Health and safety

Contents
Part 1:...............................................................................................................................................4

Task 1:.........................................................................................................................................4

TASK 2........................................................................................................................................5

a. Safety considerations...........................................................................................................5

b. Excessive reporting of hazards............................................................................................6

TASK 3........................................................................................................................................7

a. Integrity and dedication.......................................................................................................7

b. Planned Parenthood.............................................................................................................8

c. Implementation and use.......................................................................................................8

TASK 4......................................................................................................................................10

TASK 5......................................................................................................................................11

a. Absence of oversight..........................................................................................................12

b. Workplace stress and psychological risks.........................................................................12

TASK 6......................................................................................................................................12

TASK 7......................................................................................................................................13

Part 2..............................................................................................................................................13

Activity 1:..................................................................................................................................13

Activity 2:..................................................................................................................................14

Measurement systems for health and safety can take a variety of shapes or elements..............15
 Policy.....................................................................................................................................15

Organizing.............................................................................................................................15

Activity 3:..................................................................................................................................16

Strength:...............................................................................................................................16

Weakness:..............................................................................................................................16

Activity 4:..................................................................................................................................20

a)............................................................................................................................................20

b)............................................................................................................................................21

People....................................................................................................................................26

c)............................................................................................................................................26

d)............................................................................................................................................27

Part 3..............................................................................................................................................27

Task 1.........................................................................................................................................27

a)............................................................................................................................................27

b)............................................................................................................................................28

Task 2).......................................................................................................................................29

a)............................................................................................................................................29

b)............................................................................................................................................31

Part 4: Research report:.................................................................................................................34

Executive summary...................................................................................................................34
Introduction:..............................................................................................................................36

Justification for selection of three pitfalls:................................................................................38

Think about hazards that create risks and take into account the total risk to the environment

...............................................................................................................................................38

Incorporating Hierarchy of Controls with Risk-Based Prioritization:...................................39

Types of pitfalls:...................................................................................................................39

To avoid possible pitfalls, the following steps are taken:.................................................39

Conclusion.................................................................................................................................43

References..................................................................................................................................45
Part 1:

Task 1:

Safety and health surveillance in the workplace, 1981: 155 It therefore applies to all forms of

economic activity. A Member who approves this proposal may exclude specific sectors of the

economy like maritime shipping or fishing that generate particular, fundamental concerns from

its application after speaking with the relevant representative groups of employers and

employees as soon as practicable. This is the series' 19th item. For a more in-depth discussion of

Article 19, see the section below:

Employees work with their employer to ensure that their obligations are met as they carry out

their job duties; Workers' leaders who collaborate with an employer on occupational safety and

health measures; representative organizations are provided with adequate information about

measures taken by the employer to ensure occupational health and safety, and can consult with

their representative organizations o Technical advisors from outside the company can be brought

in on a mutually agreed-upon basis for this reason.

Workers must notify their immediate supervisors of any instances in which they believe their

health or safety is in imminent or serious threat. Workers cannot be required to return to a

workplace if they believe they are in constant, urgent, and serious danger to their life or health

until the employer has taken corrective action, if necessary.

A workers have the right to inform his immediate boss of any situation where he has reasonable

cause to believe that his life or health is in danger, according to this article, and an employer
must provide adequate information on the measures taken by the employer to ensure

occupational safety. In addition to article 19, we were asked to mention recommendation 16.

R164 has the following characteristics that we know:

Recommendation 164 - occupational safety and health recommendations for the year 1981 (no.

164)

To ensure that workers—Take rational care for their own safety as well as the safety of those that

might be harmed by their actions or omissions at work—the arrangements in Article 19 of the

SOON should aim to ensure that workers—Comply with instructions given with their own safety

and health, as well as others', and safety and health procedures; adhere to

Taking reasonable care of one's own safety and reporting any work-related accidents or injuries

is encouraged by this advice. They need to.

TASK 2

a. Safety considerations

Senior management regularly and consistently promotes company safety values in companies

with effective safety cultures.

Engagement, on the other hand, Tours, visits, conversations with employees, and Behaviour-

Based Safety (BBS) programs for senior management. It's no secret that BBS is an essential part

of any safety management system. Programs that monitor adherence to established safe work

methods (Sis) and employee behavior in the workplace are what these are called. In addition to

being a crucial part of health and safety legislation, supervision by management also makes good

sense from an ethical standpoint when integrating a BBS.

As a result, you must provide proof of the management team's safety interactions and

observations of staff performance. For example, some organizations require that managers and

supervisors attend a formal task/behavior observation KI meeting in order to assist in

demonstrating adequate supervision, as required by law.

If properly implemented, a good task observation process can be used as a positive reinforcement

process rather than an additional policy for staff behaviour. To better understand the challenges

faced by employees, it can be used to discuss their concerns about the workplace, procedures,

hazards, and management in general. The goal of such a programme should be to reinforce

positive employee behaviour.

b. Excessive reporting of hazards

One of the clearest markers of a solid safety culture is the presence of Employees' high levels of

faith in the safety system, according to hazardous reporting, imply that management will respond

appropriately if something goes wrong. When staff are properly trained and understand the need

of sHS danger identification prior to an occurrence, this occurs. It is stated in IS 45001 that

management must, among other things, "eliminate any hurdles" in the way of a more effective

hazard reporting system, such as complicated IT systems or a lack of feedback on the status of

associated corrective activities (for example). It is much easier to build and maintain a strong

safety culture when employees are confident in reporting issues, believe the reporting process is

beneficial, and see changes.

Important Indicators of Health and Safety Management

 There is zero certainty.

  Adhere to prevention against any major incident, minor incident, and incident inside a

specific control area.

 Scenarios & incidents are reported/logged promptly so that investigations can be

conducted.

 Protection and coverage against vulnerability/disability/loss of earning potential.

 Whоlesome compensation and insurance coverage for all employees.

TASK 3

In the organization, a safety and health management system

When we talk about a safety and health management system, we're referring to the part of the

organization's administration that deals with:

A company's health and safety work organisation and policy, as well as the practises, procedures,

and resources necessary to develop and implement an organization's occupational safety and

health policy, as well as to review and maintain it.

All components of a worker's occupational health and safety organisation must be covered for

the system to be effective. One of the most important aspects of a successful health and safety

management system is:

a. Integrity and dedication

It is the responsibility of the workplace to prepare an occupational health and safety policy

programme in accordance with Section 20 of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act of

2005. Effective safety and health policies should establish a clear course for the organisation. In

all aspects of business performance, they will contribute as part of a demonstrable commitment

to continuous improvement Individual and workplace responsibilities will be handled in

accordance with the spirit and letter of the law. Reducing financial losses and liabilities will be

easier with the most efficient approaches to reserving and developing human resources and

physical resources. The expectations of stockholders can be realised in a broader context,

whether they are shareholders, employees or their representatives, customers or the general

public.

b. Planned Parenthood

When it comes to safety and health, the workplace should establish a plan according to the

Safety Statement. This policy should be delivered with effective management structure and

arrangements. All managers and employees should have safety and health objectives and targets

set for them.

c. Implementation and use

In order for safety and health policies, objectives, and targets to be achieved, organisations must

establish the appropriate capabilities and support mechanisms. Everyone in the company should

be encouraged and enabled to operate in a safe and healthy manner, not merely to avoid

accidents. These are some examples of arrangements that need to be made, for instance:

Through appropriate consultation, usage of safety committees and the safety representation

system, as well as effective communication with promotion of cooperation all staff members can

make a meaningful contribution to health-and-safety efforts, underpinned by effective staff

participation.

There should be a methodical approach to the implementation of the safety and health policy,

with a well-defined structure in place to oversee it. The objective is to minimise the dangers as

much as possible. Risk assessment methods should be used to determine priorities and set
objectives for the elimination of hazards and the reduction of risks. They. When selecting and

designing buildings, equipment, and procedures, avoidance of risks should be the goal. The

deployment of physical controls and safe work systems or, as a last resort, the provision of safety

engineering should be used to minimise hazards that cannot be removed (SE). Formal standards

for evaluating success should be established, and they should be put in place. Specific measures

should be taken to develop a positive safety and health culture. Everyone should share the

organization's health and safety vision, beliefs, and attitudes. A healthy safety and health culture

is fostered through the verifiable and active leadership of senior management.

Any project's measurement of performance is critical.

Assessing your organization's safety and health performance is essential as a business. In order to

discover areas that require improvement, the performance of a service can be measured against

preset standards. Systematically monitoring the safety and health management system indicates

its effectiveness. One of the most important aspects of self-monitoring is that it analyses both

physical and process components (such as individual behaviour and performance). To find out

why controls failed, reactive monitoring should investigate accidents, illnesses, or occurrences

that could have caused harm or loss as a result. This is what active and responsive monitoring is

aiming to achieve: the root reasons of poor performance must be identified in order to determine

if there are any safety and health management system design and operating consequences.

Keeping track of and assessing results

So that total safety and health performance is improved on a continuous basis, this organization

should regularly analyses and enhance its health management system. In order for the

organization to learn from relevant experience, it must implement what it has learnt. Using data

from monitoring and independent audits, an overall review of the company's safety and health
management system should be carried out. These lay the groundwork for the organization to

meet its commitments under the 2005 Act, as well as other provisions of the Constitution. A

commitment to continual improvement, including the development of risk management policies,

procedures, and frameworks is required for effective risk management. The following factors

should be considered when assessing a service's efficacy:

External comparison with the results and best practises of the company's human resources sector

and internal references to key performance metrics. Comparative evaluation

A company's safety and health performance is now reported in its annual report, as are its duties

in regard to the preparation and implementation of its Safety Statements, on how effectively the

company has prepared and implemented. It's also worth noting that Section 80 of the 2005 Act

on the "Liability of Directors and Officers of Undertaken" gives employers much more

responsibility. They must be able to demonstrate that they have taken steps to ensure the health

and safety of their workers. Data obtained throughout the ‘scrutinizing and reviewing

performance' process should be used for these goals, according to the experts.

TASK 4

As a result, securing the scene of the accident will aid law enforcement agencies in investigating

the scene to ascertain the cause of action and gather evidence.

 It's possible for the law enforcement agencies to charge a company with trespassing if

they discover that several activities were carried out after the time of the accident and

without regard for safety

 Organization shall arrange for specialized and appropriate training for all workers and a

general training for safety and security situations, along with the actions that employees
 should take when placed in potentially hazardous circumstances These would assist

workers in performing their duties in a safe manner and make them more aware of their

responsibilities and duties while on the job.

TASK 5

Human factors are organizational, career, and people-related factors that influence work

behavior. As has been demonstrated numerous times, human factors have a role in workplace

accidents. After the fact, it's easy to see how many factors contributed to the incident. The

investigation becomes more difficult when we try to figure out why some people acted in a

certain way. The person who was most personally involved in the incident is the one who faces

criminal charges. A human factor approach allows us to uncover several other fundamental

factors that influenced people's decisions. A bad design, poor maintenance, organizational

attitudes toward health and safety, a lack of clear visible leadership, insufficient training or

supervision, inadequate job preparation, or organizational attitude and capability are all

examples.

People differ in many ways, including how they think, how they feel, how aware they are, and

what they are capable of. People's character traits like captivity and experience have a dynamic

impact on their behavior. Personality is one type of trait that is harder to change than abilities and

attitudes.

When it comes to job design, equipment, and detail considerations, each individual's strengths

and weaknesses should be considered. The necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities must be

possessed by individuals in order to carry out their jobs efficiently and satisfactorily additionally,

in order for them to operate safely, they must have the correct attitudes and be aware of the

dangers.
Another crucial factor is ensuring that the workspace is ergonomically designed to aid rather than

hinder the productivity of the people who work there. In hiring or changing jobs, it's a good idea

to examine whether any workplace changes reduce the likelihood of human error, accident or

illness while increasing their performance or productivity.

This human factor had a negative impact on the injured worker's behavior since it was:

a. Absence of oversight

 The store manager, shift manager, and experienced workers lacked authority and

responsibility attitudes.

 Overwhelming work load Lack of experience

 Absence of attention (the component fault was not repaired on an urgent basis, and

information about the issue was not properly circulated)

 Disregarding safety procedures is a bad idea.

Employees were not provided with adequate training to operate machinery and manage failures

such as negligence, ignorance, and other attitudes that might adversely affect work performance.

b. Workplace stress and psychological risks

In this particular instance, it appears that employee safety was not taken into account

consciously, and the store manager believed that avoiding their safety was normal and wouldn't

result in any negative outcomes or accidents. The situation can be handled incorrectly by

ignoring it if something happens.

TASK 6

a) The risk matrix isn't present in the scenario under consideration. Please ask a new question

and include the risk matrix in the body of the message. We'll get back to you as soon as possible

with an answer from one of our specialists.

b) Cost= $ 185217

Profit margin: 5%

Formula: (cost*profit margin) + profit margin

Revenue= 194477.85

TASK 7

There are two financial arguments in favor of making health and safety enhancements for

employees and customers. The advantages far outweigh the costs. If healthful personnel and a

safe working environment are credited with increasing productivity, output, and employee

longevity, then the benefits accrue to the company. The monetary advantages much outweigh the

expenses. However, if these changes aren't made, workers run the risk of getting hurt, sick, or

even dying while at work. As an employer, the company is now responsible for paying all

remuneration and facing any regulatory action. It will be far more expensive than simply making

improvements. Using marginal revenue and marginal cost as a foundation, the second financial

argument may be made. Increased output and lower breakdown mean that the marginal revenue

from making improvements exceeds the marginal cost of bringing them about. Store managers

should therefore strive to make the store a healthier and safer place to work.
Part 2

Activity 1:

I am a highly driven and skilled individual with a strong desire to provide high-quality care to

others while also attempting to improve their physical and emotional health and well-being.

With my education and work experience in the healthcare field, I believe I am qualified to help

those who are most in need. In addition, I am confident in my abilities to deal with children,

people with physical or learning disabilities, and the elderly, as well as the relatives and

caregivers of these individuals. For this reason, I believe that I could easily relate to people from

a variety of backgrounds, not only because of my general academic knowledge and

understanding, but also because of my caring nature and my personal experiences from working

abroad as a health care assistant voluntarily. It is not a problem for me to work at nursing homes

or hospitals or at odd hours. I'm searching for a position that challenges me while also providing

me with the opportunity to learn and grow in a career in care while working with a helpful and

welcoming group of people. My parents didn't exert any direct influence on my decision,

although they may have done so in an indirect manner due to the fact that they are both

employed in the medical sector. My mother works as a newborn intensive care unit registered

nurse at Queen of the Valley Hospital at the moment, and she's a wonderful person. My father is

a physical therapist and massage therapist who works in a clinic. There have been a lot of

anecdotes told to me over the years that don't come from the patients' perspective. My parents

would explain how making a difference in someone else's well-being benefits you personally.

My decision to major in nursing was influenced by a variety of things. I've always been an

extrovert and friendly person. The job of a nurse will never be jeopardized, and the hospital's

hours will never come to an end. In addition, this is a well-paying profession. Consider the
possibility that you'll be fortunate enough to have the capacity and knowledge to aid someone in

need. I eagerly await the day when I can put the knowledge I've worked so hard to acquire to

good use. Personally, I believe it's critical to improve interpersonal skills among coworkers.

Activity 2:

Performing health and safety measurements and evaluations is essential for every business since

it can benefit the organization in a number of ways, as listed below:

 A framework and important guidance will be provided to the organization in order to

establish better health and safety conditions in the company.

 Again, the organization can eliminate various safety-related issues as appropriate. People

can be well trained so that they can control health and safety conditions and eliminate varied

uncertainty about health and safety conditions.

 With such health and safety measurement and evaluation, companies can increase

sustainability and improve many health and injury statistics.

 Companies can examine a variety of input factors, which have a high level of

contribution to health and safety performance and generate various hazardous situations.

Organizations can look at these input factors.

Measurement systems for health and safety can take a variety of shapes or elements.

Policy

An effective health and safety monitoring programme must clearly define the reasons for the

system's implementation as well as the essential practises it will address. The policy should

specify the implementation date as well as its validity and review process, and make sure that the

health and safety monitoring program's measurement system is correctly established.

Organizing

As a result of the health and safety measurement system, the organisation will be able to better

organise and control health and safety procedures, encourage stakeholder engagement within the

company, and achieve an effective level of cooperation. It will also ensure effective

communication for achieving various company goals and demand for high levels of skills and

expertise.

Organizational commitments and strategic goals can be delivered and fulfilled with low risk to

health and safety by implementing the Health and Safety Measurement System's planning and

implementation processes. The measurement system can monitor the existing state of health and

safety in the workplace, and Health and safety management measurement systems must

incorporate audit and review mechanisms to guarantee that correct concepts and procedures are

followed inside the organization.

Activity 3:

a) Managing health and safety hazards necessitates consultation, which is mandated by law.

Every worker may help create a safe workplace by communicating with one another about

dangers and risks, talking about health and safety concerns and working together to find

solutions. These persons include those who manage or control the work as well as those who

perform it or are impacted by it.

Strength:

Enhancing workplace security

Reduce the number of work-related injuries and illnesses and protect employees

Helps to spread the word about the importance of workplace health and safety
Increase Value of a Company's Brand

Weakness:

At the time, my equipment provider (perhaps the UK's leading authority) was telling me about

some of the insane myths about delivering SHE monitoring, measurement, and support services.

"The very old and the very young are at the greatest risk from poor air quality. Additional stress

reduces the body's tolerance to poisons. When a youngster is facing away from its mother in a

push chair, the result is tension and exhaustion at maximum levels. Sheepskin is used to make

lanolin, which is a popular cosmetic ingredient. It's for infants. Sheep are dipped in a pond.

When you become sensitized to something, your body's natural defenses go into overdrive, and

you develop an allergy to it. Many people have an allergy to peanuts, which can be deadly if not

treated. Babies are frequently treated with peanut extracts.

Some of the guidelines are a bit neurotic in their approach to compliance. The invention of the

internal combustion engine, for example, completely altered human behavior. We wouldn't let

people drive around with cars filled with highly volatile substances and fill up at gas stations in

residential areas today since that would be illegal. Airplanes carry thousands of liters of a very

volatile material, and we haven't even gotten to the risk assessment stage yet.

The question I posed was, "What are your thoughts on the asbestos scare?"

A lot of the paranoia was sparked by the competition, which makes asbestos alternatives that

can't compete on performance characteristics or cost; the risks associated with different types of

asbestos are so vastly different that grouping them together for risk assessment is stupid After

that, I worked at a sugar mill that was a subsidiary of a large international corporation. They'd

been fatalities, and the man flown in to investigate was staying with me in their guest lodge.
"What do you believe is causing all of these deaths?" I retorted, "Because you have way too

many rules." "However, rules are in place to keep the public safe." The difficulty arises when

someone cares more about following the requirement of wearing a hard hat than about saving his

or her life by doing so.

Close mindedness is a major issue. The ISO Working Group I was in was creating a new

standard for auditor and certifier competency requirements for OH&S Management Systems...

ISO17021/10. The rest of the group was alert, but I doubt they had any prior experience on a

cliff. We were talking about ways to improve things. Wearing a hard helmet, for example, has a

high clo index for heat stress, which the auditor should be aware of. I found it difficult to explain

the idea. My example was "If you wear hearing protection, you're less likely to miss an alarm,"

because this is a common misconception. "There is no such thing as a hazardous substance only

as a hazardous concentration" (nsca handbook); "a risk for one application may be fine for

another e.g. you can (fairly) safely drink a liquid containing substance that generates high

concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (e.g. sugar), but the same material will kill aquatic

life if it enter surface waters." I'm sorry, I couldn't come up with a better example.

b) To make better decisions, PCBUs can call on the knowledge and experience of their

employees to help with the process.

 Employees must be consulted as someone who is managing a company or undertaking

(PCBU).

 When: Identifying hazards and evaluating health and safety risks associated with current

or future work activities

 Deciding how to reduce or eliminate the dangers

  Determining whether or not workplace facilities are adequate for the well-being of

employees

 Suggesting alterations that could have an impact on the health or safety of your

employees, and suggesting

 Deciding on mechanisms for worker consultation;

 Fixing workplace health and safety problems; keeping track of your employees' well-

being

 Following up on workplace issues under your administration or control, and providing

your employees with relevant information as well as training.

 Health and safety in the workplace: how to manage the dangers

Identifying dangers, analyzing risks, and deciding on mitigation methods necessitate

consultation. Your workers who will be impacted by your risk elimination or reduction decisions

must be consulted. They can be consulted directly or through their health and safety

representative. Their knowledge can assist you in identifying potential hazards and selecting

management methods that are both feasible and effective. If discussions show that a review of

control measures is required, the responsibility holder must conduct one. Walking about the

workplace, speaking with your employees, and watching how the task is done will all aid in the

identification of potential risks for you. When you do an employee survey, you'll learn a lot

about work-related health issues, such as bullying, stress, and musculoskeletal aches and pains,

all of which might be indicators of danger. Access to information, such as technical guidance

about workplace dangers and risks related with machinery, equipment, and substances, can be

requested by employees or their health and safety representatives. Even if information is

complex or hard to understand, it shouldn't be hidden.

When making changes that could have an impact on a worker's health and safety, you must

contact that person. In some cases, consultation is required before making changes like changing

shiftwork rosters, work procedures, or the work environment; developing a new product or plan,

or purchasing new equipment or using new substances; or reorganizing the business. These are

just a few examples of when consultation is required.

consultation requires that relevant health and safety information is shared with workers, that

workers are given an opportunity to express their views, and that workers are given an

opportunity to make a contribution to the decision-making process on the matter of health and

safety, that workers' views are taken into account, that workers are promptly informed of any

consultation results, and that if a worker raises an issue, that worker is given the opportunity to

raise it. Effective consultation necessitates commitment of management and open

communication between supervisors and employees. When employees' knowledge and views are

actually sought and health and safety concerns are taken seriously, they are more inclined to

participate in consultation. Working with your employees after making a health and safety

decision or taking an action does not constitute consultation. Health and safety issues and

concerns should be promoted among employees, who should be urged to do so. Make safety

recommendations and participate in problem solutions. While consensus may not always be

achieved through consultation, agreement should be the ultimate goal because it increases the

likelihood that decisions will be effective and actively supported.

Activity 4:

a)

Our goal was to create a new HIS measurement framework, thus we came up with a list of tasks

that adhered to well-established research procedures. Following our literature review, we carried
out activities such as an examination of key ideas and elements of maturity models, i.e. a current

assessment of healthcare IS maturity models, and discovery and definition of influencing factors

used in these models. Using the Design Science Research (DSR) technique, researchers were

able to identify the most important influencing aspects and then propose and validate a new

model based on those findings. To find out the most important impacting aspects, we used a

questionnaire sent to 46 leading HIS experts and created the first draught of our HISMM. After

that, the DSR helped validate our model by conducting interviews with a small group of HIS

administrators. We performed another literature research to find out the current state of the art on

approaches to apply in the creation of maturity models to back up our decision. Due to its

properties, which we believe are suited for our model, we chose the technique offered by Metter.

b)

SCMM model:

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

Data The creation Centralized the •Organizational intervention,
analysis of numerous data performance performance modelling and
internal and repositories of their dashboards forecasting in
external employees keep tabs on clinical risk
reports is Metrics and the costs and
time- available on combination quality. • Complete
consuming BI platforms of their skills strategic
and complex. are generated is closely• A competitive planning
Problems with automatically. monitored by edge to process
the integrity senior increase profit integration of
of the data Estimated management is derived from service line
Inability to daily financial data
deal with productivity Monitoring outcomes and
enormous is sent to daily clinical patient An Analytics
amounts of supervisors productivity data. Ecosystem
data and a through results on that
wide variety email. dashboards is encourages
of formats • Less a top priority innovation
• Automated variation in for and data
creation of healthcare department exploitation is
internal operations managers. present
reports and a greater Users have
emphasis on begun Data
internal integrating warehouses
optimization analytical and massive
and waste patient data, data sources
minimization especially big are used to
data, into screen for
daily clinical
operations outcomes.
and tasks.
Strategy There is no Strategic Low priority In each • Adaptation
clear IS/IT planning has amongst program, of patient care
plan at the minimal groups for available in light of
global level. effect on day- high-level metrics population
Different IS to-day projects, measure the and genetic
sub-areas operations, goals, and impact of high- data
have finances, or plans; plans level goals;
established ad resources. are shared projects are • Analysis and
hoc strategies between prioritised study of any
to address silos; based on valuable data
local different impact and is possible.
problems and plans with a alignment with
demands. shared impact set goals; • Critical
are aligned; strategic plans tasks, such as
there is a are shared with health care,
 measurement other strategic use real-time
instrument initiatives; and data
(however strategic plans
rudimentary) are shared with using internal
to analyse other strategic and external
success initiatives. data sources to
and/or affects reduce
expenses and
boost quality
while also
increasing
productivity

An incessant
attitude and
cultural focus
on data
analysis
People Measurement Goals and The In the past, Organizational
s help progress are construction work practises capability
decision- monitored by of a were adopted management
making a designated workforce as they are includes the
processes group; infrastructure now, but they following
linked with strategic ; the analysis are now elements:
the objective goals are and standardized autonomous
of achieving transformed development and changed. work groups,
success and into managed of skills; the quantitative
the ways in programs; the planning of performance
which it is strategy is human management,
achieved, as evaluated and resources; and measured
well as the modified on a and the practices.
preparations regular basis; recognition of
for dealing and funding the value of
with the processes are usability
repercussions coordinated
of change. to support
strategic
goals

c)

Once HISMM has been introduced, it's time to talk about how to put it to use. It turns out, in

fact, that the application of the HISMM within the HIS is fundamental from the standpoint of
defining the posture of each hospital at the level of their IS and the viewpoint of identifying the

parts of their IS that management should pay particular attention to. Mature stages and influential

factors make up the bulk of the HISMM's two key components. For each level of maturity, there

are the same amount of influencing elements. Depending on the maturity level, different

contributing factors have different features that determine the important practices and systems

that can assist HIS fulfil its goals. When these characteristics are measured, the maturity stage is

determined by the indicators they serve as.

d)

As defined by the HISMM, there are five stages of maturity: infant, toddler, adolescent,

adolescent, and fully mature. HIS can, in practice, carry out specified upper-stage practices.

There's no way about it: if practices at the lower stages go unfulfilled, the best results won't be

achieved. Moving up the maturity scale necessitates developing methods to help the hospital

achieve the next stage's qualities.

Part 3

Task 1

a)

What is the purpose of reflection, and how may it benefit my learning? Self-reflection is a

process of gradually becoming aware of one's social world, as well as how that world affects

one's thinking. "Reflection is an active process that will enable me and other health care

providers to get a greater knowledge of any encounter with patients," said Johns and Freshwater

(2005). "Reflection in the context of learning" is a good definition for student radiographers

since it includes intellectual and affective processes in which people engage to investigate their
experiences in order to arrive at new understandings and appreciations of the world around them

(Boud et al, 1985). The usage of a reflective diary throughout my final placement aided my

reflective development because recalling all of the ideas and feelings I had over an 11-week

period would have been impossible without it. Reflexive clinical journals, according to Kennison

(2002), are ways for students to document their clinical learning opportunities and comment on

them. According to him, this is a useful reflection tool for students since it helps them "reflect on

their practice, examine reactions, discover links and link new meanings to old experiences" in

addition to improving their writing skills. My workplace's health and safety procedures rank at

the top of the list. As a new hire at my employer (Atos), I went through health and safety and fire

safety induction training. The health and safety officer took me through some training and

showed me a demonstration of the safety procedures on the first day. The goal of this training

was to make sure I knew Atos' commitment to safety, my own health and safety obligations, and

fire and crisis protocols, as well as to make me aware of any risks in my workplace. However,

according to Newell (1992), any reflective activity is dependent on the ability to recall and

evaluate past events. This is especially true after a traumatic occurrence. For me, it's a familiar

feeling since, when I think back on past experiences, I tend to recall more unpleasant ones than

positive ones, and the bad feelings and ideas associated with those experiences last longer and

have a greater impact on me.

b)

Before managers' decisions need to be transmitted down to employees, communication about

health and safety plans should begin. Worker participation in the hazard analytical process and

their identification of the most pressing safety and health risks should be the first step, as they are

the ones who are on the "shop floor" all day and have a better understanding of the different
dangers that are currently present and that leadership may not even be aware of.. When it come

to health and safety, workers and employees must take the initiative to bring issues to

management's attention rather than wait for them to discover them and make adjustments.

Workers will need to know what changes have been made to their work procedures and what is

required of them if they are to work differently after managers have decided to modify or update

the machines. Since a result, it's important to explain why the adjustments are being made, as this

will help overcome a lot of opposition and objections in the workplace.

If some employees continue to work in the old method while others continue to work in the new,

the transition to a safer way of working might become anything from a little longer procedure to

outright anarchy. Changes to the equipment and a lack of training for operators might have a

negative impact on production rates. If operators aren't taught before using new or changed

equipment, it's really more risky than before, which goes against the very point of making the

alterations in the first place. It's critical that workers receive up-to-date appropriate training that

takes into account any alterations to the work or the jobs they're performing.

Task 2)

a)

The pioneers you work with can embrace and embody five important initiative traits if you act as

their "moral compass," as you are their "moral compass."

1. A lack of complication

Openness, clarity, and approachability with data are critical for health authorities and the general

public's ability to make informed decisions. Representatives and crowds alike lose trust quickly
if they detect even the slightest trick – and once that trust has been gone, it may be exceedingly

difficult to regain.

2. Personal accountability

It doesn't matter where you are in the organization's hierarchy; the pioneer must go up and be

responsible. Pioneers who use fault moving, refusal, or the unforgivable "No remark" to

exaggerate authoritative emergencies are all too common. During the Costa Concordia and

Chipotle disasters, these methods were (horrendously) demonstrated.

3. The ability to be trusted.

Anyone who is a pioneer and requires integrity should be included in the examination. A

communicator should have a fundamental understanding of issues such as pioneer psychopathy

and hypomania, both of which have the potential to devastate organisations, their names and

fame. Recall that a sound chief's voice is firm and quiet.

4. The ability to do something well

But despite the fact that this attribute should be self-evident, I've encountered countless long-

term pioneers who lacked the necessary skills, knowledge, and properties to succeed. During one

particular instance, my role shifted from public relations advisor to principal mentor in a matter

of weeks, and my tasks grew from monitoring judgments to assembling a team of specialists and

experts the pioneer could call on while pursuing his own successful turn of events.

5. Feelings of sympathy

This "sensitive knowledge" is frequently misunderstood and even abused. Pioneers who care

about others are far from "gushy" weaklings. Enthusiastic knowledge requires compassion,

which is something of a rare commodity in hierarchical cultures.

b)

I chose an EQ exam, a personality test, and a learning type test for the evaluation. The reason I

decided to take an emotional intelligence test was so that I might learn how to better manage my

own and others' emotions. People have been upset by my interactions with them on occasion,

therefore I'd benefit from taking an emotional intelligence exam to identify where I'm weak in

social situations so I can make necessary improvements. I need to take this test to see how well I

communicate with others and what changes I should make to improve my leadership skills. The

emotional intelligence exam resulted in a score of 70%. As a result of the test, I was found to be

competent in recognising, perceiving, and expressing my own and others' emotions (Nightingale

et al., 2018). Emotional intelligence skills help me to comprehend others and their feelings

better, according to the results. Emotional intelligence tells me how well I'm able to recognise

and deal with my own and others' feelings.

According to the results of the personality test, I am an extrovert, a personality type that affects

how I interact socially. My score was 79 percent. According to the results, I'm observant, capable

of making judgments, and able to deal with my emotions, according to the test. According to the

results, I had an 81% sense of empathy for the people around me. Finally, my score of 72% on

the test showed that I have a good sense of judgement. The following learning styles were

evaluated: Aural (5 points), Visual (2 points), Reading/Writing (3 points), and Kinesthetic (9

points). The results showed that my capacity to learn relies on exercises, case studies, examples,

and things that are based on reality and trial and error.

When it comes to leadership, there are numerous techniques to consider. A leader who practises

transformational leadership inspires and motivates others to achieve greater levels of

accomplishment. The idea of servant leadership holds that leaders should put the needs of the
people and communities they serve above their own. When you're a servant leader, you share

authority with others and put their needs first while helping others grow and achieve at their best.

Successful leadership principles include a dedication to quality, fostering a service culture,

developing future leaders, and emphasizing employee satisfaction.

Leadership, in my opinion, encompasses much more than simply earning the respect of those

who are obedient to you. It's crucial for a leader to be transparent, or honest about his or her

actions. When we say a leader should be democratic, we mean someone who listens well and

gives others an opportunity to speak, and if others have good ideas, we should embrace them

with respect. As a result, the ego of a leader is of minimal importance. Ego is sometimes

misconstrued as a synonym for self-respect. When it comes to being a successful leader, we must

be able to tell the difference between the two.

The areas in which we hope to make progress are as follows:

The ability to respect others:

We should never think that we are better than anyone else and that whatever decision we make is

the best. Only I am capable of making sound judgments. To be an effective leader, we must

always be open to learning from and incorporating the ideas of those around us.

Confidence:

It's critical that we strive to build our relationships on a foundation of trust. If something other

than trust is the foundation, such as money, the relationship will not last. We only stay in a

relationship until our wants and needs are met.

The ability to recognize one's own strengths and weaknesses is essential for a successful leader.

What he can't do is the most crucial part of who he is. We should be honest with ourselves about

our shortcomings and work hard to improve so that we can eliminate them.

To be patient, we must always maintain a cool demeanor when dealing with difficult situations.

Because our decisions as leaders have ramifications for many others, we should never rush to

make a decision. Patience allows us to stay focused on the issue at hand and find a solution.

A democratic approach indicates that everyone should always work together to achieve the same

goal, no matter what. The work and concepts should be credited to the entire team. We owe it to

them to acknowledge and thank them for their contributions. We should be able to listen to them

without any hindrances.

Ideality, in my opinion, does not exist. However, striving for perfection is something we should

always strive towards. The factors listed above can assist us in accomplishing our goal.

It is a challenge and a direction to continue in this changing climate to take the next step for

better leadership.

 The first step is the involvement of technology in the management. To make optimum use

of technology, we need to be well-versed in it. Having a rudimentary understanding of

technology and how to use it might be harmful for one's public image as a leader. Prior to

this, technology had a less impact on society because it was not widely used. However,

nowadays, everything is interconnected via the internet and is available to anyone who

wishes to access it. Openness means that a person can use it anyway he wants for his

image.
  The second concern is with drawing demarcation boundaries between acceptable and

unacceptable democratic behavior. Too soft and pleasant might reflect poorly on a leader,

thus as a leader, we must know when and how to intervene.

Part 4: Research report:

Executive summary

An interdisciplinary activity, occupational health and safety (OHS) strives to protect workers and

workplaces. For OHS implementation, risk assessment stands out as an essential procedure for

evaluating the hazards and determining whether or not they pose unacceptable risks. It also takes

into account any necessary control measures. Because of the wide range of risk assessment

procedures, there are numerous approaches for every industry. The ability to solve real-world

problems with diverse, conflicting, and irreconcilable criteria is one way that MCDM-based

methodologies contribute to risk assessment expertise. This article reviews OHS risk assessment

studies that use MCDM-based methods to assess the current state of the art. Information

technology (IT) risk is a risk associated with IT. A new word coined in response to the growing

realisation that information security is only one component of the many dangers that IT and the

real-world activities it supports really are subject to. Management of Health and Safety at Work

Regulations 1999 stipulate that an employer must take reasonable measures "for the effective

planning, organisation and control of the preventative measures and their monitoring and

review." Risk management can be assigned, but the final responsibility for completing it properly

rests with the company's management. An employer's next step after identifying hazards,

evaluating associated risks, and taking measures to minimise their consequences is to

communicate the risk assessment method and information to the appropriate stakeholders clearly

and effectively. If the relevant people are included in every stage of the risk assessment process,
communication will be more successful. Risk assessments should be completed by the person

performing an activity or task since they are best equipped to provide information on hazards and

risks. Quality risk management principles and technologies are increasingly being used in

pharmaceutical quality systems across the board. These components include drug substance,

drug product, biological, and biotechnological product development, production, distribution,

inspection, and submission/review processes throughout the lifespan (including the use of raw

materials, solvents, excipients, packaging and labelling materials in drug products, biological and

biotechnological products). Risk assessment and management operations might benefit from

such a review in a variety of ways from diverse stakeholders (responsible OHS experts,

employers, employees, engineers, and academics, for example). Despite its benefits, MCDM isn't

yet widely used across all industries. Consequently, stakeholders may benefit from this research

by learning more about the possibilities of MCDM-based approaches, as well as their advantages

and disadvantages when compared to more traditional approaches to risk assessment. This

knowledge will help stakeholders prioritise hazards and assign scores to risks. When it comes to

risk assessment challenges, researchers can benefit from having access to numerous case studies

that apply fuzzy MCDM-based methodologies in addition to traditional MCDM methods. For the

most part, readers will have access to the risk parameters used in the documented actual

applications. The implementation of various MCDM and fuzzy MCDM-based techniques in

future challenges dealing with risk assessment difficulties can potentially motivate academics.

The authors have completed, guided, participated in, and watched hundreds of risk assessments

for nearly all industry kinds and sizes over the last 30 years as risk control consultants. They've

drawn the conclusion that many organisations don't do adequate risk assessments as a result of

their experiences. Described in this article are the ten most common reasons why businesses fail
to do adequate risk assessments, as well as suggestions on how to avoid similar pitfalls in the

future.

Introduction:

When it comes to OHS, the tasks of protecting workers and workplaces, decreasing the number

of occupational hazards, limiting inadequate information, and raising awareness among

employees are all considered from a multidisciplinary perspective (Nan et al., 2017).

Management is a systematic process have lately acquired prominence as one of the most critical

OHS management activities as a result of new regulations and laws (Sousa et al. 2015). Before

an accident occurs, it identifies potential sources of risk and actions to mitigate it. Health and

Safety Executive (2014) and Verma and Chaudhri (2016) outline the steps in the risk assessment

process: identifying hazards, deciding who might have been negatively affected and how,

evaluating risks and making precautionary decisions, documenting significant findings, and re-

evaluating and updating the assessment as needed. Methods of risk assessment are as varied as

the sectors they serve, with many falling into one of three categories: qualitative, quantitative, or

hybrid. As new outputs, stages, and applications emerge, it's become critical to pick the right

approach. The output of a risk assessment differs according to the approach used.

OR's advanced field of multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) takes numerous criteria into

account while making decisions. It offers decision-makers and analysts a wide choice of

approaches that are well-suited to the complexity of decision making problems. Quantitative risk

assessment includes MCDM-based techniques. Human judgments and participation are

extensively emphasised in MCDM approaches. There are conflicting criteria for decision-

makers' preferences, hence it involves evaluating, assessing, and process evaluation under

conflicting criteria (Gul et al. 2016). Some of the key features of the MCDM technique include:
options, criteria against which evaluated alternatives are measured, scores of alternative options

on the criterion, and criteria weights showing the relative relevance of each criterion in

comparison with others (Gul et al. 2016).

In recent years, numerous MCDM-based approaches have been offered to assist in selecting the

optimal alternative rather than making selections solely based on human ideas, assessments, or

experiences (Achillas et al. 2013). Furthermore, the decision-making process towards an efficient

OHS risk assessment necessitates taking into account a number of dangers or hazard types in

relation to various risk criteria. The MCDM method has been presented in recent years to assist

decision-makers in prioritising risks and providing them with a powerful tool to reduce risks to

an acceptable level. This work seeks to provide a thorough literature review on the application of

various MCDM methods to tackle OHS risk assessment problems, given the significant

development in the use of MCDM-based risk assessment approaches among traditional risk

analysis methodologies. A wide range of parties are involved in OHS risk assessment and

management, each with their own goals and criteria (Klinke and Renn 2002). Due to a lack of

information, subjectivity in the decision-making process frequently results in uncertainty. When

evaluating risks, decision-makers are confronted with a lot of difficulties right now. It is

necessary to have a framework for assessing risk that incorporates the views of various

stakeholders using a wide range of criteria. Proposing an approach based on MCDM approaches

is one of the most significant things you can do. When accurate and full risk data are not

accessible, MCDM and fuzzy logic integrated MCDM can easily capture the decision-makers'

judgement in weighing and ranking risk factors and dangers (Ng et al. 2017).

MCDM approaches provide a variety of benefits over conventional decision-making tools, but

they also have certain disadvantages. In a nutshell, MCDM approaches are known for their
adaptability to the judgment of the decision-maker (s). Giving performance scores and weights

allows it to look for optimal decisions (Bhagtani, 2008). Moreover, MCDM approaches can be

assessed under a variety of different scenarios based on a variety of quantitative and qualitative

parameters. It is possible to apply these techniques for a number of different purposes, such as

identifying the most favoured option or making a short list of possible alternatives for further

detailed study (Achillas et al. 2013). However, there are some disadvantages as well. Its

sensitivity to uncertainties is one of its most significant weaknesses. Experts' personal ideas and

opinions are heavily weighted in the MCDM model as weighting variables and thresholds. So, as

a final step in the suggested approach, a sensitivity analysis of these inputs is normally carried

out. In addition, preference and indifference thresholds are defined to compare options for some

of the MCDM methods discussed in this literature review.

Justification for selection of three pitfalls:

With the use of risk assessment, a business can identify and manage operational risks to a more

tolerable level.

Think about hazards that create risks and take into account the total risk to the environment

Instead of viewing numerous dangers as mutually exclusive, conduct a sound risk assessment to

account for their combined or synergistic consequences.

Combinations can increase the risk. When freezing temperatures and pneumatic hand tool

vibration mix in the meat processing business, the danger of soft tissue damage is high. Due to

risk evaluation, these are avoided.

Incorporating Hierarchy of Controls with Risk-Based Prioritization:

Taking heirarchy into account aids in risk management at the ALARP level. Hierarchy

distributes power in descending order of effectiveness, starting with the most effective and

ending with the least effective. It aids in more precise risk assessment and continuous control

improvement.

Types of pitfalls:

An insufficient amount of money:

A firm can't run without money. When a company's expenses exceed its revenues, it is more

likely to be suffering from a lack of capital. Startups frequently struggle to locate the resources

they require to get off the ground. Finding money, obtaining credit, or combining personal

financial resources to make ends meet are all options.

Slow Rate of Growth:

Inappropriate growth rate is another major cause of business failure. Lack of growth means

spending a lot of money but not having the customers or revenue to cover it. Not growing

quickly enough. When a company expands too quickly, it faces a variety of challenges,

including an increase in demand and overworked or undertrained resources.

Problems with the Competition:

If you're not careful, and especially if you haven't taken the time to comprehend it properly,

competition can demolish your business. In certain cases, new idea startups become

overconfident to the point of neglecting to monitor the market. Despite their size, large

corporations face competition from smaller, more agile start-ups.

To avoid possible pitfalls, the following steps are taken:

In the course of conducting risk assessments, it is possible to avoid the following problems:

a) Risky situations are those in which the effects could be life-threatening and control measures

aren't evident.

b) Averting disastrous outcomes.

c) The dangers of implementing new processes, facilities, or equipment.

Knowing how much risk an organization is willing to take is essential. The process of risk

assessment aids in identifying the different types and degrees of danger. Absent a level of risk, a

number of incidents, including those involving small dangers, are possible. Resources can be

wasted if they are used in the incorrect way. In order to keep harm to a minimum, risk

assessment aids in minimizing the likelihood of it happening.

Risk analysis is a method for identifying and resolving potential issues that could jeopardise

important company initiatives or projects. Once the dangers that you face have been identified,

you may then evaluate how likely it is that these threats will manifest themselves. An incident or

scenario that has the potential to negatively impact the company is classified as a risk in

enterprise risk management. A company's survival, resources (human and capital), products and

services, or consumers, as well as external repercussions on society, markets, or the environment,

can all be impacted by this impact. Enterprise risk management (ERM) of a financial institution

is commonly seen as the mix of credit risk, interest rate risk (or asset liability management),

liquidity risk, market risk, and operational risk.

Identifying, evaluating, and reducing risks connected with harm to people and damage to

property or the environment are all part of the risk management process for medical devices.

Medical device design and development, production procedures, and field experience evaluation

all include risk management as an essential component. Most regulatory authorities, including

the FDA, demand proof of its use.

The following activities are included in risk management in project management:

Organizing how a project's risk will be controlled. Activities and a budget should be included in

risk management plans. Appointing someone other than the project manager to serve as a risk

officer in charge of anticipating potential project issues. A healthy degree of scepticism is a

common trait among risk officers.

There are dangers for everyone in the healthcare system, including patients, healthcare

practitioners, subordinate personnel, and the overall organisation. Healthcare providers,

researchers, and governments throughout the world are all focused on making sure patients are as

safe as possible. Healthcare practitioners use risk management to improve safety measures,

reduce medical errors, and manage other potential risks. The healthcare industry's approach to

risk management has shifted dramatically in recent years. In the past, risk management was more

proactive before malpractice risk emerged. Today's strategy can be described as pro-active

because it has placed a higher priority on saving lives than making money. The capacity to

transfer and share information or data across all hospital departments has contributed to the

effectiveness of risk management in the healthcare industry. Data sharing improves risk

reduction, reduces costs, and improves service delivery efficiency noticeably. A hospital's

leadership can better identify areas for improvement when data is accessible to all units. It is

critical to implement risk management techniques in order to reduce and prevent healthcare-
related risks while also maintaining resiliency. Having disaster preparedness measures on hand is

one thing, but having someone take action on those plans is quite another. To put it another way,

risk management methods are beneficial as long as they are accompanied by trained personnel

who are knowledgeable about how to deal with each risk. Health facilities typically have risk

managers who deal with risks. A risk manager's primary responsibility in a hospital is to identify

and assess potential risks and take steps to minimise or eliminate them. There should be no use in

pursuing strategies that are more dangerous. An examination of the data required in the

healthcare industry's risk and quality management decision-making process the ability to make

sound decisions is critical when it comes to delivering patient-centered healthcare. There is a

patient's right to make their own decisions based on their own values and religious beliefs.

However, their decisions should not put the health of others at danger. In the case of

tuberculosis, for example, a patient may opt out of therapy. Choosing not to receive tuberculosis

treatment puts the health of others at risk. Due protocols must also be followed in order for a

decision-making process to be complete. Several basic ideas underlie these procedures. In

making risk and management decisions, it is critical to keep and improve one's health. It's a

decision-making process that includes evaluating the data a patient needs.

In engineering, root cause analysis (RCA) is a systematic investigative and problem-solving

approach that focuses on discovering and understanding the root causes of an event, as well as

possible events that were intercepted. It is comparable to the critical incident technique.

RCA is a strategy that can be used to uncover trends and assess risk anytime human error is

suspected, with the idea that systems, rather than individual variables, are likely to be the main

cause of most problems. Critical incident technique is a comparable procedure that collects

information on the causes and behaviours that led to an incident after it happened. In the
Veterans Affairs (VA) Health System, there is a concept known as aggregate RCA, which aims

to make better use of staff time by doing numerous retrospective analyses at once with an

emphasis on patterns rather than individual cases.

In addition to bridges, tunnels, roads, trains, airports, and seaports, megaprojects also include

power plants, dams, wastewater treatment plants, flood control projects along the coast, oil and

natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, and information technology systems. In terms of

finances, safety, and social and environmental repercussions, megaprojects have proven to be

exceptionally hazardous. As a result, risk management is especially important for large-scale

projects, for which specialised methodologies and training have been established.

Natural calamities such as floods, earthquakes, and so on, provide a risk that must be assessed.

Future repair expenses, business interruption losses, and other downtime, as well as

environmental effects and insurance costs are all important considerations when evaluating

natural disaster risk assessment results. Integral risk management is a recurrent topic of

discussion at conferences held in Davos.

Conclusion

On the other hand, occupational health and safety (OHS) deals with hazards that can harm the

health and well-being of employees and the environment as a whole, including hazards that arise

in the workplace. Risk assessment has evolved as a key stage in identifying sources of risk and

defining management strategies as one of the most critical OHS activities. There were certain

common hazards found in case studies gathered from UK business. Each pitfall is accompanied

by a description of good practise and a number of interesting case study examples. The following

dangers were discovered:

Performing a generic risk assessment, which considers all common hazards in one assessment, is

a typical way to analysing workplace risks when there are similar activities and hazards across

different job activities, workplace locations, or different sites owned by the same organisation.

You should think about whether all dangers are covered in the generic assessment for any given

job function before moving further. You should also think about whether the circumstances are

right for using the generic assessment, even if it has taken into account all of the appropriate

hazards. General risk assessments are generally the best beginning point for site-specific

evaluations, and then look for additional dangers or major variances in the specific circumstance

to see if the generic assessment has to be modified or supplemented accordingly. As quantitative

risk assessment tools, MCDM approaches have been widely used for risk assessment and have

helped workers in hazardous sectors better comprehend the process. The results of this study

show that MCDM approaches are widely available and easily implemented in OHS risk

assessment literature. As a rule, safety and health in the workplace are critical for companies in

high-risk industries like the ones mentioned above (manufacturing, construction, energy,

transportation, and maritime). As a result, firms should conduct an OHS risk assessment in order

to better manage their risks and enhance their safety records. Since MCDM and fuzzy MCDM-

based techniques are capable of handling real-world problems with diverse, contradictory, and

incommensurate criteria while also considering human decision-making, they are frequently used

in various sectors to assess OHS risk. Traditional techniques of risk assessment have a variety of

drawbacks, but they remain prominent and widely used. Due to the ease of implementation and

the ease with which they may be combined with other tools, they are extremely popular. This

study conducts a critical literature review due to the large number of scientific studies that use

MCDM-based methodologies in risk assessment knowledge, as well as the lack of any such
reviews at the time of publication. We want to find out what has changed in the last 14 years in

terms of MCDM-based risk assessment methodologies and applications with this study. Studies

are distributed according to publication year, source, application area and methods employed.

The main purpose is also included. Sensitivity analysis and risk characteristics are also included

in this distribution. Researchers should keep coming up with new MCDM-based ways for

analyzing risks in diverse industries in the future. As a result, an increase in the number of

MCDM and fuzzy MCDM-based risk assessment methodologies is projected. Because of their

adaptability, approaches like VIKOR, PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, and DEMATEL are still the

best when it comes to risk assessment and management. The combination of analyst experience

level, sensitivity analysis, decision support systems, and software-based risk assessment ideas

should all be taken into account for future work when developing MCDM-based risk assessment

applications.

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