warmod-
genas meore sagnisas, romelic am kacs daaviwyda da romelsac ms-
gavsebisa Tu aramsgavsebis safuZvelze uaxlovdeba aRqmuli sagani.
283
aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc ukve vTqviT, oridan erTi unda gavi-
RoT uTuod: an am codnas ziarebulni movediT qveynad vizec vam-
bobT swavlobeno, dabadebis Semdeg aras akeTeben, garda mogonebisa
da am SemTxvevaSi swavla mogoneba iqneba swored.
_ sruli simarTlea, Cemo sokrate.
aristotele
metafizika
Tavi mesame
amrigad, naTelia, rom Tavdapirvelad mizezebi unda iqnas Ses-

wavlili. radgan maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom viciT TviToeuli sa-
gani, rodesac vfiqrobT, rom misi pirvel mizezi SevicaniT. mizezi
ki oTxgvaria. pirveli mizezi ewodeba sagans, an mis arsebas, radgan
yoveli sagnis mizezi logikurad ukiduresia. mizezi da sawyi-
si pirvelia, ris gamoc arsebobs movlena. misi meore mniSvnelo-
baa: materia da substrati, mesame _ moZraobis sawyisi, meoTxe _
am ukanasknelis sawinaarmdego _ mizani anu sikeTe, rac yovelives
warmoSobis da moZraobis mizania, amis Sesaxeb Cven sakmarisad vim-
sjeleT wignSi `bunebis Sesaxeb~. magram gvinda gaviTvaliswinoT
winamorbedTa Sexedulebebic, romlebic arsebuls ikvevdnen da
WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb filosofosobdnen, radgan cxadia, rom isini
raRac sawyisebsa da mizezebis Sesaxeb msjelobdnen. amis ganxil-
va ki erTgvarad sasargeblo iqneba kvlevis Cveni meTodebisaTvis,
radgan an raRac axali saxis mizezebs aRmogvaCeninebs, anda axlaxan
dasaxelebulTa arsebobaSi ufro metad dagvarwmunebs.
pirvel filosofosTa umravlesobas yovelives erTaderT sawy-
isad materiis sxvadasxva saxeoba miaCnda, risganac maTi azriT,
Sedgeba, Tavidanve warmoiSoba da razedac daiSleba sabolood
yovelive arsebuli. maT is miaCndaT arsebulis pirvel elemen-
tad da sawyisad, rasac arseba ucvleli da Tvisebebi cvalebadi
aqvs. amitomac fiqroben isini, rom raime arc warmoiSveba da arc
iRupeba,aramed mudam erTsa da imave bunebas inarCunebs. rogorc,
magaliTad, sokrates Sesaxeb ar vambobT, rom is kvdeba, roca am
Tvisebebs kargavs, radgan sokrate, rogorc substrati rCeba. aseve
yvela sxva SemTxvevaSic, radgan arsebobs an erTi an meti raRac
284
sawyisi buneba, saidanac warmoiSoba yovelive am sawyisis Seucve-
lad. am sawyisis raodenobisa da saxis Sesaxeb yvela erTi azris
araa. magaliTad, aseTi filosofiis fuZemdebeli Talesi sawy-
isad wyals asaxelebda, amitomac amtkicebda, rom dedamiwa wyalze
curavso. aseT Sexedulebamde SesaZlebelia, is imitom mivida, rom
xedavda, rom yoveli sakvebi sinotives Seicavda da TviT siTboc ki
misgan iyo warmoSobili da misTvis arsebobda. xolo is, risganac
yovelive warmoiSoba, sawyisia. is am Sexedulebamde mivida, rogorc
zemoTqmulidan, ise iqidan, rom xedavda, rom yovelgvar Tesls no-
tio buneba hqonda, xolo sinotivis sawyisi ki wyalia.
zogierTis azriT, bunebis Sesaxeb aseTive Sexeduleba hqondaT
imaT, romlebic cxovrobdnen Cvenze bevrad ufro adre da romleb-
mac pirvelebma mohkides xeli Teologias. maT okeane da teTida5
aqcies warmoSobis mamad, xolo wyali, romelsac poetebi stiqs _
uwodebnen _ RmerTebis ficad. radgan yvelaze pativsacemi, yvelaze
ufrosia, amitom fici yvelaze ufro pativsacemi unda iyos. aris
Tu ara bunebis Sesaxeb es Sexeduleba pirveli da uZvelesi, SeiZle-
ba, ar iyos cxadi, is ki cxadia, rom pirveli mizezis Sesaxeb Talesi
ase msjelobda, hipons ki aravin ar CaTvlis maTs gverdiT dayenebis
Rirsad misi Sexedulebis umniSvnelobis gamo.
anaqsimene da diogene ki haers Tvlidnen yvelaze uadres da mar-
tiv sxeulTa Soris yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan sawyisad.
hifasos metaponteli da heraklite efeseli sawyisad Tvlidnen
cecxls, empedokle _ oTx elements, umatebda ra zemoT CamoTvlil
elementebs meoTxes _ miwas. misi azriT es elementebi mudmivad
arsebobdnen da ar warmoiqmnebian, aramed mimatebiTa da daklebiT
xan erTiandebian da xan iSlebian. anaqsagora klaZomeneli ki, ro-
melic masze ufrosi iyo, magram masze gvian gamovida samoRvaweo
asparezze, rom sawyisebi usazRvrod bevrni ariano. TiTqmis yvela
erTnairi elementebisagan Semdgari nivTierebani, rogoricaa wya-
li, an cecxli, ambobda is, warmoiSobian da ispobian SeerTebiTa da
daSliT. sxvanairad isini arc warmoSobian da arc ispobian, aramed
maradiulad arsebobeno. aqedan gamomdinare, erTaderT mizezad ma-
teriis raRac saxeobas asaxelebdnen, magram miiwevdnen ra win, TviT
saqme uCvenebda gzas da aiZulebda kvlevas.
davuSvaT, rom yoveli warmoiSoba da mospoba yovelTvis erTi
da mravali sawyisidan warmoebs. magram ratom xdeba es ase da raa
amis mizezi? substrati xom Tavis Tavs TviTon ver Secvlis? me Sem-
degs vgulisxmob: arc xe da arc spilenZi ar aris Tavis Tavis cva-
lebadobis mizezi, radgan arc xe akeTebs sawols da arc spilenZi
5
teTida _ wylis RvTaebaTa gamgebeli
285
qandakebas, aramed raRac sxvaa am cvalebadobis mizezi. mis moZebna
ki sxva sawyisis moZebnas moiTxovs, rac moZraobis sawyisia. isini,
romlebic Tavidanve kvlevis am gzas mihyvebodnen da ambobdnen, rom
substrati erTianiao, araviTar dabrkolebebs ar xvdebodnen. ma-
gram erTi sawyisis momxreTagan zogi kvleva _ ZiebiT gatacebis
Sedegad acxadebda, rom erTi mTeli Tavis bunebiT uZraviao da
ara marto warmoSobisa da mospobis TvalsazrisiT, (am ZvelisZvel
Sexedulebas yvela iziarebda), aramed yovelgvari cvalebadobis
TvalsazrisiTac, raSic mdgomareobs maTi Tvalsazrisis Tavise-
bureba. imaTgan, romlebic samyaros erTad Tvlidnen, parmenides
garda veravin ver SeZlo am mizezis danaxva. imanac imdenad, ramde-
nadac rogorRac uSvebda ara mxolod erTi, aramed or mizezs. imaT
ki, romlebic ufro met SesaZleblad Tvlidnen mravali sawyisis
arsebobas, rogoricaa Tbili da civi an cecxli da miwa, cecxls
iyenebdnen, rogorc moZravi bunebis mqone wyals, miwas da sxva am-
dagvars da piriqiT _ rogorc uZravi bunebisa.
amgvari kvlevisa da sawyisebis Semdeg, rac arsebuli sagnebis
bunebis asaxsnelad ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi, rogorc ukve vTqviT,
imave WeSmaritebiT iZulebuli filosofosni sxva sawyisebis Zie-
bas Seudgnen; arsebul movlenaTa sikeTisa da mSvenierebis mizezi
ar aRmoCnda arc cecxli, arc miwa, arc sxva raime amdagvari. amas,
albaT, arc isini fiqrobdnen, magram arc is iyo kargi, rom aseTi
movlenebi miendoT TviTdinebisa da SemTxvevisaTvis.
daufiqreblad molaparake winaparTa Soris gonierad moCanda is,
vinc goneba gamoacxada rogorc mTeli samyaro, ise misi wesrigis
mizezad, rogorc cxovelebSi, ise mTels bunebaSi. Cven garkveviT
viciT, rom am Sexedulebis matarebeli anaqsagora iyo. magram arse-
bobs safuZveli imisaTvis, rom vifiqroT, rom es Sexeduleba ufro
adre hermotime klaZomenelma gamoTqva. am Tvalsazrisi momxreni
arsebulis Tavdapirvel mizezad erTsa da imave dros Tvlidnen,
rogorc mSenierebis, ise moZraobis sawyiss.
(gv. 53-55)
cxadia isic, rom arsebobs raRac sawyisi da rogorc erTi da
imave gvaris, ise sxvadasxva gvaris movlenebis mizezebi usazRvrod
bevri ar SeiZleba iyos. radgan erTi mxriv, SeuZlebelia movle-
nebis dausrulebeli warmoSoba materiisagan, rogorc sxeulisa mi-
wisagan, miwisa haerisagan, haerisa cecxlisagan da ase Semdeg daus-
ruleblad. meore mxriv _ moZraobis sawyisidan, magaliTad, adamians
amoZravebs haeri, haers mze, mzes mtroba da am process sazRvari
rom ar hqondes.
286
aseve, arc miznis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba procesi dausrule-
beli iyos: magaliTad, adamiani daseirnobdes janmrTelobisaTvis,
janmrTeloba surdes bednierebisaTvis, bedniereba sxva miznebisaT-
vis da ase mudmivad erTi meorisaTvis arsebobdes.
aseTive mdgomareobaa substratSic. yovel Suas aqvs raime mom-
devno da raime winamorbedi. sadac winamorbedi aucileblad momdev-
nos mizezia. Cven rom vinmem dagvavalos, vTqvaT, romelic am samSi
mizezi, Cven pirvels davasaxelebdiT, radgan mizezi ar SeiZleba,
rom ukanaskneli iyos, romelic arafris mizezi araa. arc Sua, ro-
melic mxolod erTis mizezia. mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, erTia is,
Tu bevri. gansazRvruli, Tu ganusazRvreli. rogorc amgvari, ise
saerTod, yovelgvari usasrulobis yvela nawili erTnairad SuaSi
mdebareobs pirvel wevramde. ise rom, pirveli wevri rom ar arse-
bobdes, arc mizezi iarsebebda.
magram arc dabla svla SeiZleba ase dausruleblad zemo sawy-
isidan. magaliTad, cecxlidan warmoiSvas wyali, wylidan miwa da ase
mudam raRac sxva saxeoba. erTimeorisagan warmoSoba ki orgvarad
xdeba. erTimeoris Semdeg vambobT an im azriT, rom istmiuri Ta-
maSobebis Semdeg olimpiuri TamaSobebia, an bavSvis mamakacad da
wylis haerad gardaqmnis azriT. ra azriTac vambobT, rom bavSvidan
mamakaci warmoiSoba, imave azriT vambobT, rom qmnadobis procesSi
myofidan warmoiqmneba qmnili da dasrulebis procesSi myofidan
dasrulebuli. radgan Sualedi yvelganaa, rogorc arssa da ararss
Soris imyofeba warmoSoba, aseve arsebulsa da ararasebuls Soris
_ warmoSobis procesSi myofi. moswavle xom warmoSobis procesSi
myofi mcodnea, rac imas niSnavs, rom moswavlidan mcodne warmoiS-
veba. iseTi warmoSobis dros ki, rogoric haeridan wylis warmoSo-
baa, meore mxare ispoba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi procesis Sebruneba ar
SeiZleba, radgan mamakaci bavSvad arasodes ar gardaqimneba. warmo-
Sobilidan warmoSobis procesSi myofi ki ar warmoiqmneba, aramed
is, rac warmoSobis procesis dasrulebas mosdevs Sedegad. rogorc
dRe warmoiSveba dilidan, radgan mas mosdevs, da dila ki dRidan ar
warmoiSveba. meore SemTxvevaSi procesi Sebrunebadia. magram ro-
gorc pirvel, ise meore SemTxvevaSi procesi dausrulebeli araa.
imaT, romlebsc Sualeduri safexuri aqvT, aqvT dasasrulic. meo-
re SemTxvevaSi ki mxareebi erTimeores enacvlebian da erTi mxaris
sikvdili meoris warmoSobas niSnavs.
amave dros SeuZlebelia, rom pirveli wyaro, romelic maradi-
ulia moispos. magram Tu warmoSoba zevidan araa dausrulebeli,
aucilebelia, rom is pirveli, romlis daRupviT raime warmoiSva
maradiuli ar iyos. amas garda, mizani, anu is, `risTvisac raime
287
xdeba~, iseTia, romelic sxvisTvis ki ar arsebobs, aramed romlisT-
visac sxva arsebobs. amgvarad, Tu arsebobs raRac iseTi kiduri
wevri, procesi aRar iqneba dausrulebeli. da Tu iseTi ar arsebobs,
arc mizani iarsebebs. isini ki, romlebic am process dausrulebels
xdian, iviwyeben imas, rom amiT sikeTis bunebas spoben. magram miznis
miRwevis imedi rom ar iyos, aravin ar mohkidebda xels raime saqmes
da arc arsebobas eqneboda azri. radgan gonieri yovelTvis raime
miznisaTvis moqmedebs. rac sazRvars warmoadgens. mizani rom igive
sazRvaria. àrsebobis~ cnebis sxva gansazRvrebaze dayvaniT cnebaTa
gamravleba araa saWiro. winamorbedi ki yovelTvis ufro metad ar-
sebobs, vidre momdevno, radgan is arsebobs maSinac, roca momdevno
araa. magram Tu winamorbedi araa, maSin arc momdevno iarsebebs.
codnas spoben isinic, romlebic ase msjeloben codna SeuZle-
belia, sanam ar mivaRwevT daunawevrebel elementebs, magram radgan
usasrulos gaazreba ar SeiZleba, arc Semecneba iqneba SesaZlebeli.
aseTi mdgromareoba araa xazebSi, sadac dayofas sazRvari ara
aqvs. azrovneba ki SeuZlebelia sazRvarTan SeCerebis gareSe, ami-
tom aucilebelia mTeli uZraobis daSveba da ganusazRvrelis ar-
sebobis uaryofa. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ganusazRvrels arseba
ganusazRvreli ar eqneba. mizezTa saxeebi ricxviT rom ganusaz-
Rvreli yofiliyo, Semecnebas arc eqneboda adgili. radgan Cveni
azriT, viciT maSin, rodesac SevicnobT mizezebs. gansazRvrul
droSi ki imis ganxilva, rasac wevrTa ganusazRvreli raodenoba
SeiZleba miematos, SeuZlebelia.
(gv. 75)
arsebobs raRac mecniereba, romelic ganixilavs arsebuls,
rogrc arsebuls da imas, rac mas TavisTavad axasiaTebs. is araa
arc kerZo mecnierebani, radgan arc erTi maTgani ar swavlobs
zogadad arsebuls, rogorc arsebuls, aramed gamohyofs mis rome-
lime nawils da ikvlevs mis SemTxveviT niSnebs, rogorc, magali-
Tad, maTematikuri mecnierebani. radgan sawyisebsa da ukanasknel
mizezebs veZebT, cxadia, rom isini raRac TavisTavad bunebas unda
warmoadgendnen. amdenad, vinc arsebulTa elementebs eZebs, is
aucilebel iseT sawyisebs eZebs, rac ara SemTxveviT, aramed WeS-
maritad arsebuli sagnebis elementebia. aseve veZebT Cvenc arsebu-
lis, rogorc arsebulis pirvel mizezebs.
288
wigni mexuTe
Tavi pirveli
sawyisis pirveli mniSvnelobaa sagnis Tavdapirveli moZraobis

sawyisi. magaliTad, saidanac iwyeba sagnis sigrZe da mimarTuleba,
iqvea misi sawyisic. mowinaaRmdege mxriv moZraobis sawyisi meore
mxares eqneba. sawyisis meore mniSvnelobaa saidanac esa Tu is saqme
ukeTesad keTdeba. magaliTad, Semecnebis dros sawyisia ara is, said-
anac Seswavla iwyeba, aramed is, saidanac advilia Seswavla. mesame
SemTxvevaSi sawyisad iTvleba is, saidanac iqmneba sagani. magaliTad,
gemisaTvis aseTia fuZe, saxlebisaTvis _ qvakuTxedi, cxovelebSi,
zogis azriT, esaa guli, zogis azriT ki _ tvini. danarCenni sx-
vadasxva sawyisebs asaxeleben. sawyisis meoTxe mniSvneloba, said-
anac warmoiSoba is, rac ar arsebobda da saidanac iwyeba bunebrivi
moZraoba da cvalebadoba. magaliTad _ bavSvebisaTvis sawyisia mama
da deda da brZolaSi _ Cxubi. sawyisis mexuTe mniSvnelobaa is wi-
naswari mimarTuleba, romelic eZleva moZrav da cvalebad sagans,
magaliTad, ra azriTac laparakoben, rogorc damwyebze, qalaqis
xelmZRvanelze, mmarTvelze da tiranze, agreTve xelovnebaze da
maT Soris yvelaze metad mSeneblobaze. sawyisis meeqvse mniSvnelo-
baa is, saidanac iwyeba sagnis Semecneba. magaliTad, dasabuTebis
sawyisia winamZRvrebi.
daaxloebiT, amdenive mniSvneloba aqvT mizezebs, radgan yvela
mizezi sawyisia. yvela sawyisisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, saerToa
is, rom maTgan an arsebobs, an warmoiSveba, an Seicnoba sagani. am-
aTgan, zogi TviT saganSive arsebobs, zogi _ mis gareT. maSasadame,
sawyisia bunebac, elementic, gansjac, gadawyvetilebac, substan-
ciac da mizanic. bevr SemTxvevaSi Semecnebisa da moZraobis sawyisia
sikeTe da mSveniereba.
(gv. 139-140)
substanciaze vlaparakobT Tu mravali ara, oTxi ZiriTadi mniS-
vnelobiT mainc. substancia, rogorc Cans, niSnavs konkretul sa-
gans, zogads, gvars, da meoTxe, yvela amaT substrats. substrati ki
aris is, razedac iTqmis sxva, TviTon ki sxvaze arasodes ar iTqmis.
amitomac pirvel rigSi es unda ganisazRvros. yvelaze ufro metad
substancia unda iyos pirveli substrati. pirveli mniSvnelobiT
substratad SeiZleba miCneuli iqnas materia, meore mniSvnelobiT
_ forma da mesamiT _ maTgan warmoebuli.
289
materiaSi me vgulisxmob, magaliTad, spilenZs, formaSi _ ideas,
romelic qandakebaSia gamoxatuli, maTgan ki warmodgeba mTeli, am
SemTxvevaSi qandakeba. amitom, Tu forma win uswrebs materias da
masze ufro metad arsebobs, maSin amave msjelobiT is orivesagan
warmoebulzedac adre iqmneba.
amrigad, Cven zogadad vTqviT, Tu ras warmoadgens substancia:
rom is ar iTqmis sxva substratze, aramed sxva iTqmis masze, magram
mxolod es msjeloba araa sakmarisi, radgan sakiTxi ar xdeba na-
Teli, garda amisa, materia substanciad iqceva. magram, Tu materia
substancia araa, gadauwyvetieli rCeba, ra aris substancia. uarvya-
viT ra yovelive sxva, ara Cans, Tu ra darCa substanciad. yove-
live sxva rom sxeulis mdgomareoba, Tviseba da unaria. rac Seexeba
sigrZes, sibrtyesa da siRrmes, isini sxeulis raRac raodneobrivi
mxare arian da ara substancia. substancia raodenoba araa, radgan
rasac raodenoba axasiaTebs, rogorc pirvels, isaa swored sub-
stancia. Tu CamovacilebT sigrZes, sibrtyes, siRrmes, vnaxavT, rom
araferi aRar dagvrCa, imis garda, rasac eseni gansazRvravdnen.
am TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas aucileblad mxolod materia mosCans
substanciad.
materiaSi TavisTavad me vgulisxmob ara sagans, ara raodenobas,
da ara sxva raimes, romliTac arsebuli ganisazRvreba, aramed imas,
ris Sesaxebac iTqmis TiToeuli amaTgani da romelsac sxvadasx-
vagvari arseboba aqvs, vidre yvela am kategorias. yovelive sxva
iTqmis substanciaze, substancia ki materiaze. ase rom ukanaskneli
TavisTavad araa arc konkretuli sagani, arc raodenoba da arc sxva
raime, arc amaTi uaryofa, radgan isini SemTxveviTi arian. am mosaz-
rebebidan ki gamomdinareobs, rom substancia aris materia. magram
es SeuZlebelia, radgan, rogorc Cans, damoukidebeli da garkveu-
li saxiT yvelaze metad substancia arsebobs. amitomac forma da
orivesagan warmoSobili ufro metad aris substancia, vidre ma-
teria, xolo orivesagan warmoSobili ki aris konkretuli sagani.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs formisa da materiisagan warmoebuli sagani, ma-
gram amis ganxilva gverdze unda gadavdoT, radgan is maT Semdegaa,
da naTelicaa. ase Tu ise, naTelia materiac, sakvlevia mesame, rac
yvelaze metad rTulia.
sayovelTao aRiarebiT substanciebi raRac SegrZnebadni arian,
ase rom, substanciebi, upirvelesad yovlisa, maT Soris arian saZie-
belni.
mizanSewonilia kvleva miemarTebodes ufro metad cnobilisak-
en, radgan codnas yovelTvis ase viRebT: bunebrivad nakleb cnobi-
lidan metad cnobilisaken msvlelobiT. magram rogorc praqtikaSi,
290
Zneli saqmea imisagan, rac erTisaTvis aris sikeTe, imis miReba, rac
saerTo da sayovelTao sikeTea, aseve Znelia erTisaTvis cnobi-
lidan bunebrivad cnobilisa da yvelasaTvis cnobilisaken Ziebis
warmarTva. magram xSirad TviTon isaa naklebad gasagebi, an umniS-
vnelo, anda sruliad ararsebuli, rac gasagebia indiviumisaTvis da
rac gasagebia pirvel rigSi. magram, miuxedavad amisa, im meTodiT,
romelzedac ukve gvqonda naTqvami, unda vcadoT TavisTavad nak-
lebad cnobilidan sayovelTaod cnobilze gadasvla.
Tbilisi 1964
ioane petriwi
ioane petriwi, XI-XII saukuneebis qarTveli filosofosi, neopla-
tonikosi (gadmocemiT ioane filosofos WimWimelsac uwodebdnen).
biografiuli cnobebi ar mogvepoveba, mxolod XVIII saukunis mwigno-
barni iuwyebian, rom ioane petriwi samcxidan iyo, didgvarovani
Camomavlobisa. axalgazrdobaSi swavlobda konstantinopolSi, man-
ganis akademiaSi, sadac mas aswavlidnen bizantiuri renesansis war-
momadgenlebi: miqael fselosi da ioane italosi. daviT aRmaSeneb-
lis mowveviT moRvaweobda gelaTis akademiaSi.
ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis

`RvTismetyvelebis safuZvlebisa~
Cven gvmarTebs didi saRvTismetyvelo Teoriebis (xedvaTa) ideis

(gvaris) Secnoba da winaswarve gageba winamdebare wignis azrisa. am
wignis azri ki Semdegs moicavs: pirvelad _ raTa warmoaCinos erTi,
aris Tu ara [igi] erTi da silogizmis (TanSesityvis) iZulebiT daas-
abuTos (aRmoaCinos) es mravalsaqadago erTi, raTa ar iqnas da ar
moxdes ise, rom araerTs ambobdnen da iziarebdnen erTad. radganac
myofTa Soris mravali gviqadagis erTyofnas, magram isini ar arian
erTi. amitom logikis (sityvierebis) kanonebis saSualebiT eZiebs da
povebs uzado erTis siwmindes...
filosofosi ambobs, rom `yoveli simravle rogorme eziarebao
erTs~.
Cven gvmarTebs brZenTa azris ganWvreta, rom yoveli `simrav-
le erTs eziareba~, da Tu ara, `vnaxoTo~ _ ambobs igi, `raodeni
Seusabamoba mosdevs Tan~. amas igi mravalkeci azriT gamoscdis da
yovelmxriv ganxilvis Semdeg mtkicebiT (aRmosaCenTa mier) aRWur-
291
vil imave pirvel Tqmulis danaskvis saxiT daamtkices, rom `yoveli
simravle eziareba erTsa~.
daiswavle, rom am pirvel gamonaTqvams (sityvas) hqvia win Camo-
sagdebeli sityva. magaliTad, roca ityvi, me amas vambob, Sen ki mow-
inaaRmdegv, amas ar ambobs, maS gamoaCinoT dasabuTebis kanonebis
saSualebiT: rogorc silogizmis (TanSeityvis) izulebiTi kanoni
asabuTebs, sawinaaRmdego [debuleba] ukuigdeba uaryofs (ukurRve-
vis) gziT.
Semdeg [filosofosi] isev iRebs pirvels, winaswar daSvebul de-
bulebas (winCamosagdebel sityvas) da eubneba: maSasadame asea. ro-
gorc axla aq naxe, pirvelica da dasasrulic erTnairia. pirvels
ewodeba provlima, rac winCamosagdebelia, saSuals _ kataskevi,
rac agebas (dakazmvas) niSnavs radganac am dasabuTebis saSualebiT
sabuTdeba (aRmoiCinebis) yoveli dasasabuTebeli (aRmosaCeni). aseve
sxva magaliTebzec naxav. magaliTad, Tu mkurnali Tavdapirvelad
sens ar gamoicnobs, rogor dahkazmavs wamals? ai, es gamosacnobi
problemad CaTvale, xolo kataskevi _ dakazmvad, rac aris dasab-
uTebisaTvis saWiro elementebis Txzva da SemuSaveba. xolo mesamea
_ sჳmperazma, rac danaskvia (Tangasavali).
ai, am mcirediT SemoisazRvreba aristoteles òrganonis~
kanoni, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia logikuri gziT (sulisa mier
sityvierisa) risime Semecneba (gagoneba). ai, sqemac, anu nakveTsac
warmovadgen:
არ სება ყოველი ცხო ველი ყოველი კა ცი
უკვ დავი ყოველი თვით მოძრავი ყოველი სუ ლი
am pirvel sazRvars ewodeba protasi. saSualos _ kideTa Sem-

kvreli, xolo dasasruls _ sჳmperazma, romelic gamosavalia (Tan-
gasavalia) orive kidurTagan.
ai, aseTia logikis kanonebi, Seiswavle isini. xedav, rogor aRi-
ara `cxovelis~ meSveobiT kaci arsebad? Sexede, Tu rogor xdeba
yvelanairi cnoba da Zieba saSualosagan! igi aerTebs da aziarebs
292
orive kidurs.
`yoveli simravle erTs eziareba~ da hgavs kidec, radganac yove-
li maziarebeli msgavsebis gziT eziareba Tavis saziarebels, amitom
hgavs simravle erTs. aviRoT, magaliTad, romelime simravle, iyos
Tundac ase. gaige, rom masSi Semavali yoveli ricxvi da mxolo, sa-
TiTaod aRebuli, erTia. da TviT gvaris Seqmneli (ghuarmyofeli),
rogoricaa asoba _ erTia, radganac erTia mease ricxvi, romelmac
TavisSi Semavali yoveli nawili Tavis gvareobaSi gaaerTiana (Tჳs
guaryvna). TviTon is mease erTia da erTisgvari. xedav, Tu rogor
gadasca erTma Tavisi Tviseba yvelas _ nawilebsac da TviT mTelsac
ki? nawilad is ricxvebi gaiazre, romelTaganc asoba Sedgeba, xolo
mTelad _ TviT arsobis mxolooba.
Tbilisi, 1999 w.
rene dekarti
rene dekarti (frang. René Descartes) 1596-1650. aseve cnobili ro-
gorc karteziusi _ frangi filosofosi, maTematikosi da mecnieri.
axali drois filosofiis fuZemdebeli da „Tanamedrove maTemati-
kis mama“. dekartma Seqmna analizuri geometriis safuZvlebi. misi
ZiriTadi naSromebia: `meTodis Sesaxeb~ da `metafizikuri medita-
ciebi~.
metafizikuri ganazrebani
ganazreba pirveli
im saganTa Sesaxeb, romelnic SeiZleba eWvis qveS iqnen day-
enebulni dRes ki ar maqvs SeniSnuli, rom Cemi arsebobis pirveli
wlebidanve mravali yalbi Sexeduleba me WeSmarit Sexedulebad
CamiTvlia da rom is, rac me Semdeg ase cudad ganmtkicebul prin-
cipebze damimyarebia, ar SeiZleboda Zalian saeWvo da arasando ar
yofiliyo. mas aqeT me gadawyvetili mqonda, rom saWiro iyo raTa
erTxel Cemi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi seriozulad mecada dameRwia
Tavi yvela im Sexedulebisagan, romelic uwin ndobiT mimiRia, da
yvelaferi xelaxla, safuZvlebidan damewyo, Tuki msurda ameSene-
bina mecnierebaSi raime mtkice da myari. magram, vinaidan aseTi cda
Zalze Znel saqmed meCveneboda, me davucade im asakis miRwevas, ro-
melic sakmaod momwifebuli iqneboda imisaTvis, raTa ar mqoneboda
imedi, rom moveswrebodi sxva asaks, rodesac me ukeTesad SevZlebdi
am cdis Sesrulebas. aman me imdeni malodina, rom aw danaSauls Cavi-
293
dendi, Tu drois im manZils, romelic mrCeba moqmedebisaTvis, isev
lodins movandomebdi. maS, dRes, rodesac me am miznisaTvis Zalian
Sesaferisad, gaviTvisufle goneba yovelgvari zrunvisagan, rode-
sac mSvidobian ganmartoebaSi movipove saimedo myudroeba, me se-
riozulad da Tavisuflad Sevecdebi gavanadguro yvela Cemi Zveli
Sexeduleba sazogadod. amis misrwevad ar iqneba saWiro vaCveno, rom
yvela Sexeduleba yalbia, rasac SeiZleba me verasodes ver movrCe-
bodi. magram, raki goneba marwmunebs ukve, rom sagnebis dajerebas,
romlebic ar arian savsebiT sando da ueWveli, me valdebuli var
vufrTxildebode ara nakleb, vidre iseTebis dajerebas, romlebic
me aSkarad yalbad meCveneba. es garemoeba sakmarisi safuZvelia im-
isaTvis, raTa me uarvyo yvela sagani, Tu SevZleb TiTeulSi eWvi-
saTvis raime sabuTi aRmovaCino. amitomac ar iqneba agreTve saWiro,
rom TiTeuli sagani gavsinjo cal-calke, rasac usazRvro Sroma
dasWirdeboda; aramed me uwinaresad ieriSs mivitan im principebze,
romlebzedac damyarebuli iyvnen yvela Cemi Zveli Sexedulebani,
vinaidan safuZvlis dangrevas aucileblad mohyveba Tan Senobis da-
narCeni nawilis dangrevac.
yovelive, rac aqamde yvelaze WeSmaritad da sandod mimaCnda, me
grZnobisagan an grZnobaTa saSualebiT Semicvnia. magram me zogjer
gamomicdia, rom es grZnobebi matyuerebi iyvnen; da ugunureba ar
iqneba, Tu arasodes ar movekidebiT sruli ndobiT imis, rasac Cven
erTxel movutyuebivarT.
magram, Tumca grZnobebi, SesaZlebelia, zogjer gvatyueben Cven
Zalian sustad sagrZnobsa da Zalian daSorebul sagnebSi, miuxedavad
amisa, aris mravali sxva sagani, romlebic Cven grZnobebis saSualebiT
gavqvs Secnobili da romlis mimarT sabuTiani eWvi mainc ar SeiZleba.
magaliTad, ar SeiZleba daeWveba imaSi, rom me var ai aq, vzivar ce-
cxlTan, macvia saSinao tanisamosi, xeliSi miWiravs ai es qaRaldi.
an rogor SevZlebdi me imis uaryofas, rom es xelebi da es tani me
mekuTvnian, Tu ar davemsgavesebodi albaT im gadareulebs, romlebis
tvini imdenad Seryeulia da imdenad dabnelebulia naRvelis bneli
qarebiT. rom isini ganuwyvetliv gaiZaxian _ xelmwifeni varTo (Tum-
ca namdvilad Zalian Raribebi arian), oqrosa da porfiris tanisa-
mosi gvacviao (rodesac namdvilad sruliad titvlebi arian), anda
warmodgeni aqvT, TiTqos isini kokebi iyvnen an minis tani hqondeT?
magram eseni xom SeSlilebi arian, da mec ara nakleb sakvirveli ram
viqnebodi, Tu maT magaliTs CemTvis wesad vaqcevdi.
amave dros me aq isic unda gaviTvaliswino, rom kaci var da,
maSasadame, maqvs Zilis Cveuleba da Cems sizmrebSi iseTsave sagnebs
warmovidgen xolme (zogjer ki ufro nakleb sando sagnebsac), ro-
294
goric warmougebaT am gadareulebs sifxizlis dros. ramdenjer
mqonia SemTxveva menaxa RamiT, sizmarSi TiTqos me am adgilze vimy-
ofebodi, Cacmuli viyavi da cecxlTan vijeqi, Tumca sinamdvileSi
tanisamos gaxdili viweqi Cems loginSi! marTalia, amJamad meCveneba,
rom am qaRalds vucqerdi ara mZinare kacis TvalebiT; rom es Tavi,
romelsac me vaqnev, sruliadac ar Tvlems; rom me am xels vmarTav
ganzraxulad da Segnebuli msjelobis safuZvelze (de propos de-
libere), da rom me vgrZnob amas. is rac ZilSi xdeba, sruliadac
ar Cans ise naTlad da arc ise garkveulad, rogorc yvelaferi es.
magram,vufiqrdebi ra saqmes bejiTad, magondeba, rom xSirad, Zilis
dros, me motyuebuli vyofilvar msgavsi moCvenebebiT, da, vakvird-
ebi am azrs, me vxedav,rom ar arsebobs araviaTari sando niSani,
romlis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli iyos sifxizlis zusti garCeva
sizmrisagan, _ vxedav ise aSkarad, rom pirdapir gaocebuli vrCebi.
da es Cemi gaoceba iseTia, rom mas TiTqmis SeuZlia damarwmunos,
rom me axlac mZinavs
maS, vigulisxmoT axla, rom Cven gvZinavs da yvela es kerZo
moqmedeba, rogoricaa is, rom Tvalebs vaxelT, rom Tavs vaqnevT,
rom xelebs vmarTavT da sxva amisTanebi. mxolod yalbi moCvenebaa;
da warmovidginoT,rom arc Cveni xelebi, arc mTeli Cveni tani Ses-
aZlebelia ar arian iseTebi, rogorebsac Cven maT vxedavT. magram,
is xom mainc unda vaRiaroT, rom sagnebi, romlebic Cven sizmarSi
warmogvidgnen, iseTebia, rogoric suraTebi da naxatebi, romle-
bic ar SeiZleba Seiqmnan, Tu ara romelime namdvil da WeSmarit
saganTan mimsgavsebiT. ase rom, es zogadi sagnebi mainc, rogori-
caa Tvalebi, Tavi, xelebi da mTeli tani, arian ara warmosaxuli,
aramed namdvili da arsebuli sagnebi. vinaidan mxatvrebi im dro-
sac ki, rodesac isini udidesi ostatobiT cdiloben sirenebi da
satirebi warmoadginon ucnauri (bizarres) da uCveulo figurebiT,
mainc moklebuli arian SesaZleblobas _ miscen maT sruliad axali
moyvaniloba da xasiaTi da kmayofildebian imiT, rom akeTeben sx-
vadasxva cxovelTa nawilebis erTgvar narevsa da SeerTebas. xolo,
Tu am mxatvrebis warmosaxvis unari sakmaod araCveulebrivia im-
isaTvis, raTa gamoigonis imdenad axlai ram, ris msgavsiarasodes
unaxavs visme,da amrigad maTi nawarmoebebi warmoadgens sruliad
mogonilsa da absoluturad yalb sagans, am SemTxvevaSi is, ferebi
mainc, romlebasac isini aZleven am sagnebs, aucileblad WeSmariti
unda iyvnen.
amave mosazrebis ZaliT, kidevac rom aranamdvili iyvnen es zog-
adi sagnebi, saxeldobriv, tani, Tvalebi, Tavi, xelebi da sxva aseTe-
bi, da mainc aucileblad saWiroa vaRiaroT, rom arian raRac sxva,
295
ufro martivi da ufro universaluri sagnebi, romlebic WeSmariti
da arsebuli arian da romlebis erTmaneTTan SeerTebis saSualebiT
Seqmnilia Cvens azrSi myofi yvela warmodgena, rogorc WeSmariti-
da realuri, ise mogonili da fantastikuri sagnebisa _ ai swored
ise, rogorc Sedgenilia isini WeSmariti ferebisagan.
saganTa am gvarisaa sazogadod nivTieri buneba da misi vrceu-
loba, agreTve ganfenil saganTa moyvaniloba, maTi odenoba an si-
dide da maTi ricxvi, ise rogorc adgili, sadac isini imyofebian,
dro, romelic zomavs maT grZeobas, da sxva msgavsi ram ai amitom
Cven, SeiZleba, ar gavakeTebT cud daskvnas aqedan, Tu vityviT, rom
fizika, astronomia, medicina da yvela sxva mecniereba, romelnic
damokidebulni arian rTul saganTa ganxilvisagan, Zalian saeWvo da
arasando arian; magram ariTmetika, geometria da amave bunebis sxva
mecnierebani, romelnic mxolod Zalian martiv da Zalian zogad
saganTa Sesaxeb msjeloben da amave dros didad ar itkenen Tavs
sakiTxiT-arseboben es sagnebi bunebaSi, Tu ar arseboben, Seicaven
raRac sandosa da ueWvos; vinaidan, gind fxizlad viyo, gind meZi-
nos, orisa da samis SeerTeba yovelTvis iqneba ricxvi xuTi da kvad-
rats arasodes ar eqneba oTxze meti mxare. marTlac, SeuZleblad
Cans, rom aseTi naTeli da aseTi cxadi (apparente) WeSmaritebebis
Sesaxeb SeiZlebodes eWvi, rom isini yalbi da arasandoa.
magram didi xania, rac me Cems gonebaSi maqvs erTi raRac Sexed-
uleba, rom arsebobs RmerTi, romelsac yvelaferi SeuZlia da
romlis mier var me gakeTebuli da Seqmnili iseTad, rogoric var.
maS, ra vici, rom RmerTs ar gaekeTebinos ise, rom ar arsebob-
des araviTari miwa, araviTari ca, araviTari vrceli sxeuli, aravi-
Tari moyvaniloba, araviTari adgili da, miuxedavad amisa, me mainc
mqondes yvela am saganTa gancda da swored imnairad arsebulad
meCvenebodnen isini, ranairebsac me maT vxedav. kidev meti: vinaid-
an me zogjer vamCnev, rom sxvebi cdebian iseT sagnebSi romlebic
maTive fiqriT maT Zalian kargad ician _ ra vici, rom RmerTs ise
ar gaekeTebinos, rom me vcdebode yovelTvis, rodesac ors va-
mateb sams, an vTvli kvadratis mxareebs, an vmsjelob amaze kidev
ufro advil rameze, Tu sazogadod SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT
raime, rac amaze ufro advili iqneba? _ SesaZlebelia rom Rmer-
Ts ar hqonoda survili, rom me ase vyofiliyav motyuebuli, vi-
naidan mis Sesaxeb amboben, rom igi uaRresad keTilia. magram, Tu
RmerTis sikeTis sawinaaRmdego iqneboda, imnairad gavekeTebine me,
rom yovelTvis vtyuvdebode, es, rogorc Cans, misi sawinaaRmdego
iqneboda, imnairad gavekeTebine me, rom yovelTvis vtyuvdebode,
isic rogorc Cans, misi sawinaaRmdego iqneboda agreTve, rom me mis-
296
sive nebiT vtyuvdebode zogjer; miuxedavad amisa, me ar SemiZlia
veWvobde, rom RmerTi amis nebas iZleva. SeiZleba aq iseTi pirebic
aRmoCndnen, romlebic umal amjobinebdnen aseTi Zlieri RmerTis
arsebobis uaryofas, vidre imis dajerebas, rom yvela danarCeni
sagani araa sarwmuno, magram amjamad nu gavuwevT aseT pirebs wi-
naaRmdegobas da davuSvaT maT sasargeblod, rom yvelaferi, rac
aq RmerTis Sesaxeb iTqva, zRapari iyos. miuxedavad amisa, ranairi
warmodgenac ar hqondeT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor miviRe me es md-
gomareoba da es arseba, romlebic maqvs, sulerTia, Tvlian isini
amis mizezad weras an beds, Tu SemTxvevas, Tu erTmaneTis momde-
var saganTa uwyvet kavSirs an sxva rasme, raki SecdomaSi Cavardna
da motyuebulad yofna aris usruloba, amitom, rac ufro uZlri
iqneba is Semoqmedi, visac isini Cems gaCenas miaweren, miT ufro
dasajerebeli iqneba rom me imdenad usasrulo var, rom yovelTvis
vtyuvdebi. am sabuTebis winaaRmdeg me araferi maqvs, cxadia, sapa-
suxod da bolos iZulebuli var vaRiaro, rom yvela imaSi, rac me
odesme WeSmaritad mimaCnia, araferia iseTi, raSic me ar SemeZlos
ase Tu ise eWvis Setana: asec ara zerelobis an qarafSutobis gamo,
aramed Zalian mZime da dinjad awon-dawonili sabuTebis mixedviT.
ase rom, momavalSi me aranaklebi sifrTxiliT unda veridebode amis
dajerebas, vidre imisa, rac aSkarad yalbi iqneba, Tu ki me msursaR-
movaCino mecnierebaSi raime sando da sarwmuno.
magram ar kmara am SeniSvnebis gakeTeba. saWiroa kidev miviRo
zomebi, raTa me maxsovdes isini, vinaidan Zveli da Cveulebrivi
Sexedulebani xSirad momdian kidev azrSi. xangrZlivma Cveulebam
misca maT, Cemi nebis winaaRmdeg, Cems gonebaSi yofnisa da Cems rwme-
naSi TiTqos sruli batonobis ufleba; da me arasodes ar gadaveCvevi
am Sexedulebebisadmi ndobiT mopyrobas, sanam me maT ise davafaseb,
rogoric arian isini namdvilad, saxeldobr, rogorc (Tanaxmad ze-
moTqmulisa) ase Tu ise saeWvoebs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc
imdenad saalbaTobs, rom gacilebiT ufro gonieria maTi miReba,
vidre maTi uaryofa. ai amitom me vfiqrob, rom cudad ar moviqcevi,
Tu me ganzrax sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulebisaken gadavixrebi da mo-
vatyueb ra Cems Tavs, ramdenime xniT gangeb warmovidgen, rom yvela
es Sexeduleba savsebiT yalbi da fantastikuria, da aseTi warmod-
gena meqneba manamde, sanam Cemi Zveli da Cemi axali yalbi Sexed-
ulebebi iseTs wonasworobaSi ar iqnebian moyvanili, rom maT aRar
eqnebaT Zala gadaxaron Cemi Sexeduleba umal erT mxareze, vidre
meoreze, da Cemi msjelobac ar iqneba aw damonebuli cudi CvevebiT
da ar mocdeba im swor gzas, romelsac SeuZlia igi WeSmaritebis
Semecnebamde miiyvanos. me var darwmunebuli, rom jerjerobiT am
297
gzaze saSiSi ar aris arc xifaTi, arc Secdoma, da SeuZlebelia, rom
me zomazed meti ram davuTmo dRes Cems eWvianobas, vinaidan sakiTxi
dgas axla ara moqmedebis, aramed fiqrisa da Semecnebis Sesaxeb.
maS, me vgulisxmob, rom ara RmerTma, romelic aris uaRresad
keTili arseba da WeSmaritebis uzenaesi wyaro, aramed romeliRac
Zlierma da aranakleb moxerxebulma da matyuara avma sulma gamoiy-
ena mTeli Tavisi ostatoba Cems mosatyueblad. me vfiqrob, rom ca,
haeri, miwa, ferebi, figurebi (moyvanilobani), bgerebi da yvela sxva
garegnuuli sagnebi mxolod iluziebia da ocnebebia, romlebic man
gamoiyena Cemi gulubryvilobisaTvis xafangis dasagebad; Cemi Tavis
Sesaxeb vifiqreb, rom me ar maqvs arc xelebi, arc Tvalebi, arc
xorci, arc sisxli, rom ar maqvs araviTari grZnoba, magram mxolod
SecdomiT mjera, rom maqvs yvelaferi es; me daJinebiT CaveWidebi am
azrs da, Tu am saSualebiT ver miaRwev raime WeSmaritebis Semecne-
bas, Cemi msjelobis SeCereba mainc Cems SesaZleblobaSi rCeba. ami-
tom me bejiTad vecdebi ar movekido rwmeniT arc erT mcdar Sexed-
ulebas da ise kargad movamzadeb Cems gonebas am didi matyuaris
yvela xerxis winaaRmdeg, rom, rac unda Zlieri da moxerxebulic
iyos es matyuara, igi verasodes ver SesZlebs raime damajerebinos.
Tbilisi _ 1955, (gv. 1-9)
blez paskali
paskali blez. (frang. Blaise ascal 1469-1527) mecnieri, filoso-
fosi. filosofiuri anTropologiis, eqsistencializmis, person-
alizmis winamorbedi.
ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromebia: `werilebi~ (1656-1657), àz-
rebi~ (1660). àzrebi~ eZRvneba RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis
sakiTxebis garkvevas. misi zneobrivi filosofiis amosavali deb-
ulebaa: unda viswavloT kargad fiqri.
azrebi
220. Cven SevicnobT WeSmaritebas ara marto gonebiT, aramed

guliTac; swored guliT SevimecnebT Cven pirvelsawyisT. da sul
amaod cdilobs goneba, romelsac xeli ara aqvs gulTan, uaryos
es pirvelsawyisni. amaoa pironistebis yoveli cda, romlebsac az-
rovnebis sxva sagani ar gaaCniaT. Cven viciT, rom zmanebebSi rodi
varT danTqmulni; ragind uZlurnic unda viyoT martooden gonebis
meSveobiT WeSmaritebis dafuZnebisas, es uZlureba mxolod Cveni
gonebis sisustes mowmobs da ara Cveni codnis saeWvo xasiaTs, ro-
298
gorc amtkiceben pironistebi. radgan pirvelsawyisTa codna, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, _ sivrce, dro, moZraoba, ricxvi da sxv., ufro
myaria, vidre yovelgvari sxva codna, romelsac gonebis qmediTo-
biT viazrebT. swored gulisa da instiqtismier Semecnebas unda
emyarebodes goneba. swored am Semecnebaze unda afuZnebdes igi Ta-
vis qmediTobas. (guli grZnobs, rom arsebobs sivrcis sami ganzo-
mileba da rom ricxvTa raodenoba usasruloa, goneba ki mxolod
amis Semdeg amtkicebs, rom arsebobs erTaderTi ricxvi, romlis
kvadrati igive gaormagebuli ricxvi tolia. pirvelsawyisT Sevi-
grZnobT, Teoremebi ki gamogvyavs, rogorc daskvnebi. orive SemTx-
vevaSi erTsa da imave ueWvelobamde mivdivarT, oRond sxvadasxva
gziT). xom fuWia da sasacilo, gonebis mxriv, guls mosTxovo yvela
misi pirvelsawyisis sisworis dasturi, raTa TviTon iwamos isini,
magram aranakleb sasaciloa, gulis mxriv, gonebas mosTxovos yvela
im Teoremis SegrZneba, romelsac is amtkicebs, raTa am gziT aRiar-
os maTi siswore.
(gv. 253)
imanuel kanti
imanuel kanti (Immanuel ant 1724-1804) _ daibada da cxovrobda
q. keningsberSi (germania). aris klasikuri germanuli filosofiis
fuZemdebeli. kantis Tanaxmad bunebaSi batonobs mizezobrioba da
aucilebloba, xolo adamianis samyaroSi zneoba da Tavisufleba.
ZiriTadi Sromebia: `wminda gonebis kritika~ (1791), `praqtikuli
gonebis kritika~ (1788), `msjelobis unaris kritika~ (1790).
wminda gonebis kritika
winasityvaoba
adamianis gonebas gansakuTrebuli bedi dahyolia misi codnis
erTgvarobaSi. mas awuxebs iseTi sakiTxebi, romelTa mocileba ar
ZaluZs, radgan isini misTvis TviT gonebis bunebas mouxvevia Tavs.
magram arc pasuxis gacema SeuZlia, vinaidan isini aRematebian ada-
mianis gonebis yvela unars. aseT Znel mdgomareobaSi rom varde-
ba, es TviT gonebis brali rodia. igi iwyebs ZiriTadi debulebe-
biT, romelTa gamoyeneba gamocdilebis procesSi gardauvalia da
amave dros am gamocdilebiT sakmaod dasturdeba. maTi saSualebiT
igi miiwevs sul zeviTa da zeviT (rogorc amas TviT misi bunebac
moiTxovs) ufro Soreuli pirobebisaken. magram raki darwmunde-
299
ba, rom am gziT misi saqme mudam daumTavrebeli darCeba, radgan
kiTxvebi arasodes ar amoiwureba, igi iZulebulia TavSesafari iseT
ZiriTad debulebebSi hpovos, romlebic yovelgvari SesaZlo gamoy-
enebis farglebs scildebian da amave dros eWvmiutaneli Canan, rom
TviT Cveulebrivi adamianuri gonebac TanxmobaSia maTTan. magram
amis gamo goneba siZnelesa da winaaRmdegobebSi vardeba. saidan-
ac, marTalia SeuZlia daaskvnas, rom sadRac safuZvelSi unda iyos
dafaruli Secdomebi, magram maTi aRmoCena mas ar ZaluZs. radgan
safuZvlebi, is rom iyenebs, yovelgvari gamocdilebis sazRvrebs
scildeba da gamocdilebis sasinj qvas aRar scnobs. am dausrule-
beli davisa da brZolis asparezs metafizika ewodeba.
g.v.f hegeli
georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli (27 agvisto, 1770, Stutgarti
_ 14 noemberi, 1831, berlini), germaneli filosofosi, germanuli
klasikuri filosofiis warmomadgeneli.1801 hegeli aqveynebs Sro-
mas „gansxvaveba fixtesa da Selingis sestemebs Soris“, 1807 gamo-
cemul „gonis fenomenologiaSi“ ki ukve aSkarad upirispirdeba
mas.1807-1808 hegeli „bambergis gazeTis“ redaqtori iyo, 1808-1816
niurnbergis gimnazias edga saTaveSi. 1812 gamoaqveyna Tavisi „logi-
kis mecnierebis“ I tomi, 1816 _ II tomi. amave wels iwyebs moRvaweo-
bas haidelbergis universitetSi. erTi wlis Semdeg gamodis misi
„filosofiur mecnierebaTa enciklopedia“. 1818 hegeli miiwvies
berlinis universitetSi. 1820 gamoaqveyna „samarTlis filosofia“.
1829-1830 hegeli iyo berlinis universitetis reqtori.
logikis mecniereba
erTaderTi, riskenac saerTod miviswrafvodi da miviswrafvi
Cems filosofiur SromebSi _ WeSmaritebis mecnieruli Semecnebaa.
igi uZnelesi gzaa, magram mxolod am gzas aqvs gonisaTvis interesi
da Rirebuleba; raki goni erTxelac aris azris gzas daadga, amaoe-
bis grZnobas ki ar Seuypria, aramed WeSmaritebis neba da siTama-
me SeunarCunebia; is male aRmoaCens, rom mxolod meTods SeuZlia
azris daokeba, misi saganTan miyvana da masSi SenarCuneba. amgvari
meToduri winsvla amJRavnebs, rom TviTon igi sxva ara aris ra, Tu
ara aRdgena im absoluturi Sinaarsisa, romlis farglebidan gamos-
vlas azri Tavdanve iswrafvoda da gamodioda kidevac, magram igi
aris aRdgena gonis usakuTres, Tavisufal stiqiaSi.
(gv. 11)
300
Sesavali
§1
filosofia moklebulia im upiratesobas, rac sxva mecnierebebs

aqvT. filosofias ar SeuZlia winaswar igulisxmos, rom misi sagne-
bi warmodgenis mier uSualod aRiarebulia da Semecnebis meTodic
rogorc dasawyisisTvis, ise Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis ukve miRe-
bulia. marTalia, filosofias da religias erTi da igive sagnebi
aqvT. orives sagani WeSmaritebaa da saxeldobr, WeSmariteba umaR-
lesi azriT _ im azriT, rom es WeSmariteba RmerTia da RmerTia
mxolod erTaderTi WeSmariteba. Semdeg, orive ganixilavs sasru-
lis sferos, bunebasa da adamianis gons, maTs urTierTobas erTma-
neTisadmi da RmerTisadmi, agreTve maTi WeSmaritebisadmi. amitom
filosofias SeuZlia winaswar igulisxmos misi sagnebis nacnoboba,
araTu SeuZlia, man unda igulisxmos aseTi nacnoboba, aseve winas-
war unda dauSvas man interesi misi sagnebis mimarT: _ Tundac marto
imis gamo, rom cnobiereba drois mixedviT warmodgenebis sagnebis
Sesaxeb ufro adre idgens, vidre maTs cnebebs, da moazrovne goni
mxolod warmodgenis gavliT da masze Tavisi moqmedebis mimarTviT
midis azrovnebiT Semecnebamde da cnebis saSualebiT wvdomamde.
magram moazrovnebiTi ganxilvis dros male aRmoCndeba, rom
igi Tavis TavSi Seicavs moTxovnas, Tavisi Sinaarsis aucileblo-
ba gviCvenos da dagvisabuTos rogorc arsi, aseve Tavisi sagnebis
gansazRvrani. amrigad, is pirveli nacnoboba sagnebisa arasakmarisi
aRmoCndeba da wanamZRvrebis da rwmunebebis gakeTeba Tu daSveba
dauSvebelia. magram, amasTan dasawyisis miRebis dros siZnele war-
moiSoba, radgan yovelgvari dasawyisi, rogorc uSualo, raRac wi-
namZRvars gulisxmobs, anu ufro swored rom vTqvaT, TviTon aseTi
winamZRvaria.
§2
filosofia winaswar SeiZleba ganisazRvros zogadad rogorc

saganTa azrovnebiTi ganxilva. magrm Tu marTalia (rasakvirvelia,
marTalia), rom adamiani cxovelisagan azrovnebiT gansxvavdeba, ma-
Sin yovelgvari adamianuri mxolod da mxolod imiT aris adamianuri,
rom azrovnebis mier aris nawarmoebi. xolo radganac filosofia
azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, iseTi saxe, romlis wyalobiTac
is Semecnebad da cnebiTi Semecnebad iqceva, amdenad, filosofi-
uri azrovneba gansxvavdeba agreTve im azrovnebisaganac, romelic
yvela adamianurSi moqmedebs da yovelgvar adamianurs adamianuro-
301
bas aniWebs. Tumca filosofiuri azrovneba am ukanaskneli saxis
azrovnebis igiveuric aris, radganac TavisTavad mxolod erTi az-
rovneba arsebobs. es gansxvaveba imasTan aris dakavSirebuli, rom
cnobierebis adamianuri Sinaarsi, azrovnebaze dafuZnebuli, pirve-
lad vlindeba ara azris formaSi, aramed vlindeba rogorc grZno-
ba, mWvreteloba, warmodgena, iseT formebSi, romlebic rogorc
formebi, azrovnebisagan unda gansxvavebul iqnen.
(gv. 42-43)
filosofiuri Semecnebis wesis es azrovneba TviTsaWiroebs
imas, rom gagebul iqnas misi aucilebloba da gamarTlebul iqnas
misi unari absoluturi sagnebis Semecnebisa. magram aseTi gageba
TviT filosofiuri Semecnebaa da amitom mxolod filosofiis Sig-
niT aqvs adgili. maSasadame, winaswari axsna-ganmarteba arafiloso-
fiuri iqneboda da meti sxva araferi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo, Tu
ara qseli winamZRvarT, damowmebaTa da msjelobaTa e.i. SemTxveviT
mtkicebaTa, romelTac imave uflebebiT da imave rwmunebiT SeiZle-
ba sawinaaRmdego mtkicebebi daupirispirdes.
SeniSvna: kritikuli filosofiis mTavari Tvalsazrisi isaa, rom
vidre RmerTis, nivTTa arsebis da sxvaTa Semecnebas SevudgebodeT,
jer TviTon Semecnebis unari unda iqnas winaswar gamokvleuli,
SeuZlia Tu ara mas amgvari ramis Sesruleba: jer instruments unda
gavecnoT, vidre im samuSaos SevudgebodeT, romelic am instrumen-
tis saSualebiT unda Sesruldes. Tu es instrumenti sakmarisi araa,
maSin yoveli Sroma da garja tyuil-ubralod gaiflangebodao. _
es azri imdenad damajerebeli egonaT, rom didi aRtaceba da mo-
woneba gamoiwvia, da Semecnebac, aqamde sagnebiT dainteresebuli da
maTs saqmianobaSi garTuli, mowyda maT da Tavis Tavs, formalur
mxares miubrunda. xolo Tu ar gvinda sityvebiT Tavi movityviloT,
advilad SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom marTalia, sxva instrumentebi
SeiZleba gamokvleuli da Sefasebuli iqnen sxva romelime xerxiT,
vidre im gansakuTrebul samuSaos wamowyebiT, risTvisac isini arian
gankuTvnili. magram Semecnebis gamokvleva sxvanairad ar SeiZleba,
Tu ara isev SemecnebiT. am egreTwodebul instrumentis, iaraRis
gamokvleva sxva arafers niSnavs, Tu ara mis Semecnebas. magram mo-
vindomoT Semecneba manamade, sanam SevimecnebdeT, iseTive Seusa-
bamobaa, rogorc im sqolastikosis brZnuli ganzraxva, romelsac
surda curva manamade eswavla, sanam wyalSi Casvlas gabedavda.
(gv. 54-55)
garegani istoriis gansakuTrebul saxeSi filosofiis warmo-
Soba da ganviTareba warmodgenilia rogorc am mecnierebis isto-
ria. es saxe ideis ganviTarebis safexurebs filosofiur moZRvre-
302
baTa SemTxveviTi urTierT-Tanmimdevrobis formas aniWebs da maTi
principebisa da am principebis gatarebis mxolod sxvadasxvanairo-
bis Sesaxedaobas aZlevs. magram am mravalaTaseuli wlebis samuS-
aos Semsrulebeli ostati erTi cocxali gonia, romlis moazrovne
buneba is aris, rom cnobieryofs imas, rac TviT aris da roca es
ukanaskneli, amgrigad, misi sagani gaxdeba. amave dros am saganze
maRla dadgeba, masze amaRldeba da Tavis TavSi umaRles safexurs
warmoadgens. filosofiis istoria gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva saxiT
movlenili filosofiuri moZRvrebani nawilobriv mxolod erTi fi-
losofiaa ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze, nawilobriv ki is gan-
sakuTrebuli principebi, romelTagan TiToeuli romelime siste-
mas safuZvlad udevs, mxolod erTi da imaves mTeli ganStoebebi
arian. drois mixedviT ukanaskneli filosofia yvela winamorbedi
filosofiebis Sedegia da amitom yvelas principebs unda Seicavdes,
amitom, Tuki igi sxvamxriv filosofias warmoadgens, yvelaze ufro
ganviTarebulia, yvelaze ufro mdidaria da yvelaze konkretuli.
(gv. 59)
ernst kasireri
kasireri ernst. (Cassirer rnst 1874-1945) germaneli filosofosi,
kultur anTropologi. marburgis neokantianuri skolis erTerTi
fuZemdebeli.
ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromebia: `simbolur formaTa fi-
losofia~ sam tomad, (1923-29) `ra aris adamiani?~ (1945) `miTi sax-
elmwifos Sesaxeb~ (1946). kasireris kulturis filosofiaSi adami-
ani ganmartebulia, rogorc `simboloTa Semomqmedi cxoveli~.
ra aris adamiani?
adamiani ver SeaCerebs Tavis ganviTarebas. man usityvod unda

miiRos sakuTari arsebobis pirobebi. adamiani aRar cxovrobs mx-
olod bunebriv samyaroSi. igi simboluri samyaros mkvidria. ena,
miTosi, xelovneba da religia am samyaros nawilebia. isni Wreli
Zafebia, riTac iqsoveba simboluri bade, adamianiuri gamocdilebis
mravalkvanZovani xaliCa. am bades sifaqizesa da gamZleobas matebs
adamianis yoveli winsvla azrovnebasa da gamocdilebaSi. adamiani
cxovelis msgavsad uSaulod aRar exeba sinamdviles. ase vTqvaT,
mas ar ZaluZs sinamdviles pirispir Sexvdes. TiTqos, rac ufro
mwifdeba adamianis simboluri azrovneba da moqmedeba, miT ufro
303
metad gaurbis mas xeluxlebi sinamdvile. nacvlad TviT sagnebTan
urTierTobis damyarebisa, adamiani, garkveuli gagebiT mudam Tavisi
TaviT aris garTuli. igi iseTi ZaliTaa Cafluli enobriv formebSi,
xelovnebis qmnilebebSi, miTosur simboloebsa Tu religiur Cveveb-
Si, rom ar ZaluZs raime Seityos an aRiqvas am xelovnur mediumTa
gareSe. misi situacia erTgvaria rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul
sferoSi. TviT praqtikul sferoSiac adamiani ar cxovrobs jiuti
faqtebis, an Tavisi uSualo survilebisa da moTxovnilebebis mixed-
viT. igi ufro metad cxovrobs warmosaxuli faqtebis, imedebisa da
SiSis, iluziebisa da iluziaTa rRvevis, sakuTari fantaziisa da
ocnebebis sinamdvileSi. epiqtetes naTqvamia: àra sagnebi aSfoTeben
adamianebs, àramed _ sakuTari Sexedulebebi sagnebze~.
Cveni amJamindeli poziciis mixedviT SegviZlia SevasworoT da
ganvavrcoT adamianis klasikuri definicia. axali iracionalizmis
mcdelobaTa miuxedavad ZalaSi rCeba adamianis klasikuri defini-
cia: animal rationale. goniereba marTlac yovelgvari adamianuri aq-
tivobis specifikuri niSania. TviT miTologiac ar aris crurwmen-
aze damyarebuli warmodgenebis, an uxeSi Secdomebis martivi jami.
igi sistematuri, cnebiTi formebis mqonea da sruliadac ar aris
moklebuli wesrigis elementebs. meore mxriv, miTosis struqturas
ver davaxasiaTebT rogorc racionalurs. enas xSirad utoleben
gonebas, an kidev _ gonebis Tavdapirvel wyaros, magram ioli Sesa-
mCnevia, rom enis aseTi definica ar esadageba yovelive enobrivs. es
aris proto-definicia? vinaidan igi mTelis nacvlad nawils iTval-
iswinebs. cnebiTi enis garda xom arsebobs grZnobis enac; logikisa
da mecnierebis enis garda _ poeziis xatovani enac. ena, uwinares
yovlisa, azrebsa da ideebs ki ar gamoxatavs, aramed grZnobebesa da
afeqtebs. aseve religiac, `wminda gonebis sazRvrebSi~, kantis gage-
biT, abstraqtul cnebebsa da ideebs gamoTqvams. igi gvamcnobs re-
ligiis mxolod idealur formas, rac WeSmariti, cocxali religiis,
ase vTqvaT, martooden aCrdilia. did moazrovneebs, visac adamiani
ganusazRvravT, rogorc animal racionale, ar ucdiaT adamianis arsi
empiriulad ganesazRvraT. aseTi definiciiT maT ufro ZiriTadi
zneobrivi moTxovna gamokveTes. cneba `goneba~ metismetad viwroa,
raTa daitios adamianis kulturuli arsebobis formebi mTeli Ta-
visi simdidriTa da moculobiT, magram yvela es forma simboluri
formebia. amitom, nacvlad imisa, rom adamiani gavigoT, rogorc ani-
mal rationale, igi unda ganvsazRvroT, rogorc animal simbolikum amiT
mis gansakuTrebul Taviseburebebsac gamovkveTavT da im axal gza-
sac mivuTiTebT, romliTac mxolod adamians ZaluZs iaros _ gzas
civilizaciisaken.
304
karl poperi
karl poperi (1902-1994) _ ingliseli filosofosi. ikvlevda
mecnierebisa da codnis meTodologiis problemebs. mis Teorias
kritikuli racionalizmi uwodes. ZiriTadi Sromebia: `mecnieuli
kvlevis logika~ (1935), `Ria sazogadoeba da misi mtrebi~ (1945), ìs-
toriis siRatake~ (1957), òbieqturi codna~.
racionalizmis sawyisebi
kritikuli racionalizmi
axla ki CemTvis mTavar saTqmels mogaxsenebT. Cemi Rrma rwme-

niT, racionaluri tardicia _ kritikuli diskusiis tradicia _
erTaderTi praqtikuli gzaa Cveni codnis _ ra Tqma unda, varaude-
bze da hipoTezebze damyarebuli codnis _ gafarToebisa. sxva gza
ar arsebobs. miT umetes, ar arsebobs gza, romelic dakvirvebiT,
an eqsperimentiT iwyeba. mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi dakvirvebebi da
eqsperimentebi mxolod kritikis argumentebis rols TamaSobs, sxva,
aradakvirvebiT miRebul argumentebTan erTad. es mniSvenlovanad
damokidebulia imaze, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi gamoyeneba TeoriaTa
kritikisaTvis.
aq gadmocemuli codnis Teoriis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadad arsebobs
ori mizezi, romelTa gamo esa Tu is Teoria sxva Teoriebze ukeTe-
sia: igi ufro mets xsnis da misi Semowmeba ufro SesaZlebelia, anu
SesaZlebelia misi ufro srulad da ufro kritikulad ganxilva,
romelic damyarebuli iqneba mTels Cvens codnaze, yvela uaryofi-
Tze, romelic SeiZleba moviazroT, gansakuTrebiT ki im dakvirve-
bebsa Tu eqsperimentebze, romlebic ganxorcielda am Teoriis kri-
tikis mizniT.
samyaros gagebis Cvens mcdelobebSi arsebobs racionalobis mx-
olod erTi elementi: es gaxlavT Cveni Teoriebis kritikuli Semow-
meba. es Teoriebi TavisTavad varauds warmoadgens. Cven ar viciT,
Cven mxolod vvaraudobT. Tu mkiTxavT: `saidan ici?~ me gipasuxebT:
àr vici, mxolod varauds gTavazobT. Tuki Tqven Cemi problema
gainteresebT, yvelaze bednieri viqnebi, Tu Cems varauds gaakri-
tikebT, Tu kontrwinadadebebs SemomTavazebT. me ki, Cemis mxriv,
maT gakritikebas vecdebi.~
es, Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, aris codnis WeSmariti Teoria (da me Tqve-
305
ni mxridan mis kritikas moveli): im praqtikis WeSmariti aRwera, ro-
melic Seiqmna ioniaSi da romelic Tanamedrove mecnierebis nawilia
(Tumca mraval mecniers jer kidev bekonis miTisa sjera induqciis
Sesaxeb): Teoria, romlis Tanaxmad, codna izrdeba varaudebisa da
uaryofis xarjze.
ori udidesi adamiani, romlebic cxadad xedaven, rom ar arse-
bobs iseTi ram, rogorcaa induqciuri procedura, da romelTac
cxadad esmodaT is, rasac me codnis WeSmarit Teorias movixseneb,
iyvnen galileo da ainStaini. Tumca, antikuri xanis mecnierebic
icnobdnen mas. daujerebelia, magram am Teoriis metad mkafio for-
mulirebas vxvdebiT uSualod mas Semdeg, rad daiwyo kritikuli
diskusiis praqtika. amis damadasturebeli yvelaze adreuli frag-
mentebi qsenofanes ekuTvnis. me aq xuT maTgans moviyvan im Tanmim-
devrobiT, romelic gviCvenebs, rom swored qsenofanes SetevaTa
gabeduloba da mis problemaTa seriozuloba gaxldaT is, rac dae-
xmareba imis gagebaSi, rom mTeli Cveni codna varaudobisagan Sedge-
ba, jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom ar SegviZlia ùkeTesi~ codna
veZeboT da vipovoT droTa ganmavlobaSi. ai, is xuTi fragmentic:
eTiopielebi amboben, rom maTi RmerTebi brtyelcxvirianebi da
Savebi arian, Trakielebi amboben, rom maT RmerTebs cisferi Tva-
lebi da wiTeli Tmebi aqvT. xarebs, cxenebs da lomebs xelebi rom
hqondeT da SeeZloT adamianTa msgavsad Zerwva, maSin cxenebi dax-
atavdnen TavianT RmerTebs, romlebic TavianT Semqmnelebs emgvane-
bodnen.
RmerTebi dasawyisidan yvelafers ar gvimJRavneben; magram dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi, Ziebis saSualebiT, adamiani poulobs imas, arc
ukeTesia...
Cven vvaraudobT, rom Cveni napovni WSmaritebas hgavs.
magram, rac Seexeba namdvil WeSmaritebas, aravin icis is, da
verc verasodes gaigebs: verc imas, rac RmerTebs exeba, da verc
imas, razec me aq vsaubrob. da Tu raime SemTxvevis wyalobiT ada-
miani saboloo WeSmaritebas gamoTqvams, TviTonac ver xvdeba, vi-
naidan yvelaferi mxolod mixvedraTa qsovilia.
imis saCveneblad, rom qsenofane marto ar iyo, SemiZlia
gavimeoro heraklites ori gamonaTqvami, romlebic zemoT sxva
konteqstSi gamoviyene. orive gamonaTqvami gamoxatavs kacobrio-
bis codnis hipoTetur xasiaTs, amasTan, meore miuTiTebs gabeduli
varaudis saWiroebas imis Sesaxeb, rac ar viciT.
es arc adamianTa bunebis nawilia da arc maTi xasiaTisa,
flobdnen WeSmarit codnas, aramed es RvaTaebrivi bunebis Tvise-
baa... is, vinc ar elis moulodnels, verasodes aRmoaCens mas; misT-
306
vis igi SeumCneveli, miudgomeli darCeba.
bolo citata Zalian cnobilia da demokrites ekuTvnis:
magram, faqtiurad, danaxvis Sedegad verafers vgebulobT; vi-
naidan WeSmariteba Rrmad aris damaluli.
swored ase Semzadda sokrates winamorbedTa kritikuli midgo-
mis mier sokrates eTikuri racionalizmi _ misi rwmena, rom WeS-
maritebis Zieba kritikuli diskusiis gamoyenebiT aris cxovrebis
gza _ saukeTeso im gzebs Soris, rac sokratem icoda.
rCeuli narkvevebi
Tbilisi, 2000 w.
307
nawili mesame
eTika
aristotele
nikomaqes eTika
Tavi 5. axla vimsjeloT imaze, razedac SevCerdiT. masas da

ukulturo adamianebs sikeTed da bednierebad miaCniaT siamovnebiT
cxovreba, rac araa mTlianad azrs moklebuli, radgan maT uyvarT
cxovreba siamovnebiT.
ZiriTadad ki arsebobs cxovrebis sami saxe: zemoTqmuli, poli-
tikuri moRvaweoba da Teoriuli. gaunTalebeli adamianebi, romle-
bic upiratesobas aZleven cxovelur cxovrebas, mTlad monebs em-
sagavsebian. umravlesoba aseT cxovrebaSi azrs imitom xedavs, rom
mravali didi Tanamdebobis adamians iseTive gancdebi aqvs, rogorc
sardanapals. xolo ganaTlebuli adamianebi da praqtikosebi bed-
nierebad didebas Tvlian. politikuri cxovrebis mizani swored es
unda iyos. magram, rogorc Cans, bedniereba am SemTxvevaSi gacile-
biT ufro umniSvnelo aRmoCdeba, vidre Cven gvegona. radgan aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom ufro metad bednierebi arian isini, vinc pa-
tivs scems, vidre is, visac pativsa scemen. magram sikeTe, rogorc
winaswar gavWvritavT, ufro adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli
da maTi ganuSorebeli Tvisebaa. garda amisa, rogorc Cans, pativsa
da didebas imitom misdeven, rom daarwmunon sakuTari Tavi imaSi,
rom isini kargebi arian. cxadia, im adamianebSi, romlebic cdilo-
ben, rom pativsa scemdnen gonieri da mcodne adamianebi, saTnoeba
ufro meti unda iyos. magram, rogorc Cans bedniereba ufro poli-
tikuri cxovrebis saboloo mizania, magram arc es unda iyos bed-
nierebis saboloo gageba, radgan aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sikeTe
aris cxovreba Zilsa da umoqmedobaSi ris gamoc adamianebs SeiZleba
didi tanjva da ubedureba SeemTxvevaT. vinc aseT cxovrebas eweva,
mas aravin CaTvlis bednierad, Tu ara is adamiani, romelic cdi-
lobs daicvas Tavisi sawyisi Tezisi.
(gv. 28-29)
Tavi 6. saerTod, kargi iqneboda, aseve gvekvlia da gvedava, Tu

ras niSnavs moZRvreba ideebis Sesaxeb, romelic Cemma megobrebma
Semoitanes. amis gamo CemTvis am moZRvrebis kvleva usiamovno gaxda.
308
vfiqrob, WeSmaritebis dacvis mizniT, SeiZleba maxlobeli adami-
anebic gagvewira, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom Cven filosofosebi
varT. marTalia CemTvis orive Zvirfasia, magram upiratesobas mainc
WeSmaritebas vaniWeb. imaT, vinc es moZRvreba Semoitanes, winamor-
bedsa da momdevnos ar asxvaveben da amitom ideebi arc ricxvebad
uqceviaT.
sikeTe ixmareba, rogorc arsebis, ise Tvisebisa da mimarTebis kat-
egoriaSi. magram is, rac TavisTavadia da substanciaa, Tavisi bunebiT
uswrebs mimarTebis kategorias. es ukanaskneli ki arsebis gverdiT
warmoSobilsa da mis SemTxveviT Tvisebasa hgavs. ase rom, ar unda ar-
sebobdes yvelasaTvis raRac saerTo idea. radgan sikeTe erTnairad
ixmareba yvela arsebulis Sesaxeb, amitom arsebis kategoriaSi is aris
RmerTi da goneba, Tvisebis kategoriaSi _ saTnoeba, raodenobaSi _
zoma, mimarTebaSi _ sargebloba, sivrceSi _ adgilsamyofeli, dro-
Si _ Sesaferi momenti da a.S. amitom cxadia, rom sikeTe ver iqneba
raRac zogadi da erTi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi is iTqmeboda mxolod
romelime erT kategoriaze da ara yvelaze. amis garda, cxadia, rom
erTi ideis Sesaxeb arsebobs erTi mecniereba, amitom yvela sikeTis
Sesaxeb unda arsebobdes erTi mecniereba da isic erT kategoriaSi.
(gv. 30)
rogor vaRwevT bednierebas, swavliT, CveviT, raime saxis

varjiSiT Tu is RmerTisagan an SemTxvevisagan aris boZebuli? Tu
adamianebs RmerTisagan aqvT raime sxva saCuqari, logikuri iqnebo-
da, bednierebac, rac saukeTeso ramaa, RmerTis saCuqrad CagveTva-
la. magram, rogorc Cans, aq kargi iqneboda sxvagvari kvleva, radgan
Tu bedniereba RmerTisagan ki ar aris boZebuli, aramed miRebu-
lia an saTnoebiT, an raime codniT da varjiSiT, am SemTxvevaSi is
yvelaze RvTaebrivi ram iqneba, radgan saTnoebis mizani da saCuqa-
ri, rogorc yvelaze saukeTeso ram, amave dros yvelaze ufro Rv-
Taebrivi da netarebis momniWebeli iqneba. is yvelasaTvis saerToa,
radgan bedniereba SeiZleba hqondeT imaTac vinc saTnoebisaTvis ar
miuRwevia raime codnisa da Sromis meSveobiT.
bedniereba aris saTnoebis Sesabamisi erTgvari sulieri aqtivo-
ba. danarCen sikeTeTagan zogis qoneba aucilebelia, zogi ki war-
moadgens bednierebis misaRwev da gamosayenebel saSualebas.
(gv. 38)
saTnoebac ganiyofa am gansxvavebis mixedviT. masSi gamoiyofa

dianoeTikuri da eTikuri nawili. sibrZnes, sindissa da goniere-
bas vakuTvnebT dianoeTikurs, xolo Tavisuflebas da zomierebas _
309
eTikurs. roca vlaparakobT eTikur nawilze, Cven ar vambobT, rom
adamiani aris brZeni da sindisieri, vambobT, rom is aris mSvidi da
gonieri, xolo brZens vaqebT im Tvisebis gamo, rasac Cven saTnoebad
vTvliT.
arsebobs orgvari saTnoeba dianoeTikuri da eTikuri. pirveli
saxis saTnoeba ZiriTadad warmoiSoba da matulobs swavlis Sede-
gad, amitom mas dro da gamocdileba sWirdeba. eTikuri saTnoeba
ki Cveulebis safuZvelze warmoiSoba da saxelwodebac aqedan aqvs
miRebuli, sityva `Cveulebis~ mcireodeni cvlilebiT.
(gv. 45)
macne. filosofiisa da fsiqologiis seria. #4 1988

Targmani Tamar kukavasi
imanuel kanti
praqtikuli gonebis kritika
yvela eseni amodian zneobriobis principidan, romelic postu-

lati ki ar aris, aramed kanonia, romlis ZaliTac goneba uSualod
gansazRvravs nebas; es neba, swored imis gamo, rom igi amgvaradaa
gansazRvruli, rogorc wminda neba, moiTxovs Tavisi danawesis Ses-
rulebis am aucilebel pirobebs. es postulatebi Teoriuli dog-
mebi ki ar aris, aramed praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT aucilebeli
daSvebebia. (Voraussetzungen); maSasadame, isini Tumca ar avrcoben
spekulatur Semecnebas, magram saerTod spekulaturi gonebis idee-
bs (praqtikul sferosTan maTi mimarTebis meSveobiT) aniWeben obi-
eqtur realobas da am gonebas aRWuraven iseTi cnebebis uflebiT,
romelTa SesaZleblobis mtkicebasac ki igi sxvafriv ver gabedavda.
esenia ukvdavebis (Unsterblichkeit), Tavisuflebis (Freiheit) postu-
latebi, Tu maT pozitiurad ganvixilavT (rogorc postulatebs ama
Tu im arsebis kauzalobisa, ramdenadac es arseba gonebawvdomiT
samyaros ganekuTvneba) da RvTis arsebobis (Dasein des Gottes) pos-
tulati. pirveli gamomdinareobs moraluri kanonis srulyofilad
SesrulebisaTvis im praqtikulad aucilebeli pirobidan, rom am
Sesrulebas xaniereba (Dauer) qondes. meore gamomdinareobs grZno-
badi samyarosagan Cveni damoukideblobisa da im unaris aucilebeli
daSvebidan, rom sakuTar nebas ganvsazRvravdeT raRac gonebawv-
310
domiTi samyaros kanonis, sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, Tavisuflebis
kanonis Sesabamisad. mesame warmosdgeba im aucilebeli pirobidan,
rom amgvar gonebiTsawvdom samyaroSi arsebobdes umaRlesi sikeTe
uzenaesi damoukidebeli sikeTis, anu sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
RmerTis arsebobis daSvebis meoxebiT.
ori ram aRavsebs suls sul ufro mzardi gancvifrebiTa da mowi-

webiT, rac ufro xSirad da didxans vfiqrobT maTze: varskvlavebiT
moWedili ca Cems Tavze da moraluri kanonebi CemSi. me ar mixdeba,
isini veZio wyvdiadSi, an Cemi gonsawieris miRma. isini Cems Tvalwi-
naa da maT uSualod vukavSireb Cemi arsebobis cnobierebas. pirveli
dasabams iRebs im adgilidan, romelic me miWiravs garegan grZnobad
samyaroSi da usazRvrod afarToebs Cems kavSirs samyaroTa zemoT-
myof samyaroebTan da sistemaTa sistemebTan. Tanac _ usasrulod
ganfenil droSi maTi perioduli moZraobisa, maTi dasabamisa da
xanierebisa. meore ki saTaves hpovebs Cems uCinar TviTobaSi, Cems
pirovnebaSi da igi iseT samyaroSi warmomaCens, romelic WeSmaritad
usasruloa, magram mxolod gansjisaTvisaa grZnobadi. me Sevicnob,
rom am samyarosTan (misi gziT ki, imavdroulad yvela xilul sa-
myarosTanac) makavSirebs ara, pirvelis msgavsad, SemTxveviTi, ar-
amed sayovelTao da aucilebeli kavSiri. samyaroTa simravle, erTi
SexedviT, TiTqos auqmebs, Cemi, rogorc cxoveluri arsebis mniS-
vnelovnobas: am arsebam, mas Semdeg rac igi mokle xniT (RmerTma
uwyis, rogor) sasicocxlo ZaliT aRWurva. planetas (oden wertils
samyaroSi) ukanve unda mices materia, romlisganac gaCnda. meore,
piruku, usazRvrod maRla swevs Cemi, rogorc gonieri arsebis (In-
telligenz), Rirseulobas Cemi pirovnebis saxiT, romelSiac moraluri
kanoni gamomicxadebs sicocxles, damoukidebels yovelive cxove-
lurisagan da TviT mTel grZnobadi samyarosganac ki, yovel Sem-
TxvevaSi, damoukidebels imdenad, ramdenadac es ZalmiZs davaskvna
Cemi arsebobis mizanSewonili daniSnulebidan, romelic am kanonis
mieraa gansazRvruli da romelic amqveyniuri sicocxlis pirobebsa
da CarCoebSi ki ar aris momwyvdeuli, aramed usasrulobaSi miiwevs.
macne. filosofiisa da fsiqologiis seria. #1 1991

Targmani lamara ramiSvilisa
311
imanuel kanti
zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba
arasodes ar unda moviqce sxvagvarad, Tu ara ise, rom SemeZlos

visurvo kidevac, Cemi maqsima sayovelTao kanonad iqces. amgvarad,
aq qminda kanonSesabamisoba sazogadod aris is, rac nebas principad
emsaxureba da arc SeiZleba ar emsaxurebodes, Tuki movaleoba ar
warmoadgens sulac SiSvel iluzias da qimerul cnebas; (gv.77. 402)
.. movaleobas gza unda dauTmos yvela sxva aRmZvrelma safuZ-
velma, radgan igia piroba TavisTavad keTili nebisa, romlis Rire-
bulebac yovelives aRemateba. (gv. 83)
sakmarisia adamianTa gulisTqmasa Tu zraxvebs ukeT davakvirdeT,-
da yvelgan wavawydebiT maT (aq kantis TqmiT igulisxmeba is, `vinc
sasacilod igdebs yovelive zneobas~ red.) saTayvanebel `me~-s
(Selbst), romelic mudam TvalSi gveCxireba. mxolod am `me~-s- da ara
movaleobis mkacr mcnebas (Gebot), romelic araerTxel mogvTxovda
sakuTari Tavis uaryofas-emyareba maTi ganxraxva (bsicht). (gv 97)
zneobas Zalian cud samsaxurs gavuwevT, Tu movindomebT, igi
magaliTebidan gamoviyvanoT. radgan yoveli magaliTi, romelsac
zneobis nimuSad damisaxaven, jer TviT unda iqnes Sefasebuli
moralis principTa mixedviT, imis gasarkvevad, Rirsia Tu ar igi
gamogvadges, aseve, pirvelad magaliTad, anu nimuSad, magram igi ve-
rada ver mogvcems xelT zneobis umaRles cnebas. TviT macxovaric
ki, romelzedac saxareba mogviTxrobs, jer Cveni zneobrivi sru-
lyofilebis ideals unda SevudaroT, sanam mas aseTad vaRiareb-
deT. aki is Tavis Tavze ambobs kidevac: `ratom meZaxiT (visac Tqven
xedavT) keTils? aravin aris keTili (sikeTis pirvelsaxe), Tu ar
erTi RmerTi (romelsac Tqven ver xedavT)~. magram saidan gvaqvs
RmerTis, rogorc uzenaesi sikeTis cneba? mxolod da mxolod im
ideidan, rasac goneba zneobrivi srulyofilebis Sesaxeb a priori iqm-
nis da Tavisufali nebis cnebas ganuyrelad ukavSirebs. (gv. 103. 409
adamiani, da sazogadod, yoveli gonieri arseba arsebobs (exist-
iert) rogorc mizani TavisTavad, ara mxolod rogorc saSualeba,
romelic ama Tu im nebam Tavisi SurvilisamebrSeiZleba gamoiye-
nos, aramed igi yvela mis qmedebaSi, -rogorc Tavis Tavze, ise sxva
gonier arsebebze mimarTulSi, agreTve unda ganixilebodes ro-
gorc mizani... gonier arsebebs pirovnebebs (Personen) vuwodebT, vi-
naidan maTi bunebave gamoyofs maT danarCenTagan, rogorc miznebs
TavisTavad, e.i. iseT rasmes, racar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mar-
tooden saSualebad, da amiT yovelive TviTnebobas zRudavs (da
312
pativiscemis sagans warmoadgens) (gv 179-181)
.. es principi- rom adamiani, da sazogadod, yoveli gonieri
buneba saerTod mizania TavisTavad, (rac yoveli adamianis qmedeba-
Ta Tavisuflebis umaRlesi SemzRudveli pirobaa) _ cdidan ar aris
miRebuli: jer erTi imitom, rom igi sayovelTaoa, ramdenadac igi
exeba yvela gonier arsebas saerTod. meorec, imitom, rom masSi ada-
mianoba warmodgenilia ara rogorc adamianTa mizani(subieqturad),
anu iseTi sagani, romelsac marTla TavisTavad ixdian miznad, ar-
amed-rogorc obieqturi mizani, romelsac, viTarca kanons, rag-
indara miznebic ar unda gvqondes Cven, marTebs iyos yvela subieq-
turi miznos umaRlesi SemzRudveli piroba (gv 189. 431)
nebis avtonomia nebis is Tvisebaa, romlis meSveobiTac igi Tvi-
Ton (nebebis saganTa yovelive ragvarobisagan damoukideblad) aris
kanoni Tavisi TavisaTvis. maSasadame avtonomiis principia: arCevani
movaxdinoT mxolod imgvarad, rom arCevanis maqsimebi amave nebe-
baSi moiazrebodes, agreTve, rogorc sayovelTao kanoni... mora-
lis principi aucileblad unda iyos kategoriuli imperativi.
es ukanaskenli ki, arc meti, arc naklebi, swored am avtonimias
moiTxovs (gv. 227-229)
gam-ba Carpe diem, Tb.; 2013. Targmani lamara ramiSvilisa.
muri jorj edvardi.

(George dward oore. 1873-1958) _ ingliseli filosofosi. kvlevis
ZiriTadi sferoebi eTika, Semecnebis Teoria, filosofiuri anal-
izis meTodebi. anglo-amerikuli filosofiis TvalsaCino warmo-
madgeneli. mis filosofiur naazrevSi utilitarizmis principe-
bia gaviTarebuli.muri aviTarebs eTikuri intuitivizmis Teorias,
romlis mixedviT sikeTis wvdoma SesaZlebelia mxolod uSualo in-
tuiciis saSualebiT. ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromebia: èTikis
principebi~ (1903), `filosofiis mTavari problemebi~ (1953)
eTikis safuZvlebi
Tavi I
eTikis sagani
araviTar sirTules ar warmoadgens yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan

msjelobebis ramdenime magaliTis moyvana, romelTa WeSmariteba
313
udavod eTikis dasadgeni iqneba. roca ki vambobT, rom `mavani da
mavani kargi adamiania~, an vambobT, rom ès axalgazrda kaci ar-
amzadaa~, rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas: `rogor unda moviqce?~, an `mar-
Tebulia ki Cemi amgvari qceva?~ maSin, roca Tavs uflebas vaZlevT
SevniSnoT, rom `smisagan Tavis Sekaveba saTnoebaa, xolo loToba _
mankiereba~, _ eWvgareSea, rom Cven iseT sakiTxebs vexebiT da iseT
mosazrebebs gamovTqvamT, romelTa Sesaxeb msjelobac uSualod
eTikis (rogorc mecnierebis) saqmea; iseve, rogorc kamaTi imaze, ro-
gori unda iyos WeSmariti pasuxi kiTxvaze, rogor unda moviqceT;
an dasabuTeba imisa, Tu ris safuZvelze SeiZleba CaiTvalos Cveni
Sexeduleba adamianis xasiaTze an qmedebis amoralurobaze mcda-
rad an marTebulad. umetes SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamovTqvamT mo-
sazrebebs, romlebic Seicaven iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa `saTnoeba~,
mankiereba~, `movaleoba~, ùfleba~, `valdebuleba~, `kargi~, `cudi~,
vmsjelobT eTikis farglebSi da Tu maTi WeSmaritebis ganxilva gv-
surs, Cveni msjeloba eTikas Seexeba.
sakamaTo aq namdvilad araferia; Tumca, es sruliad ar aris
sakmarisi eTikis sferos mosaniSnad. es sfero SeiZleba ganisazRv-
ros, rogorc sruli WeSmariteba imis Sesaxeb, rac saerToa aseTi
msjelobebisaTvis da, imavdroulad, maT gansakuTrebulobasac qm-
nis. magram axla ismis kiTxva: da mainc ra aris is, rac maTSi saer-
Tocaa da gansakuTrebulic? am kiTxvaze aRiarebuli filosofosi
eTikosebi sruliad gansxvavebulad pasuxoben, da arc erTi pasuxi
ar aris, rogorc Cans, savsebiT damakmayofilebeli.
`logos presi~, Tb. 2003
Targmani Tamar bakuraZisa da maia gogolaZisa
jon stiuart mili
utilitarizmi
es RirSesaniSnavi adamiani (igulisxmeba i. kanti. red.) visi az-
rovnebis sistemac did xans darCeba erT-erT niSansvetad filoso-
fiuri spekulaciis istoriaSi, aRniSnul tarqtatSi, (igulisxmba
`zneobis metafizikis dafuZneba~. red.) zneobrivi valdebulebis
wyarod da safuZvlad ayalibebs universalur pirvel princips; is
Semdegia: `moiqeci ise, rom SesaZlo iyos, Seni qcevis warmmarTveli
wesi kanonad miiRos yvela gonierma arsebam~. magram roca am mc-
nebidan realuri zneobrivi movaleobebis gamoyvanas cdilobs, is
TiTqmis groteskul marcxs ganicdis imis CvenebaSi, rom winaaRmde-
gobrivi, logikurad (rom ar vTqvaT fizikurad) SeuZlebeli iqne-
314
boda yvela gonieri arsebis mier qcevis yvelaze zRvargadasulad
amoraluri wesebis miReba. is mxolod imas aCvenebs, rom am wesebis
sayovelTaod miReba gamoiwvevda Sedegebs, romelTa atanasac ara-
vin isurvebda.~ (gv. 185)
.. Tu SeiZleba damtkicdes, rom raRac sikeTea, es unda moxdes
imis CvenebiT, rom is aris saSualeba raRac sxvisTvis, rac dasab-
uTebis gareSea aRiarebuli sikeTed. (gv. 186)
mrwamsi, romelic zneobis safuZvlad sargeblobas, udidesi
bednierebis princips aRiarebs, gvaswavlis, rom qmedebebi kargia
imis proporciulad, Tu ramdenad uwyobs xels isini bednierebas,
da cudia imdenad, ramdenadac maT aqvT bednierebis sawinaaRmde-
gos gamowvevis midrekileba. bednierebaSi igulisxmeba siamovneba
da tkivilis ararseboba, ubedurebaSi-tkivili da siamovnebis na-
kleboba….. mxolod siamovneba da tkivilisagan Tavisuflebaa is,
rac sasurvelia, rogorc mizani; da rom yvelaferi rac sasurveli
(aseTi sagnebi utilitaristul sqemaSic iseve mravalricxovania,
rogorc nebismier sxvaSi), sasurvelia an imitom, rom TavisTavad
aris sasiamovno, an kidev-rogorc siamovnebis xelSewyobisa da tki-
vilis aRkveTis saSualeba.
.. Tu adamianisa da Roris siamovnebis wyaroebi zustad erTi
da igivea, cxovrebis wesi, romelic kargia erTisaTvis, kargi unda
iyos meoresaTvis. epikuruli cxovrebis pirutyvebis cxovrebas-
Tan Sedareba zustad imitom ganicdeba damamcireblad, rom piru-
tyveis siamovnebebi ar akmayofilebs bednierebis Sesaxeb adamianis
warmodgenebs. adamianebs cxovelur ltolvebze ufro amaRlebuli
moTxovnilebebi aqvT dam as Semdeg, rac erTxel gaacnobiereben
amas, arafers miiCneven bednierebad, rac maT dakmayofilebas ar
moicavs. (gv 188-189)…
..sargeblobis principTan savsebiT SeTavsebadia im faqtis aRi-
areba, rom zogierTi saxis siamovneba sxvebze ufro sasurveli da
ufro Rirebulia...
kiTxvaze, ras vgulisxmob siamovnebebs Soris Tvisebriv gansx-
vavebaSi, an ra aqcevs erT siamovnebas, ubralod rogorc siamovne-
bas, meoreze metad Rirebulad, iimis garda, rom is raodenobrivad
ufro metia, mxolod erTi SesaZlo pasuxi arsebobs. Tu ori sia-
movnebidan erTi iseTia, rom yvela an TiTqmis yvela, visac orive
ganucdia, gadaWriT mas mianiWebs upiratesobas, oRond mianiWebs
ara raime moraluri valdebulebis gamo, maSin es aris ufro sa-
surveli siamovneba.
.. arc erTi gonieri adamiani ar daTanxmdeboda sulelad yof-
nas, arc erTi ganaTlebuli adamiani ar moindomebda umecrebas, arc
315
erTi mgrZnobiare da sindisier adamians ar esurveboda egoistoba
da naZirloba. (gv. 190-191)
udidesi bednierebis principis Tanaxmad, rogorc zemoT gan-
vmarteT, saboloo mizani, romelTan mimarTebaSi da romlis gu-
lisTvisac aris sxva yvelaferi sasurveli (sul erTia, Cvens sa-
kuTar sikeTes ganvixilavT Tu sxva adamianebisas), aris ramdenadac
SesaZlebelia tkivilisgan Tavisufali da ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
siamovnebiT mdidari arseboba, rogorc raodenobis, ise Tvisebrio-
bis TvalsazrisiT. Tvisebriobis sazomi da raodenobasTan misi Se-
Tanadebis wesia maTi preferencia, vinc saukeTesod aris Sedarebis
saSualebebiT aRWurvili gamocdilebisa da aseve TviTgaazrebisa
da TviTdakvirvebis Cvevebis wyalobiT. radgan es aris, utilita-
ristuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, adamianis qmedebis mizani, igivea
aucileblad zneobriobis standartic, romelic Sesabamisad Sei-
Zleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianis qcevis iseTi wesebi da mc-
nebebi, romelTa dacvac maqsimalurad uzrunvelyofs mTeli ka-
cobriobisTvis zemoT aRwerili saxis arsebobas; da ara mxolod
kacobriobis, aramed, ramdenadac amas saganTa buneba uSvebs, yvela
mgrZnobeli qmnilebisaTvis.(gv 192)
.. adamianTa saqmeebis daxlarTuli bunebis Sedegia is, rom Seu-
Zlebelia qcevis iseTi wesebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic araviTar
gamonaklisebs ar moiTxovs, da rom TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi saxis
qmedeba, romelis yovelTvis savaldebulod an yovelT vis dasagmo-
bad miCneva usafrTxod iqneba SesaZlebeli... es namdvili siZnelee-
bia, daxlarTuli momentebia, rogorc eTikis TeoriisTvis, ise pi-
radi qcevis keTilsindisierad warmarTvisaTvis.. Tu sargebloba
zneobriv valdebulebaTa saboloo wyaroa, sargeblobas SeiZleba
movuxmoT maT Soris davis gadasawyvetad iq sadac maTi moTxovnebi
erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia. (gv. 210)
radgan yvela zneobriobis qmediTobis saboloo wyaro (garegani
motivebis garda)Cvens sakuTar cnobierebaSi arsebuli subieqturi
grZnobaa, vearfers vxedav Semawuxebels maTTvis, visi standartic
sargeblobaa, Semdeg sakiTxSi: ra aris am konkretuli standartis
qmediTobis wyaro? SegviZlia vupasuxoT: igive, rac yvela sxva zneo-
brivi standartisa-adamianis sindisis grZnoba. (gv. 216)
miznebis Sesaxeb kiTxvebi, sxva sityvebiT, aris kiTxvebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romeli sagnebia sasurveli. utilitarizmis Tanaxmad,
mxolod da mxolod bednierebaa sasurveli, rogorc mizani; sxva
yvelaferi sasurvelia mxolod rogorc am miznis miRwevis saSu-
aleba. (gv. 221)
gam-ba `diogene~ Tb.; 2010. Targmani Tamar cxadaZisa
316
norman geizleri
qristianuli eTika
sikeTe is aris, rasac RmerTi Tvlis, rom sikeTea. romel qmede-

basac RmerTi miiCnevs, rom keTilia, is aris keTili qmedeba, da
piriqiT- Tu RmerTs surs, rom qmedeba boroti iyos, is borotia.
amgvarad, moralurad sikeTe orgvaria pirveladic da gansazRvre-
badic. is aris pirveladi imitom, rom modis RvTisagan da is aris
gansazRvrebadi, vinaidan misi povna SeiZleba RvTis gamocxadebaSi
kacobriobisadmi.
...Tu absoluturi, moralurad srulyofili RmerTi arsebobs,
maSin misi WeSmariti bunebiT is aris pirveladi avtoriteti(an stan-
darti) imisa, Tu ra aris keTili, da ra-ara.
...voluntarists swams, rom keTili ubralod imitom aris keTi-
li, rom RmerTs ase surs, esencialists(arsobrivis momxres) meores
mxriv ki sjera, rom RmerTs surs raRac imitom, rom is aris keTili
sakuTari bunebis Sesabamisad.
... qristianuli eTika RvTaebriv brZanebaTa poziciaa. eTikuri
movaleoba aris raRac iseTi, rac Cven unda gavakeToT. es aris Rv-
Taebrivi miTiTeba. cxadia, RmerTisagan mocemuli eTikuri impera-
tivebi Seesabameba mis ucvlel moralur xasiaTs. es aris is, rac
RmerTs surs, is, rac sworia misi sakuTari moraluri atributebis
Sesabamisad... qristianuli eTika dafuZnebulia RmerTis nebaze, ma-
gram RmerTs arasodes ar surs raime, misi ucvleli moraluri xasi-
aTis sawinaaRmdegod.
vinaidan RmerTs moraluri xasiaTi ar ecvleba (mal. 3:6, iak. 1:
17), cxadi xdeba, rom misi bunebidan gamomdinare moraluri valde-
bulebebi absoluturia. e.i. isini yvelasaTvis aucilebelia yvel-
gan da yovelTvis... RmerTis yvela neba-survili ar gamomdinareobs
aucileblad misi ucvleli bunebidan. zogierTi ram Seesabameba mis
bunebas, magram gamomdinareobs damoukideblad misi nebidan. mag-
aliTad, RmerTma gadawyvita gamoecada adamisa da evas moraluri
morCileba maTTvis sagangebo xis nayofis SeWmis akrZalviT..es br-
Zaneba dafuZnebuli iyo RmerTis nebaze da srulebiT ar gamom-
dinareobda misi bunebidan. meores mxriv, RmerTis brZaneba- ara
kac kla (dab. 9:6) gamocxadebuli gaxldaT moses rjulamde, moses
rjulis dros (gamos. 20:13) da agreTve moses rjulis Semdegac (rom
.13:9) mokled klva arasworia yvela droisaTvis, yvela adgilisa da
xalxisaTvis, .. rac Sesabamisia RmerTis ucvleli moraluri xasi-
aTisa, isini moraluri absolutebia. isini Seicaven iseT moralur
317
valdebulebebs, rogoricaa siwminde, samarTlianoba, siyvaruli,
erTGuleba, mowyaleba. sxva brZanebebi ki, romlebic moedinebian
RmerTis nebisagan, magram ara aucileblad misi bunebidan, ayeneben
morwmuneebs valdebulebebis winaSe, magram es valdebulebebani ar
arian absolutebi.
.. qristianuli eTika dafuZnebulia RvTis brZanebebze, romlis
gamocxadebac orivenairia: saerTo (rom. 1:19-20) da sagangebo (rom.
2:18). RmerTma Tavisi Tavi gamogvicxada bunebaSi (fs. 18: 1-6) da
wminda werilSi (fs. 18:8-14). saerTo gamocxadeba Seicavs RvTis br-
Zanebebs yvela xalxisaTvis. sagangebo gamocxadeba ki warmoaCens mis
nebas morwmuneebisaTvis. Tumca yovel SemTxvevaSi safuZveli adami-
anis eTikuri pasuxismgeblobisa RvTiuri gamocxadebaa... marTalia,
urwmunoebs moraluri kanoni ara aqvT gonebaSi, magram aqvT gulSi,
da Tumca maT ar ician es kanoni Semecnebis gziT, isini aCveneben,
rom ician is intuiciis gziT.
.. qristianebi TavianT eTikur movaleobebs ipovnian ara qris-
tianebis standartSi, aramed qristianebisaTvis gankuTvnil stand-
artSi-bibliaSi.
.. qristianuli eTika deontologiuria da amtkicebs, rom is
qmedebebic ki, romlebic warumateblad damTavrda, kargia...moral-
uri qmededebi, romlebic asaxaven RmerTis bunebas, keTilia da-
moukideblad imisa warmatebulia isini Tu ara. qristianisaTvis
keTili ar ganisazRvreba latareiT....Tumca, qristianuli eTika
ar ugulvebelyofs Sedegebs. mxolod is, rom Sedegebi ar gansaz-
Rvraven Tu ra aris swori, ar niSnavs imas, rom marTebulia Sedegebis
arad Cagdeba...qristianul eTikaSi Sedegi gaTvlilia principebisa
da normebis farglebSi.. mizanma SesaZloa gaamarTlos keTili sa-
Sualebebis gamoyeneba, magram is ar amarTlebs yovelgvari saSuale-
bebis gamoyenebas da rasakvirvelia borotisas miTumetes. (gv. 13-18)
qristianuli eTika: poziciebi da sakiTxebi; Tb. 2003,

Targmani lexum maisuraZisa
318
ain rendi
ego egoizmis gareSe
adamiani unda eqvemdebarebodes ideebs da principebs Tavisi

„pirovnuli interesebis mixedviT“, ra aris pirovnuli interese-
bi da rogor SeiZleba maTi gansazRvra? warmoidgineT Tu rogori
gamoiyureba grZobebidan daclili, me-s gareT mdgomi adamiani; war-
moidgineT ra umZimes ganaCens gamoutans politikosi sakuTar Tavs,
Tu samarTlianoba mis personul interesebSi ar iqneba moqceuli, an
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT mwerali, romlis mier gadmocemuli obi-
eqturi Rirebulebebi mis pirovnul interesebis ar gamoxatavs? ma-
gram Semmecnebel gonebas ar SeuZlia Seqmnas Rirebulebebi da mizne-
bi, igi maT ukve mzad iRebs, Semdeg ki savaraudo svlebs akeTebs.
(yvela amgvari adamiani ar aris tomis martosuli mgeli-zogierTi
keTilsindisieri, magram dabneulia fsiqo-epistemeologiuri siR-
rmis miRma mdgomia, _ Tumca yvela maTgani anti-konceptualuri
azrovnebis matarebelia).
yvela SemecnebiTi gonebisTvis sakuTari TviTobis gamofitva da

uaryofaa damaxasiaTebeli; yvelas eSinia sakuTar me-ze dayrdnoba,
pasuxismgeblobis tvirTva, es mxolod Tavad TviTobam SeiZleba
ikisros. isini yovelTvis gaurbian im or aqtivobas, romelic mud-
mivad Tanmdevia WeSmariti egoistisa- esaa msjeloba da arCevani.
maT eSiniaT mizezis (romelic nebayoflobiTia), endobian emociebs
(romelic avtomaturia); maT urCevniaT naTesavebi (sisxlis SemTx-
veva) megobrebs (arCevans) maT urCevniaT tomi (mocemuloba) gareT
mdgomebs(axals) maT urCevniaT mcnebebi(damaxsovrebuli) principebs
(wvdoma). isini deterministulad gamarTuli Teoriebidan modian,
yvela im cnebidan, romelic nebas rTavs maT iyviron „ar SemeZlo!!!~
filosofiur-Teologiuri mimomxilveli # 4/2014; Tb.; Tsu gam-ba.

Targmani nino tartaraSvilisa
319
nawili meoTxe. politikuri filosofia
platoni
saxelmwifo
Semdgom amisa, _ vTqvi me, _ ai, ras SegiZlia Seadaro Cveni bune-
ba ganaTlebisa Tu gaunaTleblobis mxriv: warmoidgine adamianebi,
romlebic TiTqos mRvimis msgavs miwisqveSa dilegSi arian gamom-
wyvdeulni. patimrebs kisersa da xel-fexze siyrmidanve borkile-
bi adevT, ase rom, arc ganZreva SeuZliaT da arc ukan mixedva.
amitomac mxolod win iyurebian da martooden imas xedaven, rac
Tvalwin udevT. borkildadebulni zurgSeqceviT sxedan ked-
lisken, saidanac Semodis sinaTle, romelsac Sors, maRla, mogiz-
gize cecxli asxivebs. cecxlsa da patimrebs Soris maRlobze ga-
dis gza. am gzas patimrebisagan dabali kedeli hyofs, im fardis
msgavsad, romlis miRmac TvalTmaqcebi TavianT TanaSemweebs mala-
ven, maRla aweuli TojinebiT rom arToben xalxs.
_ warmovidgine.
_ axla isic warmoidgine, rom kedlis gaswvriv midian-modian
mgzavrebi, romlebsac xelSi nair-nairi sagnebi uWiravT, maT So-
ris, xisa Tu qvisagan gamoTlili adamianebisa da cxovelebis gamo-
saxulebani, romlebic im simaRleze auweviaT, rom kedlis miRmac
Canan. mgzavrebidan, Cveulebriv, zogi laparakobs, zogi ki Cumadaa.
_ es ra ucnaur suraTsa da ucnaur patimrebs gvixatav?
_ isini Cven gvgvanan. erTi es miTxari, rogor ggonia, gana am
dReSi myofi xalxi SeiZleba sxva rames xedavdes, ginda Tavisas da
ginda sxvisas, mis win _ mRvimis kedelze moSriale landebis garda?
_ ras unda xedavdnen, Tuki gaCenis dRidan Tavis ukan mibrune-
bac ki ar SeuZliaT?
_ ki, magram gana igive ar iTqmis im sagnebzedac, kedlis miRma
rom mimoaqvT?
_ mainc ra?
_ ra da, patimrebs rom erTmaneTSi laparaki SeeZloT, Seni az-
riT ityodnen Tu ara, rom namdvili sagnebis saxels arqmeven ke-
delze moriale maT landebs?
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ xolo maTi mRvime eqosaviT rom imeorebdes gzad mimavali
mgzavrebis sityvebs, gana ar egonebodaT, rom kedelze moriale
landebi laparakoben?
320
_ cxadia, vficav zevss.
_ maSasadame, eWvs gareSea, rom isini namdvil sagnebad aRiqvam-
denen am xelTqmnili sagnebis landebs?
_ aucileblad.
_ axla ki daufiqrdi, ra SeiZleboda mohyoloda Sedegad imas,
rom maTTvis borkilebi aeyaraT da umecrebisagan daexsnaT, anu
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ra moxdeboda maTSi, bunebrivi gziT
raRac amgvari rom SemTxveodaT? vTqvaT, erT-erTi maTganisaTvis
borkilebi gaexsnaT da ebrZanebinaT rom Semobrunebuliyo, ori-
ode nabiji gadaedga da sinaTlis mxares gaexeda. gana es namdvili
tanjva ar iqneboda maTTvis? TvalismomWreli sinaTle am sagnebis
garCevis saSualebasac ar miscemda, romelTa landebsac mRvimis ke-
delze xedavda. rogor ggonia, ras ityoda, vinmes rom eTqva _ aqa-
mde mxolod ubadruk landebs xedavdi, axla ki WeSmarit arsebobas
xedavo? mere erT-erTi sagani eCvenebinaT, Tanac ekiTxaT, ra aris
eso da ZaldatanebiT moeTxovaT, pasuxi gaeca maTTvis. gana es, Seni
azriT, sagonebelSi ar Caagdebda? sabralos SeiZleboda efiqra,
rom gacilebiT ufro namdvili iyo is, rasac manamde xedavda, vidre
is, rasac axla uCvenebdnen.
_ rasakvirvelia, amas ifiqrebda.
_ anda, Tu aiZulebdnen, cecxlis SuqisaTvis emzira, gana Tvals
ar mosWrida maTi cimcimi? ase rom, SeZrwunebuli, sirbiliT rom
daubrundeboda imas, rasac aqamde ase Tavisuflad usworebda
Tvals da rac, misi azriT, gacilebiT ufro namdvili iyo, vidre is,
rac axlaxan uCvenes.
_ marTals brZaneb.
_ xolo Tu ZaliT gamoaTrevdnen gareT, raTa cicabo ferdobze
gamavali gziT maRla aeyvanaT da mzis sinaTle eCvenebinaT, gana
tkiviliT gatanjuls ar aRaSfoTebda amnairi Zalmomreoba? mzis
sikaSkaSiT Tvaldavsili erTsac ver gaarCevda im sagnebs Soris,
romlebzedac daJinebiT CasCiCinebdnen, namdvili sagnebi Tu gne-
bavs, swored eseni ariano.
_ erTbaSad marTlac ver gaarCevda.
_ aq saWiroa miCveva, rakiRa yvelafris danaxva marTebs, rac
maRlaa. amitom uwinares yovlisa, landebisaken unda mimarTos
mzera, Semdeg wylis siRrmeSi areklili adamianebisa Tu sxvadasxva
saganTa gamosaxulebebisaken, bolo ki yovelive zeciuris Wvreta
RamiT, mTvarisa da varskvlavebis Suqze ufro gauadvildeba, vidre
dRisiT _ mzis sinaTleze.
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ bolo da bolos, es kaci, Cemi azriT, imasac SeZlebs, rom
321
Tvali gausworos TviT mzesac da wyalSi ki aRar ucqiros mis an-
arekls, aramed cis TaRze daukvirdes mis Tvisebebs.
_ uciloblad.
_ ris Semdegad is daaskvnis, rom swored mze gansazRvravs am
xilul samyaroSi mze warmarTavs yvelafers da, garkveuli azriT,
igive mzea yovelive imis mizezic, rac mRvimeSi Canda.
_ cxadia, Tavisi dakvirvebis Sedegad swored am daskvnamde miva.
_ mereda, Tavisi uwindeli samyoflis, iqauri sibrZniTa da Ta-
visi megobari patimrebis gaxsenebisas gana netarebad ar miiCnevs
Tavis axlandel yofasa da sibraluli ar aReZvris dilegSi myofTa
mimarT?
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ xolo Tu isini TavianT mRvimeSi pativsa da didebas miagebdnen
erTmaneTs da jildos ar iSurebdnen imisTvis, vis gamWriax mzera-
sac ar gamoepareboda arc erTi sagani, kedlis iqiT rom mihqondaT,
da yvelaze ukeT imaxsovrebda, ra gamoCndeboda pirvelad, ra _ Sem-
deg da ra _ erTdroulad, ris safuZvlezec winaswarmetyvelebda
momavals _ rogor ggonia, borkilebidan TavdaRweuli kvlavindebu-
rad inatrebda yovelive imas, an Suri aRZvroda imis mimarT, visac
Tayvans scemdnen mRvimeSi, rogorc yvelaze saCino da saxelovan
kacs? Tu imave gancdiT gulSeZruls, rasac gvauwyebs homerosi, mx-
olod erTi rame eqneboda sanatreli: dRiur muSad emuSava Raribi
glexis yanaSi da oflis RvriT eSovna lukma puri, an aetana aTas-
nairi gaWirveba, oRondac aRarasodes mibrundeboda Tavis uwindel
yofas da imdroindel sibrmaves.
_ mec ase vfiqrob, _ Tqva man, _ marTlac yvelafers aitanda
imis gulisTvis, rom Zveleburad aRar ecxovra.
_ erTsac daufiqrdi: es kaci rom kvlav mRvimes dabruneboda
da Tavis Zvel adgilas damjdariyo, gana mzis naTels ase anazdad
ganSorebuls imave wams Tvals ar dauvsebda bneli?
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ xolo Tu mRvimeSi samudamod gamomwyvdeul patimrebTan kv-
lav mouwevda paeqroba ama Tu im landisa da misi mniSvnelobis gamo,
vidre Tvals SeaCvevda sibneles, albaT, sakmao dro dasWirdeboda,
Seni azriT, gana masxrad ar aigdebdnen am sityvebiT: ras miexete-
boda im simaRleze, sul tyuilad dakarga Tvalis Cinio? ase rom,
Tu vinme Seecdeboda tyveobidan daexsna da maRla aeyvana isini,
gana imwamsve suls ar gaafrTxobinebdnen, xelSi rom CavardnodaT?
_ ueWvelad.
_ hoda, Cemo Zvirfaso glavkon, swored esaa kacTa yofis zusti
xateba. mRvime xiluli samyaroa, xolo sinaTle, romelsac cecxli
322
asxivebs, mzis naTels edareba. maRla asvla da namdvili sagnebis
Wvreta sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara sulis aRmasvla goniT sawvdomi
samyaros mimarT. ai, rogoria Cemi azri, Tuki gsurs mas misdio; pi-
radad me ase mgonia, codniT ki RmerTma icis, marTalia Tu ara igi.
goniT sawvdomi samyaros zRvari sikeTis idea, romelsac Znelad Tu
gaarCevs gonebis Tvali, magram sakmarisia bundovnad mainc aRviq-
vaT, rom aqedan uSualod gamogvaqvs daskvna: swored sikeTis ideaa
yovelive WeSmaritisa da mSvenierebis mizezi, xilul samyaroSi is
badebs naTels da mis meufes, goniT sawvdom samyaroSi ki TviTonvea
meufec da mbrZanebelic, romlisaganac dasabams iRebs WeSmariteba
da goniereba; amitom swored mis Wvretas unda cdilobdes yvela,
visac surs gonivrulad iqceodes, rogorc kerZo, ise sazogadoe-
briv cxovrebaSic.
_ geTanxmebi, _ Tqva man, _ ramdenadac SemiZlia Sens azrs mivs-
dio.
_ maSin amaSic dameTanxme, vinc am simaRles miaRwia, ukve aRar
SeuZlia xeli mihyos kacTa Cveul saqmianobas, radganac misi suli
gamudmebiT mieltvis mxolod simaRles. da es savsebiT bunebrivia,
radganac zedmiwevniT Seesabameba Cvens mier daxatul alegoriul
suraTs.
_ marTlac.
_ mereda, nuTu Seni azriT, unda gvikvirdes, rom rodesac am Rv-
Taebrivi Wvretidan adamiani kvlav ubrundeba amqveyniur ubadru-
kobas, Semcbari da dabneuli, sasacilo Cans? dabinduli mzera jer
kidev ver SesCvevia garemomcvel sibneles, magram, vidre SeeCve-
odes, manamde aiZuleben samsjavroSi Tu sxvagan sadme gamovides da
samarTlianobis landebisa da am landebis anareklTa gamo idavos,
ese igi, im xalxisaTvis daiwyos brZola maTi ganmartebisaTvis, vi-
sac TvaliTac ar unaxavs samarTlianoba TavisTavad.
_ ara, amaSi araferia sakvirveli.
_ Wkviani kaci gaixsenebda, rom mzeras ori sxvadasxva mizezi
amRvrevs: roca sinaTlidan sibneleSi gavdivarT, anda, piriqiT,
sibnelidan _ sinaTleSi. igive iTqmis sulzedac: davukvirdeT Sem-
cbarsa da dabneul suls, saganTa garCevis unari rom dahkargvia,
magram briyvulad nuki davuwyebT dacinvas, aramed davufiqrdeT _
ufro naTeli yofidan movida da misTvis uCvevma sibnelem dauvso
Tvali, Tu piriqiT, sruli umecrebidan amaRlebuls Tvali mosWra
sinaTlis aseTma uCveulo brwyinvalebam? am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
netarebad davsaxoT misi yofa, pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki, misdami Tana-
grZnoba gvmarTebs. magram Tu vinme mainc ver ikavebs sicils, es
dacinva naklebad briyvuli iqneba, Tuki misi sagania suli, romel-
323
mac sinaTlis sauflodan sibneleSi amoyo Tavi.
_ marTals brZaneb.
_ Tu marTalia, _ vTqvi me, _ ai, ra daskvnis gamotana gvmarTebs:
ganaTleba sulac ar aris is, rac zog-zogierTs hgonia, visi mtkice-
biTac gaunaTlebel suls TiTqos ise unda CavunergoT ganaTleba,
rogorc usinaTlo Tvals xedvis unari.
_ diax, ase amtkicebs bevri.
_ es Cveni msjeloba ki mowmobs, rom yvela suls aqvs amis unari
da saTanado iaraRic moeZebneba. magram rogorc ki Tvali mxolod
mTel sxeulTan erTad Tu mibrundeba sibnelidan sinaTlisaken, su-
lic aseve mTlianad Tu ganudgeba yovelive qmnads, im zomamde, rom
ara marto arss, TviT imasac ki gausworos Tvali, rac yvelaze na-
Telia arsSi, xolo es, Cveni mtkicebiT, sikeTea, ara?
_ diax.
_ swored aq vlindeba moqcevis xelovneba, _ vuTxari me, _ ra
gziT SeiZleba ufro advilad da qmediTad movaqcioT kaci? magram
es sulac ar niSnavs, rom xedvis unari CavunergoT mas, visac ukve
aqvs es unari. Tumca is arasworadaa mimarTuli da iqiT rodi iy-
ureba, saiTac jer ars. swored aq gvmarTebs Zalisxmeva, rom misi
mzera sworad mivmarToT.
_ rogorc Cans.
_ sulis zogierTi unari Zalze axlos dgas sxeulis ama Tu
im unarTan, ramdenadac adamians Tavidanve SeiZleba arc hqondes
rogorc erTi, ise meore, magram Semdeg TviTwrTvnis wyalobiT
SeiZinos. xolo rac Seexeba codnis unars, es, etyoba, raRac ufro
RvTaebrivia, rakiRa arasodes kargavs Tavis Zalas da imis mixedviT,
Tu riskenaa mimarTuli, xan sasargebloa da sasikeTo, xanac us-
argeblo da ukeTuri. nuTu ar SegimCnevia, ra gamWriaxia im xalxis
bneli suli, visac aramzadebad, Tumca ki Wkvianebad ki Tvlian, an
ratom verafers ver gamoapareb maT Tvals, rasac TviTonve mielt-
vian? ase rom, maT mSvenieri mxedveloba aqvT, magram raki is maTsave
avkacobas emsaxureba, amitom rac ufro gamWriaxia, miT ufro met
borotebas Cadis.
_ ra Tqma unda.
_ magram Tu amnair bunebas erTbaSad, bavSvobidanve movkveTdiT
ukeTur midrekilebebs, tyviis saZiraviT rom ewevian mas Rormuce-
lobis, Rreobisa Tu sxva xorcieli gancxromisaken da qvemoT mimar-
Taven mis mzeras, maSin yovelive amisagan Tavdaxsnili suli WeS-
maritebas miubrundeboda da igive avkacni aranakleb TvalnaTliv
gaarCevdnen yovelive WeSmarits, vidre im sagnebs, romlebiskenac
amJamad mimarTulia maTi mzera.
324
_ ki, magram gana zemoTqmulidan bunebrivad da garduvalad ar
gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisaTvis arc gaunaTle-
beli da WeSmaritebis armcodneni gamodgebian da arc isini, vinc
Tavisi dRe da moswreba codnasa da ganaTlebas iZenda? pirvelni
imitom, rom mtkiced dasaxuli mizani ar gaaCniaT, romliskenac
swrafvas Sealevdnen TavianT piradsa da sazogadoebriv cxovrebas,
meoreni ki imitom, rom arasdidebiT ar daTanxmdebodnen saxelmwi-
fos marTvisaTis mieyoT xeli, radganac maTi azriT, sicocxleSive
daimkvidres netarTa kunZuli.
_ marTals brZaneb.
_ maSasadame, Cveni azriT, rogorc saxelmwifos damaarseblebis,
vali isaa, rom vaiZuloT yvelaze Rirseulni swored imis Seswav-
las miubrundnen, rac uzenaesad davsaxeT: me vgulisxmob sikeTis
wvdomas da misken swrafvas. magram roca am simaRles miaRweven da
guls ijereben misi WvretiT, imis nebas ki aRar mivcemT, rac dRes
nebadarTulia maTTvis.
_ mainc ris nebas?
_ im simaRleze darCenisas, Tuki aRar isurveben kvlav daubrund-
nen Cvens patimrebs, raTa, avad Tu kargad, maTi Wiri da lxini gaiz-
iaron.
_ ki magram, maSin xom usamarTloni viqnebiT maT mimarT, rakiRa
Cvens gamo Sav dReSi Cacvivdnen, Tumca ki SeeZloT gacilebiT ukeT
ecxovraT.
_ Sen kvlav gaviwydeba Cemo keTilo, rom kanoni mosaxleobis
erTi romelime fenis keTildReobas ki ar isaxavs miznad, aramed
mTeli sazogadoebisas. SegonebiT Tu iZulebiT, is uzrunvelyofs
yvela moqalaqis erTianobas, raTa isini erTmaneTisaTvis sasarge-
bloni iyvnen imdenad, ramdenadac SeuZliaT amiT argon mTel sax-
elmwifos. moqalaqeTa ricxvSi imitom rodi rTavs Rirseul adami-
anebs, raTa saSualeba misces maT, visac ra moeprianeba, is akeTos,
aramed imitom, rom saxelmwifos gansamtkiceblad gamoiyenos isini.
_ marTlac damaviwyda.
_ imasac daufiqrdi, glavkon, rom Cven usamarTloni ki ar
viqnebiT CvenSive aRzrdil filosofosTa mimarT, aramed samar-
Tlian moTxovnebs wavuyenebT da vaiZulebT maT, rogorc mcvelebs,
sxvebze izrunon. `yvela sxva saxelmwifoSi _ am sityvebiT mivmar-
Tavdi maT, _ vinc filosofosi xdeba, ufleba aqvs monawileoba ar
miiRos saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi, radganac yvela, saxelmwifo
wyobisagan damoukideblad, TviTonve gaxda filosofosi, xolo
is, rac TavisiT izrdeba, aravis ar umadlis Tavis sazrdos da,
cxadia, arc imis survili aqvs, rom vinmes aunazRauros misi gu-
325
lisaTvis gaweuli xarji. Tqven ki Cven aRgzardeT, rogorc Tqvenda
sasikeTod, ise saxelmwifos sakeTildReod, raTa igiveni yofili-
yaviT, ranic arian mefeebi da beladebi futkrebis skaSi. Cveni wya-
lobiT SeiZineT saucxoo da ucxoel filosofosebze gacilebiT
ufro srulyofili ganaTleba da Cvenve giboZeT imis unaric, rom
erTmaneTisaTvis SegeTavsebinaT filosofia da politika. amitom
TviToeuli Tqvengani erTmaneTis miyolebiT unda daeSvas danarCen
moqalaqeTa saerTo sacxovrisamde; SeaCvioT Tvali iq gamefebul
wyvdiads, da roca SeaCvevT, aTasjer ukeT gaarCevT yvelafers,
vidre bneleTis mkvidrni, da ukeTve gamoicnobT, ras warmoad-
gens TviToeuli landi an risi xatia igi, radganac adre gixilavT
yovelive mSvenieris, samarTlianisa da keTilis pirvelnimuSni. ma-
Sin Cveni saxelmwifo wylobileba Cvenca da Tqvenc sicxadeSi war-
mogvidgeba da ara sizmarSi, rogorc sxva dRevandeli wyobilebani,
sadac mimdinareobs ZmaTamkvleli omebi da landebis gaafTrebuli
brZolebi ZalauflebisaTvis, TiTqos es iyos yvelaze didi sikeTe.
simarTle ki, Tu gnebavT, isaa, rom sadac Zalauflebas yvelaze na-
kleb mieltvian isini, vinc unda marTavdes qveyanas, saxelmwifoc
swored iq imarTeba yvelaze ukeT da SinaaSlilobisTvisac yvelaze
naklebi sababi rCeba; maSin, rodesac sul sxvagvaradaa saqme im sax-
elmwifoSi, romelTa mmarTvelnic sapirispirod arian ganwyobilni.
Zveli berZnulidan Targmna baCana bregvaZem Tb. 2003 gv. 252-260
aristotele
politika, nawili I
yoveli saxelmwifo erTgvar kavSirs warmoadgens. yoveli kavSi-

ri ki raime sikeTes isaxavs miznad, radgan yvela yvelafers akeTebs
imisaTvis, rac sikeTe hgonia. amrigad, cxadia, rom yvela miiswraf-
vis raime sikeTisaken. umTavresi sikeTisaken miiswrafvis yvelaze
ukeTesi kavSiri, romelic moicavs yovelives da es aris e.w. saxelm-
wifo da saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiri...
Tavi I
... ramodenime dasaxalebam Seqmna dasrulebuli saxelmwifo,

romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs sruli damoukidebloba, rogorc epos-
326
Sic aris naTqvami. amaTgan saxelmwifoebis nawilis mizania mxolod
arsebobis SenarCuneba, nawilisa ki bednieri arseboba. maSasadame,
yoveli qalaqi _ saxelmwifo bunebrivad aris warmoSobili, rogorc
adre arsebuli kavSirebi. qalaqi _ saxelmwifoebi warmoadgenen wi-
namorbedi kavSirebis dasrulebas, radgan maTi buneba vlindeba
maTsave ganviTarebis dasrulebaSi. da swored es Seadgens yoveli
movlenis arsebas, magaliTad, adamianis, cxenisa da saxlisa. garda
amisa, mizani da dasasruli aris saukeTeso ram, xolo mizani da
yvelaze ukeTesi ram aris damoukidebloba.
zemoTqmulidan cxadia, rom saxelmwifo _ qalaqi bunebrivi mov-
lenaa da rom adamiani aris politikuri arseba. xolo vinc sax-
elmwifos gareT imyofeba Tavisi surviliT da ara SemTxveviT, is
an cudi adamiania, an adamianze maRla mdgomi. rogorc homerosi
ambobs gakicxviT: ìs iyo bogano, kanongareSe da usaxlkaro~. aseTi
adamiani omis moyvarec aris da ise arsebobs, rogorc ganmartoe-
buli paiki saTamaSo dafaze.
cxadia, rom adamiani aris politikuri arseba ufro metad, vidre
futkrebi an jogurad mcxovrebi cxovelebi, rogorc ukve vTqviT,
buneba tyuil-ubralod arafers ar akeTebs. cxovelTa Soris mx-
olod adamians aqvs metyvelebis unari. xma tanjvisa da siamovnebis
niSania, rac sxva cxovelebsac axasiaTebT. maTi bunebis ganviTarebam
miaRwia im dones, rom maT aqvT tanjvisa da siamovnebis SegrZnebis
unari, rasac isini erTmaneTs mianiSneben. sityva ki naTelyofs sa-
sargeblosa da sazianos, samarTliansa da usamarTlos. gansxvave-
biT sxva cxovelebisagan, es adamianisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
mxolod mas aqvs SegrZneba sikeTisa da borotebisa, samarTlianobis
da usamarTlobis sxva SegrZnebebi, yovelive es mTlianobaSi war-
moadgens ojaxisa da saxelmwifos safuZvels.
nikolo makiaveli
(Niccolò achiavelli 1469-1527). italieli moazrovne, mwerali,
politikuri moRvawe. 15 weli ekava florenciis kancleris posti.
politikis filosofosi. praqtikuli filosofiis problemebis mkv-
levari. ZiriTadi filosofiuri naSromebia: `mTavari~ (1532), `ga-
nazrebani titus livius dekadaze~. terminiT `makiavelizmi~ aRin-
iSneba Zalismier meTodebze, moralur normaTa ugulvebelyofaze
dafuZnebuli politika.
327
mTavari
unda gvaxsovdes, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe: erTia br-

Zola kanonebis, xolo meore _ Zalis meSveobiT, pirveli niSneu-
lia adamianebisaTvis, meore ki _ mxecebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli
xSirad arasakmarisia, Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores.
amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia, rom Tanabari warmatebiT ibr-
Zodes rogorc mxeci da rogorc kaci. swored amnairi, Tumca Se-
farviT gamoTqmuli SegonebiT mimarTavdnen mTavrebs Zveli mwer-
lebi, romlebic aRniSnavdnen, rom aqilevss da Zveli drois bevr
sxva mTavarsac aRsazrdelad abarebdnen kentavr qirons, raTa misi
meTvalyureobiT davaJkacebuliyvnen. am naxevrad mxeci da nexevrad
kacis zedamxedvelobas aq mxolod is azris aqvs, rom mTavari unda
iTvisebdes da isisxlxorcebdes orive bunebas, da rom erTi meoris
gareSe udReuria. amrigad, Tu mTavari iZulebuli iqneba ibrZodes,
rogorc mxeci, cxovelTa mTeli simravlidan lomsa da melas unda
irCevdes, vinaidan loms ar SeuZlia Tavi daicvas gvelisagan, melas
_ mglebisagan. maSasadame, mela unda iyo, rom SeniSno gveli, da
lomi, rom daifrino mglebi. imas, vinc mxolod lomobas iCemebs,
bevri ram ar esmis.
(gv. 186-187)
siZulvilis sagnad, mas uwinares yovlisa, aqcevs mgluri sixarbe
da Tavis qveSevrdomTa sakuTrebisa da maTi colebis pativis xe-
lyofa, risganac Tavis Sekaveba marTebs. da Tu xalxs, saerTod, arc
sakuTrebas warstaceb da arc pativs ayri, is kmayofilia, da brZo-
la mogiwevs mxolod calkeul pirTa pativmoyvareobis dasaTrguna-
vad, rac advili saqme gaxlavT. mTavari zizRs iwvevs maSin, roca mas
meryev, mxdal da gaubedav kacad Tvlian, rasac is Wiris dResaviT
unda ufrTxodes da arafers unda zogavdes saamisod, rom yoveli
misi moqmedeba sidiadis, didsulovnebisa da simtkicis niSniT iyos
aRbeWdili, xolo misi TiToeuli gadawyvetileba qveSevrdomTa
TvalSi uryevi nebis gamovlenad Candes, raTa veravin gabedos misi
motyueba da gacureba. mTavari, romelic amnair saxels moixveWs,
didi gavleniT sargeblobs xalxSi.
(gv. 215)
328
Tomas hobsi
(Hobbes Thomas 1588-1679) _ ingliseli politikuri filosofo-
si. hobsis klasikuri naSromia `leviaTani~ (1651). man ganaviTara
bunebiTi uflebebis Teoria. xolo socialuri kontraqtis Teoriis
saxiT adreuli liberalizmis pirvelsaxe Seqmna.
leviaTani
Tavi XIII
kacTa modgmis bunebiT mdgomareobaze mis

bednierebasa da ubedurebasTan kavSirSi
bunebam imdenad Tanasworni Seqmna adamianebi fizikuri da gon-

ebrivi unarebis mxriv, rom, Tumca zogi maTgani SeiZleba sxvaze
aSkarad Ronieri an gonebagaxsnili iyos, sabolood individebi
mainc imdenad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rom vinmem Tqvas,
me raRac iseTi sikeTe mekuTvnis, razec sxvas aseTive pretenzia
ver eqnebao. sxeulis Zala rom aviRoT, is yvelaze sustsac sakma-
risi aqvs saimisod, rom yvelaze Ronieri moklas, Tuki raime farul
xriks mimarTavs an imas Seekvreba, visac es Ronieri adamiani agreTve
safrTxes uqmnis.
rac Seexeba gonebriv SesaZleblobebs, Tu gamovricxavTa si-
tyvis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT ki zogadi da ueWveli wesebiT
xelmZRvanelobis unars, mecnierebas rom uwodeben _ es ukanaskneli
Zalian cota adamians aqvs da isic mxolod viwro sferoSi, Tanac is
adamians Tandayolilad ar eZleva da arc sxva sagnebze dakvirve-
biT uviTardeba, rogorc, magaliTad _ keTilgoniereba, _ me adami-
anTa Soris kidev ufro metad vxedav Tanasworobas, vidre fizikuri
Ronis mxriv. keTilgoniereba sxva araferia, Tu ara gamocdileba,
rasac adamianebi Tanabar droSi Tanabrad moipoveben, Tu erTi da
imave saqmianobas ewevian. aseTi Tanasworobis danaxvas xels uSlis
mxolod gazviadebuli warmodgena sakuTar sibrZneze, rac TiTqmis
yvela adamians afiqrebinebs, viRac mdabioebze ufro brZeni varo
_ am mdabioebSi ki yvela Segvyavs, garda sakuTari Tavisa da im
ramdenime adamianisa, visac saxelisa Tu xSiri urTierTobis gamo
ufro metad vafasebT. kacis buneba iseTia, rom SeuZlia mravali
sxva masze gonebamaxvilad, mWevrmetyvelad an naswavlad aRiaros,
magram uWirs imis dajereba, rom bevri sxva masaviT gonieria. amis
mizezi isaa, rom sakuTar Wkuas uSualod aRviqvamT, sxvebisas ki
329
Soridan. es adasturebs, rom adamianebi am niSniT ufro Tanasworni
arian, vidre araTanasworni. ra unda iyos ukeTesi mowmoba raime
sikeTis Tanabrad ganawilebisa, Tu ara is, rom Tavisi wili yvelas
akmayofilebs.
unarebis Tanasworobidan miznebis miRwevis Tanabari imedic
gamomdinareobs. xolo amis gamo, Tu ori kaci moindomebs erTi da
imave sagans, romelsac orive erTad ver flobs, isini erTmaneTs
samtrod gadaekidebian. amgvarad, roca adamianebi miznis miRwevas
eswrafvian, rac upiratesad TviTgadarCena, xandaxan ki mxolod
siamovnebaa, isini amave dros erTamneTis ganadgurebas an damor-
Cilebas cdiloben. amasTan Tavdamsxmels SeuZlia ivaraudos, rom
mxolod adamianis winaaRmdegoba iqneba dasaZlevi, xolo is, vinc
raimes daTesavs, moimkis, aaSenebs an sasurvel nakveTs daepatrone-
ba, unda daelodos, rom sxvebi moemzadebian da erTad Tavs daesx-
mebian, raTa gaZarcvon da ara mxolod misi Sromis nayofi, aramed
sicocxle da Tavisufleba waarTvan. magram Tavdamsxmelic, Tavis
mxriv, aseTive safrTxes moelis.
aseTi urTierT SiSis pirobebSi saRad moazrovne kacs dacu-
lobis gancda ver eqneba, Tu ar Seecdeba ZaliT an xerxiT rac Sei-
Zleba meti sxva adamiani daimorCilos, sanam dammuqrebeli aravin
darCeba. aseTi qceva sakuTari Tavis dacvis aucileblobas ar cdeba
da sazogadod dasaSvebia. magram garda amisa, yovelTvis iqnebian
iseTnic, visac sxvebze gabatoneba sakuTari Zalis demonstrirebis
gamo siamovnebs, amitom isini ufro Sors midian am mxriv, vidre
maTi usafrTxoeba moiTxovs. amis gamo, is xalxic, vinc mzadaa mS-
vidad icxovros garkveuli sazRvrebis SigniT da ar surs, sxvisi
damorCilebiT gaifarToos Zalaufleba, didxans ver gaitans Tavs,
Tu mxolod Tavdacvas dasjerdeba. amitom, raki sxvebze batonobis
sferos gafarToeba aucilebelia adamianis TavdacvisaTvis, mas amis
ufleba unda hqondes.
kidev erTxel vityviT: kacTTavis sulac ar aris sasiamovno,
piriqiT, uamravi vaebis momtania, erTad icxovron iseTi Zalis gar-
eSe, romlis ridic yvelas eqneba. yvela moelis TanamoqalaqeTagan
iseT dafasebas, rogoric Tavisi azriT, ekuTvniT; xolo vinc sx-
vaTagan abuCad agdebas da upativcemulobas dainaxavs, bunebrivad
Seecdeba, Tu amas gabedavs (xolo iq, sadac ar arsebobs kacTa dam-
aokebeli saerTo Zalaufleba, erTmaneTis ganadgurebas araferi
uSliT), aiZulos sxvebi, meti pativiscemiT moepyran: zogs dasjis,
sxvebs ki amiT magaliTs aCvenebs.
ase rom, adamianis bunebaSi konfliqtis sam ZiriTad wyaros vpou-
lobT: pirvelia Sejibri, meore _ SiSi, mesame ki _ pativmoyvareoba.
330
pirveli ubiZgebs adamianis moxveWisaTvis, meore _ usafrTxoe-
bisaTvis, mesame ki _ saxelisaTvis daesxas Tavs sxvas. pirvel Sem-
TxvevaSi kaci Zaladobas iyenebs imisaTvis, rom sxva adamianebs, maT
col-Svilsa da naxirs daepatronos, meore SemTxvevaSi _ Tavis da-
sacavad; mesameSi, iseTi wvrilmanebisaTvis, rogoricaa sityva, Ri-
mili, gansxvavebuli azri, an upativcemulobis nebismieri gamoxat-
uleba, romelic an uSualod misi pirovnebisadmia mimarTuli, an
gaSualebulad exeba mis axloblebs, megobrebs, ers, amqars an gvars.
aqedan cxadia, rom, sanam adamianebs ara aqvT saerTo Zalaufle-
ba, romelic yvelas mowiwebis mdgomareobaSi amyofebs, isini omad
wodebul viTarebaSi arian da es aris omi yvela kacisa yvela sxva
kacis winaaRmdeg. rameTu omi ar aris mxolod brZolis an Serki-
nebis momenti, omi hqvia drois im monakveTs, rodesac sakmarisad
cxadia brZolis gziT dapirispirebis neba. maSasadame, dros cneba
iseve unda miviCnioT omis bunebis nawilad, rogorc amas amindis
SemTxvevaSi vakeTebT. rogorc avdars ar veZaxiT mxolod calkeul
JinJRls an Tqors, aramed ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi wvimian
aminds, aseve omis arsia ara mxolod brZola, aramed gamoxatuli
mzaoba brZolisaTvis mTeli im drois ganmavlobaSi, rodesac misgan
daculi ara varT. yvela sxva dros ki mSvidoba hqvia.
jon loki
(Locke John 1632-1704) _ ingliseli filosofosi da politikosi.
britanuli empirizmis fuZemdebeli. misi politikuri Sexedulebebi
inglisis revoluciis fonze Camoyalibda. loki adreuli liberal-
izmis erT-erT mTavar moazrovned iTvleba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
politikuri Sromebia: `mmarTvelobis ori traqtati~ (1690) da `wer-
ili tolerantobis Taobaze~ (1689).
ori traqtati samoqalaqo mmarTvelobaze
Tavi I
2. me mgoni, zedmeti ar iqneba, am mizniT Camovayalibo, ras vgu-

lisxmob politikur ZalauflebaSi, raTa SevZloT, qveSevrdomze
xelisuflebis Zalaufleba ganvasxvavoT mamis Zalauflebisagan
Svilebis mimarT, patronisa _ mosamsaxureebis, qmrisa _ colis da
batonis _ misi monebis mimarT. Zalauflebis yvela es gansxvavebuli
331
saxe xandaxan SeiZleba erTsa da imave adamianSi iyo Tavmoyrili. ma-
gram Tu mas am sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi SevxedavT, es SeiZleba dagvex-
maros kidec gavmijnoT Zalauflebis es saxeebi da davinaxoT, riT
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan saxlmwifos mmarTveli, ojaxis mama da
gemis kapitani.
3. politikur Zalauflebad ki vTvli kanonebis Seqmnis uflebas,
rac moicavs sikvdiliT dasjas da, masTan erTad, yvela ufro nak-
leb sasjels, rac emsaxureba sakuTrebis mowesrigebas da dacvas,
da sazogadoebis Zalis gamoyenebas am kanonebis aRsasruleblad da
saxelmwifos gare Tavdasxmisagan dasacavad. yovelive amis [gamoy-
eneba] mxolod sazogado sikeTisaTvis [unda xdebodes].
maqs veberi
(ax Weber 1884-1920) _ gamoCenili germaneli sociologi, filoso-
fosi da politologi. misma Sromebma epoqa Seqmnes socialur mec-
nierebaSi da humanitaruli codnis sferoSi. ZiriTadi naSromebia:
`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suliskveTeba~, msoflio
religiaTa sameurneo eTika.
xarizmuli batonoba
`xarizmad~ unda CaiTvalos pirovnebis uCveulod miCneuli

Tviseba, romlis wyalobiTac igi fasdeba zebunebrivi, zeadami-
anuri, sxva adamianebisaTvis miuRweveli, gansakuTrebuli ZalebiTa
da TaviseburebebiT dajildoebuli. `xarizmi~ ganixileba rogorc
RmerTis mier boZebuli, anda, rogorc nimuSi (Tavdapirvelad es
Tviseba ganpirobebulia magiurad da axasiaTebs rogorc winas-
warmatyvelebs, ise brZen _ mkurnalebs, kanonebis ganmmarteblebs,
monadireTa winamZRolebs, samxedro gmirebs). rac unda òbieqtu-
rad~ sworad iyos Sefasebuli Sesabamisi Tviseba eTikuri, esTeti-
kuri anda sxva TvalsazrisiT, abstraqtulad sruliad umniSvne-
loa. sayuradRebo erTia, rogor fasdeba igi faqtiurad `xarizmis~
xelqveiTebis _ `mimdevrebis~ mier.
faseuli msjelobebisagan Tavisufal sociologiaSi sruliad
erTnairad ganixileba `diadTa~ (gmirebis, winaswarmetyvelebis, mxs-
nelebis), aseve `berserkeris~6 xarizma. am ukanasknelis maniakalur gve-
mulobas, albaT usamarTlod, miawerdnen garkveuli Sxamebis gamoy-
6
berserkeri (norvegiulidan- berserkr) _ Zvelskandinaviuri raingi `Smagi meomari~, bor-
gneuli adamiani).
332
enebas. Sua saukuneebis bizantiaSi hyavdaT ramdenime Samani (magebi,
romelTac eqstazis winapirobad wminda saxiT iTvleba epileptoi-
duri Setevebis SesaZlebloba), dajildovebuli samxedro mZvinva-
rebis formiT gamoxatuli xarizmiT, romelic samxedro iaraRis
nairsaxeobad iTvleba. maT ricxvs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mormonTa
seqtis damfuZnebeli (romelic, rogorc etyoba, sinamdvileSi iyo
rafinirebuli), TaRliTi da sakuTar demagogiur warmatebaTa ty-
veobaSi myofi literatori, msgavsad kurt aisnerisa.
1. sakiTxis xarizmis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb wyvets xelqveiTTa
aRiareba _ Tavdapirvelad yovelTvis saswaulis meSveobiT. es mt-
kicebiTi dasabuTebadi Tavisufali aRiareba warmoSobilia zeST-
agonebisaken midrekilebiT, gmirebis TayvaniscemiT, beladebisadmi
sasoebiT. magram es aRiareba ar aris legitimurobis safuZveli.
igi im pirTa movaleobaa, vinc iZulebulia aRiaros, es Tviseba Ta-
visi adgilidan da motanili mtkicebidan gamomdinare fsiqologiu-
rad aseTi aRiareba warmoadgens rwmenaze dafuZnebul, mTlianad
pirovnul midrekilebas, warmoSobils aRfrTovanebiT anda gas-
aWiriT Tu imediT.
arc erTi winaswarmetyveli Tavis Tvisebas ar miiCnevs mis Ses-
axeb masalebi Sexedulebisagn damoukideblad, arc erTi gvirgvi-
nosani mefe an xarizmuli hercogi ar ganixilavda ukuqmedebas an
pasiurobas sxvagvarad, Tu ara, rogorc movaleobis sawinaaRmde-
gos: beladis mier formalur _ voluntaristulad organizebul
laSqrobaSi ar monawileoba gaqilikebulia mTels msoflioSi.
2. Tu dasabuTeba didxans ar Cans, es mowmobs imas, rom xarizmuli
wyalobiT dajildovebuli pirovneba mitovebulia Tavis RmerTis
mier an dakarga Tavisi magiuri Tu gmiruli Zala. Tu mas xangrZlivi
droiT Ralatobs warmateba da, upirveles yovlisa, Tu mis xelmZ-
Rvanelobas ar moaqvs xelqveiTaTvis keTilsasurveli Sedegi, ma-
Sin misi xarizmuli avtoriteti SeiZleba gaqres. amaSi mdgomareobs
xarizmuli `RvTaebrivi madlis~ namdvili sazrisi.
Zvelgermanel mefeTa Sorisac ki cnobilia `gankixculi~.
metwilad aseTi mdgomareobaa primitiul xalxebSic. CineTSi monar-
qis xarizmul klasifikacias imdenad absoluturad icavdnen, rom
nebismieri warumatebloba (ara marto omSi damarcxeba, aramed
agreTve gvalva, wyaldidoba, arasasiamovno astronomiuli movle-
nebi da a.S) safuZveli xdeboda misi sajarod dasjisa, zogierT Sem-
TxvevaSi ki taxtidan gadadgomisa; mas ar gaaCnia zeciuris boZe-
buli `saTnoebis~ xarizma (klasikurad gansazRvruli) da amitom ar
iyo `zecis~ legitimuri `Ze~.
3. gabatonebuli kavSiri _ emociuri erTobaa. xarizmuli li-
333
derebis mmarTveli Stabi _ es ar aris specialurad ganswavluli
`Cinovnikoba~. Stabi SeirCeva ara wodebrivi kuTvnilebis gaTval-
iswinebiT, ara warmoSobis an piradi daqvemdebarebis TvalsazrisiT,
igi SeirCeva xarizmuli niSnebiT `winaswarmetyvels~ Seesabamebian
`mowafeebi~ `meomar Tavads~ _ amala, saerTod `beladis~ _ ndobiT
aRWurvili adamianebi. ar arsebobs arc `kariera~, arc `winsvla~,
aramed mxolod xarizmuli Tvisebebis safuZvelze moniWebuli be-
ladi intuiciis Sesabamisi niWi. ar arsebobs araviTari ìerarqia~.
aris mxolod beladis Semweoba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamomJRavndeba
mmarTveli Stabis xarizmuli naklovaneba im amocanisaTvis, rom-
lis gadasawyvetadac igi aris mowodebuli. ar arsebobs ara marto
`samsaxurebrivi eparqia~ da `kompetencia~, aramed arc Tanamdebo-
brivi Zalauflebis apropriacia `privilegiebis~ meSveobiT. aris
(SeZlebisdagvarad) xarizmis adgilobrivi an sagnobrivi sazRvrebi
da `gamocxadeba~. ar aris araviTari `Sinaarsi~ da araviTari `Semo-
savali~. magram mowafeebi an mimdevrebi cxovroben (Tavdapirvelad)
mecenatebis xarjze, batonTan erTad siyvaruliT an amxanaguri ko-
munis wesiT. ar arsebobs araviTari mimagrebuli ùwyebebi~, mxolod
batonis davalebis mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi da sakuTari xarizmis
Sesatyvisi xarizmuli ndobis aRWurvili Sikrikebi ar arsebobs
araviTari reglamenti, ar aris aranairi samarTlebrivi forme-
bi, tradiciul precendentebze orientirebuli aranairi samarT-
lebrivi sibrZne da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi. Tavisi formiT
samarTali aqtualurad iqmneba SemTxvevidan SemTxvevamde, Tavda-
pirvelad RvTaebriv gamonaTqvamTa da zeSTagonebis Sesabamisad.
magram xarizmuli batonobis yvela formisaTvis arsebiTad mniS-
vneloba aqvs: aq dawerilia _ magram me Tqven geubnebiT~. namdvili
winaswrametyveli, agreTve WeSmariti samxedro winamZRoli, iseve
rogorc WeSmariti beladi sazogadod, auwyebs, qmnis, Txoulobs
axal mcnebebs _ xarizmis sawyisi azriT: zeSTagonebis winaswarm-
etyvelebis, STagonebis ZaliT anda ganaxlebis konkretuli ZaliT
anda ganaxlebis konkretuli nebis ZaliT, romelic rwmenis, iara-
Ris, partiuli Tu sxva erTobis TanamoazreTa mier aRiarebulia
an nebis mizezidan gamomdinared. aRiareba movaleobis Tanazomie-
ria. ramdenadac erT miTiTebas ar upirispirdeba xarizmuli mniS-
vnelobis mqone miTiTeba, arsebobs mxolod gadamwyveti brZola be-
ladisaTvis magiur saSualebaTa SemweobiT an (aucilebeli rogorc
movleoba) Temis aRiarebiT. am brZolaSi erT mxares gardauvalad
gamodis mxolod simarTle, meore mxares _ mxolod uciloblad
codviani sicrue.
xarizmuli batonoba, aris ra yoveldRiuri, mkveTrad upirisp-
334
irdeba rogorc racionalurs, gansakuTrebiT biurokratiuls, aseve
tradiciulad, gansakuTrebiT patriarqalursa da patriomonial-
urs an wodebrivs. ori ukanaskneli _ yoveldRiurobis specifikuri
formebia batonobaSi, WeSmaritad xarizmuli warmoadgens specifi-
kurad sapirispiros. biurokratiuli batonoba specifikurad
racionaluria diskusiurad analizebadi wesebis SekavSirebadobis
TvalsazrisiT, xarizmuli _ specialurad iracionaluria wesebisa-
gan gaucxoebulobis TvalsazrisiT, tradiciuli batonoba Sekru-
lia warsulis precendentiT, da amdenad wesebzea orientirebuli.
xarizmuli batonoba angrevs warsuls (Tavisi ares SigniT), da am
azriT igi specifikurad revoluciuria. man ar icis Zalauflebis
apropriacia arc saqonlis mesakuTreebis, arc wodebrivi Zalebis
flobis nimuSi, magram legitimuria igi mxolod imdenad da manamde,
vidre piradi xarizma `mniSvnelovani~ mtkicebis ZaliT, e.i. pou-
lobs aRiarebas da gamoiyeneba ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis, mowafee-
bis, mimdevrebis mier mxolod xarizmuli damtkicebadobis droiT.
saeWvoa naTqvami ganmartebas saWiroebdes. mniSvneloba aqvs
wminda `plebiscituri~ xarizmuli liderebisTvis (napoleonis `ge-
niis batonoba~, romelic plebeebs mefeebad da generlebad xdida),
zustad iseve rogorc winaswarmetyvelTa gmirebisaTvis.
(gv. 47-52)
Tbilisi, 1995
jon roulsi
(John Rawls 1921-2002) _ amerikeli politikuri filosofosi. misi
mTavari naSromia `samarTlianobis Teoria~ (1970), romelic meore
msoflio omis Semdgom politikuri filosofiis dargSi inglisur
enaze daweril SromaTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sromadaa miCneuli.
adreul naSromSi Camoyalibebulma universalisturma varaudebma
asaxva hpova mis naSromSi `politikuri liberalizmi~ (1993).
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebi da maTi prioritetebi

§1 samarTlianobis Tavdapirveli mizani
me msurs Camovayalibo ramdenime winaswari piroba, upirveles
yovlisa, samarTlianobis ori principi axla ase ikiTxeba:
yvela adamians aqvs Tanabari ufleba, hqondes ZiriTadi Tavi-
suflebebis sruli paketi, romelic SeuTavsebelia sxvebis Tavisu-
flebis aseTive paketTan;
socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworoba unda akmayofilebdes
335
or pirobas;
pirveli, is misadagebuli unda iqnas Tanamdebobisa da mdgo-
mareobebisaTvis, romlebic, sruli Tanasworobis pirobebSi, Ria
unda iyos yvelasaTvis; meore, is gamoyenebul unda iqnas sazoga-
doebis yvelaze ufro susti wevrebis sakeTildReod.
Semdegi winaswari piroba is aris, rom ZiriTadi Tavisuflebe-
bi, samarTlianobis pirveli principebis Sesabamisad, Semdegi kat-
egoriebisagan Sedgeba: sindisisa da azrovnebis Tavisufleba, poli-
tikuri Tavisuflebebi da asociaciis (gaerTianebis) Tavisufleba,
pirovnebis Tavisufleba da xelSeuxebloba da, bolos, uflebebi
da Tavisufleba, romlebic gamomdinareobs samarTlebrivi saxelm-
wifos principebisagan. am SemTxvevaSi, araviTari prioriteti ara
aqvs miniWebuli Tavisuflebas, rogorc aseTs, radgan araviTari
upiratesi Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia im movlenis ganxorcielebas, ra-
sac Tavisufleba hqvia miT umetes, rom igi ar aris politikuri da
socialuri samarTlianobis mTavari da erTaderTi mizani. rasak-
virvelia, arsebobs zogadi mosazreba, romelic krZalavs adamia-
nis qcevaze, sakmarisi mizezis gareSe, samarTlebrivi Tu sxva saxis
SezRudvebis dawesebas, magram es mosazreba ar iTvaliswinebs raime
gansakuTrebul prioritets Tavisuflebis erTi, romelime saxeo-
bisaTvis. amisda miuxedavad harti acxadebs, TiTqos me `TeoriaSi~
vamtkicebde, rom saWiroa prioriteti mivakuTvnoT Tavisuflebas,
rogorc aseTs. magram rogorc igi darwmunda, misi interpretacia
mTlad zusti ar aris. demokratiuli azrovnebis mTeli istoriis
ganmavlobaSi aqcenti mudam iyo gadatanili swored, raRac konkre-
tul Tavisuflebebisa da konstituciuri garantiebis mopovebaze,
rogorc amas vxedavT, magaliTad, sxvadasxva uflebaTa kanonpro-
eqtSi Tu adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciebSi. ZiriTadi Tavisufle-
bebis cneba swored am tradicias misdevs.
ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis sia ori gziT SeiZleba dadgindes,
pirveli maTgani istoriulia: demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis kon-
stituciebze dayrdnobiT, romlebsac guldasmiT SeviswavliT,
Cven SevadgenT im ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis sias, romelsac, Cveu-
lebriv, icaven xolme moqalaqeebi da, romlebis wyalobiTac xdeba
SesaZlebeli am konstruqciebis normaluri muSaoba. amgvar infor-
macias, romelic xelmisawvdomia CvenTvis, _ anu, TqvenTvisac da
CemTvisac, vinc vadgenT samarTlianobas, moklebulni arian sawyis
poziciaSi myofi mxareebi, amdenad am istoriulma gamocdilebam,
SeiZleba, didi gavlena iqonios samarTlianobis principebis Si-
naarsze, romelsac mxareebs, alternativebis saxiT, vawvdiT. meore
gzaa davadginoT, Tu, kerZod, romeli Tavisuflebebi warmoadgens
336
aucilebel socialur pirobas zneobivi pirobebis ganviTarebisa da
misi ori ZiriTadi Tvisebis, sruli masStabiT ganxorcielebisaTvis.
amiT, Cven erTmaneTTan vakavSirebT ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebisa da
pirovnebis koncefciebs, gaazrebuls samarTlianobis konteqstSi.
(gv. 241-243)
Tanamedrove politikuri
filosofiis anTologia
Tbilisi 1997 w.
337
nawili mexuTe. esTetika
platoni
nadimi
vinc erotiul misteriaTa am stadiamde amaRldeba, vinc Tanmim-

devrobiT gansWvrets mSvenierebis yvela safexurs, ziarebis zR-
vars miRweuli anazdeulad ixilavs gasaocar mSvenierebas, swored
mas, sokrate, risTvisac adre iRwvoda igi _ mSvenierebas maradi-
uls, xelTuqmnelsa da warudginebels, Tavisufals avsebisa da gan-
levisagan, saxiers Tavis yvela gamovlenaSi, yvela droSi, yvela
aspeqtSi, yoveli adgilisa da yoveli suldgmulisaTvis. mSveniere-
ba ar warsdgeba mis winaSe ama Tu im xatis, xelis, Tu sxeulis sxva
romelime nawilis, anda sityvisa Tu codnis saxiT, rac miiTvleba
mis mier rogorc calke ram fenomeni, meoreSi _ vTqvaT, romelime
suldgmulSi, miwaze, caSi Tu sxva rameSi _ gamovlenili; ara eg
iqneba mSveniereba TavisTavTan miwyiv erTsaxovani, TavisTavSi ar-
sebuli da TavisTavadi, romelTanac wilnayari yvela sxva konkre-
tuli mSveniereba ibadeba da kvdeba, maSin rodesac is arc ivseba
da arc ileva, arc sxva saxis cvlilebas ganicdis rasme. radgan
WeSmariti gza siyvarulisa, romelzec TviTon midis an moZRvars
misdevs, esaa gza mSvenier saganTagan umaRles mSvenierebaze Tan-
daTanobiT gadasvlisa da, TiTqos safexurebs mihyvebao kibisas,
erTi mSvenieri sxeulidan orze, oridan ki yvela mSvenier sxeulze
unda gadadiodes kaci, mSvenier sxeulTagan _ mSvenier saqmeebze,
mSvenier samqeTagan ki mSvenier moZRvrebebze, raTa amrigad ezi-
aros im moZRvrebas, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara moZRvreba
absoluturi mSvenierebis Sesaxeb da, bolos da bolos, Seicnos
TviT mSvenierebac. da Tu sicocxles rame azri aqvs, Cemo Zvirfaso
sokrate, am azrs absoluturi mSvenierebis Wvreta iZleva mxolod.
da Tu odesme ixilav mas, ra iqneba maSin SenTvis oqro, Zvirfasi
samoseli, ymawvilkacTa Tu yrmaTa mSveneba, romelTa xilvisas axla
ase imRvrevi Sen, da ara marto Sen, da mzada xar, rom SegeZlos,
xeli aiRo Wamazec, smazec, oRond ki gamudmebiT uWvretde Sens
saTayvanebel arsebas da gverdidan ar iSorebde mas.
ras vifiqrebdiT Cven, Tu vinme SesZlebda exila eg mSveniereba,
naTeli, wminda, Seuryvneli da Seurevneli, kacis xorciT, fere-
biTa da sxva xrwnadi garsiT SebRaluli ki ara, erTsaxovani, Rv-
Taebrivi mSveniereba; rogor ggonia fuWia gana sicocxle kacisa,
romelic cisken mimarTuli Tavisi mzeriT gamudmebiT uWvrets mag
338
mSvenierebas da wamiTac ar swydeba mas? gjera Tu ara Sen, rom is,
vinc mSvenierebas im organoTi uWvrets, romelsac erTaderTs Za-
luZs misi aRqma, mxolod aq SesZlebs moCvenebiTs ki ara, WeSmarit
saTnoebiT mianiWos sicocxle, radgan WeSmaritebasTan aqvs saqme
da ara moCvenebebTan. WeSmarit saTnoebebs rom Sobs da zrdis, igi
uflis keTilganwyobasac ixveWs da Tu erTi vinme mainc eziareba
ukvdavebas, eziarebas isic.
aristotele `poetika~
§1
epopea da tragedia, agreTve komedia, diTirambuli7 poezia da

avletikisa8 da kiTaristikis9 mometebuli nawili _ yvela eseni,
sazogadod mibaZvebi (μιμησεις) arian. ganirCevian ki isini erTmane-
Tisagan sami ramiT: sxvadasxva saSualebiT baZaven, sxvadasxva sagans
baZaven da sxvadasxvanairad baZaven. rogorc zogierTni10 asaxaven
mravals rasme, hqmnian ra ferebisa da figurebis saSualebiT ms-
gavs saxeebs da ostatobis (σέχνη) an Cvevis (συνήθεία), an bunebri-
vi niWis (φϋσις) meoxebiT, swored aseve aris xelovnebis xsenebul
dargebSic11. yvelani eseni baZaven ritmiT, sityviT da harmoniiT
_ an calke romelimeTi, an erTad. mxolod harmoniiT da ritmiT
sargebloben avletika, kiTaristika da SeiZleba salamurze dakvris
xelovneba. mxolod ritmiTa da harmoniis dauxmareblad baZavs mo-
cekvaveTa xelovneba12, vinaidan isini (mimsgavsebul) ritmul moZ-
raobaTa saSualebiT asaxaven xasiaTsac (ήθη) gancdasac (πάθη), da
7
diTirambi (διθιραμβος) ewodeboda saxotbo leqss, romelsac galobda xoro,
kiTari an fleitis akompanimentiT. mis SemoRebas berZnebi miaweren VII saukunis
korinTel poets arions.
8
avletika _ fleitaze (sasule instrumentze) dakvris xelovneba.
9
kiTaristika _ kiTaraze (e.i. simebian instrumentze dakvris xelovneba.
10
aq nagulisxmevi arian mxatvrebi da moqandakeebi, romleic asaxaven sagnebs
ferebisa da formebis saSualebiT.
11
es winadadeba, zogierTebis azriT, (Difour, Новосадский), interpolacias unda
warmoadgendes, radgan igi: 1) arRvevs azrTa Tanmimdevrobas, 2) Seicavs aris-
totelesaTvis uCveulo dapirispirebas ostatobasa da Cvevas Soris, 3) arRvevs
berZnuli gamoTqmis wesebs. magram vilhelms kristi ar xedavs aq interpola-
cias, da Cvens mas vemyarebiT.
12
nagulisxmevia orxestika an saRmrTo cekvaTa xelovneba.
339
qcevasac (πράξεις). sityvieri xelovneba (έποποιία) baZavs mxolod an
prozauli metyvelebiT, an leqsiT, xolo am ukanaskneliT sarge-
blobs ise, rom erT zomas aerTebs meore zomasTan, an zomaTa mar-
to erT saxes xmarobs. 140-141
§6
tragedia aris asaxva diadi (σπουδαίας) da dasrulebuli (τελείας)
moqmedebisa, romelsac garkveuli sidide aqvs, _ asaxva Semkobili
eniT (ήδυσμένω λόγω) sxvadasxva saxeebiT calk-calke sxvadasxva
nawilSi13, asaxva moqmedebiT da ara moTxrobiT, asaxva, romelic
Secodebisa (ĕλεος) da SiSis (φόβος) aRZvris saSualebiT amgvar vne-
baTagan (παθήματα) ganwmendas (κάθαρσις) aRwevs14. `Semkobil~ enas me
veZaxi iseT enas, romelsac aqvs ritmi, harmonia da metri, xolo
`misi sxvadasxva saxeebis~ qveS vgulisxmob imas, rom tragediis zo-
gierTi nawili sruldeba mxolod metrebiT, sxva nawili ki agreTve
galobiT. (gv.152-153)
aucilebelia, mTeli tragediis nawilebi iyos eqvsi, ris mixed-
viTac tragedias aqvs raime garkveuli buneba. es nawilebia ambavi,
xasiaTi, gansja, samzeri15, saTqmeli da sagalobeli. riTac baZaven16,
is ori nawilia; rogor baZaven17, is erTi nawilia; rasac baZaven18,
is sami nawilia. amaze meti ki araviTari nawili, ar aris. tragedi-
is poetTa Soris am saxeebiT19 sargebloben ara zogierTni, aramed,
SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelani. da amitom, yvela tragedias aqvs samzeric,
13
aq Znel adgils celeri (II, II, 783,3) ase ganmartavs: Semkobili enis~ saxeebia~
`saTqmeli~ (λεξις) da `sagalobeli~ (μελος), romlebic wesierad ganawilebuli
arian msaxiobebsa da xoros Soris: msaxiobTa dialogi aris `saTqmeli~, xoros
ki rCeba `sagalobeli)
14
tragediis zemoTmoyvanilma gansazRvrebam mravali uTanxmoeba warmoSva mec-
nierTa Soris. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia xangrZlivi dava imis gamo, Tu ro-
gor unda gavigoT am gansazRvrebis bolo nawili: δί ελεου χαί φορου περαίνουα την
τωο τοιούτών παθη ατων χαθαρσις es sityvebi Cven ase gadavTargmneT: `romelic
Secodebisa da SiSi aRZvris saSualebiT amgvar vnebaTagan ganwmendas iwvevs~.
magram igive winadadeba SeiZleba sxvagvarad gadaiTargmnos, vinaidan gamoTqmas
τωο παθηματωο χαθαρσις, rogorc amaze miuTiTeben celeri (II, 774,4) da ibervegi
(I, 423), SeiZleba hqondes ori sxvadasxvagvari mniSvneloba: a) `vnebaTagan gan-
wmenda~ da b) `vnebaTa ganwmenda~. Cvenis azriT, pirveli varianti ukeTesad
Seefereba aristoteles poetikis deda-azrs.
15
samzeris οψις qveS aristotele, rogorc Cans gulisxmobs yvelafers, rac
tragediis dros TvaliT dainaxeba. maSasadame aq mxolod scenis morTuloba
ki ar unda vigulisxmoT. celeri (II, 785,3) ganmartavs οψις sityvas ase: `äussere
Darstellung~, xolo bartelemi Targmnis mas ase: ` le Spectacle~
16 e.i. mibaZvis, an asaxvis saSualebebi.
17 e.i. mibaZvis an asaxvis xerxi.
18 e.i. mibaZvis, an asaxvis sagani.
19 e.i. am eqvsi zemoTCamoTvlili nawiliT.
340
xasiaTebic, ambavic, saTqmelic, sagalobelic (μέλος) da gansjac.
amaT Soris yvelaze umniSvnelovanesia moqmedebaTa sistema. trage-
dia xom aris asaxva ara adamianTa, aramed moqmedebisa da cxovrebisa
bednierebaSi da ubedurebaSi (χαχοδαιμονια), xolo bedniereba da ube-
dureba moqmedebaSia mocemuli, da Cveni mizanic aris raime moq-
medeba da ara uqmi Tviseba (ποιοτης). adamianebi, ama Tu im Tvisebis
mqoneni arian TavianTi xasiaTis gamo; moqmedebaTa gamo ki isini an
bednierni arian, an amis sawinaaRmdego. amitom, poetebi cdiloben
ara xasiaTebis asaxvas, aramed isini moqmedebaTa asaxvis saSualebi
Tan xasiaTsac iWeren xolme20. ase rom, moqmedebebi da ambavi _ ai,
ra aris mizani tragediisa, mizani ki yvelaferze ufro didia. garda
amisa, moqmedebis gareSe tragedia ver Seiqmneboda, xasiaTebis gar-
eSe ki Seiqmneboda. (gv.54-155)
§9
poetis saqmea Tqvas ara is, Tu ra moxda, aramed is, Tu ra mox-

deboda da ra aris albaTobisa da aucileblobis mixedviT SesaZle-
beli. istorikosi da poeti urTierTisagan ganirCevian ara imiT,
rom laparakoben leqsiT da proziT. istorikosi da poeti urT-
ierTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli laparakobs imis Ses-
axeb, rac moxda, meore ki laparakobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZle-
boda momxdariyo. amis gamo poezia ufro filosofiuria da ufro
mniSvnelovani, vidre istoria. poezias ufro metad mxedvelobaSi
aqvs zogadi (τά χαθόλου), istorias ki ufro metad mxedvelobaSi aqvs
calkeuli (χαθέχαστον).
zogadi, romelic poezias Tavisi gmirebisaTvis saxelebis micemis
drosac ki ukve miznad aqvs, is aris, rom warmoadginos, Tu romel
kacs rogori sityva an qceva Seefereba albaTobisa an aucileblobis
kanonis mixedviT. calkeuli ki, romelic istoriis sagans Seadgens,
isaa, Tu ra qna an ra ganicada (magaliTad) alkibiadem. (gv.161-162)
§15
rac Seexeba xasiaTebs, aris oTxi ram, rasac unda veswrafvodeT.
20
e.i. xasiaTis asasaxavad poetebis saSualeba aris moqmedebaTa asaxva. Tu mo-
qmedeba asaxulia, maSin xasiaTic asaxulia: hegeli ambobs, rom действие есть
«наиболее ясное разоблачение индивидума как в отношении его образа мыслей, так и
к его целей; то, что человек есть в глубочайшей основе своего быта осуществляется в
действительности лишь через его действие» (Шир. Енц. 8. кн. 808)
341
pirveli da mTavaria, rom xasiaTebi iyvnen patiosani (χρηστα),
kacs eqneba xasiaTi, rogorc iTqva maSin, Tu misi sityva an saqcieli
cxadyofs, rom igi raRacas irCevs. xolo patiosani xasiaTi eqneba
maSin, Tu misi sityva da saqcieli cxadyofen, rom igi irCevs patio-
sans. ukanaskneli SesaZlebelia yovel mdgomareobaSi: TviT deda-
kacic da monac ki SesaZlebelia iyvnen patiosani, Tumca pirveli
maT Soris uaresia (vidre mamakaci) da meore srulad glaxa aris.
meorea, rom xasiaTebi iyvnen Sesaferisi: atlantis21 xasiaTi aris
vaJkacuri, magram dedakacisaTvis Seuferebelia, rom igi iyos va-
Jkacuri, an saSineli.
mesamea, rom xasiaTi iyos msgavsi: es sxva aris, vidre patiosani
da Sesaferisi xasiaTis Seqmna, rogorc es naTqvami iyo.
meoTxea, rom xasiaTi iyos swori (όμαλόν). am SemTxvevaSic, rom
is kaci, romelic asaxvis sagans warmoadgens, iyos uswormasworo
(άνώμαλος) da xasiaTic mas aseTi hqondes, igi mainc sworad unda
iyos uswormasworo. (gv.174-175)
aristoteles poetikis winasityvaoba,
Targmani da komentarebi prof. s. daneliasi

(gv. 53-54)
aristoteles poetikis Sinaarsi mokled ase SeiZleba iqnas war-
modgenili: xelovneba ar aris filosofiis antagonuri, rogorc
amas platoni aswavlida. piriqiT, Tavisi bunebiT xelovneba enaTe-
saveba filosofias, vinaidan igi, winaaRmdeg platonis Sexedulebi-
sa, arc cnebebs abnelebs da arc zneobas ryvnis. xelovnebis aseT
gagebas aristotelem ori burji mounaxa: erTi iyo baZvis cneba
(μίμησις), xolo meore `ganwmendis~ cneba (χάθαρσις). es ori cneba
Seadgens aristoteles `poetikis~ dedaboZs. pirveli cneba gamoy-
enebuli hqonda platons, rogorc xelovnebis arsebiTi niSani. ma-
gram aristotelem gadaamuSava es cneba da aRmoaCina, rom baZva,
romelsac eweva yoveli xelovneba, aris tipizacia. rac Seexeba `gan-
wmendis~ an kaTarzisis cnebas, platonis esTetikuri Teoria am cne-
bas sruliad ar icnobda: platoni xmarobda termins `kaTarzisi~,
romelic mas, albaT, an medicinidan, an religiuri misteriebidan
hqonda gadmoRebuli, ara esTetikuri, aramed eTikuri mniSvnelo-
biT. kaTarzisi iyo platonisaTvis sulis zneobrivi ganwmenda, da am
funqcias asrulebda filosofia da ara xelovneba, romelic pla-
atalante aris miTologiuri dedakaci, romelic mamakacTa msgavsad, nadirobasa

21
da omebSi atarebda dros.

342
tonis moZRvrebaSi aramcTu emsaxureboda kaTarziss, aramed ewi-
naaRmdegeboda mas da aZevebda Tavisi asparezidan. platonis mier
xelovnebis gareSe datovebuli kaTarzisi aristotelem Seitana
xelovnebis wreSi, misca mas esTetikuri mniSvneloba da mtkiced
daukavSira baZvis cnebas, raTa eTqva, rom kaTarzisi, romelic xor-
cieldeba xelovnebaSi, Sedegia xelovnebis imave bunebisa, romelic
mJRavndeba baZvaSi, da rogorc (baZva), ise (kaTarzisi) amtkicebs
xelovnebis naTesaobas filosofiasTan. rogorc vxedavT, baZvisa da
kaTarzisis cneba aristetoles poetikaSi erTi da imave debulebis
funqcias wramoadgenen, saxeldobr im debulebisa, rom xelovneba
enaTesaveba filosofias da ar aris misi antagonuri, rogorc amas
platoni aswavlida. amrigad, platonis mier erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg
amxedrebuli filosofia da xelovneba aristotelem scada erTma-
neTTan Seerigebina, rogorc es sazogadod Seefereboda misi moZ-
Rvrebis sistemtursa da dialeqtikur xasiaTs.
(gv. 67)
mxatvruli baZva aris subieqtur moCvenebaSi CaZirva, rogorc
es platonis SexedulebiT amodioda. piriqiT, mxatvruli baZva aris
obieqturi codnisaken miswrafebis erT-erTi saxeoba, rac gansa-
kuTrebiT kargad Cans xelovnebis im dargSi, romelsac poezia Sead-
gens.
`poeziis Seqmna, _ wers aristotele Tavis `poetikaSi~ _ orma
mizezma ganapiroba, jer erTi, mibaZva Tandayolili aqvs kacs bavS-
vobidanve: da kacic amiT gansxvavdeba sxva cxovelebisagan, rom igi
yvelaze ufro wambaZavia da Tavis pirvel swavlas mibaZvis saSu-
alebiT iZens. garda amisa, mibaZva yovel kacs axarebs. amis sabu-
Tia is, rasac Cven ganvicdiT xolme xelovnebis qmnilebaTa winaSe.
rasac sinamdvileSi usiamovnod SevxedavdiT, imis zustad gakeTe-
bul suraTs (ειχώ) siamovnebiT vuqcerT, _ magaliTad, usaZaglesi
cxovelebisa da mkvdrebis suraTebs. amis mizezia is, rom swavlis
miReba Zalian saamoa ara mxolod filosofosisaTvis, aramed sx-
vebisTvisac oRond sxvebi amas cota dros andomeben. amitom kacs
uxaria, rodesac igi xedavs suraTebs, vinaidan, rodesac kaci uqce-
ris suraTebs, mas uxdeba swavlis SeZena da daskvnebis gakeTeba ima-
ze, Tu ra aris TiToeuli sagani, magaliTad: ài, es aris is~.
(gv. 133-134)
aristoteles Teoriis Tanaxmad, tragedia imiT aRwevs kaTarziss,
rom xatavs tipebs da am tipebis saSualebiT aviwyebinebs mayure-
bels mis empirias. oidiposebi, orestebi da egisTebi, iokastebi,
343
antigonebi da ifigeniebi imitom avseben mayureblis guls sibralu-
liTa da SiSiT da imitom iwveven mayureblis kaTarziss, rom isini
arian tipebi an zogadi mxatvruli saxeebi (mibaZvebi) da maTi tan-
jvac aris adamianuri tanjvis ganzogadebuli saxe an warmodgena.
oidiposis warmodgenil tanjvaSi adamians SeuZlia icnos Tavisi
tanjva da ifiqros gulSi: oidiposi aris Cemi Zma. kidev meti _ me
TviTon oidiposi var, vinaidan oidiposi aris adamiani, da mec xom
adamiani var, da yvelaferi, rac adamianuria, CemTvis ar aris ucxo~.
amrigad oidiposis cqeriT mayurebeli maRldeba Tavis Tavze, Ta-
vis empiriul, an kerZo `meobaze~ da erTvis zogad adamianobas an
kacobriobas. oidiposis cqeris dros mayurebeli grZnobs Tavs ara
izolirebul da Caketil velur da ubedur qmnilebad, aramed ka-
cobriobis wevrad, zogadi adamianobis movlenad, da es axarebs mas.
georg vilhelm fridrix hegeli
èsTetika~, tomi I
esTetikis Sesavali
èsTetika~, ufro zustad, aRniSnavs grZnobis, mgrZnobelobis
mecnierebas; da am azriT is, rogorc axali mecniereba, anu, ufro
swored rom vTqvaT, iseTi ram, rac pirvelad mxolod axla unda
qceuliyo filosofiur disciplinad, volfis skolidan warmoiSva
maSin, roca germaniaSi xelovnebis nawarmoebebs ganixilavdnen im
grZnobaTa mixedviT, romelnic maT unda gamoewviaT, magaliTad,
sasiamovnos, gakvirvebis, aRtacebis, SiSis, TanagrZnobis, da a.S.
am Seuferxebeli anu, ufro swored rom vTqvaT, zerele saxelwo-
debis gamo, zogierTma scada aRniSnuli mecniereba sxva saxeliT,
magaliTad, kalistikiT moenaTla. magram es ukanaskneli saxelwo-
debac aradamakmayofileblad gamoiyureba, radgan masSi nagulisx-
mevi mecniereba ganixilavs ara mSveniers saerTod, aramed mxolod
xelovnebis mSveniers. amis gamo Cven gvsurs saxelwodeba èsTeti-
ka~ davtovoT, radgan igi, rogorc marto saxelwodeba, CvenTvis
sulerTia da, garda amisa, jerjerobiT Cveulebriv saerTo enaSi
gadasulia ise, rom saxelis saxiT SeiZleba SevinarCunoT. xolo
gansakuTrebiT zusti gamoTqma Cveni mecnierebisaTvis `xelovnebis
filosofiaa~, ufro garkveviT ki `kazmuli xelovnebis filosofia~.
(gv. 7)
344
xelovnebis WeSmariti cnebis
istoriuli deduqcia
xelovnebis cnebas misi Sinagani aucileblobiT rom CavwvdeT,

unda gamovideT im Tvalsazrisidan, romelSic gadawyvetilebas
hpovebs xelovnebis refleqsiiT ganxilva. swored am Tvalsazri-
sidan amovida istoriulad xelovnebis WeSmariti pativiscema da
Semecneba. radgan aRniSnuli dapirispireba Tavs iCenda ara marto
sayovelTao, refleqsiaze damyarebul kulturaSi, aramed TviT fi-
losofiaSic, rogorc aseTSi, da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac filoso-
fiam SeZlo am dapirispirebulobis daZleva, amis Semdeg Caswvda igi
Tavis sakuTar cnebas da swored amis saSualebiT _ agreTve TviT
bunebisa da xelovnebis cnebasac.
amrigad, es Tvalsazrisi kvlav aRorZinebaa rogorc filoso-
fiisa sazogadod, ise xelovnebis mecnierebisa. swored am aRorZine-
bas unda umadlodes esTetika, rogorc mecniereba, misi namdvili
warmoSobisaTvis, xelovneba ki _ Tavisi maRali dafasebisa da aRi-
arebisaTvis.
artur Sopenhaueri germaneli filosofosi. daibada 22 Teber-

vals dancigSi, gardaicvala 1860 wels mainis frankfurtSi. iTvleba
iraconaluri filosofiis erTerT mniSvnelovan warmomadgenelad.
ZiriTadi Sromaa: `samyaro rogorc neba da warmodgena“
mSvenieris metafizika
mSvenieris metafizikis cnebis Sesaxeb
zogadgasagebi saxeliT `mSvenieris metafizika~ sinamdvileSi

vgulisxmob moZRvrebas warmodgenis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac igi ar mi-
hyveba sakmarisi safuZvlis princips (Satz vom Grund) da misgan
damoukidebelia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vgulisxmobT moZRvre-
bas ideebis wvdomis Sesaxeb (uffassung der Ideen), romlebic swored
xelovnebis obieqti arian.
is, rasac aq ganvixilav, aris ara esTetika, aramed mSvenieris
metafizika. aqedan gamomdinare, gTxovT, nu eliT Cemgan, vTqvaT,
xelovnebis calkeuli dargebis teqnikis normebis gadmocemas.
aqac, iseve, rogorc logikaSi, an, kidev Semdgom, eTikaSi, Cveni
TvalTaxedva ar aris mimarTuli praqtikulisken raRacis qmnis an
raRaca daxelovnebis gamoyenebis saxiT, aramed Cven aqac da iqac
vfilosofosobT, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vmoqmedebT wminda
345
Teoriulad. esTetika iseTive mimarTebaSia mSvenieris metafizikas-
Tan, rogorSic fizika bunebis metafizikasTan. esTetika gvaswavlis
im gzebs, romlebzec miiRweva mSvenieris zemoqmedeba, igi aZlevs
xelovnebis dargebs normebs, romelTa mixedviTac maT (xelovnebis
dargebma, mTg.) unda Seqmnan mSvenieri. mSvenieris metafizika ki
ikvlevs mSvenieris Sinagan arsebas (Wesen), rogorc subieqtTan
damokidebulebaSi, romelic mSveniers SeigrZnobs, aseve obieqtTan
damokidebulebaSi, romelic mSvenieris am SegrZnebas aRZravs. amida
Sesabamisad, Cven aq gamovikvlevT imas, Tu ras warmoadgens mSven-
ieri TavisTavad, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu ra xdeba CvenSi,
roca mSvenieri gvaRelvebs da gvaxarebs. kidev, vinaidan am gancdis
aRZvra im zemoqmedebas warmoadgens, romelic miznad aqvs gaTval-
iswinebuli xelovnebis yvela dargs, Cven vapirebT imis gamokvlevas,
Tu ra aris xelovnebis yvela dargis saerTo mizani, saerTod xe-
lovnebis daniSnuleba (Zweck), da bolos imis gamokvlevasac vapir-
ebT, Tu rogor aRwevs xelovnebis yoveli calkeuli dargi zemoT
aRniSnul mizans Tavis sakuTar gzaze.
martin haidegeri
dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa
xelovnebaa dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebis da xelovanisa, da-

sabami arsebis is warmomavlobaa, raSic myofobs yofiereba yofi-
erisa. ra aris xelovneba? xelovnebis arsebas Cven veZebT namdvil
qmnilebaSi. qmnilebis sinamdvile iqidan ganisazRvra, raic qmnile-
baSi qmnila, WeSmaritebis xdomilebidan. am xdomilebas Cven gaviaz-
rebT, viTarca samyarosa da miwas Soris davis gadavebas. am gadav-
ebis Segubebul ZraobaSi simSvide myofobs. mas efuZneba qmnilebis
davaneba Tavis TavSi.
xelovneba esaa, qmnileba-Si dadgineba WeSmaritebisa. es debule-
ba farulad Seicavs orazrovnebas, romlis kvaladac WeSmariteba
aris winadadebis subieqtica da obieqtic. magram subieqti da obieq-
ti Seusabamo saxelwodebania. isini aferxeben TviT am orazrovnebis
gaazrebas, Sesrulebas im amocanisas, risi Semdgomi ganxilvis ad-
gilic iq aRar aris. xelovneba aris wilxvedri da viTarca wilx-
vedrili, igia mqmneli Senaxva WeSmaritebisa qmnilebaSi. xelovneba
xdeba viTarda Txzva. Txzva damkvidrebaa miZRvnis, dafuZnebis da
dasawyisis samkeci mniSvnelobiT.
xelovneba, viTarca damkvidreba arsobrivad wilxvedrilia. es
346
ar niSnavs mxolodimas, rom xelovneba xvedris mqonea zedapiru-
li mniSvnelobiT, rom droTa cvalebaSi igi mravali sxva movlenis
gverdiT arsebobs, icvleba, iRupeba da istorias nairfrad evline-
ba; aramed xelovneba Tavadaa xvedri im azriT, rom igi afuZnebs mas
swored im gagebiT, romelzec ukve mivuTiTeT.
xelovneba dawyebaa WeSmaritebisa. igi, viTarca damamkvidrebeli
Senaxva, qmnilebaSi amoiyvans WeSmaritebsa yofierisas. sityva da-
sabami swored raRacis dawyebas, arsobrivi warmomavlobidan dama-
mkvidrebeli `zeSTaSesvliT~ misTvis yofnis miniWebas moaswavebs.
xelovnebaa dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa, masTan erTad ki
Semoqmedisa da Semnaxvelis, agreTve xalxis wilxvedrili arsebo-
bisa da es asea, radgan Tavisi arsebiT xelovneba sxva araferia,
Tu ara pirvelqmnili anu gamorCeuli saxeoba imisa, rogorac WeS-
mariteba yofieri, gina wilxvedrili xdeba.
Cven davayeneT SekiTxva xelovnebis arsebaze. magram rad davay-
eneT es sakiTxi? imad, raTa SeviZloT dasma ufro Tavdapirveli
SekiTxvisa, aris Tu ara xelovneba dasabami Cvens wilxvedril arse-
bobaSi, ZaluZs Tu ara mas dRes, iyos dasabami, Tuki ZaluZs da jer
ars kidec, raTa igi iyos aseTi, maSin ra da ra pirobebia saWiro
saamisod.
amgvar dafiqrebas ar ZaluZs, erTi xelis dakvriT moipovos xe-
lovneba da misi qmnadoba. magram es fiqriani codna aris windawin-
iTi da amitom aucilebeli samzadisi xelovnebis qmnadobisaTvis.
mxoloddamxolod aseTi codna umzadebs qmnilebas asparezs, Semo-
qmeds gzas, xolo Semnaxvels _ adgilismyofels.
Targmani giorgi baramiZisa
347
irakli braWuli, anastasia zaqariaZe, valerian ramiSvili,
demur jalaRonia
fi los o f iis
Se s av a l i
gamomcemloba `meridiani~ Tbilisi 2010
garekanis dizaini daviT kutubiZe teq. redaqtori daviT gogliZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa Tea TaTeSvili
gamomcemloba `meridiani~, al. yazbegis gamz. #47

_ mail: info@meridianpub.com  39-15-22
348

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

irakli braWuli (nawili I, II _ Tavi I, nawili VI)

`filosofiis Sesavali~ gaTvaliswinebulia, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo iv.

redaqtori: revaz balanCivaZe

recenzentebi: mamuka doliZe

© i. braWuli, a.zaqariaZe, v. ramiSvili, d. jalaRonia.

ISBN 978-9941-25-122-1 (meoTxe gamocema)

nawili meore. metafizika: yofiereba da Semecnebis

nawili mesame. ena da logika ......................................................... 108

nawili meoTxe. eTika ....................................................................... 144

nawili mexuTe politikuri filosofia ................................... 187

nawili meeqvse. esTetika ................................................................ 239

Tavi II. esTetikuri gemovneba da esTetikuri Rirebuleba ................ 246

Tavi III. mxatvruli teqstis hermenevtika................................................... 254

eTika ..................................................................................................... 308

politikuri filosofia................................................................. 320

esTetika .............................................................................................. 338

profesor rismag gordezians, akademiuri mxardaWerisaTvis, fa-

ratom daiwera es wigni? imitom, rom dagexmaroT filoso-

mkiTxvelisadmi, romelsac adre filosofiaze araviTari

`filosofiis Sesavlis~ amocana ver iqneba mxolod dargis

saqarTvelos integrireba dasavlur saganmanaTleblo sivrce-

`filosofiis Sesavali~ ar unda iyos im moZRvrebaSi Sesavali,

§1. erTi sityva `filosofia~

ra aris filosofia? am sakiTxis Semswavlel sagans metafiloso-

`me sityvasa erTsa gkadreb platonisagan swavla Tqmulsa~

maSasadame Cven, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~ mkiTxvelebs da

 Cvens mier wakiTxuli `diadi wignebi~, romlebSic laparakia

aseT gamocdilebas uSualod ukavSirdeba samyarosa da Tvi-

cxovrebaSic da wignebSic gvixdeba Sexvedra sityva `filoso-

§2. Cven damwyebi filosofosni

`bunebiT yvela adamiani Semecnebisaken iswrafvis.~

§3. filosofiis sami asaki

Cven ukve gavecaniT, ase vTqvaT, filosofiis dabadebis mowmo-

arc erTi epoqa ar aris mxolod kargi an mxolod cudi. yvelas

filosofia rogorc preTeologia

dasavluri da aRmosavluri sibrZnis skolebi

§2. saswavlo sagnebi

filosofiis Semadgeneli nawilebi

eTika da aTi mcneba

logika da mola nasredini

filosofiis Semadgeneli sxva nawilebi

roca `filosofiis Sesavlis~ Seswavlas viwyebT saWiro xdeba

§1. filosofia da misi mtrebi

filosofias, rogorc azrovnebis gansakuTrebul wess, hyavs Ta-

§2. mefe liri moxucTa TavSesafarSi

filosofosis profesia, avad Tu kargad, jer kidev arsebobs.

§3. sokrates gamoZaxeba

XX saukune iwureboda, rodesac sapatriarqo sasaxleSi miiwvies

maradiuli siWabukis eleqsiri

filosofiuri diskursis matrica

rac filosofiis Sesaxeb SevityveT, SeiZleba ase SevajamoT:

moirgeT filosofosis roli, imsjeleT:

§1 metafizika rogorc amocana da rogorc mecniereba

mTavari metafizikuri kiTxvebia:

idea da `nivTi TavisTavad~

sazrisi: ontologiis axali gzebi

moirgeT filosofosis roli, imsjeleT:

 SeadareT platonis `idea~ da kantis `nivTi TavisTavad~.

filosofosebi mudam kamaTobdnen imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu

yvelaze ukeTesi samyaro

SeuzRudavi da SezRuduli determinizmi

garkveuli azriT, filosofiis yvela centraluri problema

moirgeT filosofosis roli, imsjeleT: