Covid 19 Vaccine Research

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability of Medical and Non-Medical
Third Year Students in Selected University in Caloocan City
A Research Presented to the Faculty of
The College of Medical Technology
Manila Central University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
Research and Thesis Writing
Bejo, Janelle Joy E.
Dela Cruz, Lanz Marielle P.
Leviste, Lawrence R.
Sarmiento, Kenza D.
May 2021
APPROVAL SHEET
College of Medical Technology
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Medical Technology, this thesis entitled, “COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability of Medical
and Non-Medical Third Year Students in Selected University in Caloocan City” is
hereby recommended for final defense.
_________________________________
Prof. Oscar V. Punzalan Jr., PhD, RMT
Adviser
Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Medical Technology, by the Committee of Oral Examination.
________________________________ ____________________
Josephine C. Abrazaldo, RMT, MSMT Bea Gallardo, RMT College
Chairperson Panelist
_____________________ ___________________________
Jennica Dimaranan, RMT Vladimir Viardo, Jr., RMT
Panelist Panelist
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Medical Technology.
___________________________
Ferdinand A. Mortel, RMT, PhD
Dean, College of Medical Technology
ABSTRACT
2
COVID-19 pandemic posed a serious challenge to global health and had a huge
effect on all facets of life. With the rising number of COVID-19 cases in the community, it
prompted the launching of vaccination programs throughout the affected cities. In light of
this, a high-level vaccine acceptance through safe and effective vaccines would increase
the chances of putting an end to COVID-19. The vaccine acceptability of the medical
students was an important issue as they will be future professionals which will play a big
part in guiding and informing patients to the right clinical decision. This study investigated
the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine to medical and non-medical students. A
descriptive quantitative study was conducted in a selected university in Caloocan City
through a Google form survey. In total, ninety-seven (97) undergraduate medical and non-
medical third year students participated. Almost all of the population agreed to accept the
COVID-19 vaccine, though the acceptability was higher among non-medical students.
Keywords: acceptability, COVID-19, medical students, non-medical students, vaccine
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, we would like to thank our Lord God Father for His guidance and wisdom
as He made us all strong and patient as we conducted our study.
3
To our adviser, Dr. Oscar V. Punzalan Jr., we thank him to a great extent for
conveying his knowledge and expertise in this research and for encouraging all of us,
giving us guidance, opinions, and support which we needed from the start until the end of
this process.
To our research professor, Mrs. Ma. Cecilia C. Calisang, who guided us to the best
of her ability and constantly checked our paper from time to time, giving us also guidance
and support that we needed right from the start of the research process.
To our dear parents, who supported us with much love and understanding, thank
you for their moral encouragement and financial support in order to finish this research.
Last but not the least, we want to extend our appreciation to those who could not be
mentioned here but played their roles for rendering constructive and valuable suggestions
and comments that helped tremendously in improving the quality and content of our study
within in a limited time frame, especially expressing our gratitude to the respondents who
actively participated in this research.
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, objectives,
statement of the problem, hypothesis, scope and limitations, significance of the study, and
definition of terms. This chapter serves as a guide throughout the study.
4
INTRODUCTION
Continually, the COVID-19 pandemic is imposing burdens and stairs on health
systems around the globe. It has disrupted the normal economic and societal activities. The
significant news was about several vaccines that were in the process of clinical trials and
resulted in great effectiveness. When vaccines become available, the COVID-19 vaccine
uptake should be ensured to achieve widespread immunization. The novel coronavirus was
a new virus that was first determined in the province of Wuhan of China. Last February 11,
2020, this COVID-19 was officially announced by the World Health Organization.
Based on the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (2019), serious
complications from life threatening diseases are preventable through vaccination. In
example, cases of Influenza cause complications that lead to hospitalization of 226,000
comprising 20,000 children and about 36,000 people die from this preventable disease
through immunization each year. Hence, vaccine-preventable diseases are not just part of
growing up. Stimulation of immunity through vaccination helps the body to develop
immunity like natural immunity without causing a disease. Hence, it is not much better to
have a disease than getting a vaccine.
Sallam (2020) concluded that there were also several reasons why the general public
had their trust eroded on whether to take the vaccine or not. One of which was the rate of
5
the development of the vaccine which seemed rushed and careless in the perspective of
the public raising doubts and anxiety towards the developed vaccine. Most governments
appear to take on the race to acquire a vaccine at the earliest time possible to gain mileage
on both economic and political aspects. There were even several countries who made false
claims about obtaining an effective vaccine despite the limited data they possess. Sallam
also revealed that 90.5% of students recognize the importance of the COVID-19 vaccine,
46% were hesitant about the vaccine, and lastly, it was also reported that there is an equal
percentage of students who either without a doubt accept or reject the vaccine at 6%. It
was mentioned that the students had a number of concerns with regards to the possible
adverse effects of the vaccine comprising 96.8% and ineffectiveness with 93.2% of the
population. The most considered determinants for vaccine hesitancy of COVID-19 vaccine
were about its adverse effects which potentially with 74.17% of the population and the
unknown comprising 56.31% and lack of information regarding the vaccine itself with
72.76% of the population.
In addition, Lazarus, J.V. et al. (2021) 71.5% of the population answered that they
are willing to take a vaccine if it were proven effective and safe, and 48.1% of the
population were willing to be vaccinated, if it was required by their employers. But then
again, it is important to note that there is still a high heterogeneity in responses among the
other countries. It was reported in the study that Asian countries that belong to the study
such as China, South Korea, and Singapore showed a high vaccine acceptability
6
exceeding 80%. It was noted in the study that these Asian countries are known to trust their
government deeply. To address the low vaccine acceptance level according to the study,
vaccine communication strategies must consider the scientific literacy of the target
population. It should target specific issues in the community that cause misconception or
confusion with regards to vaccination. Most importantly, it is critical that the roots of the
variations between the vaccine acceptance levels must be identified and directly addressed
in order to ensure the rapid recovery of the countries hit by the pandemic, economically and
socially.
This study was focused on COVID-19 vaccine acceptability of medical and non-
medical third year students in a selected university in Caloocan City. According to Wang et.
al. (2020), by determining if their vaccine acceptability was high, the success of the
immunization can be determined. Therefore, the researchers investigated the acceptability
of the future vaccine. The researchers investigated the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability
among medical and non-medical third year students. The results of this study could give an
idea to the policymakers in order for them to have well-designed strategies and campaigns
that will emphasize the importance of vaccination, and encourage vaccine uptake and
acceptance towards community.
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Vaccines are considered as the most effective and reliable public interventions to be
implemented to save lives. In the study conducted by Wu et al (2020), he eloquently
indicated that when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic in March
2020, pharmaceutical companies and scientists experimented to develop vaccines
immediately. Vaccines were considered as interventions that can help to reduce the
worldwide disease. Vaccine hesitancy, on the other hand, is a pertinent issue in global
health. With the development of COVID-19 vaccines, knowledge on acceptability, safety,
and attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine is limited.
Park (2021) mentioned that “vaccination is a vital methodology to stop the
acceleration of the COVID-19 pandemic”. It was important for Philippines public health to
have effective intervention and strategies before a vaccine was introduced as vaccine
misconceptions about COVID-19 has spread through media platforms. Health
8
communication is very important and must reach all communities, to educate Filipinos
about the vaccinations and for prevention of future deaths and infections. Vaccine
acceptance distinguishes the vaccine attitude and demands, which happens to be a factor
for having successful immunization to have high vaccination acceptability, especially for
newly emerging infectious diseases. Wang et al. (2020), stated that there were still
significant concerns regarding future vaccination against COVID-19 which was the doubt of
the public about COVID-19 vaccine acceptability.
The world is living on possibly only the tip of the iceberg. The deaths caused by the
Novel Coronavirus (NCOV-19) pandemic could be exceptional. Humans are in a time of
substantial medical, economic, and social unpredictability. The pandemic requires action on
the fronts, which deals with the protection of examination to treatment or cure. It is a
necessity for us to generate cheap, simple, and more accessible testing for COVID-19.
Guglielmi (2020) mentioned that a rapid way has to be established to recognize the
antibodies that counteract the coronavirus.
There will be a need for a drug or mixture of drugs that will work against the
coronavirus. The medicine called Remdesivir (GS-5734 by Gilead Sciences) has given us
hope. Tabish (2020) indicated that it may validate to be a miraculous bullet Southeast
Asian Countries like Vietnam, Taiwan, Hongkong, Singapore, New Zealand, and South
9
Korea have done extraordinarily well to contain and isolate the outspread of COVID-19. It is
extensively believed that while the global pandemic treatment tolerates. Patients with some
diseases like renal failure, diabetes, cancer, and pregnant women are in need of special
treatment since they are immensely vulnerable to the virus. As the global pandemic
increases the degree of hunger among the financially incapable, the government avoids
devastating health and nutrition consequences, especially for children losing educational
opportunities due to the schools and universities closing temporarily. In addition, Guterres
(2020) mentioned in the article COVID-19 in an urban world that different states and cities
will have endemic COVID-19 infection as predicted by healthcare scientists. An organized
and well-coordinated method of approach is profound for addressing this global crisis.
Vaccination projects can only be considered efficient if they have a high level of
acceptance and coverage. The purpose of this study was to look into the COVID-19
vaccine acceptability of medical and non-medical third year students in selected university
in Caloocan City.
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to look into the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine medical and
non-medical third year students in a selected university in Caloocan City, the following
questions should be answered:
1. What is the acceptability of the respondents based on their enrolled programs?
1.1. Medical
1.2. Non-medical
0. What is the difference between the acceptability of the respondents based on their
enrolled programs?
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This section will give a definite description of the numerous significances of the study.
The following constituents will benefit in studying the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability
among medical and non-medical third year students in selected university in Caloocan City:
For Students. The findings of this study will serve as enlightenment to the students
in accepting or rejecting the COVID-19 vaccine. It will also give them the corrective ideas to
the misconceptions that have been circulating around them.
For Public Health. This study gives the answer to the stigma of the community about
COVID-19 vaccination. This will aid them in accepting or rejecting the vaccine based on
facts. It will give enlightenment and clarification of the truth about immunization.
For the Government. This study will open opportunities for the government to
improve their campaign regarding vaccination. It will help them to find appropriate ways to
conduct the immunization program by knowing the needs of their subjected people.
For the future Researchers. The findings on this study will be of great use in the
field of applied research that can develop a further study.
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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
13
This study only focused on the involvement of seventy-nine (79) third year medical
technology students, since they were the ones that might be on duty in the hospital in the
following semester during their internship where the vaccine was needed, while eighteen
(18) third year business and technology students, both regular and irregular, currently
enrolled in the academic year 2020-2021. Furthermore, this study only discussed the
COVID-19 vaccine acceptability of the students.
This study no longer specified different brands of COVID-19 vaccines that were being
developed around the globe. Other medical programs such as medicine, nursing,
optometry, dentistry, pharmacy and physical therapy were not included in this study. In
addition, other non-medical programs belong in college of arts and sciences were also not
included. Moreover, the first year, second year and fourth year students were not included
this study. Upon conclusion, the researchers only determined whether the respondents will
accept any COVID-19 vaccine.
HYPOTHESIS
Ho (Null) – There is no significant difference between the acceptability of COVID-19
vaccine among medical and non-medical students in a selected university in Metro Manila.
14
DEFINITION OF TERMS
For organized discussion, the following terms were defined conceptually and
operationally.
15
COVID-19. It is a variant of coronavirus. An infectious disease that spreads through
droplets from saliva or nose of an infected person by means of cough or sneeze. This has
been the cause of 2021 pandemic.
Medical Students. Third Year Students from College of Medical Technology
Non-Medical Students. Third Year Students from College of Business and
Technology
Vaccine. It is a product that stimulates the immune system for immunity and usually
administered through injections.
Vaccine acceptability. It represents a variety of behaviors and opinions or beliefs
from the acceptance of all vaccines to actively support the immunization recommendations.
Vaccine hesitancy. Reluctant or unwilling to accept vaccine even if it is available in
which it varies from time, place, and vaccine itself, which is influenced by several factors.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies from both local and
foreign studies which give clearer understanding on the present study. These
comprehensive literary texts stand as the essential instruments that successfully
synthesized the concepts, ideas, and knowledge that were connected with one another to
17
fully understand the research and apply the gained insights within the current global
situation.
COVID-19 Vaccine
According to McCarthy (2021), the Philippines is falling behind in making sure about
reserves of the COVID-19 vaccine. Coronavirus immunizations were created in record time,
however getting those vaccines into the arms of individuals around the globe, particularly in
non-industrial nations, is an alternate story. Immunizations have not yet started in the
Philippines.
According to Aspinwall (2020), the Pfizer vaccine might be late to be imported in the
Philippines and it has not finalized a reservation of the vaccine. In the study of Fisher et. al.
(2020), multiple vaccines are currently being tested in large-scale trials, which might result
in the development of vaccines in the future. It was mentioned that there might be vaccine
hesitancy that might occur when a vaccine becomes available, which may present
challenges to widespread vaccine uptake.
As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are ten COVID-19
vaccines which are in process for phase clinical trials. Moreover, due to the process of
vaccine development, formidable challenges might occur in the process of developing an
effective and safe vaccine, as it will be needed on a large scale, and to be distributed
18
equally, and health authorities will also need to take into consideration the complete
information regarding vaccine literacy to the public. Accurate information is required at all
levels. Imparting public trust in vaccine effectiveness and safety, just as in significance in
infection control.
COVID-19 Misconceptions
Based on Inquirer (2020), misinformation is considered to be something more
dangerous, than the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as it spreads faster
through the use of social media which might cause a lack of trust to the health providers as
it affects the information they gain in different platforms.
Another misconception about COVID-19 is it dies in warm weather which makes the
Filipinos complacent that they are safer than other countries. However, the World Health
Organization (WHO), said that the COVID-19 virus can spread in all areas with no regard to
humidity and climate. Therefore, authorities said that there is no evidence to support the
misconception about the virus being killed in warm weather.
COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability
Lazarus et al. (2020) indicated that nonetheless, a new worldwide examination on
COVID-19 immunization acknowledgment proposed a test to arrive at this limit; almost 30%
of the population would hesitate to take a COVID-19 vaccine. Lazarus concluded that
19
48.1% of the population willing to get vaccinated if their employer recommended it and
71.5% responded that they are willing to get vaccinated if it were proven effective and safe.
Another study conducted in the United States about COVID-19 vaccine acceptability
by Reiter et. al (2020). 91.3% of the population mentioned that they would accept the
COVID-19 vaccine after it becomes available, with 52.2% wanting to get vaccinated as
soon as possible, while others 47.8% are hesitant to be vaccinated, as they want to confirm
the vaccine’s safety first.
In the study conducted by Saied et al (2021), 67.39% of the population believed that
mass vaccination can be used to overcome the COVID‐19 pandemic and 56.5% mentioned
that it is the best preventive measure to be vaccinated, 96.8% of the students had concerns
about the possible COVID-19 vaccine’s adverse effects, 63.3% had concerns for its
acquisition, 93.2% for the vaccine’s ineffectiveness, 54% for vaccine’s safety, and 80.2%
for vaccine’s testing. In general, 76.4% of the population had no bad adverse reaction with
any vaccines while 95.1% of the population were not against vaccination.
As indicated by World Health Organization Indonesia, in their conducted study, 65%
of the population wanted to accept COVID-19 vaccination if provided by their government.
35% of the population were willing to pay, especially those who want to take COVID-19
vaccine.
20
In Japan, Machida et. al. (2021) concluded that 62.1% of the population wanted to
accept COVID-19 vaccine if it became available. Sex, age, and income level are some
sociodemographic factors can be associated to their COVID-19 vaccine acceptability.
Psychological factors, especially COVID-19 perceived effectiveness and willingness getting
oneself vaccinated to protect others can also be the reason behind. Furthermore, Harapan
et. al. (2020) stated that, vaccine baseline effectiveness highly influences the COVID-19
vaccine acceptability in South East Asia, mainly in Indonesia. With low effectiveness of a
vaccine will cause difficulties in preparing the general population.
A study was conducted by Saied, et.al., (2021), which includes 2133 respondents
from five medical colleges. Out of 2133, only the 34.9% (746) accepted the COVID-19
vaccine while 45.7% (974) were hesitant to take the vaccine, and 19.4% (413) refused to
get vaccinated. They concluded from their study that the confidence in the vaccination
against COVID-19 is weak. And the barriers that affect the acceptability of the students is
associated with the potential adverse effects of the vaccine and to its safety and
effectiveness. The most common source of the misinformation about the COVID-19
vaccination is social media, in which this false information can lead to vaccine hesitancy, or
not accepting the vaccine.
21
According to Sallam, et.al. (2021), their total respondents were 1106 students which
were divided into Health, Scientific, and Humanities (academic discipline) that belong to 24
different universities. From the 1106 respondents, only 34.9% or 386 students had the
intent to get COVID-19 vaccine, and 39.6% or 438 students were not planning to get the
vaccine, and 25.5% or 282 students were hesitant. It was concluded in the study that the
result is an alarming rate which could hinder the preventive control against COVID-19.
From the study of Shekhar, et.al. (2021), accepting the COVID-19 vaccine
immediately has a low rate among the health care workers that chose to wait and review
more data before getting vaccinated. On the other hand, only a very small percent of the
respondents plans to refuse getting COVID-19 vaccine. The attitudes towards vaccination
were great but there are some concerns regarding the vaccine are common including the
strong association from health care providers that plans to recommend the COVID-19
vaccine to their friends and families. The researchers noted that as the age, income, and
education level increases, the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance increases. They concluded
that knowing the barriers towards accepting COVID-19 vaccine are essential to avoid
worsening of health inequalities led by the pandemic.
Sallam (2021) stated that there was large unpredictability in accepting COVID-19
vaccine. There were patterns shown from the reported rate of vaccine acceptance. There
was a high acceptance rate of the public in the East and South East Asia which includes
22
90% acceptability rate from Indonesia. Malaysia, and China, and South Korea have a
79.8% acceptability level. Additionally, more than 70% acceptability level was reported from
Brazil and Ecuador, and 76.3% in Mexico. On the other hand, only 44.2% acceptability
level was reported among students and 52.0% among health care workers in Malta. They
concluded that the vaccine hesitancy can be a huge hindrance to minimize the
consequences of the pandemic. As there were prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy,
there should have a collaborative effort from the government, health policy makers, and
media in order to build the trust of the public regarding the COVID-19 vaccine, through a
timely and clear messages advocacy in the efficacy and safety of the available vaccines.
Another study by Lucia et.al. (2020) which consists of 168 medical students, through
an online survey involving their behaviors and attitudes about COVID-19 vaccine. Almost
all of the medical students, greater than 98%, accepted and agreed on the importance of
having COVID-19 vaccine in order to minimize its widespread, but on the other hand, 23%
of the students are not willing to have vaccinated immediately against COVID-19 even if it
is approved by FDA. Their results showed that more than 2 in every 10 students were
hesitant to take any COVID-19 vaccines in which concerns are about the side effects of the
vaccine, including lack of trust to the public health experts. Some students also included
that there were politics involved in the vaccine, and were also concerned about the fast
development of the vaccine that may affect its safety. They concluded that the health
system should achieve a high coverage of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability in health care
23
professionals, including the medical students, once it is available to make sure that there
was enough workforce to treat patients.
In the conducted study of Wang, et.al. (2021), there were 2047 respondents who
participated and provided a valid response. 34.8% of the population was willing to accept
the COVID-19 vaccine in another wave cross-sectional studies, which is lower than the first
wave that resulted in 44.2% of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability. Safety is the main concern
of the third wave. Low percentage of acceptance was interpreted in clerical/service/sales
workers.
According to Martinez et. al. (2021) despite the vaccine’s availability, over half of the
US firefighters were hesitant or had a low COVID-19 vaccine acceptability in their group.
Among 3169 respondents, current rank fight fighters in their study had an overall mean of
2.21 with a confidence interval of 1.60 to 3.08 interpreted as decreased acceptability.
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
According to Kelekar, A. (2021), from their respondents 45% of the dental students
and 23% medical students are hesitant to have COVID-19 vaccine. The acceptance of the
dental students regarding the COVID-19 vaccine can be related to their perception that
they do not like to take care of patients who have SARS-CoV-2, or it can be the sufficiency
of the control procedures in order for them to be kept protected against the virus from a
24
patient. The medical students said to be more concerned about the effectiveness of the
vaccine. The researchers concluded that in order to have a high vaccine acceptability is by
recommendations of the health care professionals, all medical or health care related
students should be vaccinated to have their own confidence that getting vaccinated have
more benefits that getting at risk. Also, health care professionals should know how to make
a strong recommendation about COVID-19 vaccine together with their experiences from it,
and dentists have also a role in promoting vaccination to their patients which overall can
contribute to the high vaccine delivery rate to the public.
Based from the report article entitled, “Behavioural considerations for Acceptance
and Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines” by the World Health Organization, most people are
hesitant toward vaccination, because of concerns about COVID-19 vaccine’s safety and
lack of trust in the health system. As we are naturally exposed to misinformation, this
affects the people’s confidence in vaccination.
Based on the study conducted by Sallam (2020), vaccine hesitancy can be a major
concern in public health, as observed in outbreaks of some infectious diseases. Many
processes were done within a short period in developing safe and effective COVID-19
vaccines that were unusual to happen. In addition, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy might be a
hindrance when it comes to the global interventions and strategies to limit and control the
current pandemic.
25
In South Carolina, the study of Chi Tam et.al. (2020) comprising 1061 college
students, 60.6% of the population would want to accept COVID-19 vaccine when it is
available. Vaccine hesitancy and refusal among them which can be a major concern given
that there is a requirement to reach for the immunity level for widespread immunity.
Planning interventions to improve the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability, and promote it
among the respondents in South Carolina was very alarming. Their findings suggested that
decision in getting a vaccine would be affected by its convenience and to the beliefs
regarding the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine. In addition, the quality and safety concern
of the COVID-19 vaccines can add up to vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Thus, the leaders
and health care workers should be aware as they have an important role in promoting
COVID-19 vaccines.
As indicated by Patelarou et al (2020), a total of 2249 respondents are
undergraduate nursing students from seven universities from different countries are
included in the study. The results were that less than half of the population were willing to
get vaccinated, and most of the participants refused to be vaccinated because of their
doubts about COVID-19 vaccine’s effectiveness and safety and it is mentioned that their
different beliefs also affect their decision to not get vaccinated.
From the study of World Health Organization Indonesia, 8% of the population said
that they would not take COVID-19 vaccination if provided by their government. More than
26
27% of the population were hesitant towards their government’s intention to distribute
COVID-19 vaccines. 38% of them were unwilling to pay, especially those who want to
receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Some concerns mentioned about the vaccine's effectiveness
and safety. The most common reasons for being hesitant in accepting COVID-19 vaccine
were about its safety comprising 30% of the population; 13% of the population have lack of
trust towards the vaccine; 12% of the population have fear of side effects such as fever and
pain; religious beliefs which comprised 8% of the population; and 22% of the population
mentioned about the uncertainty about the effectiveness of the vaccine.
In the study of Kanyike, et.al. (2021), there were 600 medical students surveyed
about COVID-19 vaccine acceptability and hesitancy. Out of 600 respondents, 37.3%
accepted the COVID-19 vaccine, and 62.7% of them did not want to be vaccinated for
COVID-19. In addition, the respondents cited their reasons for not accepting the vaccine,
their concern about the vaccine safety and the negative information from the different
articles circulating online. On the other hand, 37.3% of the population were willing to have a
shot of COVID-19 vaccine, their reason was to protect themselves and others from
acquiring the disease. Finally, 49.6% of the population believe in vaccines and
immunization.
Vaccine Acceptability
27
In the study conducted by MacDonald (2015), it is mentioned that vaccine
acceptability influences the vaccine complacency, convenience and confidence. Vaccine
complacency is associated with hesitancy and negative attitudes towards the vaccines. In
addition, for the ease access to vaccines such as accessibility and affordability, it refers to
vaccine convenience. Confidence about the vaccine, and trust in the policymakers, and
health care system. However, most people still have doubts about the vaccine safety,
which might be a major concern by policy makers, health care providers and governments
to be resolved to increase the widespread vaccine acceptability.
In the United States, Quinn et al., (2019), conducted a survey in African and White
American adults resulting in higher vaccine uptake.
In Zambia, one study investigated by Pugliese-Garcia et al. (2018), showed that both
health workers and common people share the same high vaccine acceptance level.
However, there are still sources of hesitancy towards vaccination. This includes distrust in
western medicine, religious beliefs, alcohol use and some traditional remedies. In addition
to this, vaccine acceptance also depended on a person’s previous experience such as fear
of needles or injections, as well as confusions caused by coinciding local terms for
vaccination. Some people refuse vaccination to avoid pain and “risk of infection”. It was
concluded in the study that to further increase the vaccine acceptance level in Zambia,
community-based programs headed by healthcare professionals should be implemented,
28
as well as a more in-depth study to understand the preferences of the common people for
vaccine acceptance.
Another systematic review by Larson et al., (2018) focused on the factor of public
trust when it comes to vaccine acceptance gathered in low-income and middle-income
settings. In addition, numerous studies urged enhanced strategies and protocols to
increase vaccination uptake. Larson also mentioned that among the studies about between
vaccine uptake and trust, seven out of ten studies, concluded measuring trust in the health
system, five out of ten, concluded measuring trust in primary health care providers (HCPs),
four out of ten, concluded measuring trust in government and one among ten studies
reported measuring generalized trust.
According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (2019),
serious complications from life threatening diseases are preventable through vaccination. In
example, cases of Influenza cause complications that lead to hospitalization of 226,000
comprising 20,000 children and about 36,000 people die from this preventable disease
through immunization each year. Hence, vaccine-preventable diseases are not just part of
growing up. Stimulation of immunity through vaccination helps the body to develop
immunity like natural immunity without causing a disease. Hence, it is not much better to
have a disease than getting a vaccine.
29
According to Lazarus, J.V. et al. (2021), 71.5% of the population answered that they
are willing to take a vaccine if it were proven effective and safe, and 48.1% of the
population were willing to be vaccinated, if it was required by their employers. But then
again, it is important to note that there is still a high heterogeneity in responses among the
other countries. It was reported in the study that Asian countries that belong to the study
such as China, South Korea, and Singapore showed a high vaccine acceptability
exceeding 80%. It was noted in the study that these Asian countries are known to trust their
government deeply. To address the low vaccine acceptance level according to the study,
vaccine communication strategies must consider the scientific literacy of the target
population. It should target specific issues in the community that cause misconception or
confusion with regards to vaccination. Most importantly, it is critical that the roots of the
variations between the vaccine acceptability levels must be identified and directly
addressed in order to ensure the rapid recovery of the countries hit by the pandemic,
economically and socially.
Vaccine Hesitancy
MacDonald (2015) stated that “vaccine hesitancy” was defined as “delay in
acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services”. Based on
the Pharmaceutical Journal mentioned vaccine hesitancy pertains to the refusal or being
reluctant to be vaccinated. University College London conducted a panel study comprising
70,000 of population mentioned that 22% of the population were hesitant and uncertain to
30
get vaccinated against COVID-19, with around 15% of them postulating that vaccines do
not work and 30% of them assuming other perceptions that vaccines may cause adverse
effects.
According to the Cable News Network Philippines (CNN), Reynold (2020) stated that
opinions are shifting across the globe. A 2018 review by the Welcome Global Monitor found
that 95% of individuals in South Asia accepted that vaccines are safe, higher than some
other districts. In any case, there have been ongoing debates. In the Philippines, measles
outbreaks a year ago connected to the 2017 suspension of a dengue vaccine program
which had resulted in adverse effects.
It is significant that even if there is an urgency to utilize new immunizations, care
must be taken to guarantee the certainty to protect children, considering parental
confidence and significance of convenience in reducing vaccine hesitant behavior.
According to Bhopal et al (2020), the Philippines experienced something like this
before. In 2017, “Dengvaxia”, another dengue vaccination was found to pose risks for those
never presented to dengue. This news was met with cultural shock with intense expansions
in detailed concerns with respect to viability, security, and even similarity with strict
convictions. It was discussed that the study using the “WHO SAGE Vaccine Hesitancy
Scale” from the World Health Organization, comprising 2265 respondents from
Bangladesh, India, China, Guatemala and Ethiopia. 95% of the population agreed that
31
vaccines are important for everyone’s health. More than 50% of the population also agreed
or were neutral about whether new developed vaccines carry more risks than older
vaccines. In addition, high income countries suggest that individuals naturally would take
more risks over new vaccines.
Migrino et. al. (2020) had their survey conducted about vaccine hesitancy among
families in Metro Manila. Their study was completed by their 110 respondents of 20 to 39
years old mothers. 95.5% of their respondents believed that vaccines can protect their
families, especially their children. However, despite this trust in the vaccine, still the
vaccine hesitancy rates among the respondents arises up to 36.4%. The main reason for
the vaccine hesitancy of their respondents was the safety from adverse effects of the
vaccine, because of their experience in past vaccination. The vaccine that was related to
this issue was dengue vaccine, or well known as Dengvaxia.
Dube et.al (2016) also stated that vaccine hesitancy is complex in nature; thus,
many different factors affect it such as its safety of the vaccine itself, the different
perceptions of people, lack of trust to vaccination programs, or having the fear of needles.
In addition, misinformation around social media is one of the important causes in having
hesitancy to get a vaccine. Health and vaccine behaviors to name is one of the
determinants in deciding whether to have a vaccine or not. There are three interrelated
causes of vaccine hesitancy: the vaccine confidence, vaccine complacency, and vaccine
32
convenience. The confidence is how effective and safe the vaccine is, and the system that
delivers it, and also the policymakers that decide what vaccine should have or needed, and
when and where. On the complacency, it is influenced by life or health responsibilities. And
the convenience is the extent to which the vaccine is physically available, affordable, and
accessible. Also, the service quality where it is convenient and comfortable to have the
vaccine affects the vaccine hesitancy.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Input Process Output

Medical and Acceptability of
Non-medical Online Survey
Medical and
Third Year Non-medical
Students 33
Third Year
Statistical
Students
Treatment
Figure 1. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability of Medical and

Non-Medical Third Year Students in a Selected University in
Caloocan City
In the process, the researchers conducted an online survey through the use of
questionnaire uploaded on Google forms and statistically analyzed the gathered data. This
research aimed to produce answers to the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability of medical and
non-medical third year students in a selected university in Caloocan City. Wang et. al.
(2020) stated that by determining the acceptability of the vaccine, the success of
immunization can be determined. Hence, the COVID-19 vaccine of the medical and non-
medical students depended on the acceptability.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, participants of the study, research locale,
research instrument, data collection procedures, statistical treatment and ethical
considerations. Sufficient details were included within the presentation of methodology.
34
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study aimed to look into the acceptability of the medical and non-medical
students towards COVID-19 vaccine. The research design chosen by the researchers for
this study which fit the exact criteria of the topic was quantitative-descriptive research.
McCombes (2020) indicated that descriptive research corresponds to the what, where,
when, and how questions, but not the why question. It accurately and systematically aims
to describe either population, situation or phenomenon. It offers a different kind of method
to investigate one or several variables. This type of research design does not control any of
the variables but only observes and measures them.
The difference between the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability during this pandemic of
medical and non-medical students was discussed by the researchers and further analyses
were done to assure that the obtained data was accurate and was able to guide and assist
in providing information for the schools and universities in order to enhance their
implemented programs, expanding the knowledge of students, mentors, workers, and the
future researchers regarding the topic.
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
The targeted participants of this study were the third year regular and irregular
students of medical technology and business and technology in the academic year 2020-
35
2021. The researchers selected the participants since they were the ones that might be on
duty in the hospital in the following semester during their internship where the vaccine was
needed, while non-medical were chosen for comparison of their vaccine acceptability
levels. The target population of this research was collected from the Dean’s offices of both
colleges. This research was conducted based on the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability of the
third year medical and non-medical students who were officially enrolled in the second
semester of academic year 2020 to 2021 in a selected university in Caloocan City.
For the purpose of the study, the researchers collected the population in both
programs which comprised seventy-nine (79) from College of Medical Technology
representing medical students and eighteen (18) from College of Business and Technology
representing non-medical students who were all in the third-year level. They served as
respondents of the study who provided useful data by answering the questionnaire that the
researchers provided.
RESEARCH LOCALE
The researchers conducted the study to the College of Medical Technology
representing medical students and to the College of Business and Technology representing
non-medical students in selected university at EDSA, Caloocan City.
36
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
In this time of pandemic, this research was conducted through an online platform
with the participation of third year medical and non-medical students of the selected
university in Caloocan City. A questionnaire which was based on the acceptability of
medical and non-medical students towards COVID-19 vaccine which was self-modified by
the researchers were uploaded in Google forms.
The researchers provided a four (4) point Likert scale was given to the participants.
with a five (5) item survey questionnaire that was composed of COVID-19 vaccine
acceptability among students. This instrument was validated by an English Professor and a
member of the Faculty of Medical Technology. All the information was coded anonymously
and randomized to ensure the identity of the respondents.
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
The researchers gathered the data by Survey Questionnaire through Google Forms.
The Survey Questionnaires and Consent were sent to seventy-nine (79) medical students
and eighteen (18) non-medical students. The questionnaires sent were validated and
thoroughly examined based on the matrix of the World Health Organization which provided
questions about the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine. Furthermore, the researchers had
prepared a letter of communication alongside with a copy of the entire research protocol
37
that had been forwarded to the honorable offices of the respective deans of the selected
respondents. Permission was obtained in advance from medical and non-medical students
who were currently enrolled in the academic year 2020-2021. In the said consent, the
researchers and the respondents had formally agreed and thus, confidentiality was greatly
acknowledged.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
1. Mean. This was used by the researchers to determine the average score of
respondents based on the overview.
Formula:
x̄ is the weighted mean
F is the frequency
x is the weight of each item N is the number of cases
n total frequency
2. Mann-Whitney U Test. This was used by the researchers using the SPSS
Statistics. This was a nonparametric test that compares the two independent groups,
the medical and non-medical students. This test determined if there is a significant
difference between the two groups.
38
3. Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test. This was used by the researchers using the SPSS
Statistics. This treatment was used to determine if there is a normal distribution of
data among medical and non-medical students.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
In order for this study to be embodied, the researchers greatly considered the moral
concerns before this study’s full implementation by giving highest regards to the following:
1. The researchers asked permission from the deans of the respective colleges
through their honorable offices alongside the attached research protocol to
symbolize transparency that the researchers only gathered data within the permitted
scope of the study.
2. The researchers also disseminated consent forms to the respondents before
implementing the data gathering. The consent form includes all the information that
the respondents must know and which data the researchers aimed to gather.
39
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered by the
researchers through the survey conducted. This also presents the discussion on the
findings of the research. The findings were based on the statement of the problem of the
research that guided the researchers throughout the study. The data in this chapter were
carefully analyzed by the researchers with statistical treatment to determine if there is a
significant difference regarding COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among medical and non-
medical students in a selected university in Caloocan City.
40
Table 1.1. Acceptability of Medical students in COVID-19 vaccine

Frequency
Verbal
Statement Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean
Interpretation
Agree Disagree
1. Accept vaccination if the
COVID-19 vaccine is Strongly Agree
successfully developed and 54 24 0 1 3.66
approved for listing in the
future
2. Any type of COVID-19
vaccine is acceptable as 33 43 3 0 3.38 Agree
long as it is approved by
the FDA
3. Willing to have the
vaccine if the government 34 40 4 1 3.35 Agree
offers COVID-19 vaccine
for FREE.
4. Willing to receive
COVID-19 vaccination as 31 36 10 2 3.22 Agree
soon as possible when the
vaccine is available
5. COVID-19 vaccination is
an effective way to prevent 48 28 3 0 3.57
Strongly Agree
and control COVID-19.
OVERALL MEAN 3.44 Agree
*(4) Strongly Agree; (3) Agree; (2) Disagree; (1) Strongly Disagree.
*(1-1.5) Strongly Disagree; (1.51-2.5) Disagree; (2.51-3.5) Agree; (3.51-4) Strongly Agree
Table 1.1 shows the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among students. Based from
the results out of 79 medical students, 54 strongly agree, 24 agree, and 1 strongly disagree
in the statement “accept vaccination if the COVID-19 vaccine is successfully developed and
approved for listing in the future” that has the highest mean score of 3.66 or interpreted as
strongly agree while in the second statement “Any type of COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable
as long as it is approved by the FDA,” in which 33 strongly agree, 43 agree, and 3
41
disagree, with a mean score of 3.38 interpreted as agree. On the other hand, 34 answer
strongly agree, 40 agree, 4 disagree, and 1 strongly disagree in the statement “Willing to
have the vaccine if the government offers COVID-19 vaccine for FREE,” with a mean score
of 3.35 or interpreted as agree. The fourth statement “willing to receive COVID-19
vaccination as soon as possible when the vaccine is available” has the lowest mean score
of 3.22 or interpreted as agree in which 31 strongly agree, 36 agree, 10 disagree, and 2
strongly disagree. From the last statement “COVID-19 vaccination is an effective way to
prevent and control COVID-19,” 48 strongly agree, 28 agree, and 3 disagree, with a mean
score of 3.57 or interpreted as strongly agree. In summary, the COVID-19 vaccine
acceptability among students has an overall mean of 3.44 interpreted as agree.
The researchers have found out that the results of the study correspond to the study
of Kanyike, et.al. (2021) about COVID-19 vaccine acceptability and hesitancy. The medical
students accepted the COVID-19 vaccine, and were willing to have a shot of COVID-19
vaccine. In addition, this contradicted that study of Kelekar, et.al. (2021), as medical
students were hesitant to have the COVID-19 vaccine. Their major concern was the
effectiveness of the vaccine and the information given about it from the health experts.
42
Table 1.2. Acceptability of Non-medical students in COVID-19 vaccine

Frequency
Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Mean Interpretation
Statement
Agree Disagree
1. Accept vaccination if
the COVID-19 vaccine is
successfully developed 11 7 0 0 3.61 Strongly Agree
and approved for listing in
the future
2. Any type of COVID-19
vaccine is acceptable as
10 7 1 0 3.50 Agree
long as it is approved by
the FDA
3. Willing to have the
vaccine if the government
8 9 1 0 3.39 Agree
offers COVID-19 vaccine
for FREE.
4. Willing to receive
COVID-19 vaccination as
8 9 1 0 3.39 Agree
soon as possible when
the vaccine is available
5. COVID-19 vaccination
is an effective way to
8 10 0 0 3.44 Agree
prevent and control
COVID-19.
OVERALL MEAN 3.47 Agree
*(4) Strongly Agree; (3) Agree; (2) Disagree; (1) Strongly Disagree.
*(1-1.5) Strongly Disagree; (1.51-2.5) Disagree; (2.51-3.5) Agree; (3.51-4) Strongly Agree
Table 1.2 shows the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among students. Based from
the results out of 18 respondents, eleven (11) non-medical students answers strongly
agree and seven (7) answers agree in the statement “accept vaccination if the COVID-19
vaccine is successfully developed and approved for listing in the future” which has the
highest mean score of 3.61 or interpreted as strongly agree. In the second statement “Any
type of COVID-19 vaccine is acceptable as long as it is approved by the FDA,” ten (10)
non-medical students strongly agree, seven (7) agree, and one (1) disagree, with a mean
of 3.50 interpreted as agree. On the other hand, eight (8) non-medical students strongly
agree, nine (9) agree, and only one (1) disagree in the statement “willing to have the
43
vaccine if the government offers COVID-19 vaccine for FREE,” with a mean score of 3.39
interpreted as agree, while in the statement “willing to receive COVID-19 vaccination as
soon as possible when the vaccine is available,” eight (8) strongly agree, nine (9) agree,
and only one (1) disagree, and has the lowest mean score of 3.39 interpreted as agree.
And in the last statement “COVID-19 vaccination is an effective way to prevent and control
COVID-19,” eight (8) strongly agree and ten (10) agree with a mean score of 3.44
interpreted as agree. In summary, the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among students
has an overall mean of 3.47 interpreted as agreed.
The researchers have found out that the results were similar to the study conducted
by Machida et. al. (2021) about accepting COVID-19 vaccine, if it became available, the
same goes with the non-medical students in a selected university in Caloocan City. They
were willing to accept COVID-19 vaccination as soon as possible when the vaccine is
available. Furthermore, it was related to the results of the study of Harapan et. al. (2020),
the non-medical students will accept the COVID-19 if it is successfully developed and
approved for listing in the future.
Table 2. Difference between Acceptability of Medical and

Non-medical students in COVID-19 vaccine
Students Weighted Mean Verbal Interpretation

Medical 3.44 Agree
Non-medical 3.47 Agree
(1-1.5) Strongly Disagree; (1.51-2.5) Disagree; (2.51-3.5) Agree; (3.51-4) Strongly Agree
44
Table 2 shows the difference between the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among
medical and non-medical students. Based on the results, the acceptability of COVID-19
vaccine among medical students has an overall mean of 3.44 interpreted as agree, while
the acceptability of COVID-19 Vaccine among students has an overall mean of 3.47
interpreted as agree. In summary, the given determinants of medical and non-medical
students were almost the same in their COVID-19 vaccine acceptability.
The researchers found that it is similar to the study indicated by Chi Tam et.al.
(2020), comprising of college students that would want to accept COVID-19 vaccine when it
is available. This supported the presented data of this study, as it was evident that the
medical and non-medical students will accept vaccination if the COVID-19 vaccine was
successfully developed and approved for listing in the future.
Table 3. Test Statistics – Acceptability of Medical and

Non-medical students in COVID-19 vaccine
Acceptability
Mann-Whitney U 690.000
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) 0.843
Table 3 shows the Mann-Whitney test. Based on the results, Mann-Whitney has a
value of 690 with p-value of 0.843. Since p-value is greater than the significance level of
0.05, the researchers accepted Ho and concluded that there is no significant difference
between the acceptability of medical and non-medical students.
45
This study corresponds to what MacDonald (2015) mentioned about vaccine
acceptability. It influences the vaccine complacency, convenience and confidence. Vaccine
complacency is associated with hesitancy and negative attitudes towards the vaccines. In
addition, for the ease access to vaccines such as accessibility and affordability, it refers to
vaccine convenience. Confidence about the vaccine, and trust in the policymakers, and
health care system. The COVID-19 vaccine acceptability was clearly based on perspective.
The result showed that there is no significant difference on the acceptability between
medical and non-medical students thus, it is concluded that medical and non-medical
students have the same perspective towards the acceptability of the vaccine.
46
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the research summary, conclusions, and recommendations of
the whole study. Generalizations were included in the summary and conclusion, and the
recommendations of the researchers to the readers and other beneficiaries of the
conducted study can also be seen in this chapter. This chapter covers the end result of the
study.
SUMMARY
This study investigated the COVID-19 vaccine acceptability of medical and non-
medical students. The COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among medical students has an
overall mean of 3.44 interpreted as agree, which means they accepts the COVID-19
47
vaccine, while for non-medical students, the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccine among
them has an overall mean of 3.47 interpreted as agreed. In addition, the difference between
medical and non-medical students in their COVID-19 vaccine acceptability were almost the
same.
Almost all of the population accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. The researchers
expected higher COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among medical students because of their
future profession, as they were well-informed about vaccinations. The COVID-19 vaccine
acceptability of non-medical students was much higher than medical students when it
comes to willingness to accept it. Both medical and non-medical students were in favor of
accepting COVID-19 vaccination.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, there is no significant difference in COVID-19 vaccine acceptability
between the medical and non-medical students. This study showed that despite the
difference between the two programs, they both accepted the COVID-19 vaccine. Hence,
most of the students should not rely on non-informative sources that influence their vaccine
acceptability.
48
RECOMMENDATIONS
After a thorough analysis of data collected, the following recommendations were
hereby made:
1. The researchers suggest additional investigations measuring vaccine acceptability
of other respondents including particular COVID-19 vaccine brands available in present
time.
2. For the future researchers, it is recommended to continue this study and m ake it
possible to collect data from a big number of respondents of medical and non-medical
students for better and more reliable results.
3. In addition, include the different determinants affecting the COVID-19 vaccine
acceptability of the people, make a more detailed questionnaire from the World Health
Organization, especially the beliefs and attitudes about health and prevention, knowledge
and awareness, and risk and benefits of vaccines.
49

Covid 19 Vaccine Research

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Covid 19 Vaccine Research

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COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability of Medical and Non-Medical

Third Year Students in Selected University in Caloocan City

A Research Presented to the Faculty of

The College of Medical Technology

Manila Central University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in

Research and Thesis Writing

Bejo, Janelle Joy E.

Dela Cruz, Lanz Marielle P.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in

Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine to medical and non-medical students. A

descriptive quantitative study was conducted in a selected university in Caloocan City

Keywords: acceptability, COVID-19, medical students, non-medical students, vaccine

as He made us all strong and patient as we conducted our study.

actively participated in this research.

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, objectives,

definition of terms. This chapter serves as a guide throughout the study.

Continually, the COVID-19 pandemic is imposing burdens and stairs on health

complications from life threatening diseases are preventable through vaccination. In

example, cases of Influenza cause complications that lead to hospitalization of 226,000

have a disease than getting a vaccine.

72.76% of the population.

immunization can be determined. Therefore, the researchers investigated the acceptability

acceptance towards community.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

implemented to save lives. In the study conducted by Wu et al (2020), he eloquently

2020, pharmaceutical companies and scientists experimented to develop vaccines

health. With the development of COVID-19 vaccines, knowledge on acceptability, safety,

and attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine is limited.

Park (2021) mentioned that “vaccination is a vital methodology to stop the

misconceptions about COVID-19 has spread through media platforms. Health

the public about COVID-19 vaccine acceptability.

Novel Coronavirus (NCOV-19) pandemic could be exceptional. Humans are in a time of

antibodies that counteract the coronavirus.

will have endemic COVID-19 infection as predicted by healthcare scientists. An organized

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

questions should be answered:

1. What is the acceptability of the respondents based on their enrolled programs?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

the misconceptions that have been circulating around them.

field of applied research that can develop a further study.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

COVID-19 vaccine acceptability of the students.

accept any COVID-19 vaccine.

Ho (Null) – There is no significant difference between the acceptability of COVID-19

COVID-19. It is a variant of coronavirus. An infectious disease that spreads through

been the cause of 2021 pandemic.

Medical Students. Third Year Students from College of Medical Technology

Non-Medical Students. Third Year Students from College of Business and

administered through injections.

Vaccine acceptability. It represents a variety of behaviors and opinions or beliefs

Vaccine hesitancy. Reluctant or unwilling to accept vaccine even if it is available in

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

comprehensive literary texts stand as the essential instruments that successfully

challenges to widespread vaccine uptake.

vaccine development, formidable challenges might occur in the process of developing an

Based on Inquirer (2020), misinformation is considered to be something more

it affects the information they gain in different platforms.

misconception about the virus being killed in warm weather.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptability